美国文学史 几个主义
美国文学史及选读
美国文学史及选读美国文学史及其部分作品的阅读和分析对于了解美国文化和历史以及影响美国文学发展的诸多因素有着极为重要的意义。
美国文学史从17世纪开始，历经18世纪、19世纪和20世纪，大致可以划分为四个时期：17世纪美国早期文学时期、18世纪美国新古典主义时期、19世纪美国农村小说时期和20世纪美国现代文学时期。
17世纪美国早期文学时期，也被称为“美国文学的孕育期”，是自1620年英国殖民者到达北美以来，美国文学的萌芽阶段。
这一时期的文学内容以传统的英国教会文件和日记为主，它们多以英国殖民者的观点和主张为主线，描述了纯洁的“美国梦”。
17世纪的作家，包括英国殖民者Richard Mather、威尔士人Matthew Bradborne、英国殖民者William Bradford、Mary Rowlandson等，他们的作品是17世纪美国文学概览的重要组成部分。
18世纪美国新古典主义时期，是美国文学发展史上一个重要的转折点。
借鉴欧洲新古典主义的文学理论，18世纪的美国作家们把重点放在精神自由和私人财产的保护上，他们的文学作品提出了“美国价值观”，向西方文明、人文主义教育和向自由努力的信念致敬。
18世纪重要的作家包括清教徒作家威廉沃克、保守派作家伊丽莎白梨斯伯里和政治家约翰亚当斯，他们的主要作品包括《清教徒历史》、《阶级教育原理》、《自由宪章》等，它们既反映了当时美国社会的实际状况，又为未来的美国文学奠定了基础。
19世纪美国农村小说时期，是美国文学的重要发展阶段。
在这一时期，美国作家把故事的叙事形式从传统的宗教题材变为市井题材，以此表达自己的政治观点，阐释自由主义的价值观。
19世纪重要的作家包括约翰梅尔维尔、欧文梅西尔、温斯顿查尔斯等，他们的作品带来了一股美国游牧主义精神，许多作品以穷乡僻壤为背景，如《黑市交易》、《横行霸道》等，表现了新美国社会的分层现象，探讨了社会动荡及人性苦恼。
20世纪美国现代文学时期，是受到欧洲新派和美国当代艺术的影响，美国文学进入了一个新的阶段，这一时期以诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文等文学形式表现当时美国人的思想感情。
十九世纪西方文学流派概况一览表之五美国
自然主义倾向。描写大城市贫民窟的生活景象。
小说《红色英勇勋章》
反战小说。审视战争的视角和侧重表现普通参展者心理现实的方法，受到20世纪反战小说家重视。
欧·亨利
1862—1910
著名短篇小说家
代表性作品：
《麦琪的礼物》《最后一片藤叶》《警察与赞美诗》《带家具出租的房间》等。
善于通过描写“小人物"不幸命运,揭示资本主义的不平与虚伪.艺术上有“欧·亨利
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
60年代乡土小说
布勒特·哈特
《咆哮营的幸运儿》
乡土小说（西部文学）代表作家，西部文学扛鼎之作作之一.
19世纪中期
马克·吐温
1835-1910
原名：
塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯
现实主义文学最杰出的作家，吸取乡土小说某些表现手法,为美国民族文学的繁荣作出了重大贡献。把早期美国文学推向高峰。被称为“美国文学中的林肯"、“真正的美国文学之父”.以地道的美国本土文学跨进世界文学之林。
推理小说《毛格街的谋杀》、《失窃的信》
西方推理小说鼻祖。
他的小说创作分为推理和恐怖小说两种。
恐怖小说《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
哥特式小说特征，对美国后来南方小说产生影响.
