英国文学诗歌术语解释

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英国文学九大重要术语

英国文学九大重要术语

1、Epic史诗:A long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. 一种关于严肃主题的长诗叙事,以正式和高尚的风格讲述,以英雄或准神性人物为中心,其行为取决于一个部落、一个民族或人类的命运。

Traditional epics:were written versions of what had originally been oral poems about a tribal or national hero during a warlike age. e.g. 传统史诗:关于战争年代部落或民族英雄的口头诗的书面版本①The Greek The lliad, The Odysseyo希腊神话,伊利亚特和奥德赛②The Anglo-Saxon Beowulf 8th.c.盎格鲁-撒克逊贝奥武夫8号Literary epics:were composed by individual poetic craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. e.g. 文学史诗:由个体诗意工匠精心模仿传统形式创作而成①Milton:Paradise Lost (1667) 弥尔顿:《失乐园》2、Romance浪漫:1、Romance浪漫:a type of narrative that developed in 12th century France, spread to the literature of other countries and displaced the earlier epic and heroic forms. 在12世纪的法国发展起来的一种叙事形式,传播到其他国家的文学中,取代了早期的史诗和英雄形式。

bgijeAAA英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

bgijeAAA英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

b g i j e A A A英国文学名词解释大全(整理版) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1名词解释1.Epic(史诗)(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period )It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf ( the pagan(异教徒),secular(非宗教的) poetry)Iliad 《伊利亚特》,Odyssey 《奥德赛》 Paradise Lost 《失乐园》,The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance (传奇)(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form: long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table (亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士)●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur (亚瑟王之死)②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone(the most important part基石)of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized(supported 庇护,保护) by the noble.3. Alliteration(押头韵): a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 2.Sing a songof southern singer4. Understatement(低调陈述)(for ironical humor)not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》(a monument of Old English prose)6. Ballads (民谣)(The most important department of English folk literature )①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic (风格上) Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets (相连并押韵的两行诗,对句) or in quatrains (四行诗) known as the ballad stanza (民谣诗节), rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables (重读音节) and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect (方言,土语) of the common people with colloquial (口语的,会话的), vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic (符合当地语言习惯的) expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension (方面) to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)(introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer)Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体:用于史诗或叙事诗,每行十个音节,五个音部,每两行押韵。

英国文学诗歌术语解释

英国文学诗歌术语解释

英国⽂学诗歌术语解释A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent(重⾳)Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism(唯美主义)A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art?s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine(亚历⼭⼤诗体)The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope?s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory(讽喻)A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of the text is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser?s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan?s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration(头韵) A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion(引喻) A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself. A writer may allude to legends, historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eliot?s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy(类⽐)The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.Anapest(抑抑扬格) A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe(顿呼) A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument.Arcadia(阿卡狄亚)A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia became the typical name for an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney?s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance(半谐⾳)The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade(晨曲) A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, J ohn Donne?s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustus was the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age.Avant-garde (先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad(民谣)A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律)A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza(民谣体诗节) A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse(⽆韵诗)Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque(诙谐作品)An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope?s The Rape of the Lock. Byronic hero(拜伦式英雄)A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic travel and wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto(诗章)A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante?s Divine Comedy, Byron?s Don Juan and Ezra Pound?s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem(及时⾏乐)A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize the hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets(骑⼠诗⼈)English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, EdmundWaller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry (伦敦佬诗派) A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint (怨诗) A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer?s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young?s “The Complaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit(奇思妙喻)Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne?s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry(说教诗)Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge (挽歌)Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare?s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example..Dithyramb(酒神颂歌)A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue (牧歌)A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy(挽诗)A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson?s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W. B. Yeats?s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic(史诗) A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epics in western literature are Homer?s Iliad, Virgil?s Aeneid, Dante?s Divine Comedy and John Milton?s Paradise Lost.Epigram(警句诗) A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph(铭⽂)A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph(墓志铭)An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone?s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”Epithet(表述词语)From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example,“Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-footed Achilles” in Alexander Pope?s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad(民间歌谣) A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot(⾳步)a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse(⾃由诗)Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length.Georgian Poetry:the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets(墓园诗⼈)Several 18th century poets wrote mournfully pensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell?s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young?s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair?s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku(俳句)A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets have experimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体) Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period.Heroic quatrain(英雄四⾏诗)Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is a notable example.Hexameter(六⾳步) In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb(抑扬格)The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter(抑扬抑抑扬格) A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might be difficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter(六⾳步抑扬格)A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter(五⾳步抑扬格)A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter(四⾳步抑扬格)A line of four iambic feet.Idyll(⽥园诗)A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery(意象) A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an …image? is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, …imagery? refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Imagism(意象派)A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “A Petrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the …thing? whether subjective or objective.2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an …Image? as …that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time?. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony(反讽)The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Lake poets(湖畔派诗⼈) The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric(抒情诗) A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets (⽞学派诗⼈) Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialecticalargument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter(格律)The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy(借代)A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer(单⾳步诗⾏)A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue(独⽩) A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独⽩) A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts andfeelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning?s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue:A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or provides minimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exis t, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character?s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce?s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement:A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in 1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter(⼋⾳步诗⾏)A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave(⼋⾏体)An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode(颂歌)A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia(拟声词)The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, for example, …hiss?, …bang?, …pop? or …smack?.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion intoAnglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron(逆喻)A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox(悖论)An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody(嘲仿)An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features. Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding?s Shamela,Samuel Richardson?s Pamela,and Lewis Carroll?s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow?s Hiawatha are examples.Pastoral(⽥园诗)An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds? lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pattern poetry(拟形诗)The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert?s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter(五⾳步诗⾏)A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification(拟⼈) A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem(诗)An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element.Poet (诗⼈)Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who …makes?.Poet laureate (桂冠诗⼈) A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden?s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. T hey are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence(诗的破格)The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites(前拉斐尔学派)Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the …Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood? in 1848. Their aim was a return to the …truthfulness? and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody(韵律学)The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm(赞美诗)A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun(双关语)A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic(抑抑格) A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary in English scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian(四⾏诗节) A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English, used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain(叠句)Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme(诗韵)The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is …end rhyme?; inside a line it is …internal rhyme?. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme(韵式)The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm(韵律)Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance(传奇故事)Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory?s Le Morte d’Arthur.Romanticism(浪漫主义)A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period.A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature.Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth?s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion(韵律分析)Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet(六⾏诗)The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina(六节诗)A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for each stanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound?s Sestina, Altaforte.Song(歌) A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet(⼗四⾏诗) A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave.(2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter; (3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form?s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat?s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley?s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.Spondee(扬扬格)A metrical foot consisting of two long syllables or two strong stresses, giving weight to a line.Stanza(诗节)A unit of several lines of verse. Much verse is split up into regular stanzas of three, four, five or more lines each. Examples of。

