英国文学 18th-Century Fiction
十八世纪英国文学简介
John Dryden (1631-1700)
• Heroic play: The Conquest of Grenada • Blank verse tragedy: All for Love • Prose: An Essay of Dramatic Poesy • Poetry:
Absalom and Achitophel The Medal A Song for St. Cecilis’s Day Alexander’s Feast
Neo-classicism
• It refers to the literary principle according to which the writing and criticism of poetry and drama were to be guided by rules and precedents derived from the best ancient Greek and Roman writers. Often employed in contrast with Romanticism, this term has also been used to describe the characteristic world-view or value-system of this “Age of Reason”, denoting a preference for rationality, clarity, restraint, order and decorum, for general truth rather than particular insights.The neo-classical view of literature included the principle of decorum by which the style must suit the subject matter, and the believe that art must both delight and instruct.The central assumption was that the ancient authors had already attained perfection, so that the modern author’s chief task was just to imitate them.
英国文学史 十八世纪 古典主义,感伤主义
A. Social background
5. With the advent of the 18th century, there sprang into life a public movement known as the enlightenment.
Abroad
A vast expansion of British colonies in
ended in a compromise between the
aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became
a constitutional monarchy and power passed
from the King to the Parliament and the
• Puritanism is religious doctrine of the
revolutionary bourgeoisie during the
revolution. The puritans believed in thrift,
hard work and so on, and condemned worldly
A. Social background
3. The press became a mighty power, and any
writer with a talent for argument or satire was almost certain to be hired by party leaders. 4. The social life developed rapidly. in earlier ages: individualism in the 1st half of this century: sociability
十八世纪英国文学(启蒙文学)
The Eighteenth Century English Literature(The Age of Enlightenment in England)I. Background InformationA. Historical Background1. The economic background (The Industrial Revolution)2. The political background (The founding of a constitutional monarchy)3. The Social background (Newspapers and journals, coffeehouses)4. The ideological background (The Enlightenment movement)The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education.B. Literary Schools1. Neo-classicism in the early 18th centuryAddison, Steele and Pope belonged to this school. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers & those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.2. Sentimentalism in poetry and prose in the middle of 18th centuryThomas Gray is the most outstanding of this school. Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. Literary work of the sentimentalism, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants, wrote the "simple annals of the poor”. Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. However, they attacked the progressive aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it and sighed for the return of the patriarchal times which they idealized. Sentimentalism embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution for the miseries and injustices in the aristocratic-bourgeois society and indulges in sentiment, hence the definite signs of decadence in the literary works of the sentimental tradition.3. The beginning of modern novelThe mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding.4. Pre-Romanticism in English poetryII. Representatives and their worksA. Alexander Pope1. Major worksa.The Rape of the Lock: A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.b. An Essay on Criticism: His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.2. Literary outlookAs a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste & decorum. According to Pope, almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible, Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.3. StylePope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style.B. Daniel Defoe1. Major worksDefoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials, such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages, personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports. Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe(1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year(1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece,Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, & other social institutions of Defoe's era.2. Social outlookAs a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.3. Characteristics of his worksDefoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp & plain, & sometimes long & rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.4. Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered hismasterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive & simple youth into a mature & hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, & get his reward.C. Jonathan Swift1. Humanist reviewSwift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience, he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion, human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is very hard. So, in his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation.2. Writing styleSwift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems & novels.3. Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound.Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities &differences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?D. Henry Fielding1. Achievements in English novelsFielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel," for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory & practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure & style. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series ofletters), as in Richardson's Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted " the third-person narration," in which the author becomes the "all-knowing God." He "thinks the thought" of all his characters, so he is able-to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.2. Language featuresHis language is easy, unlabored & familiar, but extremely vivid & vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic & rhythm, & his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues & other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence & unexpectedness.3. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingTom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the "Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country & city life with different places & about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity & suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way & in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."E. William BlakeThe Lamb The TygerLittle Lamb, who made thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning brightDost thou know who made thee? In the forest of the nightGave thee life, and bid thee feed, What immortal hand or eyeBy the stream and o'er the mead; Could frame thy fearful symmetry?Gave thee clothing of delight,Softest clothing, woolly, bright; In what distant deeps or skiesGave thee such a tender voice, Burnt the fire of thine eyes?Making all the vales rejoice? On what wings dare he aspire?Little Lamb, who made thee? What the hand dare seize the fire?Dost thou know who made thee?And what shoulder, and what art, Little Lamb, I'll tell thee, Could twist the sinews of thy heart?Little Lamb, I'll tell thee. And when thy heart began to beat,He is called by thy name, What dread hand? and what dread feet?For He calls Himself a Lamb.He is meek, and He is mild; What the hammer? what the chain?He became a little child. In what furnace was thy brain?I a child, and thou a lamb, What the anvil? what dread graspWe are called by His name. Dare its deadly terrors clasp?Little Lamb, God bless thee!Little Lamb, God bless thee! When the stars threw down their spears,And watered heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the lamb make thee?Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry? F. Robert BurnsAuld Lang Syne1 Should auld acquaintance be forgot,2 And never brought to min’?3 Should auld acquaintance be forgot,4 And days o’ lang syne?5 For auld lang syne, my dear,6 For auld lang syne,7 we'll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,8 For auld lang syne.9 We twa hae run about the braes,10 And pu'd the gowans fine;11 But We've wander'd mony a weary foot,12 Sin' auld lang syne.13 We twa hae paidled i' the burn,14 From mornin' sun till dine,15 But seas between us braid hae roar'd16 Sin' auld lang syne.17 And here's a hand, my trusty fiere,18 And gie's a hand o' thine;19 We'll tak a right gude-willie waught,20 For auld lang syne.21 And surely ye’ll be your pint-stowp,22 And sur ely I’ll be mine;23 And we’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,24 For auld lang syne.。
吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)-章节题库(第四~五章)【圣才出品】
第四章英国启蒙运动阶段一、填空题1.The Graveyard Poets were a number of pre-Romantic English poets of the18th century characterized by their gloomy meditations on mortality in the context of the graveyard.A contemplative and mellow mood is achieved in the celebrated opening verse of Gray’s_____.【答案】Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard【解析】这首诗充满感伤情调，成为18世纪后期感伤主义诗歌的典范之作。
2.Swift is a master of_____,his satire is usually masked by an outward gravity andan apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.【答案】satirist【解析】乔纳森·斯威夫特（1667—1745）是英国作家、政治家、讽刺文学大师，代表作品《格列夫游记》《一只桶的故事》。
3.It is simply for convenience that we study the18th century English literature in three main divisions:the region of_____,the revival of_____,and the beginning of _____.【答案】classicism;poetry;novel【解析】受启蒙运动的影响，18世纪英国文学出现新流派——新古典主义；18世纪后半期，前浪漫主义产生并逐渐取代新古典主义；小说产生于18世纪，并成为一个重要的文学体裁。
