十八世纪英国小说的文化解读

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18世纪英国文学的特点

18世纪英国文学的特点
18世纪英国文学的特点包括以下几点：
1. 启蒙运动的影响：18世纪是启蒙运动的时期，思想家们强调理性和科学，这种思潮在文学中也得到了体现，作家们开始尝试用理性的方式来描述社会和人性。

2. 社会观察的重要性：18世纪的英国民众逐渐开始关注社会问题，作家们也开始将社会观察和批判融入到文学作品中。

这些作品主题多为社会的不公和阶级的斗争。

3. 个人主义的兴起：18世纪是个人主义的时期，作家们开始强调个人的自主和自由意志，表达了对常规和制度的质疑。

4. 叙事手法的多样化：18世纪英国文学实验了不同的叙事手法，如回忆录式叙述、描写现实生活的小说和历史小说等。

5. 小说的兴起：18世纪是小说的黄金时期，英国文学中出现了许多经典小说，这些作品对英国文学和世界文学产生了深远的影响。

18世纪英国文学(1)

第二节18世纪英国文学一、概述在世纪初，现实主义小说登上文坛，在长达五十余年的发展中，产生了笛福、斯威夫特、理查逊、菲尔丁、高尔斯密、斯泰恩等一批出色的小说家，它代表18世纪英国文学的最高成就，也使英国文学在整体上达到欧洲同一时期的最高水平。

18世纪中后期，具有感伤主义色彩的墓园诗派出现繁荣局面，哥特式小说也展露异彩。

18世纪后期，彭斯和布莱克的诗歌唱了浪漫主义先声。

启蒙主义是18世纪英国文学的思想主轴。

18世纪英国启蒙文学具有发展的特点。

前期相信理性的绝对权威，力图在现存社会结构内树立美德，创造自由。

英国启蒙文学发生在资产阶级革命之后，它所面临的主要任务是全面确立资本主义社会的伦理规范。

三、现实主义小说与戏剧1、产生背景：（1）哲学基础；（2）印刷技术的改进与廉价读物的出现；（3）大量普通读者出现。

2、丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660－1731）及《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe, 1719）《鲁滨逊漂流记》写鲁宾逊在海外荒岛的冒险开拓经历，那种试图单枪匹马与未知世界斗争的开拓本能，敢于挑战极限的精神，开天辟地的气魄和勇气宣示了个人英雄主义时代的来临。

3、撒姆尔·理查逊（Samuel Richardson, 1689－1761）有书信体小说《帕米拉》（Pamela, 1739－1740），以及小说《克莱丽莎》（Clarissa, 1747－1748）。

《帕米拉》：贵族B先生、女仆帕米拉。

小说中对阶级关系的处理方式：两个阶层各守其职，以此为基础建立起来稳定的社会结构。

新道德的基础是建立在阶级划分、阶级容忍、阶级合作以及理性基础上的。

小说的书信体结构。

5、亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding, 1707－1754）的主要小说：《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传》（The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild the Great, 1739－1740）、《约瑟·安德鲁传》（The Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Adams, 1742）、《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones, 1749）、《亚美丽娅》（Amelia, 1751）等。

18世纪英国文学的趋势

18世纪英国文学的趋势
18世纪是英国文学发展的重要阶段，其中出现了一些明显的趋势和特点。

以下是一些重要的趋势：
1. 古典主义：18世纪英国文学受到古典文学的强烈影响，特别是古希腊和罗马文学。

作家们研究和模仿古典作品的风格和主题，追求文学的严谨和规范性。

2. 启蒙思想：18世纪是启蒙时代的全盛期，思想家们强调理性和科学的重要性，反对迷信和专制。

这种思潮在文学中也有所体现，作家们开始关注社会问题、人权和个人自由。

3. 社会批判：18世纪英国社会出现了巨大的变革，人们开始对社会问题展开批判。

一些作家，如塞缪尔·理查森和亨利·菲尔丁，通过小说探讨了社会阶级、性别和家庭关系等问题。

4. 英国浪漫主义：18世纪末，浪漫主义逐渐兴起，对理性主义和古典主义的反叛开始显露。

浪漫主义作家，如威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·柯勒律治，强调个人情感和自然的力量。

5. 小说的兴起：18世纪是英国小说发展的重要时期。

小说成为一种流行的文学形式，作家们开始创作长篇小说，如丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》和简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。

6. 诗歌的转变：18世纪的英国诗歌呈现出一种转变，由古典的形式
和主题向更加个人化和自由的方向发展。

诗人们开始关注个人情感和自然景观，并采用更加自由的诗体，如威廉·布莱克的无韵诗。

总的来说，18世纪英国文学在古典主义和启蒙思想的影响下，开始关注社会问题和个人情感，同时也为后来浪漫主义和小说的兴起铺平了道路。

18世纪英国文学的主要成就

18世纪英国现实主义文学
小说是18 世纪英国文学最主要的贡献.在古典主义盛行时期,史诗和悲剧才是正统文学作品的形式.小说是随着中产阶级的兴起而兴起的新的文体.西班牙的“流浪汉小说”、骑士传奇、意大利的以《十日谈》为代表的短篇故事、英国的描写下层人物冒险经历的故事和人物特写,都是形成近代小说的重要因素.
特点是：①它偏重对现实的客观的、具体的、历史的描写,强调人物和环境之间的现实关系.
②典型是现实主义创作的核心.典型化和个性化不可分割,每个典型又是“这一个”.③具有强烈的批判性或揭露性,特别注重描绘社会的黑暗和丑恶现象,以及社会下层、“小人物”的悲惨遭遇.④在艺术形式和表现手法上,以生活本身的形式反映生活为其基本形式,但不局限于这一形式.它具有广阔的审美可能性,不排除采用假定、夸张、荒诞、变形、意识流等多种手法.它重视社会分析,包括心理分析.探索人的复杂内心世界的心理描写,是它的艺术特征之一.
⑤思想基础一般为资产阶级的人道主义.谴责社会黑暗,同情下层人民的苦难与不平等地位,但一般未触及社会矛盾和现实关系的真正根源.
成就：①笛福与《鲁滨逊飘流记》；②斯威夫特与《格列佛游记》；③理查生与《克拉丽莎》；
④菲尔丁与《汤姆.琼斯》.。

英国文学——18世纪概述

启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。

18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。

新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。

亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。

18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。

理查德·斯梯尔（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫·艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。

乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。

斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。

作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。

塞缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784）是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘，《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》（The Preface to Shakespeare）和《诗人传》（Livesof the Poets）是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。

他从常识出发，在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框，不乏真知灼见。

约翰逊的散文风格自成一家，集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。

十八世纪英国文学概述

期，英国文学在许多方面都取得了显著的成就。

首先，十八世纪的英国文学深受启蒙主义思想的影响。

启蒙主义强调理性、科学和知识，这些思想在许多作家的作品中都有所体现。

例如，丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》就是一个典型的例子，它体现了人类对自然界的探索和科学精神。

其次，十八世纪的英国文学也注重表现人性和情感。

许多作家通过他们的作品表达了对人性的深刻理解和同情。

例如，罗伯特·彭斯的诗歌《一朵红红的玫瑰》就表达了对爱情的深深向往和赞美。

此外，十八世纪的英国文学还具有鲜明的民族特色。

许多作家通过他们的作品展现了英国的历史、文化和传统。

例如，约翰·克莱尔的《乡土风俗习惯》就是一部描写英国乡村生活习俗的作品，它让读者更加了解英国的传统文化和风俗。

最后，十八世纪的英国文学还具有鲜明的时代特征。

这个时期的英国正处于工业革命和城市化进程中，这些变化也在许多作家的作品中得到了反映。

例如，狄更斯的《双城记》就通过讲述一个历史故事展现了工业革命对人们生活的影响。

时期的英国文学在许多方面都取得了显著的成就，为世界文学的发展做出了重要贡献。

十八世纪英国文学的分类

十八世纪英国文学的分类十八世纪是英国文学的黄金时期，这一时期涌现出了许多杰出的作家和作品。

这些作品被广泛地分为几类，如小说、诗歌、戏剧等。

以下是对十八世纪英国文学的分类的探究。

一、小说在十八世纪，小说成为了最为流行的文学形式。

小说包含了丰富的内容和不同的风格。

其中，浪漫小说和现实主义小说是最为流行的两种类型。

浪漫小说通常描写一些奇异的事件和情节，其中最著名的作品是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》和《理智与情感》。