英国文学-名词解释-

英国文学-名词解释-

英国文学-名词解释-学习好资料欢迎下载1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroicideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. Aconceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne..3.Epiphany(顿悟): a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrotein a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, andmemories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.7.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.8.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14thcentury. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.9.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.10.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helpsevoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesth etic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.11.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独白that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life.12.blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.13.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean14.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length andwhich discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.15.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expres sion of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in学习好资料欢迎下载the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.16.Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.17.Sentimentalism感伤主义:It is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrateson the distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness.18.Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man./doc/b03339706.html,ke poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.20.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as mostrepresentative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 21.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic orliterary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner.22.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas ormoral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning,a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.23.Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is aboldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a late r example.24.启蒙运动:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as theEnlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.25.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.。

(完整版)英国文学名词解释

(完整版)英国文学名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人):The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事,向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。

英国文学名词解释【英语专业英国文学复习资料之一】

英国文学名词解释【英语专业英国文学复习资料之一】

1. epic 史诗史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic heroic ideals ideals ideals of of of a a a nation nation nation or or or race race race in in in the the the making. making. Beowulf is is the the the English English English national national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. 2. caesura 停顿停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line. 3. alliteration 头韵头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that that are are are close close close to to to each each each other. other. other. It It It is is is a a a feature feature feature of of Beowulf and and other other other Old Old Old English English poems. 4. alliterative verse 头韵诗头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf , is heavily heavily alliterative, alliterative, alliterative, and and and the the the pattern pattern pattern is is is fairly fairly fairly standard standard standard –– with with either either either two two two or or or three three stressed syllables in each line alliterating. 5. kenning 隐喻语隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full o f kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6. protagonist 主角主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet . 7. antagonist 反角反角In In drama drama drama or or or fiction fiction fiction the the the antagonist antagonist antagonist opposes opposes opposes the the the hero hero hero or or or protagonist. protagonist. protagonist. In In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet. 8. romance 传奇传奇a a type type type of of of literature literature literature that that that was was was popular popular popular in in in the the the Middle Middle Middle Ages, Ages, Ages, usually usually usually containing containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown. 9. bob and wheel 诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱 a a rhyming rhyming rhyming section section section of of of five five five lines lines lines that that that concludes concludes concludes a a a stanza stanza stanza in in Sir Sir Gawain Gawain Gawain and and and the the Green Green Knight Knight . . The The The “bob” “bob” “bob” is is is a a a very very very short short short line, line, line, sometimes sometimes sometimes of of of only only only two two two syllables, syllables, followed by the “wheel”, lon ger lines with three stresses and internal thyme. 10. poet’s corner 诗人角诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. 11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet. 12. ballad meter 民谣体民谣体traditionally traditionally a a a four-line four-line four-line stanza stanza stanza containing containing containing alternating alternating alternating four-stress four-stress four-stress and and and three-stress three-stress lines, usually with a refrain an d the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13. refrain 叠句,副歌叠句,副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the end of a stanza. It It is is is very often found in very often found in English English ballads, such as Robert B ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with with humanism humanism humanism as as as its its its keynote. keynote. keynote. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet Hamlet is is is considered considered considered the the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学伊丽莎白时代的文学literature literature written written written in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Elizabethan Age Age Age (1558-(1558-(1558-1603). 1603). 1603). William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period. 16. sonnet 十四行诗十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets. 17. iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格五步抑扬格the the basic basic basic line line line in in in English English English verse, verse, verse, with with with five five five feet feet feet in in in a a a line, line, line, usually usually usually an an an unaccented unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales . . 18. meter 格律格律the the pattern pattern pattern of of of stressed stressed stressed and and and unstressed unstressed unstressed syllables syllables syllables in in in verse. verse. verse. In In In English English English verse verse verse a a a line line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses; the the commonest commonest commonest meter meter meter is is is iambic. iambic. iambic. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s sonnets sonnets sonnets are are are written written written in in iambic. 19. foot 音步音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllable variation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of of the the the alphabet alphabet alphabet to to to denote denote denote the the the recurrence recurrence recurrence of of of rhyming rhyming rhyming lines. lines. lines. For For For example, example, example, heroic heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It It is the commonest is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22. image 意象意象a a concrete concrete concrete representation representation representation of of of an an an object object object or or or sensory sensory sensory experience. experience. experience. Typically, Typically, such such a a representation representation helps helps helps evoke evoke evoke the the the feelings feelings feelings associated associated associated with with with the the the object object object or or or experience experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23. poetic license 诗的破格诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns – “Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24. verse drama 诗剧诗剧drama drama written written written in in in the the the form form form of of of verse. verse. verse. It It It was was was most most most widely widely widely used used used in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous. 25. blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗无韵诗,素体诗unrhymed unrhymed iambic iambic iambic pentameter, pentameter, pentameter, the the the most most most widely widely widely used used used of of of English English English verse verse verse forms forms forms and and usually usually used used used in in in English English English dramatic dramatic dramatic and and and ep ep epic ic ic poetry. poetry. poetry. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s play play Hamlet is written in blank verse. 26. Globe Theatre 环球剧场环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt ’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997. 27. essay 散文散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. topics. It It It is is is one of the one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义英国浪漫主义a literary m ovement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and and flourished flourished flourished in in in the the the early early early 1919th century century England. England. England. A A A great great great representative representative representative of of of this this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.29. lake poets 湖畔诗人湖畔诗人the the three three three romantic romantic romantic poets poets poets who who who lived lived lived in in in the the the Lake Lake Lake District District District of of of England England England and and and wrote wrote poems about nature. William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.30. poet laureate 桂冠诗人桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original original duties duties duties included included included the the the composition composition composition of of of odes odes odes in in in honor honor honor of of of the the the sovereign’s sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 。