浪漫主义文学后期
拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生
散文作家、诗人、演说家
《论文集》、《诗集》
影响广大，许多名句成了以后美国社会思想的经典性言论。尼采、柏格森等曾受其影响
《白牙》
描写动物小说。
《铁蹄》
政治幻想小说。
代表作:《马丁·伊登》
半自传体长篇小说。个人奋斗而获得名利地位的“美国梦“破灭的悲剧。
亨利·詹姆斯
著名心理小说家
重要作品:中短篇小说《黛西·密勒》《螺丝在拧紧》《丛林猛兽》；长篇小说《贵妇人画像》《专使》
美国文学中的几个主义
美国文学中的几个主义清教主义： Puritanism 代表人物： Anna Bradstreet ，Benjamin Franklin ，Thomas Paine ，Thomas Jefferson浪漫主义： Romanticism 代表人物：Washington Irving ，Edgar Allan PoeA超验主义：Transcendentalism ；代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson ，Emily Dickinson ，Walt Whitman自然主义：Naturalism ；代表人物：Henry D. Thoreau意向主义：Imagism ；代表人物：Ezra Pound心理现实主义：psychological realism ；代表人物：Henry James一清教主义对美国文学的影响清教徒文学传统形成于17世纪，清教主义与其它宗教相比,包含三个层面的价值体系,并对不同时期的美国文学产生了不同的影响,表现出不同时代特征,以清教主义作为参照系,可以说17世纪美国文学是“信仰时代的文学”,18世纪美国文学是“世俗时代的文学”,19世纪美国文学则可称为“宗教批判与宗教道德时代的文学”。
发端于英国的清教主义对美国社会有着更大的影响,“英格兰有过清教革命,却没有创建清教社会;美国没有经历清教革命,却创建了清教社会”①。
并且这种影响以其持久深厚而铸就了美利坚民族的灵魂。
正如朱世达先生所言:“清教传统像一条红线规范了从殖民时代到如今的美国的政治文化与社会文化”②。
作为美国文化一个独特的源头,清教主义在美国经历了由表及里、由明转暗的曲折发展,最终形成有美国特色的清教价值体系,从某种意义上说,文学是这一发展历程的最好见证。
一般而言,宗教都包含信仰与道德两个层面的价值体系。
清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。
作为一种教义 ,清教主义不再具有原有的意义 ,但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响 ,却在美国形成了一种特殊的文化氛围 ,不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系 ,对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学摘要：浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一。
当美国人在大刀阔斧地建设自己的国家时，也开始逐渐意识到逐渐与欧洲的不同。
随着不断增强的民族主义意识及民族自豪感，美国人开始希望见到自己的不同与欧洲模式，能表达他们字的美国风情的文学。
这个时代伟大的作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。
随后美国文学进入了超验主义时代。
超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。
它实际上是对浪漫主义的发展。
然后，美国的国家自信心受到了内战的动摇。
内战过后，美国处在迷茫中。
在1900年前后这段时期的文学由于美国国内环境的变化而由浪漫主义和超验主义乐观精神转向对社会和人类本质更直接的探讨。
从某种角度，现实主义反对浪漫主义的理想主义和怀旧情绪。
它主要关注中下层人民的日常生活，而在这种情况下人物性格是社会因素作用的结果，环境是整个事件发展不可分割的部分。
关键词：美国文学史；浪漫主义；文学特点The Romantic Period Literature in the history of AmericanLiteratureAbstract: Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Later，American literature came to Transcendentalism Period which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of tradition authority. It was actually greatly influenced by romanticism. However, the country’s confidence was waved by the Civil War. After the war, Americans got lost. At about 1900s, American literature came to another entirely different age—the age of Realism. Realists searched for the social and human nature more directly. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. It has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Keywords: American Literature History; Romanticism; Literary characteristics1、American RomanticismRomanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil.1.1The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams.and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesserwriters.historical reasonsWith the independence of the United States of America, political autonomy, the rise of the economy, and cultural independence, the largest land expansion in American history began during the Romantic period of the United States. As of 1860, the Civil War began, the territory of the United States extended to the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. No one could have predicted the middle of 19th century. The United States expanded from just 13 states in her early days to 21, with a nearly eightfold increase in the number of citizens from 4 million in 1790 to 1860. The total population of the country reached 30 million. At that time, the European bourgeois revolution and technological revolutionThe influence of life, this young country has experienced the rapid industrialization of baptism, the affected area in addition to the United States at each city area, including the vast rural areas. Whether industrial or agricultural development are the extensive use of the steam engine, in the vast continent of the United States, many factories such as a large number of factories set up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, the establishment of the inevitable with the demand for labor force increase, at the same time, when the United States appeared a lot of new inventions, these results quickly applied to the life, the production efficiency is greatly improved. In the romantic period, along with the rapid development of American politics, economy, culture, more and more around the worldImmigrants come to the United States, provide good human resources the arrival of immigrants to the industrial and agricultural development.epilogueThe peak period of Romanticism in American literature was the transcendentalism which appeared later.The concept of transcendentalism was first put forward by the New England Transcendentalism Club in 1830s.For the people of the New World,the idea was gradually accepted by American culture,the two most important writers were Emerson and Thoreau.They are regarded as the archetypal figures of American transcendentalism.Their works play an important role in thespiritual independence of American literature.Transcendentalism emphasizes the help of heaven to help the self-help.Strive to achieve the goal of self-improvement.Two other important writers,Hawthorne and Melvil,insisted on the original sin in the period of the moralism.They believed that only through moral constraints could human nature be promoted.reference documentation[1]Leslie A Fiedler. Love and Death in the merican Novel [M]. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1984.[2]Zhang Deming . Huckleberry. Adventures > and adult ceremony [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1999. (4):91-97.[3]Jung .C.G.Conception of Collective unconsciousness [A] .trans by Wang Ai, selected by Ye Shuxian. Myth-archetypal criticism [C] .Xi 'an: Shaanxi normal University Press, 1987.101.[4]Bakhtin. Theory of novels [M] .translated by Bai Chunren, Xiao he .Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 1998.。