英国文学史知识点
英国文学史知识点 Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims arepeople from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学史作家作品(常耀信)-推荐下载
英国文学简史作家作品1. The Old English PeriodBeowulf 贝奥武甫2. The Pre-Elizabethan PeriodGeoffrey Chaucer 杰佛雷•乔叟1340-1400Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集The Book of Duchess 公爵夫人颂The House of Fame声誉之宫The Parliament of Fowls 百鸟会议Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克莱西Thomas More托马斯·莫尔Utopia 乌托邦3. The Elizabethan ageEdmond Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历The Faerie Queene 仙后Philip Sidney菲力普·锡德尼Astrophel and Stella爱星者与星星Apology for Poetrie为诗辩护The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia阿卡荻亚Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人Dr.Faustus浮士德的悲剧The Passionate Shepherd牧羊人恋歌William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚1564-1616The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报; The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;TitusAndronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timonof Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯•凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗The Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Great Tragedies:The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记; Othello奥塞罗King Lear李尔王; The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Later Comedies(romances): Pericles波里克利斯; Cymbeline辛白林; The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事; The Tempest暴风风雨;Francis Bacon弗朗西斯·培根1561-1626Essays随笔集Advancement of Learning学问的演进Novum Organum新工具New Atlantic新大西洋岛Ben Jonson 本·琼森Volpone or the Fox福尔蓬奈或狐狸The alchemist炼金术士Bartholomew Fair巴托罗缪市集Every man in his humour个性互异King James詹姆斯王Bible翻译5. The 17th CenturyJohn Donne 约翰·邓恩The Flea跳骚A Valediction: Forbidden Morning离别辞：节哀Song歌Devotions 祷告John Milton 约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿All for Love一切为了爱An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗John Bunyan 约翰·班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners罪人受恩记The Life and Death of Mr Badman拜德先生传6. The Classic Age 古典时代Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲柏1688-1744An Essay on Criticism批批评The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记An Essay on Man人论Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书The Dunciad群愚史诗Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔•约翰逊1709-1784A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典Lives of Poets诗人传Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻Rasselas拉塞勒斯名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信Thomas Gray 托马斯·格雷Ode on a distant prospect of eton college伊顿远眺Hymns to adversity逆境颂Elegy墓园挽歌Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·戈德史密斯1728-1774The Deserted village荒村She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传Richard Bringsley Sheridan 理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹The School for Scsanda造谣学校The Rivals情敌7. Movement Toward Romanticism浪漫主义前期*James Thomson詹姆斯·汤姆森1700-1748The Seasons四季*Edward Young爱德华·杨格1683-1765Complaint, or night thoughts on life, death, and immortality夜思*William Cowper 威廉·柯柏1731-1800Onley hymns赞美诗集The task任务*George Crabbe乔治·克雷布1754-1832The village村庄William Blake 威廉·布莱克Songs of Innocence天真之歌Songs of Experience经验之歌Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯A Red, Red Rose一朵火红的玫瑰8. 18th-Century FictionJonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特·1667-1745The Battle of the Books书战Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事The Irish Drapier’s Letters一个爱尔兰麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•迪福1660-1731Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔·理查逊1689-1751Pamela帕美拉Clarissa Harlowe克拉瑞莎The history of Sir Charles Grandison 查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士Henry Fielding 亨利•菲尔丁1707-1754Joseph Andrews约瑟夫·安德鲁斯Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人乔纳森·维尔德Tom Jones汤姆·琼斯Amelia阿米莉亚Laurence Sterne劳伦斯·斯特恩1731-1768The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman项狄传Tobias Smollett托比亚斯·斯摩莱特1721-1771The adventures of Roderick random罗德里克·兰登传The adventures of peregrine pickle帕里格林·皮克尔传The expedition of Humphrey clinker亨福利·克林克远征记9. The Romantic PeriodWilliam Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯1770-1850The Prelude序曲Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治1772-1834Kubla Khan忽必烈汗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏Walter Scott沃尔特·司各特1771-1832Waverley威弗利Jane Austen 简•奥斯丁1775-1817Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Emma爱玛Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园Persuasion好事多磨Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788-1824Don Juan唐•璜Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西•比希•雪莱1792-1822The Cenci钦契The mask of anarchy专制者的面具Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风/云雀颂A Defence of Poetry诗辩Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯John Keats 约翰·济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁Isabella伊莎贝拉The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂To Autumn秋颂11. The Victorian PeriodThomas Carlyle托马斯·卡莱尔1795-1881Sartor Resartus: The life and opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh再造的裁缝Past and Present过去与现在John Stuart Mill约翰·斯图亚特·米尔1806-1873Utilitarianism功利主义On Liberty论自由On Women论女性Cardinal John henry Newman 约翰·亨利·纽曼红衣主教1801-1890Apologia pro vita sue生命之歌Lead, kindly light慈光引领The idea of a university大学的理想Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯1812-1870Great Expectation远大前程Bleak House荒凉山庄The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传Oliver Twist奥利弗•退斯特American Notes美国札记David Copperfield大卫•科波菲尔Hard Times艰难时世A Tale of Two Cities双城记William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷1811-1863The Book of Snobs势利者集Vanity Fair名利场Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特·勃朗特1816-1855Jane Eyre简爱Shirley雪莉Emily Bronte艾米莉·勃朗特1818-1848Wuthering Height呼啸山庄Anne Bronte安妮·勃朗特Agones Grey艾格尼斯•格雷George Meredith 乔治·麦瑞狄斯1828-1909The ordeal of Richard feveral理查德·费弗莱尔的苦难历程The shaving of shagpat夏格派特修面The egoist利己主义者George Eliot 乔治·艾略特1819-1880The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Silas Marner织工马南A Middlemarch米德尔马契*Anthony Trollope 安东尼·特罗洛普1815-1882Samuel Butler 塞缪尔·巴特勒1835-1902Erewhon埃瑞璜Erewhon Revisited重返埃瑞璜The way of all flesh众生之路Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代1840-1928Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣The Return of the Native还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德George Gissing乔治·吉辛1857-1903New Grub Street新格鲁勃街*George Moore乔治·莫尔1852-1933Esther waters伊斯特·沃特斯Oscar Wilder 奥斯卡·王尔德1854-1900Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女An Ideal Husband理想丈夫The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要性Robert Louis Stevenson 罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森1850-1894Treasure Island金银岛The Strange Case of Dr Jeykell and Mr. Hyde化身博士Alfred Lord Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生1809-1892The Pricess公主In Memoriam悼念Maud摩德Enoch Arden伊诺克•阿登Idylls of the King国王叙事诗Robert Browning罗伯特·勃朗宁1812-1889The ring and the book指环和书*Matthew Arnold马修·阿诺德1822-1888*Arthur Hugh Clough亚瑟·休·克拉夫1819-1861*Gerard Manley Hopkins吉拉德·曼莱·霍普金斯1844-1889*Edward Fitzgerald爱华德·福兹杰拉德1809-1883George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳1856-1950Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业Man and Superman人与超人Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbreak House伤心之家Candida康蒂妲Caesar and Cleopatra凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉Armsand and the man武器与人20. The 1920sVirginia Woolf 沃尔芙1882-1941长篇小说：Mrs Dalloway达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse到灯塔去Orlando奥兰多传The Waves浪Flush弗乐希Between the Acts幕间散文集：The Common ReadersThe Death of the Moth and Other Essays A Room of One’s OwnThree Guineas三个基尼亚名文：Modern Fiction现代小说日记：A Writer’s DiaryJames Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯1882-1941Ulysess尤利西斯Finnegans Wake芬尼根的觉醒Dubiners都柏林人A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯1885-1930Sons and Lovers儿子与情人The Reinbow虹Women in Love恋爱中的女人Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人William butler Yeats 叶芝1865-1939Respondibilities责任The Tower塔The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯名诗：A Deap Sworn Vow;Easter 1916剧本：The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土The Hour Glass时漏Dedidre黛德尔T. S. Eliot 艾略特1888-1965诗歌：The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock J.阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌The Waste Land荒原The Hollow Men空虚的人们Ash-Wednesday圣灰星期三Four Quarters四个四重奏戏剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂里的谋杀案The cocktail party鸡尾酒会22. The 1930sW. H. AudenW.H.奥登1907-1973As I walked out one evening夜间漫步*Dylan Thomas 迪伦·托马斯1914-1953Fern hill 蕨山Do not gentle into that good night请别柔声的对人生道晚安*William Empson 威廉·燕卜森1906-1984Poems诗歌The gathering storm酝酿中的风暴Seven types of ambiguity朦胧的七种类型Aldous Huxley奥尔德斯·赫胥黎·1894-1963Crome yellow克鲁姆庄园Point counter point旋律与对立Brave the new world勇敢新世界George Orwell 乔治·奥威尔1903-1950Animal farm动物农场Nineteen eight-four 1984Evelyn Waugh 伊芙林·沃1903-1966Decline and fall衰落Vile bodies邪恶的躯体A handful of dust一把尘土Graham Greene 格雷厄姆·格林1904-1991The power and the glory权利与荣耀The heart of the matter物质的心The human factor人类要素Christopher Isherwood 克里斯托弗·伊舍伍德1904-1986Mr. Norris changes trains诺里斯先生换火车Goodbye to Berlin告别柏林The Berlin stories柏林故事。
英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点 中英对照
英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点British history of literature and the characteristics of each stage毋庸置疑，英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。
它如同促使其滋生与进化的社会土壤一样，在历史的洪流中不断改弦易辙，急剧演变。
