动词ing形式、过去分词和不定式的区别

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动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式的区别
非谓语动词(动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词)在多数情况下可以再句子中担任除了谓语以外的其他成分,而且都不受主语的人称和数的限制。

但是他们之间又存在着或多或少的区别。

下面我们将详细讲解。

一.动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式做表语时的区别
动词-ing:做表语时,主要表示主语的内容。

多数情况下,主语和表语的位置可互换。

过去分词:做表语时,主要表示主语的特点和所处的状态。

主语和表语的位置不可互换。

不定式:做表语时分两种情况:一种是和动词-ing一样表示主语的内容;另一种是与过去分词一样表示主语的特点或所处的状态。

例:
①对比:
The film is disappointing.
这个例子是动词-ing做表语,表示主语The film 的性质、特点,不能和主语互换。

We are disappointed with the film.
这个例子是过去分词做表语,表示主语we所处的状态,表语不能和主语互换。

②My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.
动词-ing做表语,表示主语的内容“我的工作是什么”,表语和主语的位置可以互换。

③Our aim is enter the university. = To enter university is our aim.
(不定式做表语,表示主语的内容,即“我们的目标是什么”。

表语和主语的位置可以互换)
例:
①Look at the sleeping boy. (动词-ing做定语)
逻辑上的主语(the sleeping boy= the boy is sleeping)
= Look at the boy who is sleeping. (定语从句)
②Please go to the sleeping car. (动词-ing做定语)
说明用途(the car is for sleeping)
说明:动词-ing做定语
Sleeping car : 1) 只有sleeping 重读
2)不能变为定语从句
3) 两者没有逻辑上的主谓关系
③I have a lot of words to say. (不定式做定语)
与words存在逻辑上的动宾关系
(to say 是不定式的一般式,表示的动作和谓语动作同时发生)
说明:不定式做定语words to say 1) to say 只能放在words后面。

2)两者有逻辑上的动宾关系
④Do you have anything to say?
(anything 是to say 的逻辑上的主语)
⑤China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
动词-ing表进行过去分词表完成
= China is a country that is developing and America is a country that has developed.
⑥The falling leaves are all yellow. Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.
动词-ing表动作正在进行过去分词表动作完成
= Look, the leaves that are falling are all yellow. Lots of the leaves that have fallen make the road yellow.
例句分析:* the leaves that are falling相当于falling leaves,意为“正在飘落的树叶”
*the leaves that have fallen相当于fallen leaves,意为“已落在地上的树叶”
⑦The swimming pool belongs to our school.
⑧I’ve something important to do.
(不定式to do做定语只能放在被修饰词something的后面)
⑨He wants to improve his teaching method.
注意:
动词-ing 形式和过去分词有进行、完成之分。

A drowned man 一个已淹死的人 a drowning man 一个快淹死的人
boiled water 煮开过的水(可能是烫的或冷的)boiling water 正在沸腾的水
例:
①A: Do you hear someone calling you?(动词-ing )
表示动作正在进行,是主动关系
= Someone is calling you, do you hear it?
B: Yes, I did. I heard him call me several times.(不定式)
表示动作已结束,是主动关系
A: Oh, you mean hear your name called several times.(过去分词)
两者是被动关系,且动作已结束

When he was decorating his house, he got the bedroom painted first.(过去分词painting做宾补)
表示动作已结束,被动关系
When he was decorating his house, he had some workers paint his bedroom first.
表动作已结束,主动关系
(不定式paint做宾补)

In order to finish it, he had the workers working all the day and night.
表示动作正在进行,主动关系
注意:如果宾语补足语的动作既可以表达进行状态,又可以表达全过程,那么用不定式或动词-ing的区别不大。

例:I like to watch the planes land/landing or fly/flying. 我喜欢观察飞机的着陆和起飞。

④I heard someone calling me.
主语谓语宾语宾补
(在此句中,宾语和宾补的关系是主动的,它表示call的动作正在进行。

如果转换成句子,可以构成一个主动句,是进行时,即someone calling me=someone was calling me.)
I heard my name called.
主语谓语宾语宾补
(在此句中,宾语和宾补的关系是被动的,它表示call这一动作已经完成。

转换成的句子是个被动句,是过去时,表示这一动作已经结束。

My name called = My name was called. )

We found the snake eating the eggs.
= the snake was eating the eggs
We found the eggs eaten by the snake.
= the eggs were eaten by the snake
⑥I saw the gardener water all the trees.
(不定式water做动作see的宾语补足语,表示我看到了园丁浇树的全过程)
I saw the gardener watering the trees.
(动词-ing形式watering做see的宾语补足语,表示在浇树的过程中被看见。

