初中说明文阅读题十五篇含答案word版本

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初中说明文训练题(含答案)

初中说明文训练题(含答案)

说明文阅读题精选题(一)快递与电子商务①从山东来京打工的阴法勇2004年刚当上快递员那会儿,每天在丰台区的三个镇之间骑车跑上五六十公里,也只能揽来三四个快件。

但如今,阴法勇每天只去一家企业收件。

他说:“这家企业的网上购物生意,每天都能发七八十个快件。

光这一家我就快忙不过来了。

”②最早,民营快递的发展速度并不快。

从2005年起,随着电子商务的迅猛发展,其对快递业的正面影响开始显现。

当年,圆通、申通、中通和韵达速递工资先后和淘宝签约,成为淘宝推荐的物流企业。

电子商务中的网购迅速成为这些大型快递企业的主要业务来源。

最高峰时,圆通70%的业务量都来自淘宝。

对一些小型快递企业而言,电子商务产生的业务量甚至占其业务总量的90%-100%。

在电子商务迅猛发展的形势下,近几年,快递业务收入每年都有20%只有的增长。

③然而,“成也电子商务,败也电子商务”。

电子商务在给快递业带来机遇的同时,也对其服务能力提出了挑战。

④首先,迅猛发展的电子商务使急于抢占这个市场的快递业打起了价格战。

七八年前,北京同城快递起价为10元左右,后来一度降至5元,DDS 快递公司甚至..曾打出上海同城快递2.8元的超低价。

这种情况导致导致快递企业利润积累缓慢,扩大再生产能力不足,无法满足越来越大的市场需求,抗风险能力渐弱。

先是DDS 公司在业务激增的冲击下,因入不敷出倒闭。

之后是去年11月11日淘宝大促销,一天就产生了1000多万件快递量,让快递企业也招架不住,造成混乱局面。

⑤其次,近两年来的电子商务和快递业成为一根绳上的两只蚱蜢,电子商务跳得太快,而快递业被拽得踉踉跄跄。

在管理上出现脱节情况。

快递企业来不及兴建仓库,购置车辆和培训人员,往往采用特许加盟的方式扩大规模。

这种方式虽然能快速扩大企业的派送范围,却难以提高企业的服务质量,快件延误、损毁或丢失的现象时常发生。

特别是电子商务多从东部沿海地区向中西部地区发货,导致中西部地区派送任务重,揽收收入低,派送不积极,设计快件丢失、损毁和延误的投诉居高不下。

初中九年级语文。说明文阅读训练(含答案)

初中九年级语文。说明文阅读训练(含答案)

初中九年级语文。

说明文阅读训练(含答案)高铁时代”已经到来。

中国的武汉到广州客运专线是目前世界上最长、最快的高速铁路干线,平均时速在200~300千米,最高可达400多千米。

现在从武汉到广州的整个行程只需要不到3个小时,而原来需要十多个小时。

高速铁路的推广是为了替代汽车运输,因为汽车运行会排放大量废气,消耗宝贵的石油资源。

因此,大力推进铁路高速化在世界各国十分流行,其中成效最明显的是法、德、日、西、韩、美等国。

高速铁路不是谁都能发展起来的,它涉及牵引、制动、空气动力学、路轨铺设和自动化管理等许多方面的一系列高新技术。

在列车的首尾要各配置一台大功率自控同步牵引机车,其车顶与高压电缆相连,并采用特殊的加速装置。

为了提高车速,通常采用动力分散式装置,将多个小功率电动机分散安装在第一、四、五、八节车厢内,这些车厢既载客又有牵引动力,故称动车组,而无动力的车厢则称为拖车。

车头则须设计为类似飞机一样的流线型,以减少行进中空气的阻力。

速度快了,行车安全也变得更为重要。

路轨的设计上必须尽量降低PQ值,以防列车行进在弯道时,由于强大的惯性作用,造成脱轨事故。

其次,是采用电子计算机安全监控系统,借以监测列车的制动效果、转向架的稳定性、列车的行进速度、位置、与其他车辆的距离等。

第三,尽量消除铁路与公路的平面交叉,防止汽车等误入铁路与火车相撞。

在必须交叉的道口,则安装先进的报警装置。

稀土是指17种化学元素,具有独特的物理和化学性质,在现代工业、高科技和国防建设中有着广泛的应用。

比如,永磁铁、液晶显示器、节能灯、电池等等,都需要使用稀土元素。

③中国之所以能够垄断稀土市场,是因为其拥有丰富的稀土资源。

但这些资源的开采和加工过程对环境造成了极大的污染,中国政府为了保护环境和资源的可持续利用,采取了限产和出口的措施。

④然而,这种措施却让世界各国感到不满。

因为稀土在现代工业和高科技领域的应用越来越广泛,且很难替代,所以稀土的供应被打断会给各国的经济和科技发展带来很大的困难。

初中说明文阅读训练(含答案)(K12教育文档)

初中说明文阅读训练(含答案)(K12教育文档)

初中说明文阅读训练(含答案)(word版可编辑修改)编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(初中说明文阅读训练(含答案)(word版可编辑修改))的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为初中说明文阅读训练(含答案)(word版可编辑修改)的全部内容。

短期气候预测:帮你”听风便知雨"①短期气候预测,就是每天电视广播里的天气预报吧?如果你这样想,那就大错特错了。

我们收听、收看天气预报,三五天内的气温、温度、风力等”一切尽在掌握”,大大便利了日常起居。

但是,想不想在酷夏里知道这个冬天冷不冷?想不想在寒冬中预知到明年夏天发不发洪水?—-那就要靠"短期气候预测"了.②中国是个多自然灾害的国家,旱涝、高温、冷害等气候灾害造成的直接经济损失年均约1000亿元,死亡人数年均6000人以上。

同时,中国又是农业大国,农业"靠天吃饭”,气象预测工作尤显重要。

因此,刚刚过去的5年里,一个关于气候预测的”九五”攻关项目,引来全国105个单位、400多名科研人员为之奔忙,这个项目,就是”中国短期气候预测系统研究"。

③”短期气候预测",是相较"长期气候预测”而言,后者做的是未来50年、100年的气候分析,难度极高。

而”短期”,也不像天气预报时段那么”短",它的时间概念不是"日",而论”月"、”季"、"半年"、”一年".它所要承担的是,帮助国家决策部门了解掌握未来数月里或一年里的气候变迁,减免不必要的人财物损失。

专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(山东专用)

专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(山东专用)