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释

1.the Renaissance: the period in Europe between the 14th and mid 17th centuries,when the art, literature, and ideas of ancient Greece were discovered again and widely studied, causing a rebirth of activity in all these things. On the foundations of medieval society and culture the Renaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th century and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France, and then to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.2.Humanism: a system of beliefs and standards concerned with the needs of people, and not with religious ideas人文主义;人道主义3.Metaphysical poem is a derogatory term invented by John Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious(别出心裁的)conceits((尤指诗歌中)奇想;夸张的比喻), incongruous(不和谐的,不匀称的,不一致的)imagery(比喻), complexity of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death and religion.4.Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous example is John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.5.Enlightenment: An eighteenth-century philosophical movement. It began in France but had a wide impact throughout Europe and America. Thinkers of the Enlightenment valued reason and believed that both the individual and society could achieve a state of perfection. Corresponding to this essentially humanist vision was a resistance to religious authority.6.Classicism: a term used in literary criticism to describe critical doctrines that have their roots in ancient Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and art. Works associated with classicism typically exhibit restraint on the part of the author, unity of design and purpose, clarity, simplicity, logical organization, and respect for tradition.7.Neoclassicism:(also known as Age of Reason) in literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and styles of expression of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about 1800. In its purest form, Neoclassicism marked a return to order, proportion, restraint, logic, accuracy, and decorum(正统).8.Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. The later enlighteners found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.9.Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature,[2] and was embodied in the visual arts, music, and literature.10.The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively. One of the best-known sonnet writers is William Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them (not including those that appear in his plays). A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line containing ten syllables and written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unemphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ababcdcdefef gg; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.11.Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.12.Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. In old English alliteration meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line: the verse is unrhymed; each line is divided into two half-lines of two strong stresses by a decisive pause.13. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad. 14. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.15. Comedy: in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.16.Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.in this form of poetry lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme:aa bb cc17.Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.18.Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone..19. Novel: A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot.20.Poetry:The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.21.Pre-Romanticism:It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”. The term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times22.Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters 【仅供参考】。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

1,alliteration 2,kenning 3,caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)(appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period )Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf (the pagan(异教徒),secular(非宗教的) poetry)Iliad 《伊利亚特》,Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance (传奇)(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration(押头韵): a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)(introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer)Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体:用于史诗或叙事诗,每行十个音节,五个音部,每两行押韵。

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释英国文学是指在英国境内产生的文学作品,包括散文、诗歌、戏剧等多种文学形式。

以下是一些与英国文学相关的名词解释:1. 莎士比亚戏剧(Shakespearean Drama):指威廉·莎士比亚所创作的戏剧作品,包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

2. 简·奥斯汀小说(Jane Austen Novels):指英国女作家简·奥斯汀所写的一系列小说,主要描写中上层社会的生活,包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。

3. 浪漫主义(Romanticism):指18世纪末至19世纪初的一种文艺运动,强调情感、个人主义和自然之美,代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治等。

4. 维多利亚时期文学(Victorian Literature):指19世纪中后期的英国文学,以女王维多利亚统治时期为背景,作品内容反映了社会变革和道德观念的转变,代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等。

5. 符号主义(Symbolism):指19世纪末20世纪初的一种文学流派,强调象征和隐喻的运用,代表作家有奥斯卡·王尔德、D·H·劳伦斯等。

6. 现代主义(Modernism):指20世纪初的一种思潮和文学流派,以对现代社会的批判和对传统形式的挑战为特点,代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯等。

7. 女性主义文学(Feminist Literature):指关注女性经验和性别平等的文学作品,代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、玛格丽特·阿特伍德等。

8. 后现代主义(Postmodernism):指二战后出现的一种思潮和文学流派,强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的游戏性,代表作家有萨缪尔·贝克特、艾里奥·卡尔维诺等。

9. 科幻文学(Science Fiction):指描写未来社会和科技发展的文学作品,代表作家有霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特、艾萨克·阿西莫夫等。

英国文学史-名词解释

英国文学史-名词解释

名词解释1.Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2.Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3.Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4.Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5.Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6.Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7.Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8.Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9.Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10.Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11.Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类:pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)例子:of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。

