研究生英语教程

Unit 1

Text A, Unit One

A covenant marriage is a legally recognized form of marriage that differs from the common

no-fault-divorce marriage which allows either spouse to terminate the marriage at any time and for virtually any reason. Specifically, a couple that chooses to have their civil marriage designated a covenant marriage sign a legal document that attests:

（The difference between a covenant marriage and the common no-fault-divorce marriage is that in the latter, either spouse can end the marriage any time and for virtually any reason. To be exact, if a couple choose a covenant marriage, they should sign a legal document that shows:）

They believe marriage is a commitment to live together as husband and wife for life. (They believe if they get married, they are commited to to live together as husband and wife for all their life.)

They have chosen carefully to be married to each other and have disclosed to each other everything that could adversely affect the decision to marry. (They have make the decision to get married carefully and told all the secrects that may do harm to their marriage.)

They understand the exclusive grounds for divorce or legal separation under a covenant marriage.( They understand if they choose a covenant marriage, they can only divorce under certain conditions.)

At this point, no one is hazarding a guess at where this trend will top out. (At this point, no one dares to make a guess as to the highest percentage of engaged couples choosing covenant marriage.)

That is, some religious groups are concerned with a weakening of the institution of marriage and want to promote a greater commitment to marriage that is aligned with their religious values about the sanctity of marital relationships. (In other words,some religious organizations are worried that the custom of marriage is weakening and want to promote a greater commitment to marriage that is in harmony with the values of their religion on the holiness of the relationships in a marriage.) The Catholic Church is concerned that discussion of divorce will confuse or obscure church teachings on marriage.(The Catholic Church is worried that too much discussion of divorce will make church teachings on marriage more difficult to understand or more likely to be confusing.) Other religious leaders have expressed opposition to the concept of renewed vows or "upgrading" as a denigration of marriage vows which have been faithfully honored. (Other religious leaders don’t think that the idea of the renewed promises or "upgrading" belittles the mar riage promises, which have long been regularly respected.)

Moreover, divorce tears the fabric of civil and stable communities which then leads to other social problems. (Besides, divorce destroys the polite and stable communities which then brings about other social problems.)

It doesn't take a rocket scientist to see that divorce is costly to society.

(It is not difficult to see that divorce is costly to society.)

The passage of covenant marriage legislation probably has been facilitated as much by a sense of reducing government expenses and promoting the public welfare as it has by conservative religious sentiments. (The passing of covenant marriage legislation was helped both by the wish to reduce government expenses and promote the public welfare and by conservative religious ideas.) Covenant marriage is not a panacea for all the troubles that beset marriages today. (Covenant marriage doesn’t help to solve all the problems attacking marriages today.)

It is natural to wring our hands over the fragility of the institution of marriage. (It is natural not to do anything for the weakness of the institution of marriage but just worry about it.)

Test B

For the five couples sitting around a table watching them on videotape, it isn't hard to imagine this pair riding a perpetual merry-go-round of misery.（For the people watching these scenes, it is quite easy to think the couple in the video is playing a game of misery one after another without an ending.）

Defenders argue that to curtail the right to divorce would constitute a serious blow to feminism.（Defenders argue that to deprive women of the right to divorce would be a heavy blow to feminism.）

One hundred presenters and more than 1,000 attendees gathered to share research as well as programming and outreach ideas.（One hundred speakers and more than 1,000 audience gathered to share their research and plan and to express their ideas.）

They need to be reassured. (They need to be given more confidence about marriage.)

Other marriage education promoters feel that America can't wait for an attitude shift. Mike McManus, a syndicated columnist out of Bethesda, Maryland, and an anti-divorce advocate, has lobbied for legally mandated premarital counseling. (Other marriage education promoters even feel that America doesn't have time for its people to change their opinion about premarital counseling. Mike McManus, a columnist working for several newspapers at Bethesda, Maryland, who is against divorce, has tried to persuade legislators into making laws on premarital counseling.)

It's one thing to encourage premarital counseling," says Kim Stout of the Michigan chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, "but it's another to mandate it." (Encouraging premarital counseling and putting it into practice are two different things.)

Unit 2

Text A

Though health care experts disagree on how to incorporate aviation-based safety measures, few argue about the parallels between the two industries or the value of borrowing the best practices. （Although health care experts don’t agree on how to combine the aviation-based safety devices, almost none of them argue about the similarities between the two industries or the significance of using the best practices for reference. ）

“We're where the airline industry was 30 years ago" when a series of fatal mistakes increased scrutiny and provoked change, said Dr. Stephen B. Smith（“We are now what the airline industry used to be 30 years ago” when a number of serious mistakes make more and more careful examination and changes necessary, said Dr. Stephen B. Smith.）

“The culture in the operating room ha s always been the surgeon as the captain at the controls with a crew of anesthesiologists, nurses and techs hinting at problems and hoping they will be addressed,” Dr. Smith said.（“The atmosphere in the operating room has always been like that the surgeon works as a captain commanding a group of anesthesiologists, nurses and techs who are solving problems and hoping the problems to be dealt with by others.” Dr. Smith said.）hospitals that adopt these measures have fewer malpractice suits and post surgical infections。（hospitals using these measures are not charged of the wrong doings and there are almost no afterward surgical infections. ）

"The trend is not surprising given the similarities between health care and aviation" said Dr. David. (“The trend of inv iting aviation experts as health care consultants is not surprising if taking the fact that there are similarities between health care and aviation into account”)

"Both involve hours of boredom punctuated by moments of sheer terror," he said. (Health care and aviation both have some boring periods, which are sometimes interrupted by feelings of fear.) “Training programs developed by pilots without knowledge of health care realities can be "appallingly bad," he said. (“Training programs developed by pilots who don’t know much about the health care problems can be surprisingly bad” he said.)