美国文学总结
第一部分殖民主义时期the colonial period1.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest Americanwriting.代表人物: cotton mather 科顿.马瑟Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森.爱德华兹Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特殖民时期第一位诗人，《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》第二部分理性和革命时期文学reasoning and revolution1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林代表作：Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人理查德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集Autobiography 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩Rights of man 人的权利The age of reason 理性时代American Crisis《美国危机》, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18th century）. 是革命战争后期（18世纪）最杰出的作家。
the “Father of American Poetry”美国诗歌之父poet of American revolution4、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言第三部分浪漫主义文学/Romanticismtranscendentalism超验主义：1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
美国文学的特点（范文5篇）
美国文学的特点（范文5篇）以下是网友分享的关于美国文学的特点的资料5篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
美国文学的特点（1）20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。
这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。
==小说==这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。
这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向：1、两种现实主义小说。
在这方面的主要代表是亨利詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。
他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。
与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。
这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林加兰。
2、乡土作家和幽默小说。
这方面的代表性作家是欧亨利。
他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。
尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。
3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿辛克莱。
从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。
其中以厄普顿辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。
4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。
这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。
他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。
第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。
杰克伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。
实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。
美国文学史梗概
美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。
这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承.代表作家：考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒.二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期，主要文学指导思想是“自然神论"(Deism）,强调理性，认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝"；自然万物是“神的体现”,人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。
主要特点:作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者；文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义"和“新古典主义”，18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”;文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论，也有诗歌，讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事，18世纪末还产生了话剧。
启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手,如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩,以及托马斯·杰斐逊。
三、19世纪南北战争时期这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
浪漫主义：18世纪70年代－19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期，南北战争前30年（1830－1860）为极盛时期，南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。
浪漫主义注重“想象"、“激情”和“个性解放”，认为人本质是善良的，铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚，摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。
超验主义是其一分支，强调“天人合一”，认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。
概述美国浪漫主义文学
概述美国浪漫主义文学经历了独立战争、南北战争的美国，到19世纪末，已完成了向帝国主义的过渡。
1．浪漫主义文学19世纪初，美国希望通过浪漫主义文学的努力建立民族文学，开始了约半个多世纪的浪漫主义运动，一般以1829年为界分为前后两期。
（1）前期浪漫主义①欧文有“美国文学之父”之称，他的代表作是一部包括散文、随感、故事等在内的《见闻札记》，其中最著名的是《隔普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》等短篇小说。
②詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀因创作了一批“纯粹美国式”的长篇小说而在文学史上占据重要地位。
他开创了美国文学史上三种不同的小说形式，即以《间谍》为代表的革命历史小说，以《开拓者》为代表的边疆题材小说和以《水手》为代表的航海生活小说。
（2）后期浪漫主义①以超验主义为思想基础的后期浪漫主义文学的出现，标志着美国文学逐步进入了成熟阶段。
宣扬人的本性、人的智慧和创造力、人的个人意志和绝对自由，是后期浪漫主义的基本内容。
②后期浪漫主义在理论和创作上的最早代表是拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生，影响最大的浪漫主义小说家是纳撒尼尔·霍桑。
霍桑的思想偏于保守，常以抽象的善恶观点来观察分析社会现象，长篇小说《红字》被认为是他的代表作。
③朗费罗，是浪漫主义诗歌的代表。
19世纪最杰出的民主诗人惠特曼的诗作的出现，代表着浪漫主义文学的最高成就，也使美国文学真正获得了世界性的声誉。
2．现实主义文学现实主义文学在反对南方蓄奴制的斗争中形成的废奴文学，对残酷反动的蓄奴制进行了深刻的揭露和批判，表现了强烈的民主倾向，这方面的重要作品有理查·希尔德烈斯的《白奴》和哈里叶特·比彻·斯托夫人的《汤姆大伯的小屋》。
3．象征主义文学（1）南方作家艾德加·爱伦·坡是象征主义文学的鼻祖。
（2）他把创作视为脱离现实和超感觉的纯粹主观思维的过程，提倡“纯艺术”、“纯诗歌”。
美国文学史