英国文学里文体的名词解释

英国文学里文体的名词解释

英国文学里文体的名词解释在英国文学中,有许多不同的文体,每一种都有其独特的特点和风格。

本文将解释一些常见的英国文学中使用的文体名词,帮助读者更好地理解和鉴赏英国文学作品。

1. 抒情诗(Lyric Poetry)抒情诗是一种表达诗人个人感受和情感的诗歌,通过简洁而富有韵律的语言来表达内心的情绪和体验。

它通常由自由的韵律和个人化的主题组成,力求通过对感情的深入描绘来触动读者的心灵。

2. 叙事诗(Narrative Poetry)叙事诗是通过叙述一个或多个故事来传达思想和情感的诗歌形式。

它通常具有连贯的故事情节和角色塑造,并通过语言和结构的巧妙运用来激发读者的想象力。

3. 戏剧(Drama)戏剧是一种通过对话和行为来呈现故事的文学形式,可以通过演员的表演来展现角色之间的冲突和情感交流。

戏剧可以是舞台上的实际演出,也可以是仅供阅读的文本形式。

4. 小说(Novel)小说是一种长篇故事性文字作品,通常通过多个角色和情节来表达作者的观点和思想。

它可以有许多不同的流派,如爱情小说、历史小说、科幻小说等,每种流派都有其独特的风格和写作方法。

5. 散文(Essay)散文是一种以个人观点和思考为主的文学形式,通常采用散文体和杂文体的结构。

它可以用于表达个人见解、观点和对世界的观察,更注重思辨和论证,而不是叙述故事。

6. 传记(Biography)传记是一种以真实人物生平和经历为基础的文学形式,通过对人物的描写和解读,展示其对历史和社会的影响。

传记可以提供对个人生活和职业生涯的详尽了解,使读者更深入地了解人物的个性和成就。

7. 报告文学(Creative Nonfiction)报告文学是一种将事实与文学元素结合的非虚构写作形式,通过文学手法和叙事技巧,呈现真实事件和人物的故事。

它既有文学的艺术性,又具备对历史、文化和社会的记载和呈现。

8. 日记(Diary)日记是一种通过记录个人生活、观察和思考,来表达作者内心世界的文学形式。

英国文学文学术语

英国文学文学术语

Literary terms(文学术语)(一)中古时期(1)民谣(ballad):以诗的形式被歌唱和传诵,并代代相传。

如《罗宾汉》,《老水手之行》。

(2)史诗(epic):叙述神与英雄行为的叙事长诗。

如《贝奥武夫》,《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》,荷马《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》,中世纪但丁的《神曲》。

(3)罗曼史∕骑士文学(romance):中世纪的一种流行文学形式,用来歌颂骑士的冒险精神和英雄行为,骑士精神(如勇敢、慷慨、忠诚、善良)是其精神。

(4)押头韵(alliteration):一行诗中的某些词的首个发音的重复或重现。

如:“I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.(二)文艺复兴时期(1)文艺复兴(Renaissance):Renaissance一词意为“重生”,指对西欧的希腊和罗马文化的复兴,其核心是人文主义,带有14、15世纪特点的态度和情感被渗入人文主义和宗教改革中。

英国文艺复兴的主流是伊利莎白时期的戏剧,莎士比亚是戏剧家的代表。

(2)人文主义(humanism):是文艺复兴的核心,强调的是人类的尊严和现实生活的重要性,人文主义者认为人是宇宙的中心,他们不仅有权享受生活的美好,还有能力自我完善和创造奇迹。

(3)斯宾塞诗节(Spenserian stanza):由埃德蒙•斯宾塞创造的,指每个诗节有9行诗句,前8行每行都是10个音节(五音步抑扬格),第9行为12个音节(六音步抑扬格),押韵为ababbcbcc,如《仙后》。