"I'm hearing compliments and acknowledgment, which has really boosted morale." (“The compliments and acknowledgment from others has really boosted my confidence.” )

Still, some doctors balk at the rote quality of the procedures, claiming that they are unnecessary and undermine their authority. (Still, some doctors don’t want to try the rigid procedures, claiming that they are unnecessary and they will weaken their authority.)

Even the most recalcitrant tend to come around. (Even those who are opposing tend to change their opinions.)

Text B

A substance found in red wine protected mice from the ill effects of obesity and extended their life spans, raising the tantalizing prospect that the compound could do the same for humans and may also help people live longer…（A substance found in red wine protected mice from suffering the bad effects of being fat and therefore lived longer, which raised hope for humans to benefit equally from the substance in the near future.）

They hailed the findings as groundbreaking. (They described the findings as new discoveries.) This really pushes the field forward. (“This really promotes the development in the field. )

which has prompted some people to try arduous "caloric restriction" diets as a possible fountain of youth. (which has prompted some people to try hard to restrict calorie-taking in order to keep young.)

Sinclair and his colleagues studied year-old mice, which are the equivalent of middle-aged humans.（Sinclair and his colleagues studied one-year-old mice, which are of the same condition with the middle-aged human.）

But the findings indicate that resveratrol or molecules like it could have myriad benefits, and Sinclair has started taking it.（But the findings show that resveratrol or molecules like it could have a number of benefits to health, and Sinclair himself started taking resvertrol (as nutritious supplement).）

for now, we counsel patience（At present, we advice people to be patient）

If you must have a Big Mac, fries and apple pie, we may soon know if you should supersize that resveratrol shake （We may soon get the research findings for whether you need to drink more wine with resveratrol if you must eat a large hamburger, fries and apple pie）

Unit 3

Text A

In this material desert, clothes had become a currency of identity.

（In this world full of material things, clothes had become a general means of gaining an acceptance of one’s identity.）

It makes sense to her to use appearances to mark culture, gender, class, religion, and so on.

(To her, it is meaningful to use appearances to tell the differences among culture, gender, class, religion, and so on.)

Australians would be obvious because of their beach culture casualness

(It is easy to tell Australians from others, as they usually wear casual clothes , which has something to do with their living environment.)

The seemingly anonymous stranger is easily categorized and ranked.

(The apparently unknown stranger is easily grouped and classified.)

It was more foolish to dress unfashionably because in one's adherence to the proper codes of appearance, more important declarations of social acceptability were being conveyed.

(It was more foolish of one to dress unfashionably, because when he/she dressed in a fashionable way, he/she was declaring a very important massage of being socially accepted.)

It functions effectively not only as an economic colossus but also to engineer social practices.

(It plays an important role both in economic field and in helping to guide social practices.) Without the fashion label or brand product, there seem to be few pathways through the crowded field of commodities

(Without the fashion label or brand product, consumers would be at a loss as to which to choose among the varieties of commodities. )

The brand invests the everyday practices of the contemporary fashion lover with the specificities of taste, social location, and subjectivity.

(The brand makes the everyday life of modern-time fashion lovers seem to have some characteristics reflecting their high taste, social position and personal likings.)

The linkage of character and morality with physical appearance was significantly strengthened when modern societies eliminated rigid codes of dress and sumptuary laws

(It was easier to judge a person’s character and morality from his or her appearance when modern societies got rid of the rigid rules of dress and laws of forbidding spending too much.)

The linkages between fashion-ability and modernity are forged from the shared evaluation of innovation and the pursuit of novelty in technical, political, social and aesthetic arenas. (Fashion-ability and modernity are associated, because both of them emphasize innovation and novelty in technical, political, social and aesthetic areas.)

fashion is a constituent feature of modernity, interpreted as an era of history marked by perpetual innovation, by the destruction of the old and the creation of the new.

(fashion is an element of modernity, which is characterized by everlasting innovation, by destroying the old and creating the new.)

Fashion itself is predicated on producing ever new tastes, artifacts, and practices

(Fashion takes as its principle to create ever new tastes, products and practices.)

Declarations of serious social unrest have been invested in stylized appearances.

(Serious social unrest has been declared when certain groups of people dressed themselves in distinctive ways. )

The emphasis that city life gives to appearances concentrates attention on the fashionable.

(As city life emphasizes appearances, people pay attention to the fashionable things.)

This makes fashion a disciplinary power in Foucault's sense, in that it coerces the body to shape and rearrange itself in accordance with ever-shifting social expectations.