这些小说通常描写了一个女性主角的故事，她在不同的环境中经历了各种各样的情感和爱情。

现实主义小说则更加注重现实生活中的事件和情节，其中最著名的作品是丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》。

这些小说通常描写了一个男性主角的故事，他在不同的环境中经历了各种各样的挑战和困境。

二、诗歌十八世纪的诗歌涵盖了许多不同的流派，包括浪漫主义、启蒙主义和古典主义。

其中最著名的作品是威廉·华兹华斯的《悼念诗》和约翰·基茨的《抒情诗集》。

浪漫主义诗歌通常描写一些浪漫和情感的主题，如爱情、自然和宗教。

这些诗歌通常使用比喻和象征来表达作者的情感和思想。

启蒙主义诗歌则更加注重理性和科学的主题，如自然、人类和社会。

这些诗歌通常使用清晰和明确的语言来表达作者的观点和思想。

古典主义诗歌则更加注重传统和历史的主题，如希腊和罗马神话。

这些诗歌通常使用优美和华丽的语言来表达作者的情感和思想。

三、戏剧十八世纪的戏剧涵盖了许多不同的类型，包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。

其中最著名的作品是威廉·莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》和奥利弗·戈德史密斯的《船长》。

喜剧通常描写一些轻松和幽默的主题，如爱情和友谊。

这些戏剧通常使用滑稽和夸张的手法来吸引观众的注意力。

悲剧则更加注重人性的悲剧和悲惨的结局，如爱情和家庭。

这些戏剧通常使用严肃和深刻的手法来表达作者的情感和思想。

历史剧则更加注重历史和政治的主题，如战争和国家。

18世纪英国文学

二《汤姆·琼斯》汤姆·琼斯》
1.
内容简介
以主人公的活动为线索,用第三人称叙述的传纪体小说。中心故事是写主人公汤姆·琼斯的坎坷命运和曲折遭遇,他自幼遭到遗弃与虐待,在成长过程中又不断受到小人布立非的暗算,最后又遭恩主兼养父奥尔华绥误解,被逐出家门,同时又与恋人索菲亚离散。这一对恋人分别后历尽各种磨难与诱惑,最后苦尽甘来, 汤姆的身世之谜大白（与布立非是同母异父兄弟，也是奥尔华绥的外甥）,重获奥尔华绥恩宠，并与索菲亚结成眷属。
“编者相信，这部自述是事实的忠实的记录，其中绝无虚构之处” 其中绝无虚构之处” —《鲁滨逊漂流记》第一卷序言鲁滨逊漂流记》 — “ 这个故事，虽然是寓言性，同时又是历史的。它是一种绝无仅有的生活苦难和一种无与伦比的生存方式的精妙再现……” 种无与伦比的生存方式的精妙再现……” —《鲁滨逊漂流记》第三卷序鲁滨逊漂流记》言
⑤
典型性
现实主义创作方法要求除了细节真实外, 现实主义创作方法要求除了细节真实外,还要真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物,在小说《真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物,在小说《汤姆·琼斯》中,菲尔丁运用对比手法成功塑造了同琼斯》一类型而不同特点的一系列典型人物
身份的焦虑
英国学者威廉· 英国学者威廉·布洛姆在总结有关身份问题的最近研究成果时简要概括到: 研究成果时简要概括到:“身份确认对任何个人来说,都是一个内在的、无意识的行为要求，个人努力设法确认身份以获得心理安全感, 力设法确认身份以获得心理安全感,也努力设法维持、保护和巩固身份以维护和加强这种心理安全感,后者对于个性稳定与心灵健康来说,有至关重要后者对于个性稳定与心灵健康来说, 的作用。从婴儿期到成年以至老年, 的作用。从婴儿期到成年以至老年,身份确认这一行为要求一直发挥着作用“ 行为要求一直发挥着作用“。而一个人的身份包括诸多层面,根据荷兰学者吉尔特· 括诸多层面,根据荷兰学者吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德有关文化身份的论述, 文化身份的论述,一个人始终同时属于以下不同层面或身份标志:如国家层面、地域/种族/信仰/ 面或身份标志:如国家层面、地域/种族/信仰/语言层面、性别层面、代的层面、阶级或身世层面、组织或职业层面等等。

18世纪文学第二讲

3、前浪漫主义 18世纪后期英国情感主义另一流派，强调感情、天才、独创、想象力等，前浪漫主义与感伤主义相通。在对中世纪兴趣方面，前浪漫主义与哥特式小说相通，前浪漫主义成就主要是诗歌 ①汤姆森：《四季》，文学史上第一首浪漫诗歌，诗歌乡村化 ②彭斯：《苏格兰方言诗集》。彭斯用白话语言描写普通的事物和人的真实情感，风格接近民歌，显得清新自由 ③布莱克：英国浪漫主义诗歌先驱，同时也是画家，其诗画表现幻景，充满神秘主义。代表诗作：《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》
2、哥特小说也被称为恐怖与神秘小说，是18世纪末19世纪初广为流传的小说流派，多以中世纪城堡为背景，写城堡中的谋杀、迫害等，偏爱恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等
☆ 哥特式小说 vs.写实小说
哥特小说注重营造神秘、恐怖的氛围、描写不平常的人物与事件，对浪漫主义影响很大 ①华尔蒲尔：哥特式小说创始人，代表作《奥托浪图堡》 ②德拉克利夫人：魔怪幽灵，追求夸张的感官刺激，代表作《尤道夫的神秘事迹》
这个空间转换的过程涉及到鲁滨逊：
从旧世界到新世界
从熟悉的世界到陌生的世界从自我的世界到“他者”的世界
从现成的、既定的、由父辈塑造的空间，向一个不确定的、完全陌生的、
有待于自我构建的空间的转换。而两者同时并进，互补互动。
这种错位感也是现代人的生存体验
鲁滨逊人生奋斗的每个前进步骤，都是对原有的社会纽带的舍弃或割断。正因为如此，在流落海岛之前，他就已经认为自己“简直像被丢在别无一人的荒岛上一样。” 他的经验体现了现代生存的一个重要特点，即人的一种日渐深刻的孤独感。
（二）18c.40s——50s：小说成就最高 1、约翰逊（1709-1784）：18世纪中后期英国文学泰斗，文学批评家，他