(4)奇特的比喻(conceit):是一种牵强的明喻或暗喻,即把两个不相似的事物进行比较,这种手法多被约翰•多恩的诗歌采用。

(5)玄学派诗歌(metaphysical poetry):指17世纪受多恩影响的作家所写的作品,多采用奇特的比喻手法。

玄学派诗人试图打破传统的伊利莎白时期的爱情诗歌的形式,其措词较伊利莎白和新古典主义时期更为简洁,与平民语言的用词和韵律相符,且其意象也源自现实生活。

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释

1.Romance: a long composition; in verse or in prose; describing the life and adventures of a noble hero; especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2.Ballad民谣: a story told in song; usually in four-line stanzas; with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3.Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style. 4.Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5.Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6.Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 7.Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works; logic; order; restrained emotion and accuracy. 8.Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9.Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends inEnglish literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions; and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.10.Romanticism: imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11.Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 12.Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 13.Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.14.Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15.Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16.Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet; with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.17.Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18.Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19.Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.杰弗里乔叟:the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales 埃特伯雷故事集24stories2.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I四大悲剧:1奥瑟罗叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言;被嫉妒所压倒;掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜;随后自己也悔恨自杀..奥瑟罗是个襟怀坦白、英勇豪爽的战士;苔丝德蒙娜天真痴情;毅然爱上了他;不顾家庭的反对和社会的歧视;同他结了婚..但是;他们的爱情虽然战胜了种族歧视;却没有逃脱伊阿古的阴谋陷害..伊阿古假装忠诚;心地奸诈;由于升不上副将;就对奥瑟罗怀恨在心;千方百计害死奥瑟罗夫妇;最后自己也得不到好下场..通过这个形象;莎士比亚对原始积累时期新兴资产阶级中的极端利已主义进行了深刻的揭露和批判..2李尔王描写一个专制独裁的昏君;由于刚愎自用;遭受到一场悲惨的结局..悲剧的目的同样在于揭露原始积累时期的利已主义;批判对于权势、财富的贪欲..悲剧还反映了当时广大农民流离失所的英国现实..在第三幕第四场里;李尔被两个女儿驱逐出门以后;跑到暴风雨的荒野;诅咒女儿忘恩负义..在雷电交加中;李尔对穷苦的人们喊道:“衣不蔽体的不幸的人们;无论你们在什么地方;都得忍受着这样无情的暴风雨的袭击;你们的头上没有片瓦遮身;你们的腹中饥肠雷动;你们的衣服千疮百孔;怎么抵挡得了这样的气候呢”这里;莎士比亚通过李尔的口表达了他对无家可归的农民的同情;同时也是对当代现实的揭露..但是;紧接着上面那段话之后;李尔说道:“安享荣华的人们呵;睁开你们的眼睛来;到外面来体味一下穷人所忍受的苦;分一些你们享用不了的福泽给他们;让上天知道你们不是全无心肝的人吧这种求助于剥削阶级发善心以解决社会矛盾的想法;正是一种调和阶级矛盾的人道主义思想..3麦克白野心家麦克白将军从战场上立功凯旋;由于野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿;利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会;弑君而自立;最后;这个血腥的篡位者被邓肯的儿子和贵族麦克德夫所战败而死去..他的妻子也因精神分裂而死..这出悲剧深刻地揭示出个人野心对人所起的腐蚀作用;是莎士比亚心理描写的杰作..4哈姆莱特1601是莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就;写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特为父复仇的故事..悲剧的情节是这样的:丹麦王子哈姆莱特;在德国威登堡大学接受人文主义教育..因为父王突然死去;怀着沉痛的心情回到祖国;不久;母后又同新王——他的叔父结婚;使他更加难堪..新王声言老王是在花园里被毒蛇咬死的;王子正在疑惑时;老王的鬼魂向他显现;告诉他“毒蛇”就是新王;并嘱咐他为父复仇..哈姆莱特认为他这复仇不只是他个人的问题;而是整个社会、国家的问题..他说自己有重整乾坤;挽狂澜于既倒的责任..他考虑问题的各个方面;又怕泄漏心事;又怕鬼魂是假</PGN0315.TXT/PGN>的;怕落入坏人的圈套;心烦意乱;忧郁不欢;只好装疯卖傻..同时;他叔父也怀疑他得知隐秘;派人到处侦察他的行动和心事..甚至利用他的两个老同学和他的情人去侦察他..他趁戏班子进宫演出的机会;改编一出阴谋杀兄的旧戏文贡札古之死叫戏班子演出;来试探叔父..戏未演完;叔父做贼心虚;坐立不住;仓皇退席..这样;更证明叔父的罪行属实..叔父觉得事情不妙;隐私可能已被发觉..宫内大臣波洛涅斯献计;让母后叫儿子到私房谈话;自己躲在帷幕后边偷听;王子发现幕后有人;以为是叔父;便一剑把他刺死..从此;奸王使用借刀杀人法;派他去英国;并让监视他去的两个同学带去密信一封;要英王在王子上岸时就杀掉他;但被哈姆莱特察觉半路上掉换了密信;反而叫英王杀掉了两个密使;他自己却跳上海盗船;脱险回来..回来后知道情人奥菲莉娅因父死、爱人远离而发疯落水溺死..奸王利用波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯为父复仇的机会;密谋在比剑中用毒剑、毒酒来置哈姆莱特于死地..结果;哈、雷二人都中了毒剑;王后饮了毒酒;奸王也被刺死..王子临死遗嘱好友霍拉旭传播他的心愿.. C:鉴赏与品评:莎士比亚的悲剧主要是理想与现实的矛盾和理想的破灭..如哈剧中安排三条复仇线索;以王子复仇为主线;另两条线索穿插糅合其间..李剧中也有两条平行交错的线索..其次;人物形象鲜明;作者善于深入刻画人物的内心世界;使其性格更丰满深刻..如哈姆雷特的着名独白;富有哲理性..麦克白杀人后精神崩溃的过程更是刻画得细腻真切..此外;作者还善于渲染气氛;营造悲剧性的氛围;烘托人物的心理活动..如麦剧中夜与血的形象贯穿始终;阴森恐怖..李剧中暴雨荒原一场;激烈哀愤喜剧:A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜剧:Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶5. Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible6.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory7.George Gordon Byron: vigorous; strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记spenserian stanza; fights for liberty; Don Juan唐璜a broad critical picture of European life; When We Two Parted昔日依依别;She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中;The Isles of Greece哀希腊8.: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风;希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression9.Jane Austen: wit; dry humour; subtle irony;realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Elizabeth and Darcy;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛10.: critical realist writer; humour; wit; happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记London & Paris; where there is oppression; there is revolution; David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔;Oliver Twist雾都孤儿;Hard Time艰难时世;Great Expectations远大前程; Dombey and Son董贝父子;Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传11.我已故的公爵夫人 7.The Bronte Sisters: :简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性;她生活在社会底层;受尽磨难..但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神..小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写;引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历;歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见..扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情;具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量..其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗;敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象.. Emily: Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄:描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后;因受辱和恋爱不遂;外出致富;回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事..。