冲刺2024年中考英语必考题型终极预测(山东专用)专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(2023·山东济宁·统考二模)“I’ll finish my homework before playing video games.”“Your dress looks beautiful.”“I won’t spend all the money on snacks.”All lies! Most of us have told a lie at one time or another. However, scientists found that lying can harm your brain (大脑). It may stop you from doing other important tasks.When you tell the truth, your brain doesn’t have to do any extra (额外的) work. But lying takes much more work.Imagine you’re late to class. The teacher asks why and you decide to lie. So you say: “I picked up a book from the library.” Your teacher asks, “The book I assigned (布置) last time?” Then you must decide how to answer the question. If you say yes, the teacher might ask to see the book. So you might say: “No.” Now you have to think of a book title. You need to make sure it’s a book the library actually has. See? When you lie, your brain works a lot more to keep the lie from falling apart.You just gave your brain a lot of extra work. An area called the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) does the work. It’s the part in charge of short memory. That area also takes care of planning, problem-solving and self-control.Using too much brainpower to lie means there’s less available for other things-like solve math problems. Lying is even harder for young people. The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until age 25. So when young people are busy with lying, they’ll have a harder time doing other things, like making study plans or eating a healthy diet. So think twice before lying next time!1.What did the scientists find out about telling lies?A.It happens quite often.B.Most students have done it.C.It is bad for people’s brains.D.It’s an important way to protect oneself.2.What happens to your brain when you lie?A.It works more slowly.B.It has to do some extra work.C.It often says yes to others.D.It becomes better at answering questions.3.According to the story, why is it harder for people under 25 to tell lies?A.Because they are not clever enough.B.Because they have too much brainpower.C.Because they don’t have fully grown brains.D.Because they are still learning how to talk to other people.4.What is the best title of the passage?A.More lies, more work B.Lies make us healthyC.Lies grow with age D.Lies are difficult(2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模)A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs l.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?If you answered 10 cents, you are not alone—most people give the same answer(the answer is wrong). It’s an example of how we often depend on intuitive responses(直觉反应)—answers we feel are true. People give answers that “pop into their mind,” says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer…is right or wrong.”The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake(虚假的)news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify”—in other words, to stop and check what you know.In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but they did not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate(评等级)their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they didn’t understand it.The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said the scientists could full y explain how it works. The volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding of it, Sloman says.According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion(接触传染). This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics(政治). “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman Bays, “then you are going to start thinking that you understand, too.”So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s possible to train persons to check everything that they encounter(遇到),” Sloman admitted. “It is just too human to believe what you are told.”However, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argued, especially in online communities.Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview—but perhaps not all of them are true.“We should check things and not just take them at face value,” Sloman said, “Make sure if it is true before you believe.”5.The writer uses the example of the bat and ball question to show that ________.A.people often forget skills that they have learned at schoolB.there is often more than one possible answer to a questionC.many people give quick responses without thinking carefullyD.people sometimes are too careless to get the right answers6.How much does the ball cost?A.5 cent.B.10 cent.C.15 cent.D.20 cent.7.More volunteers said they could understand helium rain after ________.A.some of the volunteers explained it to themB.Sloman and his colleague showed them how it worksC.they heard that scientists could explain it confidentlyD.they examined the conclusion carefully by themselves8.What does the writer probably agree?A.It is important to do an experiment based on scientific research.B.The second group of volunteers are more confident than the first.C.People can be cheated easily because of too much fake news.D.People should be trained to check before they believe something.(2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模)If you are joining in chat room conversations, or writing e-mails with net pals(网友), you are one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are “talking” online—many of them are talking at the same time.It’s fast: trying talking to six people once. It’s easy: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness and quick fingers.And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste valuable timetelling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB(=be right back)will do?Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI(=pardon me for jumping in).Interested in whom you’re talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request(要求)to know your pal’s age, sex(性别)and location(地点). You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal.If something makes you laugh, say you’re OTF(=on the floor), or LOL(=laughing out loud), or join the two into ROTFL(=rolling on the floor laughing).And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG(=got to go)or TTYL(=talk to you later).People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital (大写字母)letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “shift” key and use capitals. Punctuation(标点)is going too.9.The sentence “There’s neither time nor space for explanations” means ________.A.people should use words properlyB.people should communicate in a funny wayC.people online can express themselves in a simple wayD.people should know what time it is when they are talking10.If you get 17/F/NY as an answer to your A/S/L, it means ________.A.you are talking to 17 girls who are from New YorkB.you are talking to a girl who is 17 and lives in New YorkC.the people you are talking to is a 17-foot tall New York girlD.the people on the other end is 17 from New York and he is fine11.Which of the following is a way to save online time?A.People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard.B.Many people draw pictures instead of typing letters.C.People never use the “shift” key as it takes more time.D.People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.(2023·山东德州·统考三模)Many of us don’t pay much attention to the importance of eye care. It is said that if you take care of your body, then you can surely be healthy. That is why our eyes should be given a lot of care. Natural eye care should be put in a number one place.There are several causes leading to poor eyesight like not enough food, genes (基因) and aging (老化). Televisions, computers and reading are also the causes of having poor eyesight. If you work in front of the computer, it is best to take a break every once in a while. Something dirty can cause redness and they will make you feel uncomfortable. It is bad for your eyes, too. If this happens, the best way is to clean your eyes by using cold water. You must also try your best to protect your eyes from harmful things. For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from ultraviolet rays.Eating healthy foods will do good to your eyesight. Remember that vitamins A, C and E are good for eyes. Try to eat food groups that have these vitamins. And you should do eye exercises because exercise protects your eyesight, too. If a person exercises regularly(定期地) and eats the right kind of food, his eyes will stay in good condition for a long time.All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keep healthy eyes. Being happy all the time can be helpful to a person’s eyesight, too. In a word, eye care is very important, no matter how old a person is.12.________ is the most important way to protect our eyes.A.Natural eye care B.Taking medicineC.Seeing the doctor D.Being happy all the time13.All the following causes can lead to bad eyesight except ________.A.age B.height C.reading D.computers14.. What should you do if you have to work in front of the computer?A.Eat healthy foods.B.Clean the eyes by using cold water.C.Wear a pair of sunglasses.D.Have a rest after working for a while.A.沙尘B.闪电C.紫外线D.超声波16.Which is the best title of the passage?A.Ways of Eye Care B.Ways of Eye ExercisesC.Ways of Being Happy D.Ways of Being Healthy(2023·山东泰安·统考二模)The red beans grow in southern land;How many loads(枝条)in spring the trees?Collect them till full is your hand;They would recall sweet memories.Love is a popular theme in Chinese poems. What symbols do you think best stand for love? The heart, rose or chocolate? This time we are going to look at a classic Chinese poem, Love Seeds. It was written by Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei who had a different understanding of the symbol of love.In the first two lines, the poet expresses his feelings of missing his friend, who lives in southern China, by describing the growth of red beans in spring. In classic Chinese poems, poets prefer to express feelings in an indirect or symbolic way. When describing the natural environment or showing some symbols, Chinese poets always mean more than what’s described on the surface.In Chinese culture, red beans are seen as “love seeds”, which have a strong cultural meaning. Because they are often hard, come in a heart shape, and can be stored for a long time, those beans have long been used as a symbol of love and loyalty(忠诚)between lovers.In the last two lines, the poet wishes his faraway friend to collect as many red beans as possible, as the beans will bring back his friend’s memories to the poet.Instead of showing love to others by directly saying “I miss you” or using flowery language, this short poem can make readers feel deep love.17.What’s the Chinese title of the poem Love Seeds?A.《相思》B.《梅花》C.《赋别》D.《春晓》18.In classic Chinese poems, poets express feelings in _______ ways.A.direct B.straight C.symbolic D.short19.How many features(特点)of the red beans are mentioned by the writer?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.20.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.Wang Wei is a great poet from Song Dynasty.B.Wang Wei lived in southern China when writing this poem.C.Wang Wei thinks red beans are seen as “love seeds” because of their color.D.Wang Wei thinks red beans will bring back his friend’s memories to him.(2023·山东聊城·统考三模)Since humans sent the first satellite (卫星) to space in the 1950s, scientists have been studying an important topic: how to grow food in space if humans will one day live there.A recent experiment at the Tiangong space station makes a big step forward. Chinese astronauts have successfully grown rice seedlings (幼苗) during the Shenzhou XIV mission. “The rice seedlings are growing very well,” said Zheng Huiqiong, a researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since the rice experiment began on July 29, the seedlings of the tall shoot rice variety (高杆水稻品种) have reached a height of 30 centimeters. The seedlings of the short shoot rice variety have grown to 5 centimeters, China Daily reported on Aug 30.While there have been other rice experiments in space, this one is the first of its kind to produce the complete life cycle of a plant—it begins with a seed and ends with a mature (成熟) plant producing new seeds.Such food-growing experiments are not just for astronauts. They can also solve food problems on Earth. By sending seeds to space, we can create mutated (突变的) seeds, thanks to microgravity (微重力), lack of air and cosmic rays (宇宙射线). The seeds can then produce yields (产量) on Earth.According to Yao Tong, an engineer from Hainan Aerospace Engineering Breeding Research Center, 30 percent of strawberries sold in Beijing are “space strawberries”, which are as big as eggs. The center has also produced “space tomatoes” with yields increased by 30 percent, and “space bananas” with a growth shortened from 13 months to 9 months.21.How high did the tall shoot rice variety grow for the first month?A.5cm.B.25cm.C.30cm.D.35cm.22.The underlined word “forward” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________” in Chinese.A.向前B.向后C.向左D.向右23.How does the current (现在) rice experiment differ from other experiments?A.It goes through a complete life cycle.B.Its seedlings are growing very well.C.It uses completely new rice varieties.D.Its seedlings have successfully come up.24.Why do we grow food in space?a. To feed astronauts.b. To study microgravity.c. To increase yields on Earth.d. To research on cosmic rays.A.a b B.b c C.b d D.a c25.