【分析】18世纪英国文学特点分析

【关键字】分析The Literary Principles of the 18th Century English LiteratureThe 18th century was generally considered as “the Age of Reason”. In the period Enlightenment prevailed in England and most European countries. Most of the literary works put significant emphasis on the social order, morality, justice and freedom of human nature, which are the essence of Enlightenment. Reason, which Enlightenment advocated, was the most important mode for the English people in the 18th century. The main tasks of the Enlighteners were to call for the elimination of the feudal remnants and religious ignorance, and to pave the path for the development of the bourgeoisie.The 18th century was of great significance in English history. Owing to the enormous strides in politics and economy, the literature of the century entered the period of prosperity.1. Historical BackgroundIn politics, the “Glorious Revolution” in 1688 made the smooth transition to a constitutional monarchy in peace come into realization, and afterwards Capitalism was definitely established in Britain. After many centuries of wars and civil trifles, the 18th century saw a period for the English people to enjoy peace and tranquility in their social and political life.The power of the monarch was deprived and fell into the hands of the Parliament, which was under the control of two major political parties, the Whigs and the Tories. Even though the Whigs were for the democracy and the Tories were the supporters of the British monarchy, the two parties had no much dispute in economic development and the policy of moderation, which ensured a relatively speedy development of the English society in economy and in democracy.The Act of Union united England, Scotland and Welsh into one country, which laid a foundation for the rise of the British Empire in the middle of the 18th century.In economy, the international trading and the lucrative slave trade brought tremendous wealth. Although almost all the European countries had been on the process of industrialization, in England the development was accelerated with the help of the new inventions and a large-scale Enclosure Movement all over the country. The social status of the newly rising bourgeoisie was gradually set up by the boom of economy at home and abroad.However, the time the capitalists accumulated the enormous profits was the time thousands of peasants were expropriated off the land and the labor workers lost their jobs. The gap between the ruling class and the oppressed was aggravated. The social contradictions were accumulated and deteriorated.In social life, economic development also brought changes for the English people’s way of life. The people began to have more energy to participate in the social life. Such places for the social activities as the coffeehouse, the theaters and libraries gradually thrived. In the coffeehouse, information, opinions and even gossips on various issues were exchanged and the style of literature was formed and influenced in the public way.The economic prosperity and the rising of the bourgeois class produced a new requirement for a new social order and rules to meet the need of the social development in politics and morality, and the need of a way to clear away the feudal remnants. The literary men achieved the aim by means of the introduction of the reason, morality, and equality. The development of science and technology boosted the process. Isaac Newton exerted great influence upon Enlightenment with his law of gravitation, which smashed the medieval superstition to the natural forces.2. The Principles of LiteraryIt was impossible to make a clear distinction of the different literary genres with so many factors mixed together. Roughly, the literature in the 18th century was divided into three periods, from the late of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century the popularity of the Neoclassicism, the early to the middle 18th century the rapid growth of the realistic novels of Defoe, and the outstanding novelists Fieldingand Smollett, and the last decades of the prevalence of Sentimentalism and the appearance of Romanticism.The literary trend of this century could be summarized as the development of poetry, the prosperity of prose, the rise of novel and the decline of drama.2.1 Enlightenment in LiteraryThe 18th century is known as “the Age of Enlightenment”, which is a progressive intellectual movement as a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. The Enlightenment left a lasting heritage for the 19th and 20th centuries.Enlightenment was not only a culture and thought movement, but has exerted huge influence on almost all of the aspects of the English people’s social life. The Enlighteners took the task to enlighten the people with the modern ideas in philosophy, politics and arts. The Enlighteners believed that the universe was rational and could be understood through Reason. Truth could be got through the empirical observation. And reason was the only yardstick to measure all human activities and relations. Only in this way can the primitive thoughts and feudal behaviors, such as superstition, injustice, oppression and religious persecution, be eliminated. The Enlighteners also fought against the social hierarchy system and called on the development of science and technology.Besides, they praised highly for the function of education. They held the belief that the universal education could bring about rationality, equality and truth. They believed that the human beings could be manipulated like the engine once they acquired these characteristics.In essence, the Enlightenment Movement was the struggle of the progressive bourgeoisie against Feudalism. For the bourgeois intellectuals, the Reason was the weapon to overthrow the domination of Feudalism. They sought the freedom of politics and academic thinking to pave the way for the establishment of the Capitalism.In brief, the Enlightenment movement was to enlighten or educate the peoplewith the modern philosophical and artistic ideas. Literature at the time showed the strong characteristics of didacticism and moralization. Among the famous Enlighteners in England, John Dryden and Alexander Pope were the most conspicuous.2.2 NeoclassicismThe influence of the Enlightenment Movement to the English literature of the 18th century was first reflected in the emergence and popularity of the Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism was a literature genre that came into being in the middle and late of the 17th century in England and France, and thrived in the beginning of the 18th century. John Dryden，though dead in 1700, was the first advocator and the most important performer.After the Renaissance, a reaction came against intricacy, boldness and extravagance. In the period, the literature brought about a revival of interest in the old Classical works. The writers got the ideas and art forms from the classical times. As John Dryden stated in his Essay of Dramatic Poesy, the Neoclassicists demanded that literature should learn from the Classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and also their contemporary French writers, such as V oltaire and Diderot. The Neoclassicists advocated simplicity, restraint, regularity and good sense. They believed that accuracy and wits should be the most important elements in the art creation.The Neoclassicists formulated fixed rules and laws guided by Greek and Latin works for the genres of literature to follow. They believed that there was the proper language to choose and the right style and tone to use when they wrote different literature, which was the “correctness” that they pursued. Therefore, such standards of the Classics as drama, rhyme and good proportion were advocated. Under the guideline, poetry should be lyric, epic, didactic, or dramatic, and prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible.Meanwhile, the Neoclassicists argued that literature should be judged by the function of moralization and education. Therefore, most of the literature during thatperiod was didactic so as to form a new social order and morality to meet the needs of the new era.What’s more, another aim of the literature was to entertain the readers. With the boom of the publishing industry and the increase of the educated population, new ways to entertain the mass, especially the people of the middle class, were called on. The expectation of the people to participate in social activities and express their emotions grew stronger. Hence, the simple, elegant and restraint writing styles gained popularity.Furthermore, the writings of Neoclassicism shared a common feature—objectivity. As the neoclassicists emphasized Reason and thought that art should be logically organized, neoclassical art did not appreciate the emotion or imagination, but logic, good organization and proportion. However, literature under this guideline seemed a bit cold and inhumane. The absence of any elements of romantic and the over emphasis on Reason led to the rise of the opposite genr e—Romanticism in the period followed.However, literature at that period was not simply the imitation of the Classics but something new was injected into it. Dryden, the advocator of the Movement, laid emphasis not only on Neoclassicism, but also on the traditional English literature. He praised the works of Shakespeare’s and Chaucer’s, and encouraged the combination of the classics with the native elements of England to make the writing style new. Dryden’s theory was modern and flexible, so it was easy to be accepted and promoted by his followers in the 18th century, such as Alexander Pope and Swift. The idea promoted the popularity of the English literature, especially the first half of the 18th century.With the influence of Neoclassicism, the prose was developed dramatically. A lot of prose writers and novelists appeared, like Addison, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson.Even though the Neoclassicism did not flourish very long in the history of English literature and was substituted by the Sentimentalism and Romanticism. The ideas of reason, wit, simplicity and regularity existed and influenced the Englishliterature even to the modern times.2.3 The Origin of the English NovelThe 18th century was the golden age of the novel. The origin of the novel can date back to Homer’s epic, the legend in the medieval times of Europe and the adventure stories in Europe. However, in English literature, the novel, the new genre, emerged and the realistic novels reached the peak in the 18th century. Many great novelists, such as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, were not only world famous, but has left a great cultural heritage.In the 18th century, the rapid growth of economy boomed the city life. The middle class had more leisure time to entertain themselves. They called for fresh ways of entertainment and expressions of their thoughts and emotions. In the new social system, the patronage, which used to be the main means for the writers to get subsidization, was substituted by the new system of publishing and copyright. The writers had more freedom to write what they wanted to and some of them wrote to cater to the popular taste. At the same time, a new and great need for the reading emerged. Libraries stepped into the people’s daily life, so that more and more prints were called for in the huge market. They were all the reasons to promote the originality and development of English novels, especially the rise and the prosperity of the realistic novels in the 1730s to 40s.2.3.1 The Realistic NovelIn the first half of the 18th century, “reality”became the most important conception of the creation of novels. Novels were not only the means for the writers to reflect their life and feelings but also the way for the common people to express their passion and emotions.In the process of elevating their social status and accumulating the wealth, the bourgeois fought with the old system and had endured the hardships. The whole meaning of their life was to work hard, to make wealth and to get a better life. What was realistic in the true life was represented faithfully in the realistic novels of thecentury.The feature was best found in Robinson Crusoe, Denial Defoe’s masterpiece. Denial Defoe was named the “father of English realistic novel” by some scholars not only because Robinson Crusoe was the first realistic novel in the 18th century and the first modern English novel, but also it was a good example of the “truth to life”.In the novel, the writer gave the reader a vivid description of the spirit of struggle and adventure at the beginning of the Capitalism, and successfully portrayed an image of an enterprising Englishman. The realistic presentation of the growth and struggle of Robinson showed the spirit of that time. Robinson, as a businessman who pursued wealth, was a typical representative of the English middle-class men with courage, energy, persistence and wisdom. His struggle against the hostile natural environment showed the strong confidence of the bourgeoisie to fight for the ambitions. Robinson grew from a naive youth full of dreams into a realistic and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.Besides, Robinson was also the representative of the bourgeois colonizers who took control of the new land and his servant, Friday. Therefore, this novel was the product of the Industrial Revolution and a real presentation of life of the common people.Generally, the writers of the realistic novels would claim that what they had written was really based on the true events with the real place names and the exact date as the background. At the beginning of Robinson Crusoe, “he” said, “I was born in the Year 1632, in the City of York, of a good Family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen who settled first at Hull.” And later the description of his life in Brazil as a planter conformed to the historical facts at that time. In the novel, the