自文艺复兴时期以来，英国小说已经发展成为一种充满活力和魅力的艺术工具，对社会生活和历史变迁进行了生动的描述。
像英语一样，自它形成的那一天起，英国小说便建立了自己的规则和体系，虽东学一点，西借一点，却以坚定的步伐向前发展。
引人注目的是，尽管英国小说起步较晚，其历史比诗歌和戏剧短得多，但它却发展迅猛，变化巨大，流传甚广，其影响和作用早已大大地超过了诗歌和戏剧。
究其原因，英国小说不仅具有内容丰富、情节曲折和人物形象生动等特征，而且还因其篇幅灵活、形式多样，语言通俗和艺术精湛而备受广大读者的青睐。
经过无数作家的认真探索和反复实践，当代英国小说在艺术形式和创作技巧上与它早期的雏形已不可同日而语。
如果说，英国小说的崛起完全符合文学发展的客观规律；那么，其小说艺术的发展既是社会进化的一个显著标志，也是文学现代化的必然结果。
Undoubtedly, the English novel is a great landscape in the world art tries. It as urging its growth and evolution of social soil, as in history stream of continuous converted, sharp evolution. Since the Renaissance, England has novel has developed into a dynamic and charm of the art tools, to the social life and historical changes the vivid description. Like English is same, since it formed the day, the English novel, he set up his own rules and system, although east, west borrowed learn a little bit, but with the firm steps forward development. Remarkably, although English novels startting evening, its history than poems and plays a much shorter, but it is developing rapidly, dramatic change, widespread, its influence and effect already greatly exceeds poetry and drama. Investigate its reason, English novels not only has the rich content and plots and characters vivid characteristics such as length, but also because of its flexible and diverse forms, colloquial English and art consummate and has extensive readers' favor. After countless writer's earnest exploration and repeated practice, contemporary English novels in artistic form and creative skills on early embryo of with it already is obvious. If, say, the rise of the English novel completely accord with the objective law of the development of literature, So, its novel artistic development is both social evolution a distinctive sign, but also the inevitable result of the modern literature.应当指出，英国小说艺术，像其他艺术形式一样，不可避免地经历了一个从原始到成熟的发展过程。
18th Century英国文学
(4) Defoe, Richardson, Fielding, Sterne, Goldsmith & Smollet were among the major novelists of the time. By combining the allegorical tradition of the moral fables with the picaresque tradition of the lower-class stories, they achieved in their works both realism & moral teaching.
2. Neoclassicism
(1) The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which have blazed in the late Renaissance, esp. in the metaphysical poetry.
(2) It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek & Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc., and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire & Diderot.
英国文学史及选读--Part VI The 18th century 1
1. Hnt → major figures
Some of the major figures of the Enlightenment were David Hume（休姆）, Immanuel Kant（康 （休姆） （ 德）, John Locke（洛克）, the Baron de （洛克） Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）, Jean-Jacques （孟德斯鸠） Rousseau（卢梭）, and Voltaire（伏尔泰）. The （卢梭） （伏尔泰） Encyclopédie（百科全书）of Denis Diderot（狄德 （百科全书） （ 集中体现;成为...缩影) ...缩影 罗） epitomized (集中体现;成为...缩影) the spirit of the age.
1. Historical background --- a world power
An Act of Union in 1707 joined Scotland to England and Wales. Britain became a world power, an empire on which the sun never set. But it also changed internally. The world seemed different in 1785. A sense of new, expanding possibilities — as well as modern problems — transformed the daily life of the British people, and offered them fresh ways of thinking about their relations to nature and to each other. Hence literature had to adapt to circumstances for which there was no precedent.
英美文学之十八世纪英国文学
主
题——
哀悼好友而作； 对下层默默无闻的人民的深切同情 对他们纯朴善良品质的赞扬，为他们没有机会施展天赋和才华而惋惜 同时也表现了对权贵的蔑视和嘲讽，对大人物傲慢奢侈生活的谴责
风
格——
古典诗歌的形式 感伤主义的内容
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day; The lowing herd wind slowly o‘er the lea; The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. （1）
--- Neo-classical Poetry
In the early 18th century, neo-classical became fashionable. It promotes reason, emphasizes clarity and symmetry, temperance, elegance, pursues the perfect and harmonious forms of art. English poets endeavored to imitate the styles of the classical Greek writers. In poetry the most outstanding feature was the domination of the heroic couplet. The consummate exemplar of English neo-classical poetry was Alexander Pope.
英国文学史作家作品
1728-1774
The Deserted village荒村
She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱
The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传
RichardBringsley Sheridan
理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹
The School for Scsanda造谣学校
To Autumn秋颂
11.The VictorianPeriod
ThomasCarlyle
托马斯·卡莱尔1795-1881
Sartor Resartus: Thelife and opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh再造的裁缝
Pastand Present过去与现在
JohnStuart Mill
A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议
Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记
DanielDefoe
丹尼尔•迪福
1660-1731
Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记
Samuel Richardson
塞缪尔·理查逊
1689-1751
Pamela帕美拉
Clarissa Harlowe克拉瑞莎
Rasselas拉塞勒斯
名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信
Thomas Gray
托马斯·格雷
Odeon a distant prospect of eton college伊顿远眺
Hymnsto adversity逆境颂
Elegy墓园挽歌
Oliver Goldsmith
Bible翻译
5.The17thCentury
英国文学史及作品选读练习题(The-18th-Century)Word版
英美文学史及作品选读(207023261) > 课程作业> 复查测验：英国文学史及作品选读练习题（THE 18TH CENTURY)复查测验：英国文学史及作品选读练习题（The 18th Century)名称英国文学史及作品选读练习题（The 18th Century)状态已完成分数得120 分，满分120 分说明问题 1得 2 分，满分 2 分In the last twenty years of the 18th century, England produced two well-known romantic poets. They are William Blakeand .所选答案：Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns问题 2得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift’s famous prose work ________ is a satirical dialogue between the Ancients and the Moderns in thecharacter of the Bee and the Spider.所选答案： C. The Battle of the Books正确答案： C. The Battle of the Books反馈：The Battle of the Books问题 3得 2 分，满分 2 分The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared twopolitical parties, _____.所选答案： A. the Whigs and the Tories正确答案： A. the Whigs and the Tories反馈：the Whigs and the Tories问题 4得 2 分，满分 2 分Blake’s Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a world of .所选答案： D. happiness and innocence正确答案： D. happiness and innocence反馈：happiness and innocence问题 5得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift held the opinion that human nature , thus human nature and human institutions both neededconstant reform and improvement.所选答案： C. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic正确答案： C. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic反馈：was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic问题 6得 2 分，满分 2 分According to the neoclassicists, which of the following istrue?所选答案： D. All the above.正确答案： D. All the above.反馈：All the above.问题 7得 2 分，满分 2 分The social significance of Gulliver’s Travels lies in _____.所选答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life正确答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life反馈：the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life问题 8得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following cannot correctly describe Enlightenment Movement?所选答案： C. It advocated individual education.正确答案： C. It advocated individual education.反馈：It advocated individual education.问题 9得 2 分，满分 2 分In , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the Englishnobles. It shows his indignation toward the terribleoppression and exploitation of the Irish people by theEnglish ruling class.所选答案： A Modest Proposal正确答案： A Modest Proposal反馈： A Modest Proposal问题 10得 2 分，满分 2 分Sir Walter Scott called the father of Englishfiction.所选答案：Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding反馈：Henry Fielding; Fielding问题 11得 2 分，满分 2 分In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the .所选答案： B. rising bourgeoisie正确答案： B. rising bourgeoisie反馈：rising bourgeoisie问题 12得 2 分，满分 2 分The literary form of neoclassicism is of the strict symmetry.The prevailing genre of neo-classical literature is thewhich consists of two riming lines of iambic pentameter, andthe second line completes the thoughts expressed by thecouplet.所选答案：heroic couplet正确答案：heroic couplet反馈：heroic couplet问题 13得 2 分，满分 2 分In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and named him .所选答案：Friday正确答案：Friday反馈：Friday问题 14得 2 分，满分 2 分Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the of the day.所选答案： D.sentimental poetry正确答案： D.sentimental poetry反馈：sentimental poetry问题 15得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel TheHistory of Tom Jones, a Foundling?所选答案： d.Amelia正确答案： d.Amelia反馈：Amelia问题 16得 2 分，满分 2 分is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.所选答案：Bitter Satire正确答案：Bitter Satire反馈：Bitter Satire问题 17得 2 分，满分 2 分Daniel Defoe describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the 18th century, the very prototype of theempire builder or the pioneer colonist.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：Robinson CrusoeCrusoe反馈：Robinson Crusoe; Crusoe问题 18得 2 分，满分 2 分In the Houyhnhnm land, Gulliver found that ______ were hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes while ______ are endowedwith reason and all good and admirable qualities.所选答案： B. the Yahoos ... the horses正确答案： B. the Yahoos ... the horses反馈：the Yahoos ... the horses问题 19得 2 分，满分 2 分In the middle decades of the 18th century became the leader of the classic school in English poetry and prose.所选答案：Samuel Johnson正确答案：Samuel JohnsonJohnson反馈：Samuel Johnson; Johnson问题 20得 2 分，满分 2 分ranks among the greatest satirist of England, and of the world. “A Modest Proposal” is one of his satiricalworks.所选答案：Jonathan Swift正确答案：Jonathan SwiftSwift反馈：Jonathan Swift; Swift问题 21得 2 分，满分 2 分_________came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in society reality.所选答案： D. Sentimentalism正确答案： D. Sentimentalism反馈：Sentimentalism问题 22得 2 分，满分 2 分The following on Daniel Defoe are true except .