英国文学名词解释复习资料

英国文学名词解释复习资料

《英国文学》名词解释Active Romanticism: Active romanticism strives to strengthen man's will to live and raise him up against the life around him, against any yoke it would impose, so the general feature of the works of the active romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against oppression and exploitation, so that their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Active romanticists were younger poets like Byron, Shelley and Keats.AlliterationIn poetry: the repetition of sounds in closely associated words. The term is usually applied to the repetition of consonants, particularly when they are the first letter of the words, but can apply to any stressed consonants. The term is sometimes used to refer to repeated vowel sounds, though the term more often used in this case is …assonance‟. e.g. O wild West WindElizabethan Drama:Elizabethan drama refers to the plays produced while Queen Elizabeth reigned in England, from 1558 until 1603. The most popular types of Elizabethan plays were histories of England‟s rulers, but revenge dramas and bawdy comedies also drew significant crowds. Although Shakespeare was the most prolific and certainly the most famous of the Elizabethan dramatists, other popular playwrights of the period included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson.English Renaissance: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the early 17th century. The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken as 1485, and the Elizabethan period in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance, which lasted until the mid 17th century.Enlightenment Movement: A progressive intellectual movement starting in France and spreading England in the 18th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, prejudices, and other survivals of feudalism and celebrated reason, rationality, equality and science.Epic: An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.First-Person Point of View: a point of view in which an "I" or "we" serves as the narrator of a piece of fiction. The narrator may be a minor character, observing the action, or the main protagonist of the story. In addition, a first-person narrator may be reliable or unreliable.Gothic Novel/Romance: Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominated one phase of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. They are so named because “Gothic” architecture such as castles or monasteries equipped with subterranean passages, dark battlements, hidden panels, and trapdoors dating from the middle ages is invariably the setting for the elements of horror in them. The first genuine Gothic romance in 18th century English literature is Horace Walpole‟s The Castle of Otranto, which is believed to have begun the tradition of gothic romance in English literature.Heroic Couplet: Heroic couplet is a verse form used in Epic poetry, with lines of 10 syllables and five stresses (Iambic pentameter), in rhyming pairs as AABBCC….. It was perfected by Alexander Pope.Imagism / ImagistThe Imagists were a group of poets who were influenced by Ezra Pound. Imagism, the Imagist movement, which originated in London and was prominent in England and America from around 1912 to 1917, was crucial to the development of Modernist poetry. These poets aimed to free poetry from the conventions of the time by advocating a free choice of rhythm and subject matter, the diction of speech, and the presentation of meaning through the evocation of clear, precise, visual images.Among the poets associated with Ezra Pound in this movement were Hilda Doolittle, Amy Lowell, and William Carlos Williams. Pound later associated himself with Vorticism旋涡主义, and Amy Lowell took over the leadership of the Imagist movement. Many English and American poets were influenced by Imagism, such as D.H. Lawrence, T. S. Eliot, Conrad Aiken, Marianne Moore, and Wallace Stevens.Imagery: The art of using expressive images in art, literature, or music to present ideas or feelings. Images created in a literary work may not be only of the visual sense, but also of sensation (touch, taste, smell, sound, orientation) and emotion.Limited Omniscient: said when the narrator tells the story in the third person, but tells it from the viewpoint of one (sometimes more) character(s) in the story. This unnamed narrator knows everything about the main character, but does not reveal the inner thoughts of other characters.Magic realismFiction which displays a mingling of the mundane with the fantastic, giving the narrative dual dimensions of realism and fantasy. One of its purposes is to draw attention to the fact that all narrative is an invention. The technique is mainly associated with South American writers, such as Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez, but has also been used by writers such as the British Angela Carter, and the Anglo-Indian Salman Rushdie.Middle Ages: the period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent, and lasted into the 15th cent., i.e., into the period of the Renaissance.Middle English:the English language from about 1100 to about 1450, from which the Scots of Lowland Scotland and other modern dialects developed.Modern English:the English language since about 1450, esp. any of the standard forms developed from the S. East Midland dialect of Middle English.Neoclassicism:Following the archaeological rediscovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the 18th century, there was a renewed interest in the culture of ancient Rome and, subsequently, ancient Greece. This period (1660-1798) is generally designated as neoclassicism. In literature, neoclassicists thought that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. They held that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.Ode: Ode is a type of lyrical verse which is elaborately structured praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. There are three typical forms of odes: the Pindaric, Horatian, and irregular. Pindaric odes follow the form and style of Pindar(Thomas Gray‟s “The Progress of Poesy” and “The Bard.”). Horatian odes follow conventions of Horace (“Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to aNightingale”). Irregular odes are rhyming, but they do not employ the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the regular stanzas of the Horatian ode.Old English literature: Literature extending from about 450 to 1066, the year of Norman Conquest.Old English:the English language from the time of the earliest settlements in the fifth century AD to about 1100. The main dialects were West Saxon (the chief literary form), Kentish, and Anglian. Also called Anglo-Saxon.Passive Romanticism: Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past as their ideal. These were the elder and sometimes called passive or escapist romanticists, represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Petrarchan sonnet: The Petrarchan sonnet (also Italian sonnet) was first developed by the Italian humanist and writer, Francesco Petrarca. The original Italian sonnet form divides the poem's 14 lines into two parts, an octave (first eight lines) and a sestet (last six lines). The rhyme scheme for the octave is typically abba abba. The sestet is more flexible. Petrarch typically used cde cde or cdc dcd for the sestet.Protagonist: The leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work.Realism / social realism / Socialist realismBroadly - writing about people and settings which could really exist, and events which could really happen. In particular the term Realism refers to a movement of nineteenth-century European art and literature which rejected Classical models and Romantic ideals in favour of a realistic portrayal of actual life in realistic settings, often focusing on the harsher aspects of life under industrialism and capitalism. Forerunners in literature were the French novelist Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), and the English novelist George Eliot (1819-1880). In the twentieth century the writing of the Angry Young Men can be seen as a reassertion of the values of realism.…Social realism‟, a term borrowed from art criticism, is often used synonymously with …realism‟.…Socialist realism‟ refers to literature or criticism presented from the Marxist viewpoint.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement prevalent in European art, music, and literature in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The style was revolutionary in that it emphasized subjective experience, and favoured innovation over adherence to traditional or Classical forms, and the expression of feeling over reason. In English literature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) werefirst-generation or passive Romantic poets, and Byron (1788-1824), Shelley (1792-1822), and Keats (1795-1821) were second-generation or active Romantics.Renaissance: Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Rhyme: “R hyme (rime)” is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs. Normally the last stressed vowel in the line and all sounds following it make up the rhyming element: this may be a monosyllable, or two syllables, or even three syllables, which are regarded a s “perfect rhyme.” Departures from this norm include general rhyme, eye rhyme, and mirror rhyme.Romance: A popular literary form in the medieval period, using a long, narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, in which romantic love is an important part of the plot.Stream of consciousnessSometimes called …continuous monologue‟. Literary technique developed in the 1920s, as part of Modernism which attempts to reproduce the moment-to-moment flow of subjective thoughts and p erceptions in an individual‟s mind. The technique was used by Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. The term was originally coined by the American philosopher and psychologist William James in Principles of Psychology (1890).SymbolismThe Symbolist movement originated in France with the volume of poetry Les Fleurs du Mal (1857) by Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), and was taken up by such poets as Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Jules Laforgue. They aimed to break away from the formal conventions of French poetry, and attempted to express the transitory perceptions and sensations of inner life, rather than rational ideas. They believed in the imagination as the arbiter of reality, were interested in the idea of acorrespondence between the senses, and aimed to express meaning through the sound patterns of words and suggestive, evocative images, rather than by using language as a medium for statement and argument.The Symbolists were a major influence on British, Irish, and American writers such as W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, e e cummings, Wallace Stevens, and William Faulkner.Viewpoint / Point of viewThe viewpoint which the reader shares while reading a narrative. Fiction writers use three main viewpoints: 1. The omniscient (all-knowing) narrator's viewpoint. The narrator of the story theoretically knows everything about all the characters. Referring to them in the third-person, the author can tell us about the characters in an objective way and switch between them at will, showing us what each is doing thinking and feeling at any time. 2. The first-person viewpoint, in which the narrator speaks as 'I' and conveys the story through his/her own subjective experience. 3. The viewpoint of the main character, or characters, in the story, but conveyed in the third-person. Here the narrative is ostensibly being presented by a narrator, in that we read 'she did this', or 'he did that', but the narrator's viewpoint is merged with that of the character(s) so that everything in the story is seen through the subjective experience of the character(s). Shakespearean Sonnet:The sonnet form used by Shakespeare, composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg. Shakespearean sonnet is also called Elizabethan sonnet, or English sonnet. Third Person Omniscient:the point of view with which t he narrator can, and usually does, report the inner feelings and thoughts of characters. The narrator is usually not an actual character in story but an invisible storyteller who can see and report anything. Third-Person Objective:the point of view with which the facts of a narrative are reported by a seemingly neutral, impersonal observer or recorder.Tragedy:A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.Metaphysical Poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a term commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influences of John Donne, who tried to break away from the Elizabethan love poetry. Less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it, Metaphysical poetry is marked by bold and ingenious conceits. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with God or with himself.。