colloquial, easy language and sometimes, short, plain sentences were used to leave the readers the impression that the hero was true to life and was telling his stories face to face. In the narrative, the writers put an emphasis on the detailed account of the process and the description of the mental activity. In Robinson Crusoe, the vivid description of the details made the story fascinating. However, this novel was criticized for the repetition and the loose structure.Besides, even though the themes of the realistic novels were different, they had the same core, which was the searching for the essence of life. Through the account of the living conditions and the way of living at that period, the writers sought the answers from the common people, and even the vulgar and the poor, which was contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats or epics. Through Robinson, who lived alone in an isolated island, and Tom Jones, an outcast in Henry Fielding’s masterpiece The life and History of the Foundling Tom Jones, the writers, against the mode of the Neoclassicism, expounded that the courage, the wisdom, the persistence and the morality of the mass people were the primitive power for the social progress.To summarize, the realistic novels, for the first time turning their attention from the grand themes and the high classes to the common people and the reality, adding the modern element to the writing style of that period. That is why Robinson Crusoe was taken as the forerunner of the modern novel.Besides Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett made even higher achievement. Their works had impact on some of the great works of European writers, and paved the way for the great 19th century realistic writers like Jane Austen, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens and William M. Thackeray.2.3.2 The Epistolary NovelIn the 18th century, another style emerged and brought in a new way of narrative, which is the epistolary novel. Samuel Richardson flourished the style by three famous works Pamela, Clarissa and Grandson.The novel Pamela was written in the form of a series of letters from the heroine to her parents. In the letters she told them her life and experience at her master’s house. The epistolary novels not only enriched the narrative form of the novel, but also transformed the role of the writers from the narrator to the editor. By means of the pile of letters, the heroine herself told the story. In the epistolary novel, the characters would get closer to the reader. The mental activities and the change of their emotions could be more vivid. It was easy to get the readers to resonate deeply with the fate of the heroine. Pamela was among the first novels to give detailed descriptionof the character’s psychology. It described not only the common life of the characters, but through the letters their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, this novel was also considered as the first psycho-analytic novel in the history of English literature. The vivid description of the psychology of the females gave an impetus to the development of the modern novels. From this perspective, Richardson was thought of the real founder of English modern novels by some scholars.The subtitle of the novel was Virtue Rewarded, the function of moral instruction and education was clearly showed in the novel beside that of entertainment.2.3.3 The Gothic NovelIn the last decades of the 18th century, the English realistic novel gradually gave way to the Gothic novel or the Gothic romance.The Gothic novel refers to the strange, mysterious adventures happening in dark and lonely places such as graveyards and old castles built in the middle ages, such as the Gothic castle. The Gothic novel originated from Horace Walpole’s novel The Castle of Otranto in 1764. As a branch of the English literature, the Gothic novels played an important role in the development of the horror movies and left great influence upon the English romanticists.Generally speaking, the Gothic novels included such elements as horror, mystery, supernature, and death. Usually the story would be set in the classic castles with haunted ghosts. The typical story focused on the sufferings or mystery imposed on an innocent heroine. Frequent use was made of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, sensational and supernatural occurrences. The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery and a variety of horrors.2.4 The Satire StyleSatire，another typical feature of this period’s writing, prevailed in the first half of the 18th century. A common feature of satire was to use strong irony or sarcasm, usually in parody, exaggeration and comparison, to attack something they did not accept or approve of. Not only was satire an effective weapon for arguments of allkinds and attacks on the political views, the social system and social life, but also it answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, aiming at universal education to perfect the mass in moral, social as well as cultural life.In the 18th century, satire prevailed at a certain historical background. Even though this was a relatively peaceful period in English history, various divergences of values and conflicts still existed. With the increase of the wealth, the bourgeoisie expected to have higher social status and more power to control the nation, which was to turn over the social hierarchy and social custom. The contradictions between the two parties increased the social unrest. Among them the contradictions between the ruling class and the laboring poor were gradually intensified. The industrial Revolution and foreign trade brought a large quantity of wealth to the country, but that did not spread to the mass of the poor people. Correspondingly, social problems and discontent were constantly emerging. The social reality was reflected in the literary works in a satirical style.Pope and Swift were the superb satirists during that period. Swift defined a good style as “proper words in proper places”. Their satires are well-known for witty remarks and adept techniques. So satire became the fashion and was performed almost in all forms of writing at the time.Jonathan Swift not only was one of the greatest representatives of the genre, but also was thought of the first writer to perform the modern satire. Even though he advocated Reason, he sometimes held certain skepticism to the “universal Reason”. He was well-known for his meaningful wording and the diversified writing techniques in his satiric novels.In A Modest Proposal, the writer suggested a seemingly logical proposal for the Irish slum, only to mock the heartlessness and selfishness of the high classes as well as their inhumane Irish policy in general. This essay has been regarded as the most ridiculous and savage ironical satire.In Gulliver’s Travels, the writer used fancy to make up an imaginary social condition, by using imaginary plots and exaggerated techniques to satirize and attack the social system and the politics. The book seemed to be an allegorical story forchildren, but in it the vanity and hypocrisy of the contemporary courts, statesmen and political parties were satirically attacked. In the first two parts of the novel, the writer mocked the conflicts between the parities, the Whigs and the Tories. In the part of the Flying Island, the writer described the strange and useless experiments that the scientists did, through which Swift satirized that the science was far away from the practical life.Henry Fielding’s works showed a grand panorama of life of the 18th century English society through the realistic description of the details. In his works, the characters were true-to-life, and full of optimism. Yet he also mildly criticized the weakness of the human nature and the vulgar social customs. His works Joseph Andrews was at first written to ridicule Richardson’s Pamela for its utilitarian morality, but made a big success unexpectedly. He claimed that this novel was “a comic epic poem in prose”in the preface of Joseph Andrews. However, different from the traditional epic, which is a genre generally used to praise heroes, nobles or kings, Fielding took advantage of the conception but portrayed the heroes of the middle or low classes so as to produce the ironic effect.Fielding’s Jonathan Wild the Great is a bitter satire on the exploiting and oppressing class. It is one of the best exposures of the corruption of the English bourgeois-aristocratic society. The “great”in the title referred not only to the hero “Jonathan Wild”, but also the minster “Robert Walpole” and other “great” men in the ruling class. From these men, Fielding summarized a common virtue “greatness” from their true nature of tyranny, corruption, oppression and exploitation to others.The Life and the History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, as Fielding’s masterpiece, was another good example. The story, through the growth of a foundling, Tom Jones, touched upon all kinds of people as well as the social problems. The novel was about a young man and a young woman who tried to unravel their birth myth, and their love story. In the process of their looking for their birth, Fielding gave the readers an extensive view of the social life in the city and the town. Through the comparison of different characters they met, the writer severely criticized the corruption, greed and hypocrisy of the nobles at that period. Fielding contributed a lot to the advance of theEnglish and European novels.2.5 SentimentalismSentimentalism was a trend of thought beginning in the 1740s and 50s. Its name was gained from Laurence Stern’s A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768). By the middle of the 18th century, sentimentalism came into being due to the discontent with the social reality.In the middle of the century, the contradictions were intensified to the degree that the nation was faced with the threat of instability. The Enlighteners, such as, Fielding and Smollett, who at first had sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue and the final achievement of social justice, began to be skeptical about the eternal “truth” and Reason, which were preached by the bourgeoisie.Even though the people began to doubt the power of the Reason to solve the social problems, they could not find out a more positive way to make the society better. The decline of the great Enlightenment brought about sentimentalism and pre-romanticism as the protest against the social reality of the day. Sentimentalism was an outlet for their dissatisfaction to the reality and for the escape from the far-from-perfect reality. Sentimentalism was the forerunner of the Romanticism later prevailing in the European literature.Form the angle of the ideology, sentimentalism was against the classicism and the rationalism. It was totally opposite to the perspective of the rationalism that the individuals should be under the control of the sovereignty. Sentimentalism stressed the expression of the emotions and feelings of the individual in the daily life. It concentrated on the distress of the poor and the virtuous people. It revealed grief, pains and tears. The emotions were mainly melancholy, sentimental and sensitive.Leslie Stephen once argued, “Sentimentalism could be defined to be indulgence in emotion for its own sake. The sentimentalist does not weep because painful thoughts are forced upon him but because he finds weeping pleasant in itself (p160).”In sentimental works, the first characteristics is that the characters’ mood and miserable life were portrayed to arouse readers’ sympathy to the ordinary people and discontent towards the social reality. The appeal to sentiment, not Reason, was themain characteristics. Sentimentalists thought that Reason was only a cold rule or law to tell the people the code of conduct. In their views, human beings were born good and were endowed with compassion, kindness and morality. Hence, the function of literature was to awaken and motivate the potential.The writers usually made use of death, loneliness and miserable experience to make the atmosphere desolate, dark and melancholy. In this way, the readers were easy to move and full of sympathy to the character. At the beginning of the century, almost all the works, as poetry, novels and essays were rational, ironic and instructive. Sentimentalism totally changed the direction of English literature. At the same time, the educational function was also fulfilled.Besides, the common people molded in the works made the readers feel real empathy for what the characters had been through. And the sympathy for the misery of others became a sign of good manners and social morality.What’s more, in the views of the sentimentalists, there was no distinction of the genres of literature, that is, elegance or vulgarity. Therefore, a lot of different literature styles, such as prose, lyric, letter, autobiography, became the common styles in sentimentalism.Sentimentalism, having obtained pleasure in nature and the mysterious, paved the way for Romanticism, which put high value on nature and spontaneous expression of emotion. In addition, romanticists’ praise for the virtue of the common people and the attack on the rich and the system owed a good deal to sentimentalism.The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalists are Laurence Sterne who wrote A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy in 1768 and Thomas Gray with his masterpiece, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, the model of sentimental poetry.Sentimentalism in poetry first found its full expression in the 40s and the 50s and was the bridge from Classicism to Romanticism. In Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, the poem reflected the poet’s melancholy on the death and the sorrowful life of human beings. The poet also pointed out that death was inevitable no matter who you were. This poem, with the well-balanced structure and。