(According to Foucault’s idea, fashion plays a role of training the body to shape itself and

rearrange itself to meet the need of the changing social expectations.)

The body becomes a site of aesthetic innovation, much like the family car, and subject to periodic upgrading.

(The body becomes a place for aesthetic innovation, much like the family car, and experiences regular improvements. )

Fashion provides a short cut by which we enter another identity.

(Fashion gives us a quicker and ready way to become another person.)

Text B

If she’s going sleek, the bridal party will want to do the same.

(If she chooses to be well-dressed, the whole wedding party will want to follow suit.)

Absent all the frills, lace, and tulle that adorn traditional gowns, casual gowns are lighter and simpler, which ensures comfort from the moment you slip into it.

(Without all the frills, lace and tulle that go with traditional gowns, casual gowns are lighter and simpler, which makes it certain that you feel comfortable when you wear them. )

Envelope yourself in the memories associated with the dress every time you wear it.

(Keep the memories associated with the dress in your mind whenever you wear it.)

In keeping with the style of your gown, it is best to keep accessories at a minimum.

(In order to match your gown, it is best not to have too many decorations. )

Unit 4

Text A

MG, the legendary British brand that expired after a lengthy illness, will be revived this month as a Chinese sport car---

（MG, a very famous British Brand sports car that has been stopped using because of a long period of troubled business, will be put to use again as a Chinese sports car this month.）

It is a cautious, even stealth –like approach, and a stark contrast to Japan and Korea.

（It is a careful and secret practice, which is completely opposite to that of Japan and Korea.）Still, the foreign investments are a trickle at this stage.

（Still, there is a small amount of money invested in the foreign business at this stage.）

In the United States, national security concerns over a takeover bid by Cnooc for Unocal in 2005 killed that deal.

（Out of the concerns over the national security, the United States made the deal of Cnooc’s offer to buy Unocal impossible.）

Emotions have already risen in Britain recently over Burberry’s plan to move production to China.（Recently Burberry plans to have its production in China, which has already aroused some adverse emotions in Britain.）

Even Prince Charles has added his voice to protests that the quintessentially British brand would be made in China.

（Even Prince Charles has expressed his opinion against the typical British brand being made in China.）

But the company has also signed a 33-year lease on a portion of the Longbridge factory site. （But the company has also signed a contract of using a part of the Longbridge factory site for 33 years.）

Text B

You better hit the mark no matter what.

(You’d better try to reach your goal no matter what it is.)

In such a precarious environment, falling short is not tolerated.

(In such an environment full of uncertainties, failing to achieve a specified goal can not be tolerated.)

Ethnic is about being forthright even when the laws allows you to be less forthright.

(Ethnic means you are honest even if it’s legal for you to be less honest.)

Unit 5

Text A

News is more unpredictable than the winds.

（News, like winds which are so changeable, can not be predicted.）

That doesn't help you, the beginner, any more than the whimsical following definitions:

（That, as well as the following unusual definitions is not helpful for the beginners like you.

---That is as useless as the following unusual definitions for the beginners like you.）

It doesn't hold up as a universal definition either, though.

（It can not be taken as a universal definition either.）

Knowing who cares about a story can go a long way toward defining newsworthiness.（Knowing who is concerned about a story can be very helpful for one to define newsworthiness.）

The news peg is the element that you hang your story on.

（The news peg is something you are using as a reason to prove your story.

--- The news peg is something your story is based on.）

The more the merrier.

(The more people are impacted by your story, the more newsworthy the story is.)

Even stories about peace are more stories about war, or a lack of it.

(Even when we talk about peace, we concern more about war, peace means the lack of war.)

Knowing these elements puts us closer to defining news.

(Knowing these elements makes it easier for us to define news.)

Text B

Actually, it is worse than worthless; a false news story undercuts the public trust necessary for the survival of a free press.

(In fact, it is worse than if the story contains errors; a false news story weakens the public trust, which is very important for a free press to survive.)

Each word in your story should do a job

(Each word you choose for your story should help to achieve accuracy and brevity in news writing.)

Don’t be redundant.

(Don’t say too many useless words.)

News, like fish, is better fresh.

(News is like fish, it’s better to keep them fresh.)

When you select one word over another, your judgments enter the story.

(---When you choose one word instead of another, your personal attitude is involved in the story. ---Your attitude can be seen by your choice of words.)

A reporter's credibility is the only guarantee the reader has of the story's accuracy.

(---The accuracy of the story depends on whether the news reporter is trusty or not.

---The reader will trust the story only if the reporter is trusty/trustworthy.

---Whether the story is accurate or not depends on the reporter’s honesty.

--- The accuracy of the story is up to the integrity of the reporter.)

There are no policemen in the newsroom forcing reporters to be accurate.

(Reporters are not forced to be accurate in writing news stories.)

Use your normal objectivity and fairness when writing about advertisers, even if they push you for a "positive" story, and threaten to pull their advertising if they don't get it.

(--- When you write stories about advertisers, you are supposed to give all sides of the stories, even if you are forced to write only the good sides and even they threaten to stop doing business with you if you don’t satisfy their desire.)