美国文学史一.知识点1.清教主义代表人物：Edwards Franklin2.富兰克林的作品：《Poor Richard’s Almanac》《Autobiography》3.富兰克林自传中的十三个美德：Temperance（节制）silence （少言）order（秩序）frugality （节俭）Industry（勤勉）sincerity （真诚）resolution（决心）justice （公正）moderation （中庸）cleanliness（整洁）chastity(镇定) tranquility（节欲）humility（谦逊）This work is a puritan document. It is puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.4.富兰克林作品中的谚语:lost time is never found again. A penny saved is a penny earned. God help them that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.5.美国浪漫主义代表人物：Irving Cooper6.Irving was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.His works are《The Sketch Book》《Rip Van Winkle》《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow》7. Cooper’s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. “Leatherstocking tales” is a series of five novels described the frontier life of American settlers, that is, 《The Pioneers》《The Last of the Mohicans》《The Prairie》《The pathfinder》《The Deerslayer》8. Emerson 的代表作《Nature》. “The American Scholar” has been regarded as the American’s declaration of intellectual independence.9.Thoreau的代表作《Walden》10.美国黑色浪漫主义代表人物：Hawthorne Melville Allan Poe11.Whitman的作品《Leaves of Grass》《Song of Myself》. 用来赞扬林肯的诗歌“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”“Captain, My Captain”12.Dickinson的诗歌“My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close”“Wild Nights”. Dickinson was original. She sees nature as both gaily benevolent and cruel. On the ethical level she emphasizes free will and human responsibility. Like Emerson, she holds that beauty, goodness, truth are the ultimately one. She is good at catching the charm of something but dropping the thing itself. 13. Allan Poe: Father of modern short story;Father of detective story;Father of psychoanalytic criticism;Father of mental analytic theory.14. Local Colorism的代表人物:Mark Twain15.Naturalism 时期：Crane的作品：《Maggie：A Girl of the Street》《The Red Badge of Courage》Dreiser的作品：《Sister Carrie》Jack London；O’Henry16. Imagism 的代表人物：Pound他的作品“In a Station of the Metro”(has been regarded asa classic specimen of imagist poetry) “Cantos”(has been called his intellectual diary since1915).17. Eliot 的作品《The Waste Land》18. Robert Frost的作品“Mending Wall”这里的名言是good fences make good neighbors. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”19. Fitzgerald的作品《This Side of Paradise》《Tender is the Night》《The Last Tycoon》《The GreatGatsby》（代表作）二．名词解释1. American puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. The puritans areoriginally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from god. It had become, to some extent, so much a sense of mind, so much a part of national cultural background, rather than a set of tenets.2. Transcendentalism: it was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophythat emerged in newEngland in the early middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism in American society. It place emphasis on spirit, or the over soul as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of the individual and offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or god.Prominent transcendentalists included Edwards and Thoreau.3. Local Colorism: Mark Twain was the representative of local colorism. It as a trend becamedominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870s, it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native, as local colorists tried to immortalize the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular language and satirical humor. Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.4. Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared astrong reaction against Victorian poetry. Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and the use of oral language. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry. Its representative was Pound.5. Modernsim: American modernism was the phenomenon of international modernismtransplanted in the American context. The modernists have a more complex view of reality.They believe that reality is experienced from different perspectives and at different levels.Modernism is pluralistic in styles and inclusive of diverse responses to the human condition in the modern world.6. The Lost Generation: it is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment ofAmerican literary notables who lived in Europe, most notably Paris, after the First World War.Figures identified with the lost generation included authors and artists such as Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Pound and SherwoodAnderson.三．解答题1.超验主义三大特点。
美国文学史名词解释
A m e r i c a n P u r i t a n i s m美国清教主义Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害;It migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. 它为新英格兰奠定了宗教,知识和社会秩序的基础; Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort: unconditional election, limited atonement, total depravity, irresistible grace and the perseverance of the saints. 清教徒遵循加尔文派于多特宗教会议上制定的五点信条：无条件拣选,有限救赎,完全堕落,不可抗拒的恩典,以及圣徒的坚守;It is basis of American literature. All literature is based on a myth –garden of Eden.It contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used.它是美国文学的基础;所有文学基于一个神话——伊甸园;它的发展导致的象征主义:技术,广泛使用;American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.浪漫主义时期是美国文学历史上最重要的时期,从18世纪末延伸至爆发内战;它始于华盛顿·欧文的见闻札记,以惠特曼的草叶集结束;In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. 在文学上,这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作期,浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽;American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience”and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达,因为这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质;Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显着的影响;浪漫主义作家往往更讲道德;许多浪漫主义作品旨在陶冶他们过瘾了;Subjectivity, back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature, back to nature is romanticism’s characteristics. 