Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯.ppt
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coherence 连贯 优质课件
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
Danes在其主位推进程序理论中，以连接性 来讨论连贯概念。他强调主位在语篇组织 中的积极作用。语篇的连贯程度由主位推 进程序的连续性表现出来，而主位推进程 序则由相似语言中一位之间的连接体现出 来。如果这种连接出现空缺，主位推进程 序就会出现不连续现象，造成语篇连贯的 中断。
在语言交际中的许多实例都证明， 连贯的语篇不一定都是衔接的。 如:
(3) A: How did you like the performance?
B：It is a nice theater.
从语篇角度看，这两句话缺乏必 要的衔接机制，但从含义理论的 角度看，A和B的话语是连贯的， B的回答故意违背了“质准则” 和“方式准则”，其含义为“表 演差极了”。
2. Van Dijk的宏观结构理论(macrostructure theory)；
3. Widdowson的言外行为理论 (illocutionary act theory);
4. Brown和Yule的心理框架理论 (psychological framework theory ).
综合起来,这些理论可以分为两大类: 1.认为语篇连贯有形式上的体现(formal
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
CohesionandCoherence资料
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
Discourse：Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯
reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones.
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
cohesion and coherence
•
• 使用平行结构 • American, the richest and most powerful
nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. This is nothing to prevent us from paying adequate wages to schoolteachers,… There is nothing but a lack of social vision to prevent us from paying an adequate wage to every American citizen… This is nothing ,except a tragic death wish, to prevent us from… There is nothing to keep us from …
照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
• 例：The snail is considered a great delicacy. • As the child grows, he learns to be
independent.
• It never should have happened. She went out
连贯 （coherence）
语篇的连贯手段
• 连贯(coherence)：是整个语篇
一致性的抽象特征。 • 词汇衔接 • 句子衔接 • 段落衔接
1、词汇衔接：连接词、同义词、反义 词、上、下义词、同一语义场等.
• 例1：连接词（conjunction) • A student acquires knowledge mainly from
coherence 连贯PPT课件
显性连贯的语篇即语篇具有明显的形 式衔接手段，这方面的研究当以 Halliday和 Hasan(1976, 1985)对英语 的研究最具代表性。他们提出英语衔 接手段分为语法衔接(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)两类.前者包括：照应 (reference)、替代(substitution)、省 略( ellipsis)和连接(conjunction)；后 者包括词汇复现(reiteration)和词汇同 现或搭配（collocation）。他们先后 多次强调形式衔接手段的重要性，并 认为衔接是连贯的必要条件之一。
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
Research on Coherence
1. Danes和Fries的主位推进理论(thematic progession theory)；
Brown和Yule认为：决定语篇连 贯的条件在语言外，包括语境的 一般特征、话语结构的规则、交 际功能、社会文化知识和推测等。
Widdowson第一次把连贯概念 置于一个理论框架中，他把衔接 看作是由句子表达的命题之间的 显性关系，把连贯看作言外行为 之间的关系，所以它是一个语用 概念。
连贯
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
Research on Coherence
1. Danes和Fries的主位推进理论(thematic progession theory)；
Brown和Yule认为：决定语篇连 贯的条件在语言外，包括语境的 一般特征、话语结构的规则、交 际功能、社会文化知识和推测等。
Widdowson第一次把连贯概念 置于一个理论框架中，他把衔接 看作是由句子表达的命题之间的 显性关系，把连贯看作言外行为 之间的关系，所以它是一个语用 概念。
连贯
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
英语中的衔接 ppt课件
中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
They always have certain brands on sale; in addition, many items have been marked down to 75 percent , so you can get bargains . For example, I bought a pair of designer jeans for $50 .
中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
To ensure the smooth flow of ideas within a paragraph , you can use pronouns , repeat key words or phrases , avoid pronoun shifts ,and resort to transitional signals. These are the most commonly used connecting devices.