18世纪英国文学背景概述

18世纪英国文学背景概述18世纪英国的文学发展受到政治、社会和文化因素的影响。

这个时期的文学作品反映了当时的社会变革和对权力、自由和人性的思考。

在政治上，18世纪英国经历了康复王朝（Restoration）和格鲁吉亚时期（Georgian era）。

康复王朝的开始标志着斯图亚特王朝的恢复，文化和艺术也随之复兴。

在1707年苏格兰和英格兰成为大不列颠王国后，生活和文化开始对现实世界转向，而非仅仅是王室权力。

社会变革也对文学产生了影响。

18世纪英国经历了农业革命和工业革命，城市化和社会阶层的差异加剧。

小说开始兴起，成为人们思考社会问题和展示个人经历的重要形式。

通俗文学的兴起为大众带来了更多的阅读机会。

18世纪英国文学的主题和风格经历了多种变化。

早期的康复王朝文学体现了对娱乐和享乐的追求。

随着时间的推移，文学逐渐表现出对道德和伦理问题的关注。

18世纪还涌现了一系列重要的作家，如亨利·菲尔丁、塞缪尔·理查森、塞缪尔·约翰逊和詹姆斯·博斯威尔，他们通过小说和戏剧形式对社会进行了激烈的批判。

18世纪英国文学还受到启蒙运动的影响。

启蒙运动强调理性、科学和人类自由的重要性，这些思想在文学中得到了体现。

启蒙运动的领导者如弗朗西斯·培根和伊萨克·牛顿也引发了文学界对知识和科学的关注。

18世纪英国文学是一个多元化且不断变化的时期。

从娱乐至上到对社会问题和人性的思考，再到对理性和自由的追求，文学作品反映了当时社会和思想的变革。

这个时期的文学对于后世影响深远，为今天的文学提供了许多经典作品和思想的基石。

18世纪的英国文学

第一部分是风俗小说；第二部分是流浪汉小说和风俗小说；第三部分又是专门以城市为背景的城市风俗小说。
《汤姆·琼斯》的价值就在于用一个烂熟的套路广泛地描绘了英国的社会生活。
（四）劳伦斯·斯泰恩
斯泰恩是英国感伤主义文学的代表作家，他的小说对世界文学都有重要的作用，代表作是《感伤的旅行》。
英国的感伤主义发展到斯泰恩已经形成一个大的浪潮，感伤主义的名称即因斯泰恩的小说《感伤的旅行》而确定下来。
很多人认为英国的感伤主义是从理查逊开始的。
理查逊的小说里也有大量议论的部分。有些议论被人斥为是“自满自足的中产阶级的道德说教”。
理查逊小说中细腻的感情分析成为英国小说中重要的倾向，他还创造了“书信体” 小说。
理查逊小说的整体格调是哀婉的。
（三）亨利·费尔丁
亨利·费尔丁是18世纪英国很有影响的小说家，他的创作很丰富。最早的小说是《约瑟·安德鲁斯》，是针对《帕美拉》的感伤情调写的反讽，费尔丁把它叫做“散文滑稽史诗”，是对当时以理查逊为代表的作家创作的一系列感伤小说的讽刺。
（五）约拿旦·斯威夫特
约拿旦·斯威夫特（1667-1745）在文学史上有独特的地位，代表作是《格列佛游记》。
《格列佛游记》一共分为四部分：第一部分叫“小人国”；第二部分叫“大人国”；第三部分叫“飞岛”和“飞岛的地下部分”，第四部分叫“慧马国”。
《格列佛游记》第四部分“慧马国”写的是主人公格列佛漂流到一个孤岛，被一群野人包围，一匹马把格列佛带到了“慧马国”。格列佛回到人类社会后，被不相信他的人关进疯人院。他的妻子让大夫为他做一个诊断。结果格列佛一见到穿着严肃的医生，就把他们称为“野人”，认为这些穿着文明的人和岛上没穿衣服的人是一样的。