主体性,回到中世纪,尤其是中世纪民间文学,回归自然是浪漫主义的特征;It stressing emotion rather than reason, stressing freedom and individuality, Idealism rather than materialism. Writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements. 强调情感,而不是原因,强调自由和个性,理想主义,而不是唯物主义;写关于自然、中世纪的传说和超自然的元素American Transcendentalism 美国超验主义It is the summit of American Romanticism. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. 它是美国浪漫主义的顶峰;超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相融合,从而超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想;The transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. Taking nature as the symbol of the Spirit. 超验主义者强调精神,或超灵,认为它是是宇宙中最重要的事情;他们强调个人的重要性,以自然为精神的象征;It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most prolific period in American literature. It marked the independence of American literature. 建立第一个美国文艺复兴时期,美国文学中最多产时期之一;标志着美国文学的独立;The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Emerson in such essays as Nature, and Self-Reliance and by Thoreau in his book Walden.超验主义思想在爱默生的论自然和论自立以及梭罗的瓦尔登湖等书中表现的淋漓尽致;Free verse 自由诗Free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure; it uses the cadences of nature speech. Free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman’s poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. Such as the Song of Myself. Whitman who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry. 自由诗是一种诗体,押韵和句子长度都不规则,而是采取正常说话的方式,避免固定的诗体结构;它使用大自然的韵律演讲;自由诗比较松散;惠特曼的诗歌是自由诗的最好例子;例如自我之歌;惠特曼被认为是美国自由诗的先驱;Alliteration 头韵It refers to the repetition of the same sounds----usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in any sequence of neighboring words:”Landscape-lover, lord of language”Tennyson. Such poetry, in which alliteration rather than rhyme is the chief principle of repetition, is known as alliteration verse. 头韵是两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同,形成悦耳的读音,最常见的押头韵的短语”Landscape-lover, lord of language”丁尼生;主要使用重复头韵的诗歌被称为头韵体诗歌,其元音相互押韵;Scarlet Letter A: Adultery to Able to Angel Nathaniel Hawthorne Characters: Hester Prynne heroine, attractive, active towards the sinRoger Chillingworth Hester's husband, emotionless, only thinking about revenge, real vallain in the novel, signifying pure intellect which was merciless in Hawthorne's mindArthur Dimmesdale a handsome and admirable young priest, contraditionary on the sin he made with Hester, being a brave man at last Theme: The theme of the story should be the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin on people.Scarlet Letter is a cultural allegory, in which the author indirectly tells the future of Puritanism.Scarlet Letter is a sample in which American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritanism.Because of the strong influence of Puritanism in American society, Hawthorne only expressed his ideas on the sin indirectly by employing symbolism.Moby Dick Herman MelvilleMoby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel, the first American prose epic. known as the whaling encyclopedia.Moby-Dick tells the story how Ahab,the captain of a whaling ship,is determined to kill the white whale for it has crippled one of his legs.Ambiguity You can understand his Moby Dick differently.First, it can be understand as a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe. Thus, Captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last.Nowadays some new research indicated that the story means man should protect the nature otherwise man will be punished as those whalers in the story were punished by the whale.Symbolismthe voyage: the search for the ultimate truth of experience.Moby Dick: the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing.style: periodical chapters; rich rhythmical prose; great poetical power.。
美国文学简述
序言（一）美国文学的历史不长，但发展较快，20世纪以来，在世界上的影响越来越大。
我国早在19世纪70年代就翻译了朗费罗的《人生颂》（A Psalm of Life）.1901年，林抒翻译出版了第一部美国小说--斯托夫人的《黑奴吁天录》（Uncle Tom's Cabin，今译《汤姆叔叔的小屋》），在读者中引起极大的震动，使他们从黑奴身上看到自己亡国灭种的危险。
根据小说改编的话剧对我们的话剧运动的发展起很大的作用。
五四运动前后，惠特曼对郭沫若等诗人、奥尼尔对曹禺、洪深等戏剧家都产生过影响。
马克·吐温、辛克莱、德莱塞等人都曾受到鲁迅等左翼作家的好评。
改革开放以来，美国文学对我国新时期的作家们有着巨大的吸引力。
盛行一时的朦胧诗恐怕就是在美国及西方现代派诗歌的影响下产生的。
海明威、福克纳及塞林格等人几乎成为我们年轻一代作家文学创作的楷模。
至于在世界上，埃德加·爱伦·坡曾被法国象征派诗人称为他们的诗歌之父，福克纳对法国的萨特和加级以及拉丁美洲的加西亚·马尔克斯的影响也是有目共睹的事实。
美国作家喜爱的描写少年初涉人世，寻求生活道路和人生真谛的"成长小说"形式受到加拿大女作家的欣赏，也正在被我国的儿童文学作家所采用。
美国作家的探索、试验、创新的精神也激励着世界各国的作家不断革新，超越前人。
今天，在改革开放的时代，在我们加强跟美国的交往的时候，我们有必要学一点美国文学，了解他们的文化以促进与美国人民的交流、沟通和理解，同时也借以丰富我们的知识，充实我们的文化修养，提高我们的精神素质。
（二）严格地说，美国文学的形成应从美国立国开始。
但实际上，在此以前一二百年的殖民时期的文学虽然并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己鲜明的特色，但那时的政治、经济和社会的发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。
例如，由于殖民者大量屠杀原来居住在北美大陆的印第安人，使他们的文化和民间口头文学的传统受到致命的摧残，因此美国文学没有英国《贝奥武甫》那样的口头文学遗产。
美国文学史期末考试资料
殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。
2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁1.Edwards爱德华兹：the first modern American can the country’s last medieval man.“the current of Transcendentalism, originating in the piety of the Puritans, vecoming a philosophy in Jonathan Ed wards, passing through Emerson.”超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。
美国文学史
