动词ing形式、过去分词和不定式的区别
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动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式的区别
非谓语动词(动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词)在多数情况下可以再句子中担任除了谓语以外的其他成分,而且都不受主语的人称和数的限制。
但是他们之间又存在着或多或少的区别。
下面我们将详细讲解。
一.动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式做表语时的区别
动词-ing:做表语时,主要表示主语的内容。
多数情况下,主语和表语的位置可互换。
过去分词:做表语时,主要表示主语的特点和所处的状态。
主语和表语的位置不可互换。
不定式:做表语时分两种情况:一种是和动词-ing一样表示主语的内容;另一种是与过去分词一样表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
例:
①对比:
The film is disappointing.
这个例子是动词-ing做表语,表示主语The film 的性质、特点,不能和主语互换。
We are disappointed with the film.
这个例子是过去分词做表语,表示主语we所处的状态,表语不能和主语互换。
②My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.
动词-ing做表语,表示主语的内容“我的工作是什么”,表语和主语的位置可以互换。
③Our aim is enter the university. = To enter university is our aim.
(不定式做表语,表示主语的内容,即“我们的目标是什么”。
表语和主语的位置可以互换)
例:
①Look at the sleeping boy. (动词-ing做定语)
逻辑上的主语(the sleeping boy= the boy is sleeping)
= Look at the boy who is sleeping. (定语从句)
②Please go to the sleeping car. (动词-ing做定语)
说明用途(the car is for sleeping)
说明:动词-ing做定语
Sleeping car : 1) 只有sleeping 重读
2)不能变为定语从句
3) 两者没有逻辑上的主谓关系
③I have a lot of words to say. (不定式做定语)
与words存在逻辑上的动宾关系
(to say 是不定式的一般式,表示的动作和谓语动作同时发生)
说明:不定式做定语words to say 1) to say 只能放在words后面。
2)两者有逻辑上的动宾关系
④Do you have anything to say?
(anything 是to say 的逻辑上的主语)
⑤China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
动词-ing表进行过去分词表完成
= China is a country that is developing and America is a country that has developed.
⑥The falling leaves are all yellow. Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.
动词-ing表动作正在进行过去分词表动作完成
= Look, the leaves that are falling are all yellow. Lots of the leaves that have fallen make the road yellow.
例句分析:* the leaves that are falling相当于falling leaves,意为“正在飘落的树叶”
*the leaves that have fallen相当于fallen leaves,意为“已落在地上的树叶”
⑦The swimming pool belongs to our school.
⑧I’ve something important to do.
(不定式to do做定语只能放在被修饰词something的后面)
⑨He wants to improve his teaching method.
注意:
动词-ing 形式和过去分词有进行、完成之分。
A drowned man 一个已淹死的人 a drowning man 一个快淹死的人
boiled water 煮开过的水(可能是烫的或冷的)boiling water 正在沸腾的水
例:
①A: Do you hear someone calling you?(动词-ing )
表示动作正在进行,是主动关系
= Someone is calling you, do you hear it?
B: Yes, I did. I heard him call me several times.(不定式)
表示动作已结束,是主动关系
A: Oh, you mean hear your name called several times.(过去分词)
两者是被动关系,且动作已结束
②
When he was decorating his house, he got the bedroom painted first.(过去分词painting做宾补)
表示动作已结束,被动关系
When he was decorating his house, he had some workers paint his bedroom first.
表动作已结束,主动关系
(不定式paint做宾补)
③
In order to finish it, he had the workers working all the day and night.
表示动作正在进行,主动关系
注意:如果宾语补足语的动作既可以表达进行状态,又可以表达全过程,那么用不定式或动词-ing的区别不大。
例:I like to watch the planes land/landing or fly/flying. 我喜欢观察飞机的着陆和起飞。
④I heard someone calling me.
主语谓语宾语宾补
(在此句中,宾语和宾补的关系是主动的,它表示call的动作正在进行。
如果转换成句子,可以构成一个主动句,是进行时,即someone calling me=someone was calling me.)
I heard my name called.
主语谓语宾语宾补
(在此句中,宾语和宾补的关系是被动的,它表示call这一动作已经完成。
转换成的句子是个被动句,是过去时,表示这一动作已经结束。
My name called = My name was called. )
⑤
We found the snake eating the eggs.
= the snake was eating the eggs
We found the eggs eaten by the snake.
= the eggs were eaten by the snake
⑥I saw the gardener water all the trees.
(不定式water做动作see的宾语补足语,表示我看到了园丁浇树的全过程)
I saw the gardener watering the trees.
(动词-ing形式watering做see的宾语补足语,表示在浇树的过程中被看见。
但只是一段时间,而不是全过程。
)
例外:但如果宾补所表示的动作是短暂的,则用不定式与动词-ing的区别不大。
The woman didn’t see anyone leave/leaving the building.