但只是一段时间,而不是全过程。

)
例外:但如果宾补所表示的动作是短暂的,则用不定式与动词-ing的区别不大。

The woman didn’t see anyone leave/leaving the building.
1.由省去to 的不定式构成的复合宾语在变为被动语态时,要把原来省去的小品词to还原。

但let这个词除外,它的主动语态变为被动语态时,to可以还原也可以省略。

例:
I watched the boy cross the street.
→The boy was watched to cross the street.
The teacher let the students write the composition at class.
→The students were let (to) write the composition at class.
2.find的用法⑴ find +宾语+doing
⑵find +宾语+不定式
⑶find +宾语+ done
例:①He found a purse lying on the ground.(现在分词)
②(√)He found the city changed a lot. (过去分词)
(×) He found then change the city.
3.seat和sit 的用法
例:①Please be seated. = Please sit down.
②What surprised me most was to see some of the villagers seated/ sitting on the benches at the end of the room.
注意:此句中的seated 不可以写成seating,但可以写成sitting.
4.如果有一系列动作做宾语时,一般用不定式,而不用动词-ing.
例:
I saw her enter the room, sit in a chair, open a book and begin to read.
四动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式做状语时的区别
动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式虽然都可以做状语,但他们的区别比较大。

1.表示原因的不定式
主要是修饰一些含有感情色彩的表语形容词和不及物动词,位置一般在这些被修饰词的后面。

例:①I’m sorry to hear that.
②They rejoiced to get there first. (他们第一个到达非常高兴。

)
2.表示原因的分词短语
表示原因的分词短语用得很多,动词没有太多的限制,它的位置也比较灵活,可以在句子中的任何位置,而且要带有逗号。

例:The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition.(为了不使她紧张,医生没完全向她讲明病情的严重性。

)
补充:
过去分词做状语和动词-ing做状语的区别
做状语时,过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,而动词-ing形式往往表示进行的和主动的动作,所以从动作是否完成和语态上可以将他们两者分开。

例:
①The old man sat in bed surrounded by his children. (被动语态)
②Buried deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal. (被动语态,并且buried这一动作早已完成) 枯木被深深地埋在了地下,(然后)腐烂变成了煤。

③The woman sat in the armchair watching TV.(谓语动词sat和动词-ing形式watching同时进行,是主动语态。

) 这位妇女坐在扶手椅上,看着电视。

五动词-ing和动词不定式做主语、表语时的区别
1. 一般情况下区别不大,有时可以通用
例:①Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.
主语表语
②It is dangerous playing with explosives.= It is dangerous to play with explosives.
玩炸药是危险的
2. 动词-ing和动词不定式也有下面一些小区别。

⑴动词-ing更接近于名词,所以表示的动作比较抽象,或者是习惯性的;而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作,特别是将来的动作。

例:①His hobby is painting.
②In summer what he wants to do is to paint.
⑵在口语和疑问句中,常用动词-ing,而不用不定式。

例:Does your saying so mean anything to him? 你说这话对他能起作用吗?
⑶动词-ing和不定式用于不同的惯用语中。

句型:It is no use/good doing sth. 表示“干某事是没有用的”。

句型:It is important/necessary/advisable to do sth. 表示“干某事是很重要/必要/明智的”。

一般情况下,尤其是在中学阶段,It’s no use/ good …后面用动词-ing的情况是绝大多数。

例:
①It is no good being a liar. 说谎是没有用的。

②It’s no good learning English words by heart without knowing how to use them.
不懂如何运用,而只是死记英语单词是没有用的。

③It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)
注意:但某些成语和句型有严格的固定搭配,一定要用动词-ing.
④It’s very important to attend meetings.
⑤It’s necessary to buy a bike at once.
⑥It’s advisable to work out a plan before we start to work.应该在开始工作之前制定一个计划。

注意:It is no use/good to do sth.并不是错的,有时也可以用,尤其是指具体的情况。

例:It’s no use to ask the teacher. He has no idea of it.
(关于这件事)问这个老师也没用,他(对这件事)一点也不知道。

六动词-ing和动词不定式做宾语时的区别
1. 区别不大的情况
动词-ing和不定式均可做宾语且区别不大的情况,常见于begin, continue, start这些动词。

例:①After finishing his composition he continued reading/to read the novel.
②They usually begin working/ to work at nine in the morning.
2. 有些区别的情况
动词-ing和不定式均可做宾语且有些区别的情况,常见于like, hate, learn, prefer, love等动词。

例:
①I like skating. But I don’t like to skate today.
(like skating 是指一贯的、习惯的爱好,而like to skate是指暂时的动作。

)
比较:learn to do sth 学会做某事
Learn doing sth 曾学过做某事
②She hates to smoke before other people.(不定式的逻辑主语是she,是指她本人吸烟。