文学经典中的跨文化解读与理解

文学经典中的跨文化解读与理解文学作品作为人类思想与情感的表达，不仅仅是一个国家或一个文化的独立产物，而是具有普世性的价值和意义。

由于不同国家的语言、历史、传统和文化背景的差异，同一个文学作品在不同文化之间可能产生不同的解读和理解。

本文将以几部经典的文学作品为例，探讨跨文化背景下的解读与理解。

一、《傲慢与偏见》《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一。

虽然这部小说的故事发生在18世纪的英国社会，但其中的人物形象和人际关系却具有普遍的共鸣。

“傲慢”和“偏见”这两个主题是可以跨越文化差异的。

在西方文化中，傲慢通常被视为不好的品质，而在东方文化中，亦有类似的观念。

然而，不同文化对待傲慢的态度和方式可能存在差异。

这使得不同文化的读者对傲慢与偏见的理解会有所不同。

此外，《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观念也是一个受到文化影响的重要因素。

英国社会中的婚姻观念与传统家庭价值观念相结合，而在东方文化中，婚姻往往还包含了更多家族和社会的因素。

二、《堂吉诃德》《堂吉诃德》是西班牙作家塞万提斯的经典作品，以讽刺的方式揭示人类的愚蠢和社会的矛盾。

虽然故事发生在西班牙，但其中的主题却是可以超越国界的。

在该小说中，堂吉诃德对理想的追求和对现实的背离，以及他与现实世界之间的矛盾冲突，引发了读者的共鸣。

这种对人类本性和社会现象的揭示在不同文化中可能存在不同的具体表现形式，但其核心思想和情感共鸣是可以跨越文化的。

三、《红与黑》《红与黑》是法国作家司汤达的作品，以19世纪法国社会为背景，描绘了主人公尚·巴尔札克的成长和奋斗之路。

这部小说中探讨的社会等级、爱情与欲望等主题具有普遍性，可以在不同文化中找到类似的情节与人物形象。

虽然这部小说具有鲜明的法国特色，但其中对社会阶级的刻画和对人性的揭示是可以超越国界的。

不同文化中的读者可以通过对比自身社会的结构和文化背景，体会并理解其中的社会冲突和人物内心的挣扎。

结语文学经典作品是人类智慧的结晶，它们所揭示的主题和情感可以超越国界和文化的差异。

18世纪的英国文学

18世纪的英国文学
18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).
18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上著名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.
迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.
斯威夫特是英国文学史上著名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉
菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他
的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象。

浅谈十八世纪英国书信体小说特征-李骠

浅谈十八世纪英国书信体小说特征摘要：英国作家塞缪尔·理查逊于十八世纪五十年代向英国文学领域推出了书信体小说，他的书信体小说对当时的英国产生了较深的影响。

书信体小说属于一种特殊的文学体裁，其本身具有特殊的文学特征，具有对话性、私密性以及即时性等鲜明的特征。

十八世纪是英国书信体小说的繁荣发展阶段，自此以后英国的书信体小说逐步走向沉寂，在现代社会书信体小说以某种崭新的形式发生了转化。

关键词：书信体小说；塞缪尔·理查逊；帕梅拉；私密性一、引言书信体小说最早起源于西班牙，时间是在十五世纪。

英国作家塞缪尔·理查逊于十八世纪五十年代向英国文学领域推出了书信体小说，他的书信体小说对当时的英国产生了较深的影响力，《帕梅拉》、《克拉丽莎》《格兰狄森》都是塞缪尔·理查逊的书信体小说代表作，对当时英国社会反响很大。

书信体小说属于一种特殊的文学体裁，其本身具有特殊的文学特征，具有对话性、私密性以及即时性等鲜明的特征。

十八世纪的英国书信体小说立足于当时英国社会的方方面面，涉及政治、经济、历史文化等各个领域，对促进十八世纪英国的社会发展产生了积极的影响。

十八世纪是英国书信体小说的繁荣发展阶段，自此以后英国的书信体小说逐步走向沉寂，但是在现代社会我们仍然可以继续找寻到书信体小说的影子。

二、十八世纪英国书信体小说繁荣发展的历史背景英国小说的发展与成熟是一个循序渐进的过程，英国小说的繁荣发展与社会方方面面的发展息息相关，对这一点伊恩·P·瓦特在他的著作《小说的兴起》中表示了肯定。

社会经济的发展，人们的受教育水平逐渐提高以及家庭私窒的产生都成为推动小说获得繁荣发展的影响因素。

英国小说在不同阶段的发展都紧密地与英国社会的经济文化、政治历史等众多方面相连。

英国小说在十八世纪出现了跨越式的发展，英国小说在这一时期进入全面崛起阶段。

十八世纪的英国社会在休闲娱乐、消遣方式方面十分贫乏，人们之间的通讯方式也十分落伍，这种现状促进了民间书信往来的繁荣，这些都成为推动英国书信体小说繁荣发展的有利要素。

十八世纪英国小说的文化解读

学术界!(双月刊)总第126期,2007.5ACADEM I C S I N CH I NANo.5Sep.2007十八世纪英国小说的文化解读∀贺宁杉(南京审计学院外语系,江苏南京 211800)#摘要∃小说是英国文艺复兴之后文学发展的新模式,它一反过去旧文学表现贵族生活的传统,主要描述普通人的生活方式,展示了他们的精神境界、价值观念、道德情操,表达了这一时期大众文化的审美理念,说明了这一时期的大众文化已成为社会的主流文化。

#关键词∃小说;普通民众;审美理念;大众文化文化是一定时期社会的政治、经济、宗教、伦理、法律、价值观念、生产力水平以及人们的生活习俗等方面的总和,它决定了特定时期社会文明的程度。

文学艺术作为社会的审美意识形态,在一定意义上是一种具有特殊文化属性的精神活动。

它所描述的生活场景,所塑造的人物形象,所表达的审美理念都反映出一定文化模式下的人们的生产方式、生存方式、情感体验以及对生命意义的探索。

因此,栩栩如生的人物形象,丰富生动的社会生活场景都突现出社会文化的丰富信息。

一小说是十八世纪英国文学的主要成就,也是英国文学在文艺复兴之后文学发展的新模式。

文艺复兴时期文学的主要成就是戏剧,那时人们坐在戏院中欣赏戏剧,了解社会,把握生活,提升境界,陶冶情操。

而到了十八世纪人们对文学的欣赏转变到了对叙事文学文本的阅读,人们在平实的语言中了解普通人的生活故事,体验他们在生活中的复杂情感。

这种文学模式的变化,反映了这一时期作者简介:贺宁杉(1972 ),南京审计学院外语系讲师,研究方向为英语语言文学。

学术界2007.5%学者专论社会发展的变化,正如约翰%理查得在他的十八世纪小说!中所说的&在英国我们称为小说的东西,是作为一种对深远文化和社会变化的文学的反映而出现的∋。

#1∃这种文学创作及欣赏的变化肯定与当时社会文化的发展变化有密切的联系,归纳起来至少有以下几方面的因素起到了决定性的作用:首先是社会读者阶层的不断扩大。

试论18世纪英国小说文体的形成与社会文化的关系

收稿日期:2005-12-29 修回日期:2006-06-08作者简介:赖骞宇(1964-),女,江西鄱阳人,副教授,博士,从事比较文学与世界文学研究;詹慧芳(1974-),女,江西南昌人,2004级硕士研究生。