所选答案： B. He was a member of the upper class正确答案： B. He was a member of the upper class反馈：He was a member of the upper class问题 23得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first inGulliver’s Travels?所选答案： D. Lilliput正确答案： D. Lilliput反馈：Lilliput问题 24得 2 分，满分 2 分The only novel of Oliver Goldsmith is _________, which givesa detailed account of the numerous misfortunes befalling thecentral character and his family.所选答案： C. The Vicar of Wakefield正确答案： C. The Vicar of Wakefield反馈：The Vicar of Wakefield问题 25得 2 分，满分 2 分In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which brings him the name of the “Prose Homer”?所选答案： D.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling正确答案： D.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling反馈：The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling问题 26得 2 分，满分 2 分Of all the 18the century novelists, _________ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to write specially a“comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modernnovel its structure and style.所选答案： A.HenryFielding正确答案： A.HenryFielding反馈：HenryFielding问题 27得 2 分，满分 2 分The Rivals written by is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young womenof the upper classes of the 18th century.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 28得 2 分，满分 2 分Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that ofRomanticism in that ________.所选答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order andinstruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences正确答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order andinstruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences反馈：the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences问题 29得 2 分，满分 2 分In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living on ________.所选答案：Houyhnhnms 正确答案：Houyhnhnms 反馈：Houyhnhnms问题 30得 2 分，满分 2 分The greatest novelist of the 18th century, and also one of the greatest that England ever produced is , who isconsidered as the founder of the English realistic novel.所选答案：Henry Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding问题 31得 2 分，满分 2 分1. The principal elements of the ________Novel are mystery,horror and suspense.所选答案：Gothic正确答案：Gothic反馈：Gothic问题 32得 2 分，满分 2 分 Friday is a character in the novel__________.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe反馈：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of RobinsonCrusoe; Robinson Crusoe问题 33得 2 分，满分 2 分_________is William Blake’s most important prose work, which is the manifesto of his spiritual independence.所选答案： A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell正确答案： A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell反馈：The Marriage of Heaven and Hell问题 34得 2 分，满分 2 分“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall run.”The above verse lines are taken from the famous poem“________”.所选答案： A Red, Red Rose正确答案： A Red, Red Rose反馈： A Red, Red Rose问题 35得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest work in English literature.所选答案： A. satiric正确答案： A. satiric反馈：satiric问题 36得 2 分，满分 2 分The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of his against the hostile nature.所选答案：struggle正确答案：strugglefight反馈：struggle; fight问题 37得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is not true about Robinson Crusoe?所选答案： D. It is a record of Defoe’s own expe rience.正确答案： D. It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.反馈：It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.问题 38得 2 分，满分 2 分The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling has been praised for its excellent plot construction. The three big divisions of theadventures of the hero and the heroine are marked by thechange of scenes: in the country, on the road and in__________.所选答案：London正确答案：London反馈：London问题 39得 2 分，满分 2 分’s poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry,esp. the Graveyard school.所选答案：Gray正确答案：Thomas GrayGray反馈：Thomas Gray; Gray问题 40得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is not true about Samuel Richardson?所选答案： D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.正确答案： D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.反馈：He is the first novelist of realist tradition.问题 41得 2 分，满分 2 分_______is of the author of the first dictionary by anEnglishman—Dictionary of the English Language, which hasbecome the foundation of all subsequent Englishdictionaries.所选答案： A. Samuel Johnson正确答案： A. Samuel Johnson反馈：Samuel Johnson问题 42得 2 分，满分 2 分Sheridan’s _____is the best English comedy sin ce the days of Shakespeare.所选答案： C. The School for Scandal正确答案： C. The School for Scandal反馈：The School for Scandal问题 43得 2 分，满分 2 分The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of ________.所选答案：Reason正确答案：Reason反馈：Reason问题 44得 2 分，满分 2 分Joseph Andrew is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with the intention of ridiculing Richard’snovel .所选答案：Pamela正确答案：Pamela反馈：Pamela问题 45得 2 分，满分 2 分In Robinson Crusoe, the writer glorifies .所选答案： A. human labor and the Puritan fortitude正确答案： A. human labor and the Puritan fortitude反馈：human labor and the Puritan fortitude问题 46得 2 分，满分 2 分Many of Burns’ songs deal with friendship, ______has long become a universal parting-song of all the English-speakingcountries.所选答案： D. Auld Lang Syne正确答案： D. Auld Lang Syne反馈：Auld Lang Syne问题 47得 2 分，满分 2 分In the William Blake’s poetry, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, Priest andKing) was usually a figure of_______.所选答案：tyranny正确答案：tyranny反馈：tyranny问题 48得 2 分，满分 2 分Gothic novels are mostly stories of ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.所选答案： D. mystery and horror正确答案： D. mystery and horror反馈：mystery and horror问题 49得 2 分，满分 2 分The only important English dramatist produced in the 18thcentury is ________.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 50得 2 分，满分 2 分Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to _____.所选答案： D. give the modern novel its structure and style正确答案： D. give the modern novel its structure and style反馈：give the modern novel its structure and style问题 51得 2 分，满分 2 分Blake’s Songs of Experience paints a world of _____ with a melancholy tone.所选答案： A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression正确答案： A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression反馈：misery, poverty, disease, war and repression问题 52得 2 分，满分 2 分In the 18th century, _______found its expression chiefly in poetry, especially that of William Blake and Robert burns.所选答案： D. pre-romanticism正确答案： D. pre-romanticism反馈：pre-romanticism问题 53得 2 分，满分 2 分_______was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18th century.所选答案： C. The Enlightenment正确答案： C. The Enlightenment反馈：The Enlightenment问题 54得 2 分，满分 2 分The main literary stream of the 18th century was .What the writers described were mainly social realities.所选答案：Realism正确答案：realism反馈： realism问题 55得 2 分，满分 2 分The rise and growth of __________is the most prominentachievement of the 18th century English literature, which hasgiven the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan swiftand Henry fielding.所选答案： B.realisticnovel正确答案： B.realisticnovel反馈：realisticnovel问题 56得 2 分，满分 2 分is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” isof great importance.所选答案：Robert Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns反馈：Robert Burns; Burns问题 57得 2 分，满分 2 分Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, _______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.所选答案：pope正确答案：Alexander PopePope反馈：Alexander Pope; Pope问题 58得 2 分，满分 2 分Modern English novel arose in the ________century.所选答案： C. 18th正确答案： C. 18th反馈：18th问题 59得 2 分，满分 2 分Pamela is written in the form of a ______novel.所选答案：epistolary正确答案：epistolary反馈：epistolary问题 60得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes thepolitical system of England and the then PrimeMinister Sir Robert Walpole?所选答案： C.Jonathan Wild theGreat正确答案： C.Jonathan Wild theGreat反馈：Jonathan Wild theGreat（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
18世纪英国文学史
English Literature in the 18th Century (the Age of Enlightenment or the Age ofReason)BackgroundSome Important TermsThree Stages in the EnlightenmentPolitically➢Glorious Revolution in 1688 ended the monarchy, replacing it with a constitutional monarchy.➢The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament.➢the Tory and the Whig dominated the parliament by turnsSocially⏹the rapid growth of middle class⏹The Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness, self-discipline ⏹better education was available⏹more schools and social clubs were establishedEconomically◆Industrial Revolution, the 1st powerful industrial country◆continued to expand its coloniesIdeologicallyUnder the influence of scientific discoveries( Galileo,Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.Some Important Terms Enlightment:an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe.•a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through education•the guiding principle or slogan isRation/Reason, natural right and equality •Ration became standard for measurement of everything.Some Important Terms Neoclassicism: Appeared in last decades of the 17th to the early of the18th•Modelled Greek and Latin authors •Stress on order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste major exponents of the neoclassical school: John Dryden and Alexander Pope.Sentimentalism:One of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century.•A new vision of love, a new view of human nature : prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. •Representives:Edward Young and Thomas Gray (poetry) Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith (prose fiction )Gothic Novel•against the rationalism and commercialism •emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature; the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castle •Representative:Horace Walpole--The Castle of OtrantoSome Important TermsPre-Romanticism:•It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion & emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.