中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
Coherence:
Coherence refers to the smooth moving from one sentence to the next. If the sentence are well concerned ,the paragraph is coherent.
Coherence and Cohesion
An effective paragraph not only achieves unity , but also coherence .Both are indispensable. While unity is concerned with ideas or content , coherence is concerned with the form of expression .
They always have certain brands on sale; in addition, many items have been marked down to 75 percent , so you can get bargains . For example, I bought a pair of designer jeans for $50 .
中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
To ensure the smooth flow of ideas within a paragraph , you can use pronouns , repeat key words or phrases , avoid pronoun shifts ,and resort to transitional signals. These are the most commonly used connecting devices.
中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
Coherence:
Coherence refers to the smooth moving from one sentence to the next. If the sentence are well concerned ,the paragraph is coherent.
Coherence and Cohesion
An effective paragraph not only achieves unity , but also coherence .Both are indispensable. While unity is concerned with ideas or content , coherence is concerned with the form of expression .
cohesion and coherence语篇分析 衔接手段
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯.ppt
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.
Some of linguistic connectors: and, moreover, or, otherwise, but, so, if, as, before…etc
Four types of Conjunction
additive adversative causal temporal
(Halliday and Hasan,1976)
Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language.
E. Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms
Conjunction
Conjunction is a cohesive relation which obtain between clauses as well as sentences of a text which are indicated connectors.
Five types of the general phenomenon of Cohesion
衔接与连贯
• eg. Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of these differences.
Cohesion and Coherence
Cohesion and coherence are terms used in discourse analysis （话语分析）and text linguistics（篇章语言学） to describe the properties of written texts.
衔接与连贯
6
在衔接手段上，朱永生（1995）对ay和Hasan的“同现”提出了补充。Halliday和
Hasan的“同现”包括同义关系（如boy和child）、反义关系（如boy和girl）、下义关系
（如colour和green）、局部关系（如tree和branches）、共同下义关系（如red和green）、
共同局部关系（如root和branches),而对于ill和doctor，garden和dig，bee和honey等具 有衔接作用的词汇出现却难以说清它们之间的关系。朱永生认为同现这个概念包含两种不
同的语言现象：一是同现的词项不属于某一个语义场，但经常一起使用，如ill和doctor。
7
秦明利、史兴松（1996）认为Halliday和Hasan的衔接理论从总体上讲停留在词汇语法层，
的界定。因此，他给连贯确立了一个定义，并提出了“话题”标准，即判断 段落之间和句子之间是否在意义上相互连贯。具体表现为：一是话语内不同 组成部分所表达的命题彼此相关；二是话语内不同组成部分所表达的真正意
图彼此相关。他认为只要符合任意一条标准，语篇就是连贯的。
Van
Dijk:连贯是话语的一种语义特征，它依赖的是每个单词的解释与其他句子的解释之间
13
衔接与连贯的关系
苏兴伟（1998）、王振福（2002）： （1）衔接是连贯的必要条件但不是充分条件 （2）衔接既不是连贯的必要条件也不是充分条件 （3）否认衔接对连贯的必要性，主张从语用和认知角度来探讨语篇的连贯
问题。
14
衔接与连贯理论在三个领域的研究价值：
1.翻译。从翻译的角度对英汉衔接手段进行对比研究，试图寻找翻译时可遵
American citizen… There is nothing to prevent us from… There is nothing to keep us
英语写作中的衔接与连贯讲义PPT(18张)
• 例3 反义词(antonym)
• Failure is the mother of success. • 例4 上 \下义词(hyponymy)
• It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim.
and in class. As a result,（结果）when he graduates
from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything
is different from what teachers told him. He may even be
称指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. • 2. 替代substitution • This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名词性替代） • “ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” • “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero stitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略） • 4. 连接conjunction • A. 通过标点符号衔接 • I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser) • The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here. • B. 通过连接词衔接 • 5. 词汇衔接lexis • (Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976)
• Failure is the mother of success. • 例4 上 \下义词(hyponymy)
• It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim.