试论18世纪英国小说文体的形成与社会文化的关系赖骞宇,詹慧芳,袁　演(南昌大学人文学院中文系,江西南昌　330047) 摘　要:18世纪英国小说是作为一种对深远的文化和社会变化的文学反映而出现的。

社会和文化的变化以文学的形式反映出来,小说成为了一种载体;反过来,因为小说对于这些变化的反映而进一步促进了这些变化的发生并且使某些观念得以牢固树立。

关键词:18世纪;英国;小说;文体;文化中图分类号:I 10614 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-0448(2006)05-0088-06 西方文学中的小说,是18世纪后期才正式定名的文学形式,此前的准小说形式被称为“散文虚构故事”。

从文学发展史来看,18世纪以前的叙事作品或者采用诗歌体裁叙述故事(如骑士传奇),或者虽采用散文体叙述但其体裁和结构却像史书和编年史(如《圣经》);即使是17世纪后期出现的散文传奇在各方面已经很接近后来的小说,但它的虚幻性使其与真正意义上的小说仍有一定的距离。

小说文体直到18世纪才在英国形成并兴盛起来。

作为一种新的叙事文类,小说的诸多因素是在新的历史氛围里逐渐出现并最终成为一种文学传统的。

18世纪小说代表了其发展的前历史部分,它们构成了作为散文虚构文类的小说早期的形成阶段。

在这一阶段,文艺复兴以来的人文主义和宗教改革运动对西欧的社会文化产生了深远的影响,社会和文化正发生着巨大的变化,这些变化必然影响到文学艺术的创作。

公众对巨变中的现实生活怀有浓厚的兴趣,作家则以文字为工具,创造出一个完全真实的虚构世界。

当然这时的小说艺术性还很贫乏,写作者也基本上不是职业小说家,而且当时的小说家还经常把虚构故事当作事实或戏剧化的事实来表现,关于事实和虚构的区分在那时的叙事作品中是很难确定的。

18世纪英国小说的兴起

深入介绍
图示
笛福（1661－1731）笛福出生伦敦小商之家。受过中等教育，参过军，一生不断经商，精力过人，办报纸，写文章，涉及政治、经济、文学、宗教等领域。发表了《鲁滨逊漂流记》（1719）,标志了英国现实主义小说的诞生。
图示
《鲁滨逊漂流记》是他的第一部小说、代表作。是他对小说真实性的一个实践范本，这部作品既标志着18世纪英国现实主义小说的形成，也标志着现代意义上的英国小说的形成。
图示
劳伦斯.斯特恩（Laurence Sterne,1713-1768）是英国感伤主义小说的代表。他认为：“文学的主要任务是描写人的内心世界和他变化无常的情绪。”他还说： “小说结构的基础不是逻辑性而是情感性的原则。”他的《感伤的旅行》（A Sentimental Journey,1768)特别擅长于抒发主观的感情和心理分析，把小说的叙述对象从外部传向了人的内心世界和心理真实。斯特恩的这种感伤主义、主情主义笔法不仅开启了感伤主义文学的先河，还成了浪漫主义文学的先声。
Part 2
流派 Part 1
现实主义
哥特式小说
感伤主义
第一，“真实”成为小说创作的重要理念，因而小说既成为了文学家们反映生活、表现生活真实感受的重要手段与方式，也成了普通民众观察生活和宣泄情感的重要渠道，成了文化传播的的重要媒介。
图示
18世纪的英国文坛上最令人注目的是现实主义小说。“现实主义”一词含义丰富，但在这一时期用它来指认英国的小说，主要是因为这类小说普遍反映现实生活，描写普通市民，表达作家对生活的真实感受，富有真实感，从而有别于16、17世纪雏形状态的小说和传奇故事。它完全以一种新的面貌与姿态出现在读者面前。

18世纪英国小说在欧美小说发展中的意义探究

18世纪英国小说在欧美小说发展中的意义探究蒋秀凤【摘要】18世纪英国小说反映了当时英国的深远文化和社会变化,在艺术上所取得的成就对后世小说的演变和发展影响深远.从小说的叙述方式、叙述聚焦、结构模式三个方面对18世纪英国小说在欧美小说艺术发展中的作用和意义进行探讨和分析.【期刊名称】《兰州工业学院学报》【年(卷),期】2016(023)004【总页数】4页(P110-113)【关键词】18世纪;英国小说;作用;意义【作者】蒋秀凤【作者单位】兰州财经大学外语学院,甘肃兰州 730020【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106.418世纪是欧洲小说叙事艺术发展的初期阶段，即小说文体的形成时期。

小说的形成有一定历史及文化的背景。

西方文化中的人文主义传统、早期叙事文学在艺术方面的积累为小说的出现准备了经验条件。

18世纪的欧洲特别是英国，在政治、社会和思想方面发生着巨大变革，各阶层社会生活也发生着巨大变化；无论是变革，还是变化，对当时的社会思想和人文交流产生了巨大的影响，英国小说的文体形成，就是这一时期巨大变革的人文精神财富。

因为文学艺术自身的发展规律和社会文化、思想进步是相互砥砺的，18世纪英国小说作为一种新的文学体例，其文体的确立也是英国经济社会进一步发展和相对成熟的社会表现。

作为一种新的叙事文体，18世纪英国小说在艺术上所取得的成就对后世小说的演变和发展影响深远。

18世纪英国小说的叙述者、叙述聚焦者类型尚处于较为简单的阶段，但其聚焦对象却发生了巨大的变化，既使文学走上了大众化的道路，也为20世纪小说艺术的发展开辟出新的方向。

这一时期的叙述者，只有第一人称，表现为人物叙述者与全知全能的外在式叙述者两种类型。

不过这两种类型已经涵括了后世小说使用最广泛的第一人称和第三人称两种叙述方式。

第一人称人物叙述的方式在19世纪英国和欧洲小说创作中并未得到充分的发展，但是由于其表达情感的便利，在20世纪得到广泛的推崇，充分显示了其深刻表达人物内心世界的优越性。

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文学艺术作为社会的审美意识形态,在一定意义上是一种具有特殊文化属性的精神活动。

它所描述的生活场景,所塑造的人物形象,所表达的审美理念都反映出一定文化模式下的人们的生产方式、生存方式、情感体验以及对生命意义的探索。

因此,栩栩如生的人物形象,丰富生动的社会生活场景都突现出社会文化的丰富信息。

一小说是十八世纪英国文学的主要成就,也是英国文学在文艺复兴之后文学发展的新模式。

文艺复兴时期文学的主要成就是戏剧,那时人们坐在戏院中欣赏戏剧,了解社会,把握生活,提升境界,陶冶情操。

而到了十八世纪人们对文学的欣赏转变到了对叙事文学文本的阅读,人们在平实的语言中了解普通人的生活故事,体验他们在生活中的复杂情感。

这种文学模式的变化,反映了这一时期作者简介:贺宁杉(1972 ),南京审计学院外语系讲师,研究方向为英语语言文学。

十八世纪,英国的生产方式发生了重大变革,当时航海、经商、海外冒险成为社会新的生产方式,它所带来的社会财富远远超过过去传统的生产方式。

许多人驾船远航,满怀信心地去寻找更好的栖息之地,去寻找宝藏,去经营农场,种植烟草等,个人经济主义成为社会的时尚。

这说明,随着生产方式的变革,普通人成为新的生产力中的重要因素,也代表了当时社会先进的生产方式。

&这是一个公众阅读兴趣异常突出而且不断增长的时代∋。

#2∃这说明普通人在社会生活中许多方面的影响日益显现出来,这自然改变了社会文化的传播模式。

公众读者阶层的不断扩大,也必然为文学接受提供了条件,为文学的发展开拓了更加广阔的空间。

第二,当时英国报刊业的发展,改变了人们的阅读兴趣,也是影响小说兴起的重要原因。

报纸主要以刊登真实的新闻为主,对真实性的要求是人们文学欣赏重要的社会心理基础。

作为新兴社会大众阶层的奋斗,个人成功的故事层出不穷,它使人们对社会发展进步的把握也以追求真实性为主。

这引导了人们对小说这样的叙事文学的欣赏趣味,从而,使小说作为一种新的文学模式得以在社会上广为流行。

第三,个人经济能力以及社会流通图书馆的普及,也为小说的繁荣起到了至关重要的作用。

当时,对那些店主、零售商及行政事务机关的工作人员而言,小说的价格是公道的。

而且,一部小说分为几小册出售,使他们完全可以把这些小说作为消费品带回家中慢慢阅读欣赏。

&十八世纪的小说比之许多业已确立的,高雅的文学形式和学术研究,更接近加入了读者大众队伍的中产阶级的经济能力∋。

#3∃所以,普通人登上社会历史舞台,以他们为中心的读者大众的经济能力,读者的类型、文化水平,阅读欣赏趣味以及社会图书馆的普及促成了十八世纪英国小说的流行,在它的背后,展示了大众文化生活的真实内容。