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.People are afraid of food.B.Space planting is benefiting us.C.People will never run out of food.D.Space planting has disadvantages.(2023·山东济宁·济宁学院附属中学校考二模)In the eyes of many foreigners, Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. They’re not really bad guests, but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different from in some western countries, it appears they are not nice guests. And western host sometimes look rude (粗鲁的) in the eyes of Chinese guests.In China, guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese person’s home, there is always fruit on the table for me, and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west, generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the host’s way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.My wife’s mother, a very kind elderly Chinese lady, doesn’t smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly, but I must realize that in China, to be a good host, she must not do that. In most North American homes, if you are a guest, and the hosts are not smokers, you should not smoke in their house. At the very least, you could ask. “Is it OK if I smoke?” But, don’t be surprised if they say “No, you can’t smoke.” In our culture, if you smoke in their home, you are a bad guest, but if they do not allow you to smoke in their house, they are not a rude host.Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However, giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So, if you invite international guests to your house, don’t be too surprised if they don’t bring you a gift.In China, you probably won’t need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host, and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house, try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.26.When a western guest visits a Chinese family, he often ________.A.buys some fruit B.wants some gifts C.feels like a god D.takes a cup of tea27.If the writer’s guests want to smoke in his house, what will he probably say?A.It’s OK if you smoke here.B.Sorry, you can’t smoke here.C.Let’s smoke together.D.Smoking is a bad habit.28.What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “adapt to” in the passage?A.think back to B.keep close to C.look forward to D.get used to29.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Foreigners should learn from Chinese.B.People should understand cultural differences.C.Western hosts are always nice to guests.D.Hosts must do things in the guests’ way.(2023·山东日照·校考一模)Superfast Writing Robot Tech company has made a powerful robot that can write novels.Type in “A cat wants to go to space” and ask the robot to write a bedtime story. Just one second later, you’ll get the story of Max, who clawed his way past many difficulties to sing among the stars.This robot writer is real. It’s called ChatGPT. US company OpenAI developed it to generate (生成) human-like texts. It can translate languages, talk with people and write songs, poems and even jokes. It’s one of the most powerful AI of its kind, with the complete writing range (范围) of a real person!People around the world have tried ChatGPT and posted their results on social media. Some used it to write history papers, some asked it to take notes of presentations, and some even got advice on how to interact (互动) with people at a party, reported The Atlantic.The power of ChatGPT lies in its speed and understanding of difficult matters. We may spend hours researching, understanding and writing an article on the theory of evolution. But ChatGPT can produce a well-written one in seconds. Another good thing about it is that if you ask dark, harmful questions, such as how to make weapons (武器), it will not give you an answer. ChatGPT comes along at a time when AI is becoming increasingly able to do creative tasks. The materials they create are difficult to distinguish (区分) from those made by humans. This causes many ethical (道德的) issues, such as the issue of copyright (版权) and the real meaning of art. Since the system is largely trained using words from the internet, it can also pick up on the Internet’s biases and stereotypes (刻板印象) about certain groups. These are all the things that depend on humans to solve.30.The writer uses “the story of the cat” as an example to ________.A.show what creative work ChatGPT can doB.introduce a cat that wants to go to spaceC.introduce a series of bedtime booksD.show how many stories ChatGPT can create31.ChatGPT can do the following things except ________.A.making up human-like texts B.singing songs to peopleC.writing songs,poems and even jokes D.producing a good article in seconds32.The underlined word “biases” in Para.5 means “________”.A.印象B.傲慢C.意见D.偏见33.Which is RIGHT according to the passage?A.US company OpenAI developed ChatGPT to generate animal-like texts.B.Nobody asked ChatGPT for help about how to interact with people at a party.C.ChatGPT can spend seconds writing a good article about the theory of evolution.D.ChatGPT is so perfect that there is nothing wrong with it.34.The last paragraph is mainly about ________.A.how people will feel about writing in the futureB.what problems AI writing can causeC.the reasons why people dislike AI writingD.human efforts in developing AI writing(2023·山东泰安·统考一模)Have you ever imagined going inside of a video game? That dream may soon become real. It’s called the “metaverse(元字宙)”.The metaverse is a shared virtual(虚拟的)3D world. The word is made up of “meta”, which means beyond, and “verse” which refers to “universe”. The word first appeared in a science fiction book called Snow Crash in 1992. In this story, people wear virtual reality(VR)headsets to see and join the metaverse.Now, what happens in the book is becoming a reality. Wearing a VR headset, you can meet other people wherever they are. You also can work and play with them. It will feel real because the technology can simulate(模拟)our senses: vision, hearing, touch and even smell.“The metaverse is about creating another reality, another world, which is as rich as the real world. So, what can you do inside the metaverse? Your location will no longer matter, ” says VOA News. It means that in the metaverse, people will be connected at all times. You can meet friends from other countries and go on a virtual beach vacationtogether. You can go to the beach on the moon, or anywhere else you can imagine. Can’t find a friend to play basketball? Jump into the metaverse and find some friends to play with or go to a concert!Cathy Hackl, an expert in metaverse technology, said her son’s first concert was inside a video game. “Although it happened in a video game, it didn’t make it less real for him, ” she said.Perhaps the metaverse will change our idea of what is real.35.Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.A.how to join the metaverseB.what happened in the book Snow CrashC.where the word “metaverse” comes fromD.when the book Snow Crash came out36.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________.A.VR headsets B.other people C.our senses D.video games37.What is Cathy Hackl’s attitude toward the metaverse? ________A.The technology still needs to be developed.B.It is not good for kids to join the metaverse.C.The metaverse will hardly change our lives.D.The metaverse is a different kind of reality.38.Which can be the best title for this passage? ________A.A Virtual 3 D Movie B.Metaverse Is HappeningC.Metaverse in the Books D.Snow Crash(2023·山东泰安·统考一模)Two teams of scientists in Denmark and in the United Kingdom came up with the same question at about theTesting for eDNA isn’t a new idea, but most of the time, scientists look for eDNA in water. Neither team knew that the other group was working on a similar experiment. One collected samples from different locations at Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo, and the other did at Hamerton Zoo Park in the UK. The scientists used slightly different methods to collect their samples. But basically, both teams used vacuums(真空吸尘器)and fans to collect tiny bits of DNA.In the laboratory, comparing their samples with examples of DNA from different animals, the scientists were able to identify many different animals at the zoos.The scientists chose to test in zoos because they had rare animals not naturally found in the area. Each team only discovered about the other experiment after they had written a paper about their own results. The two decided to combine(合并)their results and publish a paper together.Both teams are excited about the ways this new method could be used in the wild. The researchers believe the method could help scientists a lot. Scientists have been looking for better ways to track endangered animals without interfering(干扰)with them. If researchers know where animals live, they can do a better job of protecting them. The next step is to figure out how to take this method into nature.39.What can we learn about “eDNA” from the passage?A.It’s only floating in the air.B.It’s created by some researchers.C.It isn’t found in the water.D.It’s left in the environment.40.What is the RIGHT order for scientists to do the experiment?a.Collect very tiny bits of DNA from the air.b.Tell what kinds of plants and animals are in the zoos.c.Enter Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo with vacuums and fans.pare the samples with others in the laboratory.A.a-b-d-c B.d-b-c-a C.c-a-d-b D.b-a-c-d41.Which of the following is TRUE about the two teams of scientists?A.They used quite different methods.B.They knew exactly what they were doing at first.C.They competed against each other.D.They worked together to publish a paper.42.What’s the purpose of writing the last paragraph?A.To advise scientists to use new ways to do the experiment.B.To tell us the work of both teams is meaningful.C.To mention that the method of both teams isn’t perfect.D.To call people to protect endangered animals.(2023·山东日照·校考二模)The sun is so important that it makes life on our planet possible. But how does the sun do that? It’s the sun’s energy.Energy from the sun is called solar energy(太阳能). It comes in the form of light or heat. People have used solar energy for thousands of years. The sun’s energy can be used to heat water and even food. If you own a magnifying glass, your parents have probably warned you not to leave it in the sun. Solar energy can actually make the magnifying glass burn objects underneath it causing a fire. This type of energy from the sun is called solar thermal (热的)energy.We can also turn the sun’s light into electricity. This is done with solar panels(板). Solar panels are made up of a material called silicon(硅). The silicon is heated and formed into very thin wafers(晶片). When the sunlight hits the solar panel, the electrons in the silicon move and flow through wires(电线). Using this technology, we can run a calculator and even power cars.But what happens on cloudy days? The electrons in the silicon will stop moving, which means the electricity can’t flow. But this doesn’t mean that solar energy can only be used on sunny days. People can use the batteries(电池)which are attached to(附着于)solar panels to store the electricity. So the stored electricity can be used to power cars at night or on cloudy days.Did you know that solar energy is not as expensive as it used to be? In fact, in the last few years, solar panels have become much more affordable for people to use. Since the sun gives off more energy in one second than peoplehave used, imagine what we could do if we used the sun’s energy to power our planet.43.What is the energy from the sun?A.Solar energy.B.Wind energy.C.Magnifying glass. D.Batteries.44.What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?A.How to use solar thermal energy.B.How to turn sunlight into electricity with solar panels.C.How to store electricity with batteries.D.How to power our planet.45.What can we use to power cars at night according to the 4th paragraph?A.Thin wafers.B.The moonlight.C.The stored electricity.D.Solar thermal energy.46.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A.Solar panels are made up of silicon.B.Solar energy can be used for heating food.C.People have used solar energy for thousands of years.D.It costs more to use solar energy than before.(2023·山东日照·校考二模)Think about what is happening in many families: Kids come home, jump onto the sofa, get lost in the world of the TV screen and become couch potatoes. Now, a new law is making parents take responsibility for family education to help shape their children’s future.Called the Law on Family Education Promotion(《家庭教育促进法》), it is the first of its kind in China and came into effect on January 1st, 2022. It encourages parents and guardians to educate their children properly.The law stops parents and guardians from placing too much pressure on their children. Parents and guardians should allow children enough time to study, rest, play and exercise, and make sure they don’t become addicted(上瘾的)to the Internet. They should treat all children, whether boys or girls, healthy or disabled, the same way and should never use violence(暴力)towards children.For children of migrant workers in rural areas, they may be left alone while their parents go to work in cities. The law asks local governments to keep a close eye on such families, and help the parents get jobs locally so that they can be more responsible for their children’s education.。