)
She hates smoking. (动名词的逻辑主语不只是句子的主语she, 还有别的人。

)
③The girl has learned to cook. (表明她现在会做饭。

)
The girl has learned cooking. (现在可能做得好,也可能不太好。

)
④Although she is only seven, she has learned to skate skillfully. (表示她学会了溜冰。

)
She has been learning skating for five years. (表示仍在学习。

)
3.区别很大的情况
动词-ing和不定式都可以做宾语,但在以下的意义上有很大区别。

⑴remember/forget/regret + 动词-ing, 表示动作已经发生;
remember/forget/regret + 不定式,表示动作尚未发生。

动词-ing:表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生,指已做的动作。

不定式:表示的动作在谓语动词之后发生,动作还没发生,指将来要做的动作。

例:
①I remember giving the letter to him. (我记得把信给她了)
I will remember to give the letter to him. (我会记得把这封信交给他的)
(giving 是在remember 之前发生过的动作;不定式to give 是在remember之后将要发生的动作。

)
②I forget giving the letter to him. (我忘了已经把信给他了。


I’m afraid I will forget to give the letter to him. (我担心我会忘了把这封信交给她。

) (giving 是在forget 之前发生的动作;不定式to give 是在remember之后将要发生的动作。

)
③I regret accepting your advice. (我真后悔听了你的意见。

)
I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.
(我十分遗憾的要告诉你,我不准备接受你的意见。

)
(accepting 表示一个在regret 之前已经发生过的动作;不定式to tell 表示一个在regret 之后或与之同时发生的动作。

)
⑵try + 动词-ing, 表示“试一试”;
try + 不定式,表示“设法去做某事”,相当于do one’s best to do sth.
例:①Never mind. Try doing it in another way. 没关系,试试用另一种方法做。

②You must try to do it well. (你必须尽量、设法把它做好。

)
⑶mean + 动词-ing, 表示“意味着”(主语一般是物)
mean + 不定式,表示“企图、打算去做”(主语一般是人)
例:①Sure, at 5 am I mean to get up early. 没错,是清晨5点种,我打算早点起床。

②Catching the first bus means getting up early. 赶上头班车就意味着要早起。

⑷go on + 动词-ing, 表示“继续做某事”,相当于continue to do/doing sth;
go on + 不定式,表示“接着做某事”,相当于do sth next.
例:①They went on talking about the education. 他们继续谈论教育问题。

(在中断谈话之前他们就在谈论着教育,之后又继续同一内容。


②They went on to talk about the education. 他们接下去就去谈论教育问题了。

(指在中断谈话之前讲的不是教育问题。


⑸stop + 动词-ing, 表示“停止做某事”;
stop + 不定式,表示“停下来(一件事)开始做另一件事”,相当于stop sth to do another. 例:They stopped quarrelling. 他们停止了争吵。

They stopped to quarrel. = They stopped what they were doing in order to quarrel.
他们停下来,争吵起来了。

说明:
stop 和go on 后面的不定式不是宾语而是状语,stop 和go on 后面的动词-ing是宾语。

4.易混淆的词组
系表结构的be used to (过去习惯于)和被动语态be used to do (被用于做) 容易混淆。

例:①We are used to keep us warn by coal. 我们过去习惯于用煤来取暖。

(系表结构)
②Coal is used to produce electricity, to cook our food and to keep us warn.
人们用煤发电、煮饭和取暖。

(被动语态)
例:①I used to live in the countryside. 我过去曾经住在农村。

(我现在不在农村)
I am used to living in the countryside. 我现在已经习惯于住在农村了。

②The twins used to go to school by bike. 那对双胞胎曾经骑自行车上学。

The twins are used to going to school by bike. (习惯于。

)
③He never used to smoke as much as he does now. 她过去吸烟从来没有像现在这么多。

Now he has gotten used to smoking so much. 现在他已经习惯于抽许多烟了。

④My parents used to go for a walk after supper.(过去常常。

)
My parents have been used to going for a walk after supper. (现在…已经习惯于…)
重要:
Used to do sth和would to do 都可以表示过去多次发生的习惯动作,但他们之间是有区别的。

Used to do sth和would do sth的区别:
Used to 后面可以使状态性动词,也可以是动作性动词,而would 后面只接动作性动词,它主要是同过去的另一段时间相比。

因此,如没有具体的上下文,应有时间状语修饰。

Used to do sth 有与现在比较的意思,即过去常做,现在不做了,would do sth没有此含义。

例:The book shop used to be in the city centre. 书店过去在市中心。

(不用would)
Would 经常和表示过去时间的短语、从句一起连用,或通过上下文可以明确是过去的事,而used to 则不必。

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