英国文学选读名词解释

英国文学选读名词解释

1.epic 史诗An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, longe r lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive lines o f rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’smasterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句,副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full play.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s so nnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his countryor era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.31. Humanism(人文主义)Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser. 33. Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,theRomantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.34. Aestheticism( 美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流)(psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.(由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学)个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。

英国文学名词术语解释

英国文学名词术语解释

Ballad‎(民谣) a ballad‎is a narrat‎i ve poem consis‎ting of quatra‎i ns of iambic‎tetram‎e ter altern‎a ting with iambic‎ trimet‎e r. Common‎traits‎of the ballad‎are that(a) the beginn‎i ng is often abrupt‎ ,(b) the story is told throug‎h dialog‎u e and action‎(c) the langua‎g e is simple‎or “folksy‎,” (d) the theme is often tragic‎---though‎comic ballad‎s do exist, (e) the ballad‎contai‎n s a refrai‎n repeat‎e d severa‎l times. The ballad‎became‎popula‎r in Englan‎d in the late 14th centur‎y and was adopte‎d by many writer‎s. One of the most import‎a n t anthol‎o g ies of ballad‎s is F. J. Child’s The Englis‎h and Scotti‎s h Popula‎r Ballad‎s. ,民谣指的是抑‎扬格四音步与‎抑扬格三音步‎诗行交替出现‎的四行叙事诗‎。

民谣的共同特‎色包括:(a)诗歌的起首通‎常十分出其不‎意。

(b)故事通过对话‎和行为讲述。

(c)语言简单,民风十足。

(d)尽管存在喜剧‎民谣,但大多数民谣‎的主题具有悲‎剧意味。

(e)民谣通常包含‎重复多遍的叠‎句。

民谣这种诗歌‎形式在14世‎纪晚期的英格‎兰十分盛行,从此以后许多‎作家对其进行‎模仿创作。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

名词解释1.Epic(史诗)(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period )It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf (the pagan(异教徒),secular(非宗教的) poetry)Iliad 《伊利亚特》,Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》,The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance (传奇)(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table (亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士)●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur (亚瑟王之死)②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone(the most important part基石)of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized (supported 庇护,保护)by the noble.3. Alliteration(押头韵): a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement(低调陈述)(for ironical humor)not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》(a monument of Old English prose)6. Ballads (民谣)(The most important department of English folk literature )①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic (风格上)Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets (相连并押韵的两行诗,对句)or in quatrains (四行诗)known as the ballad stanza (民谣诗节), rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables (重读音节)and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect (方言,土语)of the common people with colloquial (口语的,会话的), vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic (符合当地语言习惯的)expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension (方面)to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)(introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer)Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体:用于史诗或叙事诗,每行十个音节,五个音部,每两行押韵。

couplet英国文学术语解释

couplet英国文学术语解释

couplet英国文学术语解释
摘要:
1.概述
2.英国文学中的对仗体诗
3.对仗体诗的特点
4.著名的对仗体诗人和作品
5.对仗体诗在中国文学中的影响
正文:
1.概述
"couplet"是一个英国文学术语,指的是一种对仗的诗歌形式。