美国文学史Colonial Period1.Colonial America(1620-1763)In November 9,1620, the Mayflower ship lands at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with 101 colonists: the establishment of the first American colony and the beginning of the strenuous settlement in the new world.2.PuritanismPuritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Puritanism is a highly strict religious doctrine. The Puritans were determined to find a place on the new continent where they could worship God in the way they thought true Christians should.Influence of Puritanism:1)A group of good qualities—hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth- garden of Eden.3)Symbolism: The Puritans’metaphorical mode of perception brought American literary symbolism into being, a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.3.Captain John Smith约翰·史密斯the first American writer作品：A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》(1616)General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》（1642）4.William Bradford(1590-1657)作品：Of Plymouth Plantation5. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)the first American woman poet作品：Tenth Muse“Contemplations”《沉思录》6.Edward Taylor (1642?-1729)the finest poet in colonial period；The greatest poet in American Colonial Period Work: Preparatory MeditationRevolutionary Period (1764-1815)一·The Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)“The Age of Reason”“American Enlightenment”1.Deism(自然神论）a complete new view of the universea whole set of new ideas and philosophiesinterested in man’s own nature, the natural world and the human world2.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)one of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation；a rare genius in human history；He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:作品：The Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《格言历书》Style of Franklin:a brilliant writer, with a definite gift for writinghas power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sometimes sarcasticperfect the Puritan plain style, “smooth, clear and short writings”3.Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)a puritan writer, theologian, colonial American preacher and missionary to Native Americans. Edwards “is widely acknowledged to be America's most important and original philosophical theologian"作品：The Freedom of the Will (1754)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)The Nature of True Virtue (1765)“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”4.Thomas Jefferson作品：独立宣言Declaration of IndependenceAmerican Romanticism(1815-1865)1. Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859)为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉; 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名作品：The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说（成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家）Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔2.James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀（1789-1851）作品：The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲：The Pioneers (the first true romance of the frontier in American literature)3.Transcendentalism超验主义As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the outbreak of the civil war. Its representatives were Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit or oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. The transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. They also offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God.4.Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生(1803-1882)The father of American Literature; He believed that “ideal is truer than the actual”作品：Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书The American Scholar论美国学者;Self-reliance论自立Representative Men代表人School Address神学院演说5.Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817-1862 )American essayist, poet,naturalist, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist作品：Walden瓦尔登湖(1854)Civil Disobedience (1849) 论公民的不服从6.Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)作品：The Scarlet Letter 红字The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇The Marble Faun玉石雕像7.Herman Melville赫尔曼·迈尔维尔(1819-1891)作品：Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸8.Walt Whitman(1819-1892)Father of free verse自由诗之父作品：Leaves of Grass草叶集Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景9.Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森(1830-1886)女Them:love, nature, death, immortality; Language: plain, brevity, direct作品：This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒。
美国文学史复习
美国文学史复习（一）Colonialism（殖民主义）一、Puritan thoughts:1. to make their religious beliefs and practices pure,2. to restore simplicity,3. to live a hard and disciplined life4. to oppose pleasure and arts.二、Puritan values:hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (they dominated much of the earliest American writing.)（二）Romanticism一、文学特征：1. Environment:①shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学的特点：①pluralistic多元化②manifestations varied 表现形式多样③individualistic个人主义④conflicting 矛盾3. Romanticism的特点：①moral enthusiasm注重道德②faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受③the presumption that the natural world was a source of corruption.认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4. Transcendentalism：（超验主义）①As a moral philosophy, it was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
美国文学史常耀信版