中考说明文阅读题及答案(100篇)

中考说明文阅读题及答案(100篇)

全国各地中考说明文阅读题精选100篇广东:被妖魔化的沙尘暴(李栓科)①刚刚掠过我国及日本的沙尘暴,所到之处,飞沙走石、黄沙弥漫。

一时间舆情沸腾。

②然而,人类没有必要、也没有能力阻挡沙尘暴的发生。

③沙尘暴古已有之,且有一定的周期性。

早在几千万年前,青藏高原的隆起,阻挡了来自印度洋湿润的西南季风,在中亚和我国的西北地区形成了大范围的干旱和荒漠区,这一区域又正处在西风带上。

这些是沙尘暴形成的根本原因,与人类的活动无关。

但人类发展过程中的过度放牧、开垦种植和砍伐森林,使许多土地裸露,确实增加了沙尘暴的强度和频次。

④沙尘暴作为一种自然现象,是地球自然生态系统不可或缺的一部分。

它和其他许多自然现象相互关联、互为因果。

假如我们消灭了沙尘暴及其源头的沙漠干旱地区,也就消灭了地球上的多种自然生态,绝灭了适应干旱气候的一切物种,并会引起全球所有自然系统的更加可怕的反馈和报复,甚至引发我们难以想象的灾难。

⑤沙尘暴所造成的危害人人可见,但并非有害无利。

⑥首先,沙尘暴塑造了近百万平方公里的黄土高原。

正是黄土高原疏松土壤的易耕性,才使我们的先民择此生根繁衍。

沙尘暴还使荒芜死寂的诸多海岛身披沃土,从夏威夷群岛、日本列岛到我国的庙岛群岛,无一不是沙尘暴的受益者。

其次,沙尘暴所迁移的沙尘一定程度上弥补了一些地区土壤的不足。

如撒哈拉沙漠每年因沙尘暴向亚马逊盆地输入的沙尘量就有约1300万吨,相当于该地区每年每公顷增加了190公斤的肥沃土壤。

沙尘暴能有效地缓解酸雨。

沙尘含有丰富的钙等碱性阳离子,这些外来的和地面扬起的碱性沙尘都能有效地中和酸雨。

我国北方地区工业很发达,但除了个别城市以外很少有酸雨发生,这与北方常有沙尘天气有很大关系。

沙尘暴还维系了海洋生态系统的循环与稳定。

沙尘含有丰富的营养物,一些海域淤泥中的营养物约40 010是由沙尘暴带入的,促进了该海域生物的繁茂。

⑦事实上,处在什么自然带上.就有什么样的降水和温度,就只能生长什么样的植被,这是人类所不能改变的。

初中说明文课外阅读题及答案共48篇.doc

初中说明文课外阅读题及答案共48篇.doc

2005年全国中考说明文阅读集锦[一] 阅读《万园之园——圆明园》(节选),完成第1—3题。

(7分)(1)圆明园地处永定河冲积扇的边缘。

明清时这一带清泉涌溢,湖沼密布,被称为“海淀”。

圆明园最初是清朝康熙皇帝赐给皇四子胤禛①的宅园,后经不断地扩建与重修,总面积达到了5000余亩,成为了一座规模宏大的皇家园林。

(2)圆明园是我国历史上最光辉的园林艺术杰作。

它继承我国3000多年的优秀造园传统,借鉴了欧洲园林的建筑形式,融不同风格的园林建筑为一体。

其影响使得当时的英法等国一度产生了中国园林热。

在欧洲,圆明园被誉为“万园之园”和“一切造园艺术之典范”。

(3)圆明园集叠山理水手法......之大成。

圆明园的水面,大的如福海宽达600余米,正所谓“蓬岛瑶台福海中,往来只借舟相通”;小的宽度均在四五十至百米之间,“跨水为小桥垂虹宛在,片云帆影,何必更羡吴江”。

环曲潆流的河道把这些大小水面串联为一个完整的河湖水系,构成全园的脉络和纽带,提供了舟行游览和水路供应的方便。

由此不难想像当年翠荷接天,龙舟泛彩,歌声荡漾的图画。

叠石而成的假山,聚土而成的岗、阜、岛、桥、堤散布于园内,约占全园面积的三分之一。

它们与水系相结合,把全园划分为山复水转、层层叠叠的近百处的自然空间。

每个空间都经过精细的艺术加工,既表现了人为的写意又保持着野趣的风韵,其本身就是烟水迷离的江南水乡的精炼再现,有道是“谁道江南风景佳,移天缩地在君怀”。

圆明园虽是千顷之园,但气势浑然一体,韵味隽永。

(4)可惜,圆明园经英法联军的洗劫和八国联军的焚掠,其胜景已荡然无存。

_____________________________________________________________①[胤禛(yìn zhēn)]清朝雍正皇帝。

1. 结合第(2)段,概括说出为什么圆明园是“园林艺术杰作”。

(限26字以内)(2分)□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□2. 结合第(3)段,说说“叠山理水手法”在圆明园的园林建造中是如何体现的。

初中语文七年级现代文阅读理解精选:说明文20篇(含答案)

初中语文七年级现代文阅读理解精选:说明文20篇(含答案)