1.由省去to 的不定式构成的复合宾语在变为被动语态时,要把原来省去的小品词to还原。
但let这个词除外,它的主动语态变为被动语态时,to可以还原也可以省略。
例:
I watched the boy cross the street.
→The boy was watched to cross the street.
The teacher let the students write the composition at class.
→The students were let (to) write the composition at class.
2.find的用法⑴ find +宾语+doing
⑵find +宾语+不定式
⑶find +宾语+ done
例:①He found a purse lying on the ground.(现在分词)
②(√)He found the city changed a lot. (过去分词)
(×) He found then change the city.
3.seat和sit 的用法
例:①Please be seated. = Please sit down.
②What surprised me most was to see some of the villagers seated/ sitting on the benches at the end of the room.
注意:此句中的seated 不可以写成seating,但可以写成sitting.
4.如果有一系列动作做宾语时,一般用不定式,而不用动词-ing.
例:
I saw her enter the room, sit in a chair, open a book and begin to read.
四动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式做状语时的区别
动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式虽然都可以做状语,但他们的区别比较大。
1.表示原因的不定式
主要是修饰一些含有感情色彩的表语形容词和不及物动词,位置一般在这些被修饰词的后面。
例:①I’m sorry to hear that.
②They rejoiced to get there first. (他们第一个到达非常高兴。
)
2.表示原因的分词短语
表示原因的分词短语用得很多,动词没有太多的限制,它的位置也比较灵活,可以在句子中的任何位置,而且要带有逗号。
例:The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition.(为了不使她紧张,医生没完全向她讲明病情的严重性。
)
补充:
过去分词做状语和动词-ing做状语的区别
做状语时,过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,而动词-ing形式往往表示进行的和主动的动作,所以从动作是否完成和语态上可以将他们两者分开。
例:
①The old man sat in bed surrounded by his children. (被动语态)
②Buried deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal. (被动语态,并且buried这一动作早已完成) 枯木被深深地埋在了地下,(然后)腐烂变成了煤。
③The woman sat in the armchair watching TV.(谓语动词sat和动词-ing形式watching同时进行,是主动语态。
) 这位妇女坐在扶手椅上,看着电视。
五动词-ing和动词不定式做主语、表语时的区别
1. 一般情况下区别不大,有时可以通用
例:①Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.
主语表语
②It is dangerous playing with explosives.= It is dangerous to play with explosives.
玩炸药是危险的
2. 动词-ing和动词不定式也有下面一些小区别。
⑴动词-ing更接近于名词,所以表示的动作比较抽象,或者是习惯性的;而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作,特别是将来的动作。
例:①His hobby is painting.
②In summer what he wants to do is to paint.
⑵在口语和疑问句中,常用动词-ing,而不用不定式。
例:Does your saying so mean anything to him? 你说这话对他能起作用吗?
⑶动词-ing和不定式用于不同的惯用语中。
句型:It is no use/good doing sth. 表示“干某事是没有用的”。
句型:It is important/necessary/advisable to do sth. 表示“干某事是很重要/必要/明智的”。
一般情况下,尤其是在中学阶段,It’s no use/ good …后面用动词-ing的情况是绝大多数。
例:
①It is no good being a liar. 说谎是没有用的。
②It’s no good learning English words by heart without knowing how to use them.
不懂如何运用,而只是死记英语单词是没有用的。
③It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)
注意:但某些成语和句型有严格的固定搭配,一定要用动词-ing.
④It’s very important to attend meetings.
⑤It’s necessary to buy a bike at once.
⑥It’s advisable to work out a plan before we start to work.应该在开始工作之前制定一个计划。
注意:It is no use/good to do sth.并不是错的,有时也可以用,尤其是指具体的情况。
例:It’s no use to ask the teacher. He has no idea of it.
(关于这件事)问这个老师也没用,他(对这件事)一点也不知道。
六动词-ing和动词不定式做宾语时的区别
1. 区别不大的情况
动词-ing和不定式均可做宾语且区别不大的情况,常见于begin, continue, start这些动词。
例:①After finishing his composition he continued reading/to read the novel.
②They usually begin working/ to work at nine in the morning.
2. 有些区别的情况
动词-ing和不定式均可做宾语且有些区别的情况,常见于like, hate, learn, prefer, love等动词。
例:
①I like skating. But I don’t like to skate today.