•Rrpresentatives:William Blake & Robert Burns(poetry)The First Stage•Lasted from the “Glorious Revolution”to the end of the 1730’s.•Characterized by the so-called neoclassicism in poetry(the representative poet:Alexander Pope)•A new prose literature appeared in the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and in the first realistic fiction of Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift.Alexander Pope •Alexander Pope(1688-1744)•An English essayist,critic, satirist,and one of thegreatest poets of Enlightenment.Works•An Essay On Criticism, 1711 •The Rape Of The Lock, 1712-14 •Dunciad, 1728 -Widened in 1742 •An Essay On Man, 1733-34Translations:•Homer's Iliad, 1715-20•Homer's Odyssey, 1726Literary Style •Alexander Pope was best known for his satirical verse.He is famous for his use of the heroic couplet.•Heroic Couplet is a traditional form for English poetry ; commonly used for epic and narrative poetry. it refers to poems constructed form a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines .The rhyme is always masculine.Alexander Pope’s famous quotations •For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.•To err is human, to forgive, divine.• A little learning is a dangerous thing.Richard Steele(1672-1729)Joseph Addison(1672-1719)•Their literary activities:They jointly ran two newspapers:the Tatler(from 12 Apr.1709 to 2 Jan. 1711) the Spectators(from 1 Mar.1711 to 6 Dec. 1712),Published essays dealing with manners, morals and literature.•Their importance:Their essays truthfully portrayed the social life of England and paved the way for the coming of the English novel.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)➢The Father of the English fiction •Personal Life:•1701: The True-born Englishman •1703:The Shortest Way with the Dissenters •1704: The Review a political and literary magazine in prison.•1719: Robinson Crusoe•1731: his deathWorks •Robinson Crusoe(masterpiece)•Captain Singleton•Moll Flanders•A Journal of the Plague Year •RoxanaFeatures of Daniel Defoe's Novels •1.Central idea : man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. Society is the source of various crimes and vices.•2. Daniel Defoe deliberately avoided all arts, all fine writings, so that the readers could concentrate only on a series of plausible events. •3. Taking the form of memories or pretended historical narrative, everything in them giving the impression of reality.Jonathan Swift•His life(1667-1745)•Born in Ireland of an English couple.•His education: Studied at Trinity college , at Dublin University•After graduation:•Sir William Temple (private secretary, ten years).•Worked in a little church in Ireland•His death: brain diseaseWorks•Bickerstaff Almanac•The Battle of the Books •The Tale of A Tub•The Journal to Stella•The Drapier’s Letters •Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels•Four books: four voyages of Gulliver •The first part: his shipwreck in Lilliput •The second part: Gulliver’s adventure •in Brobdingnag•The third part: Gulliver continues his adventures in Laputa•The four part:Gulliver came to a place where inhabitants are those wise horsesSwift’s Style •Jonathan Swift is one of the realist writers•His language is simple, clear and vigorous.•“Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style”•Swift is a master satirist and his irony is deadly.The Second Stage •Lasted from 1740s to 1750s.•The more important works : the novels of Samuel Richardson, Henry Feilding and Tobias Smollett.•The last two writers make rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions.Samuel Richardson•His life(1689-1761)•His works:•Pamela(Pamela Andrews, Mr. B the first English Psycho-Analytical novel)•Clarissa Harlowe(1747-1748)•Sir Charles GrandisonHenry Fielding•Father of the English Novel•He was the greatest playwright in his own time.•He is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the 18th century.•The first to write specifically a “comic epic inprose”),whose subject is“the true ridiculou s”in human nature.Works•The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrew•The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great •Amelia•The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling •Don Quixote in England•1. Fielding starts “the third-person narration”, that is told directly by the author, an omniscient narrator.•2. Satire abounds everywhere in his novels. There are two kinds of satire. One is the humorous satire, which is meant to be instructive and corrective. The other kind is grim satire, which is used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling class.•3.Fielding believes in the educational function of the novel.•4. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, bit extremely vivid and vigorous.•5.His novels are noted for individual dramatic dialogues, and other theatrical devices such suspense, coincidence and surprise.Tobias Smollett•Tobias George Smollett (19 March 1721 –17 September 1771)•A Scottish poet and author. He was best known for his picaresque novels(流浪汉小说), such as The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle(1751), which influenced later novelists such as Charles Dickens.The Third Stage •Covered the last decades of the 18th century. •Characterized by the appearance of new literary tendencies of Sentimentalism and Pre-romanticism.Sentimentalism:Edward Young and Thomas Gray (poetry) Laurence Sterne and Oliver GoldsmithPre-romanticism:William Blake & Robert Burns(poetry)•Realistic dramatist: Richard B. SheridanEdward Young •Edward Young (1683 –April 5, 1765) was an English poet, best remembered for Night Thoughts.•Night Thoughts is noted for its psychological probings and its mixing of personal sentiments with religious deliberations.•Significance: It helped, in its small way, to move poetry forward toward the age of Romanticism.Sentimentalism:Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)•He is the forefather of the sentimentalism novel.•As a novelist, he was conscious and original, and contributed a good deal toward perfecting the art of genre in its early phase.•He was an iconoclast, an innovator, a trail-blazer, and an eternal presence in literary history.Works and Fictions' features •The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy,GentlemanA Sentimental Journey through France and Italy by Mr. Yorick.•Features: grotesque goodness, sweet humility, sensitive humanity, boisterous humor and idiosyncratic discursiveness.Sentimentalism:Oliver Goldsmith•General Comments•A man sometimes blundering and ridiculous, but tender-hearted,simple and generous• A versatile writer as a poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist•One of the representatives of English sentimentalism•Social justice and compassion for the poorWorks•The Vicar of Wakefield(1762)（a sengtimental novel）•The Citizens of the World(1762 )•The Traveller(1764)•The Good-Natured Man(1768)•The Deserted Village(1770 ) （a poem of sentimentalism）•She Stoops to Conquer(1773 0Writing style •Alternately praises, satirizes, and sentimentalizes a pioneer settlement •His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice •Show passive resistance to social evilPre-romanticism:William Blake•A poet and an engraver• a Pre-Romantic Poet or the forerunner of the romantic poetsMajor worksPoetical SketchesSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocenceMarriage of Heaven and HellWriting style•Plain and direct language.•Lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.•Embody the views with visual images.•Symbolism in wide range.eg.To see a world in a grain of sandAnd a heaven in a wild flowerHold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hourRichard B. Sheridan(Dramatist)•Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816), •British dramatist and politician, whose work is considered the finest development of the comedy of manners(风尚喜剧) in 18th-century England.•Works:The Rivals,The School for Scandal and The CriticWriting Style•1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional.•2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulationof such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.•3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Samuel Johnson •Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 [O.S.7 September] –13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer.•Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory,and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".•He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature"A Dictionary of the English Language•Johnson began to wrotethe dictionary from 1747,and it took him 7 years tofinish it.Though it was widelypraised and had a hugeimpact, Johnson didn’tgain much money fromit.Other works•The Idler, a weekly series, ran from 1758 to 1760.•Proposals for Printing, by Subscription, the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare, in 1756, which argued that previous editions of Shakespeare were edited incorrectly and needed to be corrected•Rasselas, a philosophical novella, on 19 April 1759.•The Plays of William Shakespeare, in Eight Volumes... To which are added Notes by Sam. Johnson,10 October 1765 •Lives of the English Poets, in 1777Thank You !。
18世纪英国文学