美国文学史常耀信版美国文学Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865)早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生现实主义American Realism（1865-1914）带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945)现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，E.E.Cummings 卡明斯Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau菲利普•弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传Part 2. American RomanticismWashington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河Henry David Threau亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼•布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比•迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣ierre皮尔埃iazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利•巴德Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔•阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特•比彻•斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island 奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉•狄恩•豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 小说创作与小说阅读23、Henry James享利•詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain马克•吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉•达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American NaturalismStephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩1871-1900 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇Frank Norris弗兰克•诺里斯1870-1902 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集40、Jack London杰克•伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下Upton Sinclair厄普顿•辛克莱尔1878-1968 Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿Part 7. The 1920sImagism Ezra Pound艾兹拉•庞德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955 Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集。
美国文学简史笔记
简要介绍十九世纪以前——突出介绍清教文学及其代表人物，乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林十九世纪以后——①浪漫主义时期19世纪上半叶-在40年代达到高潮：欧文首创；艾德加·爱伦·坡丰富理论和技巧；霍桑寓教诲于故事中；詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀②第二次世界大战后：南方文学和犹太文学③五十年代后期到六十年代前期：黑人文学和垮掉派作家介绍——早期殖民时期到20世纪70年代的整个美国文学史殖民时期大致从17世纪初到18世纪末美国文学本身是从19世纪才开始英国清教徒建立北美殖民地宗教信仰非常重要执着于人的生活、思想及行为应分享上帝的荣光；接受命运、原罪、人完全堕落的教义相信只有通过有限的赎罪才能救赎卡尔文与自然界艰苦斗争坚韧、不屈不挠、乐观、时刻准备面对将会出现的不幸遇挫折、使命感教条主义的机会主义者因为通常幸福快走到尽头时就是迎来悲伤象征主义对于虔诚的清教徒来说，所感知的世界仅仅只是上帝的一个象征写作方式简洁风格是清新的、简单的、直接的；修饰手法是直白的、诚实的、也无不高贵约翰·史密斯《A Description of New England》威廉·布拉德福德五月花移民运动《Of Plymouth Plantation》约翰·温思普特安妮·布拉德斯特里特《Contemplations》沉思录《Upon the Burning of Our House》家居被焚之后爱德华·泰勒喜爱冥想的诗人《Huswifery》家务《Upon a spider Catching a Fly》蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想罗杰·威廉斯最著名异教徒之一《The Bloody of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience》血腥的迫害教义约翰·伍尔曼《Journal》日记托马斯·潘恩《The Rights of Man》人权论菲利普·弗瑞诺《The Wild Honey Suckle》野地里的忍冬查尔斯·布鲁克登·布朗《Wieland》威兰德乔纳森·爱德华兹代表美国的上层牧师《Personal Narrative》《Freedom of the Will》论意志自由《The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin》论原罪《The Nature of True Virtue》论真实德行的本原超验论本杰明·富兰克林代表美国的底层《Poor Richard’s Almanac》穷理查德历书《Autobiography》自传Periods of American Literature①Colonial Period（1650-1800）War of Independence②Romanticism Period（1800-1865）The Civil War③The Modernism（1914-1950）WWⅠ④Post-Modernism（1950-至今）WWⅡAmerican Puritanism——Doctrinaire opportunist/Realistic idealists From a doctrinal point of view, the Puritans were self-disciplined and abandoned all recreational activities. Their daily life was boring dull and monotonousFrom the perspective of opportunism, they treat things to achieve their goals as the highest pursuit, and do not pay attention to the process.American Dream——the persuit of idealFrom a historical point of view, the American dream symbolizes the early Puritans' expectations of the new world and new life in the American mainland, and also represents the good qualities of the Puritans' perseverance and diligenceIn a broad sense, the American dream is endowed with many different meanings: equality, freedom and democracy.美国的第一次文艺复兴发生在浪漫主义时期大题浪漫主义时期的清教主义是怎么体现的Imagination/emotional/subjective/rebellious in spirit/Rip van winkleTranscendentalism.①A literary and a philosophical movement are rising in 19th century New England, associated with a Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller and asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends empirical and scientific reality, and is knowable through institution.②Any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual over the empirical and material③The man features of new England transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:Emphasize on spirit, or the Oversoul;The importance of the individual;Nature is the symbolic spirit of God.Relationships among American Romanticism, American Transcendentalism & American PuritanismTranscendentalism is the summit ofromanticism·Time: after 1830·Milestone: Nature by Emerson.·Reason: not happy about thematerialistic-oriented life- Activities:·Transcendentalist Club,The Dial《日暑》Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)the reward of a thingis to have done it.--R.W.EmersonMajor works“Nature”《论自然》“The American Scholar”《美国学者》“The Divinity School Address”《神学院演说》“Self-Reliance”《论自助》“Over-soul”《论超灵》Other essays:·Representative Men代表性人物·English Traits英国人的特性.·The Conduct of Life论为人处世Emerson’s influence·Emerson’ s importance in the intellectual history of America lies in the fact that he embodied a new nation’ s desire and struggle to assert its own identity in its formative period.·His aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry.·He called for an independent culture，which represented the desire of the whole nation to develop a culture of its own.·During his lifetime he was considered one of the two or three best writers in America, and certainly the most influential among his contemporaries.