二这一时期的现实主义小说在题材上主要写普通人的生活,它打破了传统文学专门描写帝王将相,才子佳人的生活题材的传统。

这一文学题材的变化,绝非一般的过渡,其深层的社会文化是文学的审美理念发生了根本的变化。

英国是一个海岛国家,航海能力一直被认为是国家综合国力的体现。

十六世纪早期,西班牙以自己强大的海军力量控制了海上霸权,成为当时欧洲的霸主。

1588年号称世界第一的&无敌舰队∋被英国舰队消灭,从此,西班牙一蹶不振,而英国凭借自己强大的海上力量,控制了海上霸权。

英国舰队可以到更远的地方去掠夺财十八世纪英国小说的文化解读富,开拓疆土,一时间航海、冒险、对外贸易成为一种社会时尚,它极大地刺激了社会普通阶层的人们去追求事业,整个社会营造出轰轰烈烈干一番事业的氛围。

生活在这样一个激动人心的时代,每一个普通民众无不充满了创业的激情,他们就像是一架动力十足的火车,鼓足力量向着自己的目标奔跑。

积极进取,追求事业,永不满足成为这个时期普通人的精神特征,成为文学艺术表达的审美理想,成为社会文化的主要内容。

笛福是这一个时期最著名的小说家之一,他一生经商,追求事业,奋斗不止。

他也遭遇人生的坎坷,五十岁开始写小说,并以鲁宾逊漂流记!而一举成名。

小说之所以引起巨大的反响,得到社会的肯定,其重要原因就在于它展示了当时个人经济主义至尚的时代特征,成功地塑造了一个积极进取,追求事业,永不满足,具有顽强意志的普通人生动的艺术形象。

鲁宾逊的故事,艺术地概括了当时社会普通人自强不息的精神特征,成为当时社会特定的审美心理,也决定了人们阅读欣赏的趣味。

三十八世纪英国社会的发展使当时社会阶层的关系发生了重大变化,全新的生产方式使普通人成为当时社会的重要阶层。

他们积极进取,创造财富,成为推动社会进步的重要力量,他的思想观念在影响社会,他们的生产实践活动也在改变社会,同样,他们的思维方式,也必然成为社会思潮的主要观念,其价值观念也成为社会价值的重要尺度。

所有这一切都会以审美理念的方式反映在这一时期艺术形式之中。

斯威夫特是十八世纪英国重要的小说家,他的作品以独特的视角,丰富的想象表达了普通人对当时英国社会的政治、议会、法律等方面的认识。

其代表作品是长篇讽刺小说格列佛游记!。

小说共分为五卷,它以丰富的想象写了主人公格列弗四次海上航行的奇遇。

很明显,小说在结构上类似流浪汉小说,借用主人公海上的游历,全方位地展示了英国社会的生活场景。

尤其是上层社会,其鲜明的思想倾向全部来自于民间,它以普通人的眼光来分析社会,表达普通人的审美态度。

在小说中,当格列弗准备把制造火药和武器的方法告诉他时,国王极为愤怒,他&很惊异像我这么一只无能而卑贱的昆虫,竟怀有如此非人道的念头,说起来还这么随随便便,似乎我对自己所描绘的那些毁灭性的机器所造成的流血和破坏,这样普通的结果丝毫都无动于衷,最先发明这种机器的人一定是恶魔天才,人类的公敌∋。

#4∃斯威夫特以丰富的想象,辛辣的讽刺对英国社会的丑恶弊端作了猛烈的鞭挞,其喜怒怨骂都表达了普通人的情感和认知态度。

四社会文化是一个长期发展的历史过程。

在这个过程中,特定时期人们的生产方式、生存方式、道德伦理、价值尺度等等构成了社会文化的主要内容,也显现出这一特定社会文化的共时性特征。

比如十七世纪法国的古典主义文学,其本学术界2007.5%学者专论质就是皇宫贵族的生存方式,道德水平等成为当时社会的主流文化。

它主宰了整个社会,而作为艺术必然会以审美方式表现出社会主流文化的内容。

十八世纪的英国社会,其文化发展的主要内容就是普通人的生存方式成为社会文化的主要表现形式,他们的道德评价体系也必然成为社会道德的重要内容。

作为十八世纪英国文学的主要成就的小说,就必然顺理成章地要去描写普通人的生存方式。

在这方面作出重要贡献的要算小说家菲尔丁了。

他在1749年发表的长篇小说弃儿汤姆%琼斯的历史!被公认为是十八世纪英国小说的杰出代表。

小说以众多的人物,多变化的时空场景,全景式地展示了当时英国的社会风俗,通过爱情故事表达普通人的道德理想。

汤姆是一个私生子,按传统的道德价值观,他的身份有悖于社会道德,是极不光彩的。

然而就是这样一个遭受传统道德唾弃的普通人,在现实生活中处处表现出美好的人性。

他善良,对人热情,乐于助人,尽管遭到那些有钱人的白眼,他对生活始终抱有乐观的态度。

所有这一切美好的德行赢得了乡绅的女儿索菲娅的爱情。

而与汤姆相反的是布力非,表面上看他出生名门,是一个&正人君子∋,而实际上他阴险、狡诈、自私,为了得到魏斯恩的财产,他千方百计造谣中伤,诋毁汤姆。

当汤姆离开村子后,他又厚颜无耻地追求索菲娅。

在这个人物的身上,完全体现了当时那些有社会地位人们的丑恶面貌。

同时小说还描写了汤姆与索菲娅的爱情故事,在他们的爱情中,完全抛弃了世俗社会的金钱、门弟的婚姻价值观。

这对年青人的爱情没有金钱来装点,也没有丰厚的物质条件为基础,更没有显赫的门第来彰显婚姻的华丽,他们的爱情是完全建立在两人真心相爱的基础上,这完全表现了当时社会普通人对待爱情的审美态度和生活理想。

综上所述,十八世纪的英国由于社会的发展进步,新的生产方式的确立,完全改变了传统文化的模式。

普通人登上了社会的舞台,也完全改变了人们对生产、生存以及生命价值的观念。

普通人的审美态度、理想追求等成为这一时期社会文化的主要内容。

它说明了大众文化成为这一时期社会文化的新模式。

注释:#1∃转引自赖骞宇、许萍:十八世纪小说的文化意义!,江西社会科学!,2004年第12期。

#2∃#3∃伊恩%P%瓦特:小说的兴起!,高原等人译,生活%读者%新知三联书店出版社,1992年版,第33、40页。

#4∃斯威夫特:格列弗游记!,杨昊成译,译林出版社,1995年版,第87页。

#责任编辑:徐子∃。