I . Historical BackgroundWith the Glorious Revolution, England became a constitutional monarchy and, the state power passed from the king gradually to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers. Abroad, a vast expansion of British colonies in Asia, Africa and North America, and a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market for which the small-scale, manual production methods of the home industry were hardly adequate. All these created not only a great demand for large quantities of manufactured goods but also standardized goods made in Britain. This was the basic cause of the Industrial Revolution, of the invention of textile machines and other kinds of machinery.At home in the country, Acts of Enclosure were putting more lands into the hands of fewer privileged rich landowners and forcing thousands of small farmers and tenants off their land to become wage earners in industrial towns. As a result, there appeared a market of free labor anal free capital, thus providing the essential conditions for the rising of Industrial Revolution. So, towards the middle of the 19th century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country, the work-shop of the world, flooding the markets both at home and abroad with itsmanufactured goods.These changes, both political and social, enriched the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy who ruled the country, but brought great miseries to the majority of the people in England, Scotland, and Ireland; and in the colonies. Popular uprisings again and again hit Ireland; in Scotland people were threatening of independence from the British government; and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government.As England was growing into a powerful industrial country, it also witnessed the rapid growth of the bourgeois middle class at home. These- were mainly city people: traders, merchants, manufacturers, and other adventurers such as slave-traders and colonists. They became the backbone of the fast developing England. As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class. It was a revolutionary class then and quite different from the feudal-aristocratic class. They were the people who had known poverty and hardship, and most of them had obtained their present social status through much hard work. Morally, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work. For them, to work and to accumulate wealth constituted the wholemeaning of their life.Ⅱ. Cultural Background1. EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They were different from those of France, for they appeared not before but after the bourgeois revolution. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to carry the revolution through to an end.Most of the English writers were enlighteners. They fell into two groups-the moderate group and the radical group. The more moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe andSamuel Richardson.The more radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group are Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias George Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.Most of the writers of the moderate group acknowledged that the existing social system of the day was essentially fair and just. On this basis they tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions while the writers of the radical group stressed the discrepancy between what they called "the proper moral standards" and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.2. Cultural ProgressInspired by the spirit of the Enlightenment, people were encouraged to cultivate a sense of rationality and a witty intellectuality. More schools were set up throughout the country so as to provide a better education for the masses. As more people had now more money and more leisure time, and became better educated, a widely distributed reading public grew,especially among the well-to-do middle class women. This demanded more reading materials which would be of interest and satisfy their need for a rational and moral life. Outside regular schools, literary works of all kinds played a decisive role in popularization of general education. The Copyright Act of 1709 made, for the first time in English history, literary creation an honorable and independent profession. Writers like Alexander Pope were able to live a life independent of those rich aristocratic patrons. Along with the economic independence, the eighteenth-century writers enjoyed greater freedom in their creative activities and were now able to devote themselves to whatever interested them and to give utterance to whatever they thought right or proper. For the first time too, the literary tendency of the age was moving-away from the conventional romance stories about the life of the rich and noble people of the aristocratic class and turning to works that would give accounts of the common life of the ordinary folk.Besides the popular forms of poetry, novel and drama, the period also saw the appearance of such popular press as pamphlets and newspapers and periodicals which served as the party mouth-organs as well as an ideal medium for public education. And there was also the flourish of coffee houses andall kinds of social clubs, (about 2000 in London.) which greatly helped the cultivation and promotion of the new English culture.However, in the later part of the century, people began to feel discontented with the rigidity of rationality. A demand for a release of one's spontaneous feeling, a relaxation from the cold and rigid logic of rationality and an escape from, the inhuman Industrial Revolution gradually took shape in the form of sentimental novel and poetry.Ⅲ. Characteristics of the Literature1. A General ViewThe main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. In this century the newspaper was born. Literature, which included the book, the newspaper and the magazine, became the chief instrument of the nation's progress. The new social and political conditions demanded expressions not simply in books but more especially in pamphlets, magazines and newspapers. Poetry, which had been the glory of English literature in the preceding ages, was inadequate for such a task. So prose had a rapid development in this age. The 18th century was an age of prose. A group ofexcellent prose writers, such as Addison, Steele, Swift, Fielding, were produced.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. The main characters in the novels were no longer kings and nobles but the common people.In this age satire was much used in writing. It refers to any writing, in poetry or prose, with the purpose to ridicule follies, stupidities，the vices and corruptions of the society, which threatened to be contrary to the maintenance of good moral order and literary discipline. So, it answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, which aimed at public education in moral, social as well as cultural life. It also proved to be an effective weapon for arguments of all kinds and verbal attacks on enemies of both the parties and the personal. Since there was fierce strife of the two political parties in society, nearly every writer of this century was employed and rewarded by Whigs or Tories for satirizing their enemies. English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as Pope, Swift and Fielding. So, it became the fashion for all forms of writing at the time.The development of the literature in this period can be summarized as: the predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose in the early decades of the 18th century; the rise andflourish of modern realistic novel in the middle years of the 18th century; and the appearance of the sentimental and pre-romantic poetry and fiction in the last few decades of the 18th century.2. Neo-Classicism in English LiteratureNeo-Classicism made a rapid growth and prevailed for the better part of the 18th century. In early 18th century, writers of the neo-classical school were Addison, Steele and Pope. In the middle decades of the century, Samuel Johnson became the leader of the classical school in English poetry and prose.This term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from their works, for example, rimed couplet instead of blank verse and the three unities of time, place and action，etc. It put the stress on the classical ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste .The English classicists followed these standards in their writings. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. Prose should be precise, direct and flexible. Allthe neo-classicists followed these standards in writing.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Pope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. In the field of satiric and didactic verse, he was the undisputed master. His influence completely dominated the poetry of his age. Many foreign writers and the majority of English poets looked to him as their model. His poetry clearly reflected the spirit of the age in which he lived. Pope was a master in satire and heroic couplet. He popularized the neo-classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment, who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He represented the highest glory and authority in matters of literary art and made great contributions to the theory and practice of prosody诗学.Pope's Major WorksAn Essay on Criticism, written in heroic couplet, consisting of 744 lines and divided into three parts, was a manifesto of English neo-classicism as Pope put forward his aesthetic theories in it. Pope’s Essay on Criticism was a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism.Essay on Man, written in heroic couplet, indicates the poet's political and philosophical viewpoint. It deals with man' srelation to the universe, to society, to himself, and to happiness. The Dunciad is Pope' s famous satirical poem. It is full of bitter personal attacks on the poet's personal enemies, and it also gives a broad satirical picture of the whole literary life in the early 18th century England.