初中语文七年级现代文阅读理解精选说明文20篇目录1 天桥 (1)2 安全的空中旅行 (2)3让地球人烦心的“太空杀手” (3)4被妖魔化的沙尘暴 (5)5谁染枫林醉 (6)6位次的讲究 (7)7 抗生素滥用:一个沉重的话题 (9)8 开发小行星漫想 (10)9 自给自足的人体生物能发电 (11)10 成语里的歌声 (12)11 “高铁时代”已到来 (14)12 动物的弄虚作假 (15)13 会呼吸的建筑 (16)14 呦呦之蒿,中国神药 (17)15 小满 (19)16 猴年说猴 (20)17 盐促进了华夏民族的形成 (21)18 “阿尔法狗”凭什么打败世界冠军 (23)19 人体器官有可能自愈吗 (24)20 调好你的“食物钟” (26)参考答案 (27)1 天桥天桥,是对各类天桥的统称。

其实,按照不同的使用功能,可划分为“人行天桥”,“车行天桥”,人车混行的立交桥和构成城市高架路系统的“立体交叉高架桥”等等。

天桥的结构,随着科学技术和工业生产的迅速发展也在不断发展变化。

现已有梁式结构天桥,钢架结构天桥,悬索结构天桥,斜拉结构天桥等等多种。

它们有的结构简单,便于建造;有的富于变化,形式多样;有的凌空飞架,雄浑壮观……构成了城市现代交通的一幅彩虹竞渡的立体画卷。

天桥的形状更是千姿百态,风格各异。

人行天桥一般有一字型、T字型、十字型、S型、Y型、U型等多种,皆无定型,根据地形地貌灵活设计。

车行天桥基本类型有菱型、苜蓿型、环型、喇叭型等。

总之,只要把使用功能、结构和外形完美地结合在一起,就能取得良好的艺术和技术效果。

城市里的天桥,不仅是城市繁荣兴旺的标志,更主要的是它在城市交通、能源、效益诸方面所发挥的巨大作用。

以上海延安东路人行天桥为例,在天桥启用后,天桥附近100米内的机动车速度较前提高了28%,而交通事故下降了80%,其经济效益和社会效益是十分明显的。

我国自1964年广州建造第一座立交桥以来,北京、上海、天津、广州等全国各大中城市目前所建各类立交桥已达数千座,在城市交通、能源、效益诸方面发挥着巨大的作用。

中考语文说明文阅读题训练及答案

中考语文说明文阅读题训练及答案

中考语文说明文阅读题训练及答案中考语文说明文阅读题训练及答案1假如没有台风和闪电①人们不喜欢台风,也害怕闪电。

但是,在这个世界上,如果没有了台风和闪电,又将怎样呢?②假如没有台风,全世界本已严重的水荒就会更加严重。

台风能为人类送来大量的淡水资源。

据测算,一个直径不太大的台风,登陆时可带来近30亿吨降水。

每年,台风给中国、日本、印度、菲律宾、越南以及美国沿海地区带来的水量,往往要占到当年降水量的25%以上。

在炎热的季节里,台风暴雨的光临,可以缓解旱情,使作物焕发生机。

③假如没有台风,世界各地冷热将会更不均衡。

赤道地区日照最多,气候炎热。

台风最大时速可达200千米,如果没有台风来驱散、带走这一地区的热量,热带便会更热,寒带也会更冷,而温带将从地球上消失。

④假如没有闪电,人类将失去一位勤奋的“清洁工”。

雷电交作时,空气中的部分氧气会激变成臭氧。

稀薄的臭氧不但不臭,而且能吸收大部分宇宙射线,使地球表面的生物免遭紫外线过量照射的危害。

闪电过程中产生的高温,又可杀死大气中90%以上的细菌和微生物,从而使空气变得更加纯净,更加清新宜人。

⑤假如没有闪电,人类就将失去一座巨大的“化肥厂”。

据估计,每年地球上空会出现31亿多次闪电,平均每秒钟100次。

每次放电,其电能高达52700千瓦时,连世界上最大的电力装置都不能和它相比。

空气中含有占总体积78%的不能被作物直接吸收的氮气,闪电时,电流高达10万安培,空气分子在瞬间被加热到3万摄氏度以上,致使大气中的氮和氧化合,生成一氧化氮。

一氧化氮继而转化生成二氧化氮。

雨水又与二氧化氮反应生成硝酸,含有微量硝酸的雨水降落地面后即是作物可以直接吸收的氮肥。

据测算,全球每年由雷雨(闪电)“合成”的'氮肥达5亿吨。

这5亿吨从天而降的化肥,相当于5万个年产1万吨的化肥厂的产量总和。

1.假如你只想略略了解本文将要说明什么,你会抓住文中的哪句话?(2分)2.假如你想快速提取全文的主要信息,你的阅读方法是:(答题不得超过20字)3.假如你想用表格来举例说明本文的说明方法(限三种),请把它画出来。

完整word版说明文阅读训练附答案

完整word版说明文阅读训练附答案

1.张家界(节选)相传很早很早以前,张家界叫青岩山。

据说汉高祖刘邦平定天下后,滥杀功臣,心寒的留侯张良隐匿江湖,几经辗转颠簸来到了青岩山。

见到这里群山环抱,水量丰沛,民风淳朴,张良隐居下来,修行学道,并留下张氏一脉子孙。

青岩山也改名换姓,叫做张家界”。

张家界地处湘西,属武陵山脉支系,西南依靠在云贵高原的边缘,东西方向是广阔平坦的洞庭湖平原,北边则与万里长江遥望衔接。

说到“界” ,当然是指界限、范围,但张家界人讲起来,这“界”还有一层含义,那就是指高高的山。

当中国的名山大川,几乎被人们踏遍之时,张家界却久在深闺人未识。

直到20 世纪80 年代初,人们才认识到它的真面貌。

距张家界城区约八公里的“天门山”以造型奇特著称。

该山四面绝壁矗立,巍然支撑在天地之间,其雄其险,犹若直上云天。

远眺过去,那孔巨大的石洞就像通天的石门。

是什么力量造就了这宏伟奇特的景观?据考证,天门山经长期风化剥蚀,山体断裂,再加上地震,就形成了现在的奇绝造型。

更有趣的是,天门山的景观中,有许多数字与中国吉祥数字9 相符。

人为的奇思妙想与天然巧合相得益彰。

登上天门洞的999 级台阶,回看山腰上的“通天大道” ,顺山势修建的公路,刚好有99 个弯,暗合了“天有九重,云有九霄”之意。

此外,张家界还有数不清的石柱、石峰,是举世罕见的石英砂岩山体。

那么,大自然是如何造就了这里的奇峰异石呢?大约在三亿八千万年前,这里是一片汪洋,大量海洋生物的遗体化为尘土,凝结成岩石,沉积为大约520 米厚的石英砂岩,随着地球的旋转,地壳的运动,张家界终于以它峥嵘的面貌,浮出了海面。

12. 特点?(2 (节选自《再说长江》解说词,有删改)文章第三段和第四段介绍了天门山。

作为张家界的风景名胜,天门山具有哪些 分)13. 文章第一段引用了张良逃难隐居的故事,你认为有必要吗 ?为什么?(2分) 亲爱的同学,透过解说词,我们感受到张家界秀美的风光。

如果你是一位导游, 请用生动的语言为张家界的朋友介绍山西的一处风景名胜 (例如晋祠、平遥古城、乔家大 院、五台山、汾河公园? 6? 7? 6? 7)。

初中语文说明文阅读练习题及答案

初中语文说明文阅读练习题及答案

初中语文说明文阅读练习题及答案资料一、三峡博物馆①三峡博物馆位于重庆市人民大礼堂的正西端,建筑主体长157.3米,宽98.085米,高32米,总建筑面积为4万多平方米。

