英汉对比与翻译(全)
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英汉语对比
句法区别3:主动、被动
方法1：翻译成带有被、由、受、为……所、加以等的 汉语句子。 The compass was invented by Chinese long ago. 指南针是由中国人很久以前发明的。 The region was visited by the worst drought in twenty years. 这个地区遭受到了20年来最严重的旱灾。 Only a small part of the sun’s energy reaching the earth is used by us. 传到地球上的太阳能只有一小部分为我们所利用。
句法区别5: 时态问题
5.英语中有时态变化，汉语中没有。英语中不同 时间发生的动作或者存在的状态，要用不同的 动词形式表示，一个动词除了本身的词汇意义 外，表示不同时间的不同形式还具有一定的语 法意义。汉语中无时态之说。
句法区别5: 时态问题
John is with his parents in New York City. It is already three years since he was a headmaster. 约翰现在同父母住在纽约市；他不担任校长已 经三年了。
翻译教案
语言对比及翻译
语音差异
英语和汉语都很重视语言的音韵和节奏。英语重形合， 相对于重意合的汉语而言，对音韵和节奏重视不够。 因此，翻译时，要照顾各自的语言特点，在保留“形 合”、“意合”的特点基础之上，重视语言的音韵和 节奏。 A new kind of aircraft –small, cheap, pilotless,- is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型飞机-体积小，便宜，无人驾驶-正在越来越 引起人们的注意。 这是一种体积小、造价底的无人驾驶飞机。这种飞机 越来越引人关注。
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉对比与翻译(全)
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:
英汉思维对比与翻译(最全版)PTT文档
英语在表现方译式上文则常常：以主它体为重论述中新心。张开双翅飞向高空。起初，它
英语重直观思维，汉语重曲线思维
谨慎而尝试地飞翔着，但很快胆子就大了，更有 英语常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念。
而汉语则习惯用具体、形象的词语来表达虚的概念。 在语思维，汉语重曲线思维
同一事物，不同表达
中西方因思维概念不同，对同一事物，便产 生不同的语言表达方式，这直接影响到翻译的正 确性。
比如： 汉语“红茶”，不能翻译为“red tea”;
正确的英语为 “black tea”； 英语的 “black coffee”, 也不能翻
译为”黑咖啡“；正确的汉语为 “浓咖啡”； 汉语 “黑眼睛 ”，不能翻译为“black
车子朝前行驶着，路两旁一边是青翠的公 园，一边是死板乏味的豪华旅馆和公寓大楼…
这里的green, elegance 都是抽象名词， 在翻译时就需要特别注意其对应的汉语翻译词 语。
英语偏好直观思维，汉语偏好曲线思维。
通过对英语文章和汉语文章的比较不难看到， 英语文章通常直截了当地陈述主题，进行论述， 习惯首先把要点表达出来，然后再把各种修饰语 和其他次要成分一一补充进来。正是由于中西思 维的这种差异，在翻译过程中误译错译的现象时 有发生。
比较下面的句子：
It spread its wings anew and soared upward, at first carefully and tentatively, soon with greater boldness and assurance, until at last with a wild scream of joy it swung itself high up in the air and made a great circle.
英汉词语的对比与翻译
增补译法
(1) The equipment should enter production in 2000 with first deliveries being made in 2001. (2) The project has been considerably speeded up. (3) According to the U.S. Commerce Department, the United States foreign debt swelled to $ 263.3 billion in 1986, up from $ 111.9 billion in 1985. (4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication.源自
(4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. 工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使他们的质量更好， 价格更便宜，数量更充足。（语义搭配需要） (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. 买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。 (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication. 一位外贸人员必须在经济学，数学，统计学，会计学 和文化交际等五个方面具有良好的功底。（增加范畴 词，表概括）
英汉对比与篇章翻译
English Order of Linguistic Elements 英语语序
Relatively flexible order （语序相对灵活） resulting from the use of inflections and connectives Phrases:
the Russian people, the people of Russia, the people living in Russia, the people who live in Russia a pretty and clever girl a girl pretty and clever a girl who is pretty and clever
Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements
Order of logic <cause-effect, conditionresult> （逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果） • 志同道合，友谊才会持久。 • 名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。 • 天下雨，运动会延期了。 • 他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。
我们看到很多住人的迹 象，当漫步街头走过一 个很大的棚户集中地， 离中央大道不远。
Hale Waihona Puke 我们漫步街头，在中 央大道附近发现了一 个很大的棚户区，有 很多迹象表明茅棚里 还住了人。
Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.
Contrast Between English and Chinese
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.
第2章 英汉对比与翻译
Conclusion:
8. 英语句子主语很少省略；汉语多用无主 语句。
主语在英语句子中的地位是不可动摇的， 除了祈使句、人物对话、说明书或某些特 殊实用文体中有时可省略主语，一般不使 用无主语句。
英译汉时许多英语句子的主语可以考虑省 略；汉译英时，则应力求主语到位。
例15
原句：As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of a historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.
译文：It is funny that a beautiful girl like her should fall in love with such an ugly man.