“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”“Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind.”“Hills peep over hills, and Alps on Alps arise!”Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and Richard Steele (1672-1729) In 1709 Steele started a literary periodical named “The Tatler”. In 1711, Addison collaborated with Steele to create a literary periodical called “The Spectator”."The Tatler" was published three times a week. It became widely read in London, especially in clubs and coffeehouses. The paper became extremely popular because it was just the sort of thing that suited the needs of the reading public among the bourgeoisie. "The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together. It was much more important than "The Tatler" because it dealt with a wide range of subjects and was written in a maturer style. It offered the models of social and moral behaviour to the new British middle class besides discussing the current affairs and culture issues. Moreover Addison’s prose which is very clear, plain, fluent and elegant became a model for the writers of that time. His style is rich in humor and common sense, which is also imitated by other weiters and exerts a great influence abroad.The most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern Englishnovel.The essays in this periodical had a moral purpose．They attempted to improve manners and morals, and continued to struggle against the ideas of the aristocracy．Steele and Addison’s Contributions to English Literature1) Their writings in “The Tatler” and“The Spectator" provide anew code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2) They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century．3) In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre．Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel．3. English Realistic NovelsThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement in the 18th century English literature. The novelists of this group told the reader in their novels, not about knights or kings but about the ordinary people; about their thoughts; feelings and struggles. The major realist novelists of this century are Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollett.The early literature in the Medieval or Renaissance period, only served the feudal aristocratic class. Almost all the literary works were about kings, queens, princes, feudal lords and their way of life. Even Shakespeare's plays were dominated by these people. Romance was the typical literary form which was to delight and entertain the aristocrats. But now, after the bourgeois revolution, the English middle-class people were ready to cast away the aristocratic literature of feudalism and to create a new kind of realistic literature of their own to express their ideas and serve their interests. Thus instead of the life of kings and feudal lords, the whole life in its ordinary aspects of the middle class became a major source of interest in English literature. This change of subject matter was most obvious in the new literary form of English realistic novel. Defoe, Richardson, Fielding,Sterne, Goldsmith and Smollett were among the major novelists of the time. They achieved in their works both realism and moral teaching. The influence of their works was very great both at home and abroad. It found impact in some of the great works of European writers and paved the way for the great nineteenth-century realistic writers like Jane Austen, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens and William Thackeray.“The novel is the most important gift of bourgeois, or capitalist, civilization to the world’s imaginative culture.” (Ralph Fox)Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”—one of the forerunners of English realistic novelFielding: the real founder of realistic novelF.G. Smollet: his satirical novels touched upon various aspects of English life.Samuel Richardson: “Pamela” psychological an alysis Jonathan Swift: Swift is one of the greatest masters of satire.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)Defoe was a journalist, a pamphleteer, a poet, and above all these, he was a novelist. He has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel.Robinson CrusoeAt the head of Defoe' s works stands his most important work The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It has held its popularity for more than two centuries.The story was based upon the experiences of a Scotch sailor called Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on a desert island off the coast of Chile and lived there in solitude for four or five years. After his return to Europe in 1709, his experiences became known. Defoe got inspiration from this real story and with many incidents of his own imagination, he successfully produced the famous novel Robinson Crusoe.The story is told in the first person singular as if it was told by some sailor-adventurer himself. In this novel, Defoe created the image of a colonizer and a foreign trader, who has the courage and will to face hardships, and who has determination to preserve himself and improve his livelihood by struggling against nature. Crusoe represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. Being a bourgeois writer, Defoeglorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.Features of Defoe's NovelsA. Defoe is remembered chiefly for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and vices.B. Defos' s intention is that the readers should regard his novels as real stories. For that reason, he deliberately avoids all art, all fine writing, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible events. Defoe's novels all take the form of memoirs, but everything in them gives the impression of reality.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Swift was born in Dublin.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub. The former is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. The writer influenced by classicism in the literature of the time thought the ancient writers were better than the modern ones. The latter is a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Among the pamphlets he wrote about Ireland, the best-known pieces are The Drapier' s Letters and A Modest Proposal. The Drapier's Letters were written of the actual social struggle against the debasement of the Irish coin. In the fourth letter, Swift speaks again and again of liberty and slavery in connection with the Irish people. In A Modest Proposal, Swift, with bitter irony, suggests that the poor Irish peasants fatten their one-year-old children and then sell them as food to the rich. This proposal is a most powerful blow at the English government's policy of oppression and exploitation in Ireland. Gulliver' s TravelsThe book contains four parts, each of them deals with one particular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventureson some remote island.In the first part, Gulliver goes to sea as a ship's surgeon. In a big storm the ship is wrecked and he is cast upon the shore of the island of Lilliput. The first part is full of references to current politics. Lilliput is the miniature of England. Swift's satire is directed against the English ruling class, the two political parties and the religious disputes.In the second part, Gulliver again goes to sea and his ship is again wrecked in a storm. Gulliver is abandoned on the land of the Brobdingnagians. The Brobdingnagians prove to be superior to the men and women of Gulliver's society in wisdom and humanity as well as in stature. Compared with them, he is very small, insignificant, mean and unworthy. In this part, the King of Brobdingnag is described as a wise and kind king, and the inhabitants are said to be a civilized race. The law of the country is used to defend the natives' freedom and happiness.The third part, which is often considered to be the least interesting, deals with a series of the hero's adventures at several places. The first place that Gulliver gets to is the floating island of Laputa. Gulliver finds out here the king and the noble persons are a group of absent-minded philosophers and astronomers who care for nothing but mathematics and music and who speakalways in mathematical terms of lines and circles. They often do useless research work, for example a scientist makes researches on how to get sunlight from cucumbers. Another scientist is studying how to construct a house by first building the room and then laying the base. Through these descriptions, Swift satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.In the country of Laputa, the king and his ministers use cruel methods to suppress any rebellion of the people living on the continent below. Whenever the people rise up against them, they make the flying island hover over the place of the rebellion, thus preventing sunlight and rain from reaching it, or let the island drop directly upon the heads of the rebellion people. Here Swift condemns the cruelty of the ruling class to the people.Then Gulliver comes to the island of Sorcerers. This part contains Swift' s sharp satire against all kinds of English social institutions. While condemning the English ruling class, Swift praises the English people, thinking they are honest, brave, and have true love for freedom.The fourth part describes the hero's voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms and has generally been considered the best part of the book because the satire here is the sharpest and the bitterest.In this part Gulliver is cast upon the shore of the land of the Houyhnhnms, who are horses endowed with reason, and who are the governing class. In this country there is a species of wild animals called Yahoos. The horses are extremely intelligent and noble, and possess all good qualities, while the Yahoos, though in many ways they are like human beings, are low and vile and despicable and no better than beasts. Gulliver praises the life and virtues of the horses and feels disgusted at the Yahoos. When Gulliver returns homes he can't stand the human life there. To him all his countrymen are the hateful Yahoos. This part does not show Swift's hatred and disgust for all the humanity. It just shows he dislikes those people who bring evils and inhuman life modes to human society. He cherishes a great love for the common people.Swift's Writing FeaturesA. Swift is one of the realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe's. Defoe's stories are based upon the reality of human life, while all of Swift's plots come from imagination, which is the chief means he uses in his satires.' His satire is very powerful. He not only criticizes the evils of the English bourgeoisie but those of other bourgeois countries.B. Swift expresses democratic ideas in his works. This exerts strong influence on later writers, such as Sheridan, Fielding, Byron and even Bernard Shaw.C. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, "Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.” There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature.5. SentimentalismIn the first half of the 18th century, Pope was the leader of English Literature and heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. By the middle of the 18th century, sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of this school continued to struggle against feudalism, but they, at the same time, sensed the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. It was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism which had dominated people’s life since the last decades of the 17th century. Besides, it seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel.Dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, to “the human heart”. Sentimentalism turned to countryside for its material, and their writings were marked by a sincere sympathy for the peasants. It indulged in emotion and sentiment, which were used as a kind of mild protest against the social injustice. They thought the bourgeois society was founded on the principle of reason, so they began to react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.In English poetry of the 18th century, sentimentalism first found its full expression in the forties and the fifties, in Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. In the later decades of the century, it was found in a number of poems by William Cowper.In the field of prose fiction of the 18th century, sentimentalism had its most outstanding expression. There were three novelists who followed this tradition in novel writing. They are Samuel Richardson, Oliver Goldsmith and Laurence Sterne. It was first found in “Pamela”, an early English realistic novel by Richardson. Some famous novels of this kind are Laurence Sterne’s “A sentimental journey through France and Italy” and goldsmith’s “The Vicar of Wakefield”.6. Pre-romanticismWhile the classical literature prospered, a new Romantic movement quietly showed its appearance in English poetry. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. It was represented by William Blake and Robert Burns. They struggled against the neoclassicaltradition of poetry. The chimney sweeper。
英国文学十八世纪
பைடு நூலகம்16
Gothic Horror: A thriller designed not only to terrify or frighten the audience, but also to convey a sense of moral failure or spiritual darkness. The Gothic in England begins with The Castle of Otranto奥伦 托城堡in 1760, by Horace Walpole沃尔浦尔，霍勒斯, which emphasized the supernatural mixed with the grotesque in a medieval setting.
Use of a dark setting or moody atmosphere, sensationalism, exotic settings in the past, the sublime 异常的, atmosphere of dread
18
A ruined or weird landscape
12
Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical叙事诗的, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Neo-classical writers are: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, etc.
英国文学简史常耀信 Chapters 7-8
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Gulliver’s Travels This is a savage satire in the form of a fabulous
travelogue The book consists of four parts, each recording one
Robert Burns (1759-1796)
Works “A Red Red Rose” “Tam O’Shanter”
“For A’ That an’ A’ That”
A Red Red Rose
O my Luve's like a red, red rose That’s newly sprung in June; O my Luve's like the melodie That’s sweetly play'd in tune.
• Works • Gulliver’s Travels
Daniel Defoe
• Introduction • Robinson Crusoe
Samuel Richardson
Henry Fielding
• Aesthetic Theories • Works
Laurence Sterne Tobias Smollett
And fare thee well, my only Luve And fare thee well, a while! And I will come again, my Luve, Tho’ it were ten thousand mile.
Key Points in Chapter 8
英美文学
英国文学一、中古英国文学The Old English Literature ( 449 to 1066 )Old English（古英语）：盎格鲁撒克逊人的语言被叫作古英语，是英语语言和文学的基础。
Romance（中世纪的传奇故事）：是中世纪流行的一种文体，通常是长篇的写作，有时可为诗篇（verse），也可以是散文（prose），一般描述的是英雄的生平和传奇。
A：The Growth of Arthurian legendsB:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》：长篇中世纪传奇故事，讲述的是高文爵士接受绿衣骑士的挑战，最后获得来自骑士赠予的腰带，而被广泛流传。
C: Robin hoodD:John Wycliff(1320-1384)Pioneer “the Morning Star of the ReformationE:William Langland（威廉·兰格伦，1332-1400）：与乔叟同时代The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻想》Geoffrey Chaucer（1340-1400）：被称为the father of English poetry或者the father of English fiction,他的作品充满活力而敏捷。
The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Excerpt from The Prologue of The Canterbury TalesIt is writing in heroic couplet, a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter linesheroic Couplet：two lines rhymed两行诗押同一韵iambic pentameter：五步抑扬格二、文艺复兴时期文学The English Renaissance LiteratureRenaissance（文艺复兴）：人文主义是英国文艺复兴的核心，共分为三个阶段，Thomas More（托马斯·莫尔，1478-1535）：Utopia《乌托邦》Thomas Wyatt（托马斯·怀亚特，1503-1542）：16世纪上半叶最有趣的诗人，他首次将十四行诗（sonnet）引入英语文学中。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The style
Realistic style, true to life, in details Smooth, simple, colloquial language Long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understand presents facts in order, the meaning is clear
Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
Born into an aristocratic family at Sharpham near Glastonbury in
Somerset in 1707. Fielding was educated at Eton College, where he established a lifelong friendship with Pitt the Elder. In 1728 he wrote two plays, of which LOVE IN SEVERAL MASQUES was successfully performed at Drury Lane. Between the years 1729 and 1737 he wrote 25 plays but he acclaimed critical notice with his novels. He was the first major novelist to openly admit that his prose fiction was pure artifact.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
He was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30, 1667. In 1688, he became the secretary of Sir William Temple, an English politician and member of the Whig party. he had begun to write satires on the political and religious corruption surrounding him, in 1704 he was working on A Tale of a Tub. In 1709 he went to London to campaign for the Irish church but was unsuccessful.
In the field of literature he became a dictator from whom even Alexander Pope had to take his cue at times as times as to what to write and who to attack. Swift has been seen by some people as the literary king of his day. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the english language, and is less well known for his poetry.
Robinson Crusoe
His main works
Moll Flanders
Peter The Great
Robinson Crusoe (1719)
Robinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive & simple youth into a mature & hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel.
Character analysis
The character Robinson is not common sailor. He is a businessman who takes overseas business as his cause. He is also a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. Robinson is a bourgeoisie with adventurous spirit Robinson is a bourgeoisie of practical spirit. Robinson is bourgeoisie of colonizing character. A. The artistic character of the novel: the concreters of the description and vividness. The author does not express the character with his words but let the character show himself in his own action. The complements of comments and diaries, B. Limitation: a. simple structure b. loose and repletion c. minor characters lack much impression
Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)
He was born into a Protestant background and detested the repressive rule of the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church. He was a loquacious dissenter. He is an English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, a pioneer novelist of England. He is one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel, a true representative of the Enlightenment and a prolific writer on a great variety of subjects. Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel.
Chapter 8
18th-Century Fiction
18th-Century Fiction
The writes developed the realistic method of presentation and brought story-telling infinitely closer to the real life. The novelists of the period were trailblazers of a kind, departing the back of the previous tradition of the medieval romances. They drew diligently from their experience of writing and tried to offer their views as to how the novel should be well written.
He was a successful businessman. He was a typical hardworking Englishman at
his age. He was a journalist and political pamphleteer, a novelist. He favors the capitalist’ adventure in an new world. His first and greatest novel is known by everyone in China once as Robinson Crusoe, the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature.
His major works
The Battle of the Books Tale of a Tub The Irish Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal Gulliver’s Travels