and in class. As a result,（结果）when he graduates
from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything
is different from what teachers told him. He may even be
称指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. • 2. 替代substitution • This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名词性替代） • “ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” • “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero stitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略） • 4. 连接conjunction • A. 通过标点符号衔接 • I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser) • The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here. • B. 通过连接词衔接 • 5. 词汇衔接lexis • (Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976)
衔接与连贯ppt课件
✓照应Reference：
✓替代Substitution 语法手段
✓省略Ellipsis
✓连接Conjunction
逻辑手段
✓词汇衔接Lexical cohesion
词汇衔接手段
.
照应 Reference：
✓ 照应是起信号作用的词项。它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语 义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息。
✓
.
替代 Substitution:
✓ 替代指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，是 词项之间的一种代替关系。英语中常用的替代词 有one(s), do, same , so等。 例：①This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones. (名词性替代） ②“ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully. （分句性替代） ③A: Black coffee, please. B: The same for me.
.
同现关系(collocation)：
✓ 同现关系指词汇在语篇中共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。 ✓ 词汇的同现关系包括反义关系、互补关系、局部 —整体关系和搭配关系。 ✓ 1．反义关系(antonymy) ✓ eg: United, we stand；divided, we fall． ✓ 2. 互补关系(complementarity) ✓ eg: single—married，dead—alive ✓ 3．局部 —整体关系
✓ eg: school: primary/middle/ junior high/senior high school/college/university
衔接与连贯
• Language is a medium, an instrument with the help of which people communicate with one another, exchange thoughts and achieve mutual understanding. Being directly connected with thought, language registers and fixes in words, and in words combined into sentences, the result of thought and man’s success in cognition, and thus makes possible the exchanges of ideas in human society.
Cohesion and Coherence
衔接与连贯
• What Is Language? • Language is one of those social phenomena which operate throughout the existence of society. It comes into being and develops with the rise and development of society. It dies when society dies. Apart from society there is no language. Accordingly, language and its laws of development can be understood only if studied in inseparable connection with the history of society, with the history of the people to whom the language under study belongs, and who are its creators and carriers.
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Texture
A semantically coherent text must have texture. Texture distinguishes text and n your son? B: He is seven.
(2) A: How old is your son? B: She is playing in the garden.
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.
Cohesion is achieved by cohesive ties. Some may call them cohesive devices. Cohesive ties are the forces that keep the text together in the original order and what we manipulate when we try to regain a text’s meaning after a recording of its sentences.
(anaphoric relations)
Substitution
Another kind of formal link between sentences is the substitution. Here a word in the second sentence refers not to exactly the same entity as does the related word in the first, but to some other entity to which the same term would be applicable.
Cohesion and Coherence
Presenter: Tory
Concepts of Coherence
❖ Text vs. Discourse ❖ Texture ❖ The notion of Coherence
Text vs. Discourse
The term text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does from a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.
e.g.
a. Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer.
b. She photographed the peak, and he surveyed it.
Cohesion
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text.
(2) is semantically incoherent, she has no referent.
The notion of Coherence
❖ We should first realize what coherence intuitively means for language users. (normal, understandable)
(Halliday and Hasan,1976)
Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language.
Reference
anaphoric relations: look back in the text for their
interpretation.
cataphoric relations: look forward for interpretation.
e.g. Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater, Had a wife and couldn’t keep her. He put her in a pumpkin shell. And there he kept her very well.
❖ Coherence may also be taken as predicted not of a sentence, but of pairs, triples…of sentences or of fragments or the whole of a discourse.
❖ Coherence may also be predicted of a sentence relative to the whole.
Five types of the general phenomenon of Cohesion
❖ Reference ❖ Substitution ❖ Ellipsis ❖ Conjunction ❖ Collocation
Reference
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.