Conclusion:
5. 英语前重心；汉语后重心
英语句子叙事往往是前重心，汉语则习惯 于后重心。
英语句子往往先说最近发生的事，再说先 前发生的事，基本按时间逆序展开；或者 先叙述事实，再说出其发生的时间、地点、 方式手段。汉语正好与此相反。此外，英 语句子往往先给出观点、结论、推断，再 加以论证；而汉语句子则习惯于先说事， 再总结，往往采用“前因后果”句式。
翻译时，为适应汉语行文习惯，英语的被动语态往往可 以考虑翻译成汉语的主动结构。另外，英译汉时，要尊 重汉语习惯，多使用动词或短语组句；多用流水句，少 用长句；多用人称主语，少用非人称主语；多使用主动 结构，少使用被动结构。
英汉语篇对比与翻译共49页
谢谢！
36、自己的鞋子，自己知道紧在哪里。弱。——拉罗什福科
xiexie! 38、我这个人走得很慢，但是我从不后退。——亚伯拉罕·林肯
39、勿问成功的秘诀为何，且尽全力做你应该做的事吧。——美华纳
40、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子
英汉语篇对比与翻译
6、法律的基础有两个，而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和平的暴力，那就是法律和礼节。——歌德
8、法律就是秩序，有好的法律才有好的秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起，可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的，因为好人用不着它们，而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
张春柏英汉对比与翻译
III. 怎么比(how) Focus: differences
★An assumption: form is meaning or part of meaning cf. Chinese words: no change in form
3.1 词汇层面（形式、意义） 词汇层面（形式、意义） 3.1.1 词汇的形式：英语词汇的形态变化， 词汇的形式：英语词汇的形态变化， 如: 1. 同一个词不同的词性（e.g. arrive, 同一个词不同的词性（ arrival, to arrive, arriving；beauty, ； beautiful, beautify; inform, informative, information) 2. 各类词的不同语法形式，如名词的性、 各类词的不同语法形式，如名词的性、 格和动词的时态、语态、 数、格和动词的时态、语态、语气等
e.g. 1) 他去看儿子去了 (son, sons?) 他去看儿子去了. 2) John’s book 3) A: Dad, I missed you. B: Missed or miss? A: Both.
4) A: You can’t arrest me. I’m Norfolk. B: You were Norfolk. --Queen Ilizabeth
3.1.3. 词汇（句子）的节律性(esp. when put in sentences). E.gtc..); 四字结构 1) She is twenty-five and beautiful. (Shakespeare in Love) 2) But you couldn’t tell me what it smells like in the Sistine Chapel. You’ve never stood there and looked up at that beautiful ceiling. (Good Will Hunting)
英汉语对比与翻译
Lecture One
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌
3.
It
was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，
这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言， 春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂， 这日子是如此安静，然而并非安静， 因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动、 或摇、或震、或起、或伏。
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌
3.
It
was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，
这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言， 春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂， 这日子是如此安静，然而并非安静， 因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动、 或摇、或震、或起、或伏。
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find troubleat his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
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语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Native Language Transfer Does Exist.
母语迁移现象确实存在
• The age of the learner: around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下 • The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语
Examples of Negative Transfer
Please translate the following:
你再不起床，我要掀被子了。 If you should refuse to get up, I would pull off your quilt. 本· 拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。 If bin Laden hadn‟t died, the US wouldn‟t have stopped hunting for him.
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯 Chinglish = English words + Chinese structure 汉语式英语 = 英语单词 + 汉语结构
Examples of Negative Transfer
2、他一天只吃两顿饭。 He only eat two meal a day. (eats) (meals) 我去年到北京去了三次。 I go to Beijing 3 time last year. (went) (times) Morphological transfer （词形迁移） Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
Examples of Negative Transfer
3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。
Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million population. Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million. Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million people.
Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of „suggest‟, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用 “动词+宾语+补语”的结构。
1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。 The writer likes writing at light. (night) 他不怕死。 He does not hear to die. (fear)
Phonological transfer (语音迁移) The sound /n/ or /f/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ or /h/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或 /f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。
外语学习中的语言迁移： 干扰还是促进？
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之 间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。 奥德林
Please compare the underlined words:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好， Whether you do it or he does it, I‟m 他做也罢，我看谁 afraid neither will do it well. 都做不好。
Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of „population‟, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以 用前臵数词来修饰。
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study
Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research. 比较研究着重寻找 语言间的相似点，运用 历时的研究方法。 Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research. 对比研究着重寻找 语言间的不同点，运用 共时的研究方法。
Voice （语 态）
你再不起床，我要掀 If you should refuse to get up, I would pull off your quilt. 被子了。 本· 拉登不死，美国就 If bin Laden hadn‟t died, the US 不会停止对他的追 wouldn‟t have stopped hunting for 杀。 him. Mood （语气）
Examples of Negative Transfer
4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。 Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich. the rich and the poor Word order transfer (词序迁移) 东南西北 衣食住行 饥寒交迫 或迟或早 废寝忘食 田径项目 悲欢离合 水陆交通 生老病死
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
欢迎光临 左 飚
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English-Chinese Contrast and Translation Zuo Biao
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
Examples of Negative Transfer