这座建筑物外型本身,承载了许多历史与文化的寓意。

②三峡博物馆依山而建,整体呈一个大弧线形状。

站在人民广场仰望,博物馆就像雄伟的长江三峡大坝。

博物馆外形最显眼的是大面积的弧形蓝色玻璃幕墙和古朴方正的砂岩外墙。

蓝色玻璃象征着水,砂岩外墙则代表着山,它体现了重庆山水之城的特色。

博物馆正上方是漏斗型的圆形穹顶,很像一个巨大的承露盘,一方面取“三峡之水天上来”之意,另一方面,水通过三层叠瀑,一泄而下,与人民广场相连,体现了三峡博物馆承接祖先文化之水、用文化滋润大地的寓意。

③三峡博物馆展厅面积为23225平方米,有4个基本陈列,分别是:反映三峡历史、三峡文化和三峡精神的“壮丽三峡”;反映重庆地方历史文化源流的“远古巴渝”;反映20世纪重庆城市变迁的“重庆•城市之路”;反映重庆抗战文化的“抗战岁月”。

这里重点介绍前两个展厅。

④“壮丽三峡”展厅位于三峡博物馆一楼右侧,是博物馆的招牌展厅。

走进展厅,参观者就仿佛来到了壮美的瞿塘峡。

迎面是一幅长9米、高6米的三峡壁画,它与摆放有致的各种三峡石一起,构成了雄伟的夔门、秀美的桃子峰。

而此刻参观者的脚下,正踩在一条用玻璃隔水方式营造的长江水上。

江水拍岸的声音,川江号子的声音,以及长江三峡特有的猿啼声,构成了一个真实壮丽的三峡。

⑤“壮丽三峡”展厅摆放了大量天然三峡石。

瞿塘峡口切割来的瀑石,瞿塘峡中段的黑石,巫峡切割来的纤夫石、纤夫路,以及被誉为“世界第一古代水文站”的白鹤梁题刻,也被部分切割搬进展厅。

目前在全国的博物馆中,还没有过如此大规模大型天然石头的先例。

⑥与“壮丽三峡”展厅相比,“远古巴渝”展厅则显得古朴而厚重。

“远古巴渝”展厅位于三峡博物馆二楼左侧,展厅面积1160多平方米,展品逾1000件。

这是三峡博物馆文物最丰富的一个展厅,里面的文物80%以上都是1997年以来重庆三峡考古的新发现,这次是首度公之于众,比如巫山龙骨坡出土的巫山人牙齿和下颌骨化石、兴隆洞遗址发现的剑齿象牙石刻、奉节鱼腹发现的陶片、小田溪出土的鸟形尊等。

(完整版)八年级的语文说明文阅读练习九篇含答案.docx

(完整版)八年级的语文说明文阅读练习九篇含答案.docx

(一)有趣的彗星世界彗星是围绕太阳运行的一种质量很小的天体,由于它的形状像扫帚,所以又叫扫帚星。

彗星都有一个椭圆形的运行轨道,运行周期也长短不一。

如海尔—波普彗星的运行周期为 3000 年,而哈雷彗星的运行周期却只有76 年。

彗星的尾巴叫彗尾,是它最朦胧和最具风采的部分。

一般彗尾巴只有几千公里长,但最长的彗尾则可达几亿公里,可谓天地万物中独一无二的大尾巴了。

它在茫茫太空,宛如一把辉煌巨帚,横扫遥遥之路。

人类自发现彗星轨道以来,发现临近地球最近的一颗彗星是伊拉斯—阿拉基—阿尔科克彗星,它在 1983 年 5 月11 日,距地球只有 500 万公里,可说与地球“擦肩而过”了。

由于人类长期的天象观测,至今已发现1600 多颗彗星绕太阳运行。

纷繁有趣的彗星世界,使人们遐想万千。

彗星究竟诞生何处,一直是天文学家们探索的课题。

近年,美国“哈勃”天文望远镜发现太阳系边缘有一个庞大的彗星“摇篮”。

“摇篮”呈环状,内环位于天王星轨道之外,外环则超出了冥王星轨道。

这个“摇篮”中约有 2 亿个彗星“婴儿”,它们主要由直径 10—500 公里的冰块和石块组成。

由于太阳系中各大星球错综复杂的引力作用,“婴儿” 一旦被什么外来碎块撞击,便偏离自己原来的轨道而成为“游子”。

“游子”因太阳强大的引力,朝着太阳方向飞去。

途中,冰块等物质受太阳光热而蒸发,并在太阳风的作用下飘成扫帚状,成为它美丽的大尾巴。

人类通过对彗星的遥测,发现彗星能释放X 射线。

美国堪萨斯大学的有关研究小组揭示,太阳风的离子和彗星的相互作用是彗星释放 X 射线的起因。

科学家们还就彗星上存在大量冰块而提出假设,认为地球上的水来自远古时期撞击地球的彗星,并以此解释海洋形成之谜。

然而这种假设能否成立,关键就看彗星上的微量元素与海洋中的微量元素是否一致。

据报道,美国正准备用探空火箭去索取彗星资料,对此,人们只有拭目以待,并期盼佳音。

1.文中第一段说明了哪几个方面的内容?__________________________________________________2.第二段文字说明的主要内容是:__________________________________________________3.第二段中用了一个系列性的比喻来说明彗星的形成过程,它们是:__________________________________________________4.第三段文字中“假设”的内容,与第二段中哪一句话相照应?_________________________________________________5.第三段文字中“拭目以待,并期盼佳音” 指的是什么?__________________________________________________6.用下定义的方法说说什么是“彗星” 。

初中语文说明文阅读练习题及答案

初中语文说明文阅读练习题及答案

初中语文说明文阅读练习题及答案资料一、三峡博物馆①三峡博物馆位于重庆市人民大礼堂的正西端,建筑主体长157.3米,宽98.085米,高32米,总建筑面积为4万多平方米。

这座建筑物外型本身,承载了许多历史与文化的寓意。

②三峡博物馆依山而建,整体呈一个大弧线形状。

站在人民广场仰望,博物馆就像雄伟的长江三峡大坝。

博物馆外形最显眼的是大面积的弧形蓝色玻璃幕墙和古朴方正的砂岩外墙。

蓝色玻璃象征着水,砂岩外墙则代表着山,它体现了重庆山水之城的特色。

博物馆正上方是漏斗型的圆形穹顶,很像一个巨大的承露盘,一方面取“三峡之水天上来”之意,另一方面,水通过三层叠瀑,一泄而下,与人民广场相连,体现了三峡博物馆承接祖先文化之水、用文化滋润大地的寓意。

③三峡博物馆展厅面积为23225平方米,有4个基本陈列,分别是:反映三峡历史、三峡文化和三峡精神的“壮丽三峡”;反映重庆地方历史文化源流的“远古巴渝”;反映20世纪重庆城市变迁的“重庆•城市之路”;反映重庆抗战文化的“抗战岁月”。

这里重点介绍前两个展厅。

④“壮丽三峡”展厅位于三峡博物馆一楼右侧,是博物馆的招牌展厅。

走进展厅,参观者就仿佛来到了壮美的瞿塘峡。

迎面是一幅长9米、高6米的三峡壁画,它与摆放有致的各种三峡石一起,构成了雄伟的夔门、秀美的桃子峰。

而此刻参观者的脚下,正踩在一条用玻璃隔水方式营造的长江水上。

江水拍岸的声音,川江号子的声音,以及长江三峡特有的猿啼声,构成了一个真实壮丽的三峡。

⑤“壮丽三峡”展厅摆放了大量天然三峡石。

瞿塘峡口切割来的瀑石,瞿塘峡中段的黑石,巫峡切割来的纤夫石、纤夫路,以及被誉为“世界第一古代水文站”的白鹤梁题刻,也被部分切割搬进展厅。

目前在全国的博物馆中,还没有过如此大规模大型天然石头的先例。

⑥与“壮丽三峡”展厅相比,“远古巴渝”展厅则显得古朴而厚重。

“远古巴渝”展厅位于三峡博物馆二楼左侧,展厅面积1160多平方米,展品逾1000件。

这是三峡博物馆文物最丰富的一个展厅,里面的文物80%以上都是1997年以来重庆三峡考古的新发现,这次是首度公之于众,比如巫山龙骨坡出土的巫山人牙齿和下颌骨化石、兴隆洞遗址发现的剑齿象牙石刻、奉节鱼腹发现的陶片、小田溪出土的鸟形尊等。