(like skating 是指一贯的、习惯的爱好,而like to skate是指暂时的动作。
)
比较:learn to do sth 学会做某事
Learn doing sth 曾学过做某事
②She hates to smoke before other people.(不定式的逻辑主语是she,是指她本人吸烟。
)
She hates smoking. (动名词的逻辑主语不只是句子的主语she, 还有别的人。
)
③The girl has learned to cook. (表明她现在会做饭。
)
The girl has learned cooking. (现在可能做得好,也可能不太好。
)
④Although she is only seven, she has learned to skate skillfully. (表示她学会了溜冰。
)
She has been learning skating for five years. (表示仍在学习。
)
3.区别很大的情况
动词-ing和不定式都可以做宾语,但在以下的意义上有很大区别。
⑴remember/forget/regret + 动词-ing, 表示动作已经发生;
remember/forget/regret + 不定式,表示动作尚未发生。
动词-ing:表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生,指已做的动作。
不定式:表示的动作在谓语动词之后发生,动作还没发生,指将来要做的动作。
例:
①I remember giving the letter to him. (我记得把信给她了)
I will remember to give the letter to him. (我会记得把这封信交给他的)
(giving 是在remember 之前发生过的动作;不定式to give 是在remember之后将要发生的动作。
)
②I forget giving the letter to him. (我忘了已经把信给他了。
)
I’m afraid I will forget to give the letter to him. (我担心我会忘了把这封信交给她。
) (giving 是在forget 之前发生的动作;不定式to give 是在remember之后将要发生的动作。
)
③I regret accepting your advice. (我真后悔听了你的意见。
)
I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.
(我十分遗憾的要告诉你,我不准备接受你的意见。
)
(accepting 表示一个在regret 之前已经发生过的动作;不定式to tell 表示一个在regret 之后或与之同时发生的动作。
)
⑵try + 动词-ing, 表示“试一试”;
try + 不定式,表示“设法去做某事”,相当于do one’s best to do sth.
例:①Never mind. Try doing it in another way. 没关系,试试用另一种方法做。
②You must try to do it well. (你必须尽量、设法把它做好。
)
⑶mean + 动词-ing, 表示“意味着”(主语一般是物)
mean + 不定式,表示“企图、打算去做”(主语一般是人)
例:①Sure, at 5 am I mean to get up early. 没错,是清晨5点种,我打算早点起床。
②Catching the first bus means getting up early. 赶上头班车就意味着要早起。
⑷go on + 动词-ing, 表示“继续做某事”,相当于continue to do/doing sth;
go on + 不定式,表示“接着做某事”,相当于do sth next.
例:①They went on talking about the education. 他们继续谈论教育问题。
(在中断谈话之前他们就在谈论着教育,之后又继续同一内容。
)
②They went on to talk about the education. 他们接下去就去谈论教育问题了。
(指在中断谈话之前讲的不是教育问题。
)
⑸stop + 动词-ing, 表示“停止做某事”;
stop + 不定式,表示“停下来(一件事)开始做另一件事”,相当于stop sth to do another. 例:They stopped quarrelling. 他们停止了争吵。
They stopped to quarrel. = They stopped what they were doing in order to quarrel.
他们停下来,争吵起来了。
说明:
stop 和go on 后面的不定式不是宾语而是状语,stop 和go on 后面的动词-ing是宾语。
4.易混淆的词组
系表结构的be used to (过去习惯于)和被动语态be used to do (被用于做) 容易混淆。
例:①We are used to keep us warn by coal. 我们过去习惯于用煤来取暖。
(系表结构)
②Coal is used to produce electricity, to cook our food and to keep us warn.
人们用煤发电、煮饭和取暖。
(被动语态)
例:①I used to live in the countryside. 我过去曾经住在农村。
(我现在不在农村)
I am used to living in the countryside. 我现在已经习惯于住在农村了。
②The twins used to go to school by bike. 那对双胞胎曾经骑自行车上学。
The twins are used to going to school by bike. (习惯于。
)
③He never used to smoke as much as he does now. 她过去吸烟从来没有像现在这么多。
Now he has gotten used to smoking so much. 现在他已经习惯于抽许多烟了。
④My parents used to go for a walk after supper.(过去常常。
)
My parents have been used to going for a walk after supper. (现在…已经习惯于…)
重要:
Used to do sth和would to do 都可以表示过去多次发生的习惯动作,但他们之间是有区别的。
Used to do sth和would do sth的区别:
Used to 后面可以使状态性动词,也可以是动作性动词,而would 后面只接动作性动词,它主要是同过去的另一段时间相比。
因此,如没有具体的上下文,应有时间状语修饰。
Used to do sth 有与现在比较的意思,即过去常做,现在不做了,would do sth没有此含义。
例:The book shop used to be in the city centre. 书店过去在市中心。
(不用would)
Would 经常和表示过去时间的短语、从句一起连用,或通过上下文可以明确是过去的事,而used to 则不必。