·Thoreau，Whitman，Dickinson，Hawthorne, Melville, and Wallace Stevens and many others were indebted to him in varying degrees.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, sage writer and philosopher.He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay ,Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.Career·he was born in Concord in 1817·he was educated at Harvard and graduated in 1837·he lived for more than a year in Emerson S house to absorb Emerson's ideas.·he began a two-year residence at Walden Pond in July,4th, 1845·he was arrested for failure to pay a trifling sum in taxes.·he was only 45 when he diedWorks (Selected)·A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers,1849 (1st book)·Resistance to Civil Government / Civil·Disobedience / On the Duty of Civil Disobedience,1849<论公民之不服从·Walden; or, Life in the Woods, 1854. Excursions, 1863·The Maine Woods, 1864·Slavery in Massachusetts, 1854."nullifier of civilization"Masterpiece——Walden, another name,Life in the Woods·a collection of nature essays·a great Transcendentalist work .·a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be.·Full of ideas expressed to persuade·His neighbors out of their complacency·Walden——regard as a classic American book that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.·A reproduction of Thoreau's cabin with a statue of Thoreau.·Background information about WaldenThe book details Thoreau's sojourn in a cabin near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor RalphWaldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts.Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors, and returned their visits. Instead, he hoped to isolate himself from society in order to gain a more objective understanding of it.Nature-worshippingSimple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau 's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, which was one of the key. ideas of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home.·ThemesWalden emphasizes the importance of self-reliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcending the ”desperate" existence that, he argues, is the lot of most humans.·Writing style梭罗的文章具有散文诗的精炼和激情, 兼具政论文的雄辩，说理透彻，思想新颖深邃，不乏精辟隽永的警句。
美国20世纪文学的历史特点与流派分析
美国20世纪文学的历史特点与流派分析20世纪，是美国文学史上最为繁荣、多元化的时期。
多种不同的文学流派在此时兴起并受到广泛关注，这些流派代表了不同的文化、社会与政治观点，而本文的目的就是对这些文学流派进行探讨和分析。
一、自然主义文学自然主义文学是美国20世纪早期的一种文学流派。
它强调人类受环境和遗传因素的影响，认为人类无法逃脱自身的本性。
该流派的作品常常描述人类在恶劣环境中的境遇，表现出生活在城市贫民窟和工厂中的人们的苦难和生存状态。
美国作家菲利普·韦斯特在《三毛猫》中通过对小人物命运的描写，展示了自然主义文学的主要特色：人物命运悲惨、常常受到外界环境和遗传因素的限制，他们往往面临着无法逃脱的命运的困境。
二、现代主义文学20世纪中期，出现了现代主义文学这一全新的文学流派。
现代主义文学强调形式的创新、将文学视为一种艺术表现形式。
作家们通常采用象征主义等手法，通过扭曲的形式、不连续的叙述和旁白等技巧，表现一种缺失感和审美主义。
例如，欧内斯特·海明威在《老人与海》（The Old Man and the Sea）中描述的老渔夫就成为了现代主义文学中的代表人物。
小说描绘了老渔夫独自乘船出海，最终捕到了一条巨大的鱼的故事。
这一作品以其深刻的人物心理描写、含蓄的艺术形式和复杂的象征主义内涵，使其成为了现代主义文学的代表作品。
三、后现代主义文学在20世纪70年代后期，后现代主义文学开始成为主流文学流派之一。
后现代主义文学通常不注重故事线的逻辑、情节的连贯性和传统的文学习惯。
作者会采取多种文学形式，例如碎片化的文字、错位的时间和空间、多方面的叙述等等，让读者在众多形式中自行建立连续的故事线。
著名的后现代小说家托马斯·品钦（Thomas Pynchon）在其作品《重力彩虹》（Gravity's Rainbow）中采用了多元的叙述方式，通过对人物的多重角度描写，以及连续不断的突然转换叙述位置，使作品变得非常复杂和有趣。
美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释美国文学是指美国国内所产生的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等各种文学体裁。
它具有自己的特点和风格，反映了美国人的文化、价值观念和思想观念。
美国文学中有许多特殊的名词和术语，下面是其中一些常见的名词解释：1. Puritanism（清教主义）: 清教主义是美国文学发展的重要起点之一，它是在17世纪早期由清教徒带入美洲的思想和信仰体系。
清教徒强调个人责任和纯洁的生活方式，他们的文学作品通常传达着信仰、奋斗和自我批判的主题。
2. American Renaissance（美国文艺复兴）: 美国文艺复兴指的是19世纪中期到20世纪初期的一个时期，这个时期出现了一大批杰出的美国作家和作品。
其中包括威廉·福柯特、纳撒尼尔·霍桑、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔等人的文学作品。
这些作品在内容、风格上更加关注人性、自然和道德等问题。
3. Realism（现实主义）: 现实主义是19世纪末至20世纪初的一种文学流派，在美国文学发展史中具有重要的地位。
现实主义作家力求以客观、真实的方式描绘生活中的人和事，关注社会问题和个人命运。
马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯被认为是现实主义文学中最有影响力的作家。
4. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）: 哈莱姆文艺复兴是20世纪20年代至30年代期间，在纽约哈莱姆区集中发展起来的一种文化和艺术运动。
这个运动推动了非洲裔美国人在文学、音乐、舞蹈和绘画等领域的发展。
其中包括作家朗斯顿·休斯、小说家托妮·莫里森等的作品被认为是哈莱姆文艺复兴的代表作。
5. Beat Generation（垮掉的一代）: 垮掉的一代是20世纪50年代和60年代期间在美国兴起的一种文学和文化运动。
这个运动反对传统社会规范和价值观，追求自由和个性的表达。
杰克·凯鲁亚克和艾伦·金斯堡是这个运动的代表作家，他们的作品通常以自由、追求和反叛为主题。
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1 Puritanism(清教主义): Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences that is strictness, sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. （道德苛刻，对享乐主义极度反对）
2 Romanticism（浪漫主义）：Is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classism, which is commonly associated with reason and restrictions. The most-profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual.
3 Transcendentalism（超验主义）：The external is united with the internal. Physical or material mature is neutral or indifferent or objective; it is neither helpful nor hurtful; it is neither beautiful nor ugly. What makes one give such attributes to nature is that individual’s imposition of her/his temperament or mood or psyche.
4 Realism(现实主义)：Realism was a model of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.
5 Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.
作者
布莱恩特是乐观而悲壮的浪漫主义；认为诗贵在言志，贵在教化，贵在启迪；自然是真与善的化生，是人类精神的寄托之所；对他来说，现实的世界虽充满烦恼与纷乱，艺术家可以通过回归充满神灵的大自然找到自己心灵的寄托；他的孤独常显示出某种意志的力量；他的“死亡”是融入自然的门户．
坡是悲观而苦涩的浪漫主义；认为诗贵在形式，贵在美感，贵在泻情；坡的自然是诗人纯粹的想象，是一种烘托性的精神实体；对他来说，现实的世界充满虚伪，残酷，丑陋，正在走向腐朽和死亡，所以艺术家的人生就只能是孤独的，痛苦的，绝望的，艺术家唯一能寻求到的安慰和喜悦就只存在于对纯粹美的形式和创造中；坡的孤独常常走向变态；他的“死亡”是纯粹的形式．
Music is essential：Awesome, sad and melancholy
Tone：Alliteration, assonance, and repetition。