美国文学史 几个主义

1 Puritanism(清教主义): Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences that is strictness, sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. （道德苛刻，对享乐主义极度反对）
2 Romanticism（浪漫主义）：Is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classism, which is commonly associated with reason and restrictions. The most-profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual.
3 Transcendentalism（超验主义）：The external is united with the internal. Physical or material mature is neutral or indifferent or objective; it is neither helpful nor hurtful; it is neither beautiful nor ugly. What makes one give such attributes to nature is that individual’s imposition of her/his temperament or mood or psyche.
4 Realism(现实主义)：Realism was a model of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.
5 Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.
作者
布莱恩特是乐观而悲壮的浪漫主义；认为诗贵在言志，贵在教化，贵在启迪；自然是真与善的化生，是人类精神的寄托之所；对他来说，现实的世界虽充满烦恼与纷乱，艺术家可以通过回归充满神灵的大自然找到自己心灵的寄托；他的孤独常显示出某种意志的力量；他的“死亡”是融入自然的门户．
坡是悲观而苦涩的浪漫主义；认为诗贵在形式，贵在美感，贵在泻情；坡的自然是诗人纯粹的想象，是一种烘托性的精神实体；对他来说，现实的世界充满虚伪，残酷，丑陋，正在走向腐朽和死亡，所以艺术家的人生就只能是孤独的，痛苦的，绝望的，艺术家唯一能寻求到的安慰和喜悦就只存在于对纯粹美的形式和创造中；坡的孤独常常走向变态；他的“死亡”是纯粹的形式．
Music is essential：Awesome, sad and melancholy
Tone：Alliteration, assonance, and repetition。