(完整版)初中语文说明文阅读试题及答案.doc

(完整版)初中语文说明文阅读试题及答案.doc

初中语文说明文阅读试题及答案(一)二十四、(泰州市二〇〇六 B )人们通常以为微波食品是安全的。

在美国,90%以上的家庭拥有微波炉。

微波炉既快又方便,经济实惠,是现代快节奏生活的理想烹饪工具,但微波炉对人体健康具有一定的危害。

微波是很短的电磁波,属于大自然能量光谱的一部分。

太阳产生微波,但是,太阳产生的微波与微波炉产生的微波有重大区别。

这个区别在于,微波炉是用交流电来产生微波的。

微波炉是怎样烹饪食物的?交流电可以产生频率很高的电磁波—微波。

水分子有正极和负极,因此当水接受正负交替的微波能量时,水分子会迅速转动。

这有点儿类似用磁石把平面上的大头针吸得团团转的情形。

微波炉用交流电产生的微波,使食物中的水分子以每秒钟数亿次的速度旋转,造成分子之间巨大的摩擦,使食物迅速加热。

事实上,质量检测机构只关心微波炉是否存在微波泄漏的情况。

令人惊讶的是,这些质量检测机构从未质疑微波食品本身是否安全。

1991 年,由于一场公众瞩目的官司,人们开始意识到微波食品并非百分之百安全。

一位名叫诺尔玛?利沃特的妇女的家人为她的误死起诉。

诺尔玛去医院进行髋部更换手术。

手术很成功,诺尔玛却死了。

诺尔玛死于一次输血之后,血液是经过微波炉加温的。

这是第一次有重大证据表明微波炉对被加热的物品的化学性质造成了破坏。

如果仅用微波炉把血液加热到体温,就能使血液包含致人于死命的毒性,那么我们用更高的温度在更长的时间内加热食品,又会有什么情况呢?食物的分子吸收了大量能量。

这些能量足以分解蛋白质的分子结构,导致了通常情况下不会发生的分子异变。

结果许多新的奇怪的分子出现了。

问题就在这里,食物的分子结构发生了改变,产生了人体不能识别的分子。

这些奇怪的新分子是人体不能接受的,有些有毒性,还可能致癌。

因此,经常吃微波食品的人或动物,体内会发生一定的生理变化。

瑞士皇家科技协会的汉斯?赫尔特博士和博尔纳德博士发现,微波加热破坏了食物的营养万分。

他们测量了吃微波食品志愿者血液中的病理变化。

初中说明文阅读题十五篇含答案

初中说明文阅读题十五篇含答案

初中说明文阅读题十五篇含答案初中语文说明文阅读训练大全(一)阅读下面文章,完成第1—5题。

人类能在地球上生活多久(节选)何祚庥①人类能在地球上生活多久?这既涉及可持续发展战略,涉及地球为人类的生存和发展所提供的资源,也涉及地球的外在环境究竟能在多少年内维持不变。

②太阳是决定地球外在环境最重要的因素。

根据近代天文学家的理论,太阳将持续而稳定地向地球提供光和热,地球绕太阳旋转的平均半径,将长期维持不变,至多只有极小的摆动,这一过程将至少还持续40亿年。

过了40亿年后,太阳将逐渐膨胀而演化为红巨星,最后将地球完全吞吃到它的“肚子”里。

③太阳对地球的影响实在是太巨大了,“只要太阳吼一吼,地球立即抖一抖”。

至于人类,却承受不了地球的任何抖动!不过,太阳为地球持续提供长达4000万年的光和热却是没有问题的,因为在4000万年的年代里,所消耗的能量还不到太阳总量的1%!所以,研究人类在地球上持续生存和发展的问题,至少要以人类能在地球上持续生存4000万年为奋斗目标!④但是人类面临的真正威胁,却是来自人类自身。

如果人们认为400年前伽利略是近代科学之父的话,那么这光和热,另一方面是_________________________________。

2.第③段中,作者说,“太阳为地球持续提供长达4000万年的光和热却是没有问题的”。

他这样说的根据是什么?答:________________________________________________ _______________________3.第④段中,作者说,“但是人类面临的真正威胁,却是来自人类自身”。

“来自人类自身”的威胁指什么?答:________________________________________________ _______________________4.按要求分析下列句子中加点的词语。

(1)“这一过程将至少还持续40亿年。

中考语文说明文阅读(15篇)

中考语文说明文阅读(15篇)

说明文题库一、阅读下面文章,完成第1〜3题。

(13分)“样式雷”:他们设计了这些建筑周乾中央电视台第二季的“国家宝藏"节目中,样式雷建筑烫样是故宫拿出的三件国宝文物之一。

烫样,就是指古建筑的立体模型。

这种模型一般用纸张、秫秸、油蜡、木头等材料加工而成。

纸张一般选用元书纸、麻呈文纸、高丽纸、东昌纸。

木头一般选用红松及白松。

紫禁城古建筑烫样最开始由皇家指定的民间工匠制作。

在清代,出现了制作烫样御用皇家机构,即样式房,功能犹如现在的建筑设计院,主要负责皇家建筑的设计与施工。

在设计的初期阶段,需制作出建筑烫样,供皇帝参考。

通过向皇帝展示拟建造模型的烫样,可显示出建筑的整体外观、内部构造、装修样式,和现在的三维效果差不多。

故宫博物院现藏烫样80余件,这些烫样涵盖圆明园、万春园、颐和园、北海、中南海、紫禁城、景山、天坛、清东陵等多处的实物模型,琳琅满目,令人叹为观止。

它们是研究清朝建筑历史、文化及工艺的重要资料,亦是部分古建筑修缮或复建的重要参考依据。

烫样的制作包括梁、柱、墙体、屋顶、装修等部分。

其中,梁和柱采用秫秸和木头制作;墙体主要用不同类型的纸张用水胶粘合成纸板,然后根据需要进行裁剪;屋顶制作时,首先利用黄泥制成胎膜,然后将不同类型的纸用水胶粘合在胎膜上,晾干后,成型的纸板即为屋顶形状;装修的制作方法类似于墙体,再在上面绘制图级或彩画。

一般而言,制作好的烫样,包括很多信息:建筑造型、建筑内部构造组成、建筑色彩、建筑材料、建筑基本尺寸数据、建筑装饰(装修)、建筑基础等内容。

雷姓家族先后7代在样式房主持皇家建筑设计,极其罕见,故被世人誉为“样式雷”。

样式雷家族对于紫禁城古建筑保护与研究具有极为重要的意义。

样式雷家族留下来的大量烫样实物,提供了紫禁城古建筑从设计到施工的丰富图档、画样及烫样,说明中国古代建筑工匠不仅具有良好的建筑施工技艺,而且具有图纸设计表达能力及立体模型表达能力。

样式雷改变了中国古代建筑传统中“见物不见人"的弊病。

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初中语文说明文阅读训练大全(一)阅读下面文章,完成第1—5题。

人类能在地球上生活多久(节选)何祚庥①人类能在地球上生活多久?这既涉及可持续发展战略,涉及地球为人类的生存和发展所提供的资源,也涉及地球的外在环境究竟能在多少年内维持不变。

②太阳是决定地球外在环境最重要的因素。

根据近代天文学家的理论,太阳将持续而稳定地向地球提供光和热,地球绕太阳旋转的平均半径,将长期维持不变,至多只有极小的摆动,这一过程将至少还持续40亿年。

过了40亿年后,太阳将逐渐膨胀而演化为红巨星,最后将地球完全吞吃到它的“肚子”里。

③太阳对地球的影响实在是太巨大了,“只要太阳吼一吼,地球立即抖一抖”。

至于人类,却承受不了地球的任何抖动!不过,太阳为地球持续提供长达4000万年的光和热却是没有问题的,因为在4000万年的年代里,所消耗的能量还不到太阳总量的1%!所以,研究人类在地球上持续生存和发展的问题,至少要以人类能在地球上持续生存4000万年为奋斗目标!④但是人类面临的真正威胁,却是来自人类自身。