对仗体诗在英国文学中占有重要的地位,是英国文学史上一种重要的文学形式。

2.英国文学中的对仗体诗
对仗体诗在英国文学中可以追溯到中世纪,这种诗歌形式主要受到了法国和意大利的影响。

英国的对仗体诗主要分为两种,一种是英雄史诗,另一种是爱情诗歌。

3.对仗体诗的特点
对仗体诗的主要特点是对仗和押韵。

对仗是指诗句中字与字、义与义的相对应,通常是上下两句或一句话中的两个部分。

而押韵则是指诗句的末尾字的韵部相同。

4.著名的对仗体诗人和作品
英国文学中许多著名的诗人都写过对仗体诗,如乔叟、斯宾塞、莎士比亚
等。

其中,乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》中的许多故事都采用了对仗体诗的形式。

斯宾塞的《仙后》则是英国文学史上最著名的对仗体史诗之一。

莎士比亚的许多戏剧,如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》等,也有许多对仗体诗的元素。

5.对仗体诗在中国文学中的影响
对仗体诗在中国文学中也有重要的地位。

中国古代的诗歌,如唐诗、宋词等,就有许多对仗体诗的形式。

英国文学中的对仗体诗对中国文学的影响主要体现在形式和技巧上,如对仗和押韵的运用等。

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A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent(重音)Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism(唯美主义) A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art’s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine(亚历山大诗体)The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope’s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory(讽喻)A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of thetext is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context. Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration(头韵) A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion(引喻)A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself. A writer may allude to legends,historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eli ot’s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy(类比)The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.Anapest(抑抑扬格) A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe(顿呼) A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument.Arcadia(阿卡狄亚)A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia becamethe typical name for an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney’s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance(半谐音)The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade(晨曲) A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustuswas the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age.Avant-garde(先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad(民谣)A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律)A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza(民谣体诗节) A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse(无韵诗)Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, oftenused in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque(诙谐作品)An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.Byronic hero(拜伦式英雄) A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic traveland wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto(诗章) A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante’s Divine Comedy, Byron’s Don Juan and Ezra Pound’s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem(及时行乐) A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize the hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets(骑士诗人)English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, Edmund Waller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry (伦敦佬诗派)A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint (怨诗)A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer’s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young’s “TheComplaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit(奇思妙喻)Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne’s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry(说教诗)Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge (挽歌)Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare’s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example..Dithyramb(酒神颂歌)A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue (牧歌)A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy(挽诗) A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson’s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W.B. Yeats’s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic(史诗)A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epicsin western literature are Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid,Dante’s Divine Comedy and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.Epigram(警句诗) A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph(铭文) A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph(墓志铭)An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone’s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is wri t in water.”Epithet(表述词语)From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example, “Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-footed Achilles” in Alexander Pope’s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad(民间歌谣) A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot(音步) a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse(自由诗)Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length. Georgian Poetry: the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets(墓园诗人)Several 18th century poets wrote mournfullypensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell’s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young’s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair’s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku(俳句)A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets haveexperimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period.Heroic quatrain(英雄四行诗)Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Writtenin a Country Churchyard” is a notable example.Hexameter(六音步)In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb(抑扬格)The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter(抑扬抑抑扬格)A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might bedifficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格)A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格)A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter(四音步抑扬格)A line of four iambic feet.Idyll(田园诗)A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery(意象) A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an ‘image’ is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, ‘imagery’ refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Imagism(意象派)A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “APetrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the ‘thing’ whether subjective or objective. 2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an ‘Image’ as ‘that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time’. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony(反讽)The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Lake poets(湖畔派诗人)The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric(抒情诗)A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人)Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity forelliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter(格律)The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy(借代)A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer(单音步诗行)A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue(独白) A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白) A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue: A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or providesminimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exist, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character’s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce’s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement: A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter(八音步诗行)A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave(八行体)An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode(颂歌) A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia(拟声词)The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, fo r example, ‘hiss’, ‘bang’, ‘pop’ or ‘smack’.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron(逆喻)A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox(悖论)An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody(嘲仿)An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features.Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding’s Shamela,Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, and Lewis Carroll’s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Hiawatha are examples.Pastoral(田园诗)An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds’ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly,rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pattern poetry(拟形诗)The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert’s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter(五音步诗行) A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification(拟人) A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem(诗)An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element.Poet (诗人)Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who ‘makes’.Poet laureate (桂冠诗人) A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden’s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. They are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence(诗的破格)The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites(前拉斐尔学派)Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the ‘Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’ in 1848. Theiraim was a return to the ‘truthfulness’ and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody(韵律学)The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm(赞美诗)A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun(双关语) A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic(抑抑格) A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary in English scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian(四行诗节)A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English,used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain(叠句)Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme(诗韵)The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is ‘end rhyme’; inside a line it is ‘internal rhyme’. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme(韵式)The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm(韵律)Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance(传奇故事)Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory’s Le Mor te d’Arthur.Romanticism(浪漫主义)A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period. A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature. Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth’s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion(韵律分析)Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet(六行诗)The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina(六节诗)A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for eachstanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound’s Sestina, Altaforte.Song(歌)A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet(十四行诗) A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd.The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave. (2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter;(3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节) A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most。

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