如果人们认为400年前伽利略是近代科学之父的话,那么这400年来科学、技术以及工业、农业的发展,就远远超过自有人类历史以来的400万年间的成就。

与此同时,近400年来所消耗的地球上的资源,也大大超过了在400万年间人类所消耗的资源总量!如果按照现在消耗不断增长的趋势发展下去,试问4000年后乃至4000万年后的地球将是什么样的面貌?⑤地球上的资源可分为两类:一类是可再生资源,另一类是不可再生资源。

虽然人类可以用消耗可再生资源的办法补充一些不可再生资源,但这在数量上毕竟是有限度的。

所以,人类的生存和发展的问题,归根结底将取决于地球上的资源能在多少年内按照某些资源的消耗标准维持人类的正常生活。

⑥其实,4000万年只是一个保守的说法,太阳的光和热,完全可能持续更长一些时间,即使太阳系内出现某些反常事件,如小行星撞击地球,但也不太可能在4000万年内发生,而且人们完全能发射有超强破坏力的导弹,使小行星改变航道;所以,地球上的居民,至少在相当长的一个时期内,是大可不必“杞人无事忧天倾”的!⑦但是,真正值得忧虑的,是人,是人能否控制人类自身!1.本文从两个方面回答了“人类能在地球上生活多久”的问题,一个方面是太阳能否持续而稳定地向地球提供光和热,另一方面是_________________________________。

2.第③段中,作者说,“太阳为地球持续提供长达4000万年的光和热却是没有问题的”。

他这样说的根据是什么?答:_______________________________________________________________________3.第④段中,作者说,“但是人类面临的真正威胁,却是来自人类自身”。

“来自人类自身”的威胁指什么?答:_______________________________________________________________________4.按要求分析下列句子中加点的词语。

(1)“这一过程将至少还持续40亿年。

”“这一过程”指什么?答:_______________________________________________________________________(2)“但是,真正值得忧虑的,是人,是人能否控制人类自身!”说说“控制人类自身”的含义。

答:_______________________________________________________________________5.读本文后,你学到了哪些知识?请列出两条。

答:(1)__________________________________________________________(2)__________________________________________________________(二)阅读下面文章,完成第1—5题。

西部文化和西部开发①中国西部是什么概念?中国西部通常是指黄河与秦岭相连一线以西,包括我国西北和西南的12个省市、自治区。

这片广袤的土地面积为546万平方公里,占国土总面积的57%;人口2.8亿,占全国总人口的23%。

②西部是华夏文明的源头。

华夏祖先的脚步是顺着水边走的。

长江上游出土过元谋人牙齿化石,距今约170万年;黄河中游出土过蓝田人头盖骨;距今约70万年。

这两处古人类都比北京猿人(距今约50万年)的资格更老。

③西部地区不仅有广阔的地域和悠久的历史,而且拥有丰富多彩的文化资源。

④西部地区是华夏文明的重要发源地。

秦皇汉武以后,东西方文化在这里交汇融合,从而有了丝绸之路的驼铃声声,佛陇深寺的暮鼓晨钟。

敦煌莫高窟是世界文化史上的一个奇迹,它在继承汉晋艺术传统的基础上,形成了自己__________的恢宏气度,展现出__________的艺术形式和__________的文化内涵。

秦始皇陵兵马俑、西夏王陵、楼兰古国、布达拉宫、三星堆、大足石刻等历史文化遗产,同样为世界所瞩目,成为中华文化重要的象征。

⑤西部地区是中国革命的重要发祥地。

遵义、延安、红岩村等革命圣地孕育了深厚的革命文化侍统。

毛泽东的《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》成为革命文艺发展的一面旗帜。

延安的“鲁迅艺术学院”在短短的几年里,造就了一大批著名的作家、艺术家和文艺理论家……这些宝贵的财,奠定了西部文化遵循先进文化前进方向的坚实基础。

⑤西部地区又是我国少数民族及其文化的集萃地。

这里生活着50多个少数民族,几乎包括了我国所有的少数民族。

在一些偏远的少数民族地区,经济的落后和交通的闭塞给人们的生活带来了贫困,却也使这些地方保留下了一些久远时代的艺术品种,成为珍贵的“活化石”,如纳西古乐、戏曲、剪纸、刺绣、岩画等民间艺术和宗教艺术。

它们特色鲜明、丰富多彩,犹如一个巨大的民族民间文化艺术宝库。

⑦西部地区拥有的历史文化资源和民族文化资源,是西部大开发的重要组成部分。

应该充分重视这些得天独厚的资源优势,加强对它们的抢救、保护、涵养和合理利用,建立良好的民族民间文化生态环境,为推进西部大开发作出贡献。

11.第①段从______________、行政区域、______________、人口数量等四个方面说明了“中国西部”的概念。

2.第②段中“华夏祖先的脚步”是指____________________________________;将元谋人、蓝田人与北京猿人的年代作比较,是为了说明_________________________________。

3.选择下列词语,将序号分别填入下面句子的横线处。

A.精美绝伦 B.博大精深 C.兼收并蓄形成了自己__________的恢宏气度,展现出____________的艺术形式和__________的文化内涵。

4.用简洁的语言概括西部文化的主要特征。

答:_______________________________________________________________________5.第⑥段中写道:“在一些偏远的少数民族地区,经济的落后和交通的闭塞给人们的生活带来了贫困,却也使这些地方保留下了一些久远时代的艺术品种,成为珍贵的‘活化石’……”这段文字中的“贫困”意味着失去,“保留”意味着得到。

其实,我们的生活中也充满着这种“得”与“失”的辩证关系,“得”与“失”往往是相伴相随的。

请写200字左右议论性文字,谈谈你对这个问题的理解。

(三)阅读下面文章,完成第1—5题。

从古到今,沙尘暴一直是威胁着人类生存的自然敌人之一。

在进入21世纪的今天,沙尘暴在世界各地频频发生,其肆虐的势头有增无减。

人们不禁要问:沙尘暴是怎样产生的呢?沙源、强冷空气、冷暖空气的相互作用是沙尘暴形成的基本条件。

沙源来自于沙漠、乱垦滥伐、过度放牧所致退化的草地、没有任何植被的秃地以及一些违规操作的施工场地,由于缺乏相应的维护掩盖措施,致使表土裸露,旋风刮来,易形成扬尘。

冷暖空气相互作用产生一种垂直的上升运动,把沙尘吹扬了起来,形成沙尘暴。

如果没有沙源这个条件,后两个因素只能造成大风或降水等天气现象。

专家通过对河西走廊沙尘暴的“策源地”武威、金昌等地的实地考察发现,强劲持久的大风是形成沙尘暴的驱动力,人为破坏的植被和风化的地表松散、干燥土层等沙源是造成沙尘暴的“罪魁祸首”,沙尘暴是伴随人类活动造成的生态平衡的破坏而产生的。

早在1860年至1890年,美国由于不合理的过度开发西部处女地9000万公顷,大片焚烧草原,盲目垦荒,导致发生了1934年5月震惊世界的沙尘暴。

这场沙尘暴从土地破坏严重的西部刮起来,很快就发展成一条长2400公里、宽1500公里、高3公里的一个巨大黄色尘土带,连续3天,横扫了美国三分之二土地。

当时大气含尘量每立方公里高达40吨,3亿多吨土壤被卷入大西洋。

这一年美国毁掉耕地4500亩,16万农民倾家荡产,逃离了西部大平原。

近几十年来,我国由于人口急剧增长,不少地方便以超垦、过牧和滥伐获取必要的生活资料。

大片的树林草原被开垦成了农田?结果粮食没打多少,反而造成了土壤盐碱化和荒废了更多的土地,草原牧场不断地被过度放牧,又不进行补偿性保护种植,大大加重了草场退化。

于是导致去年一场场席卷而来的沙尘暴频频袭击了我国北方大部分地区,短短3个月间我国就发生了12次沙尘暴,波及大半个中国,不仅袭击了西北、京津地区、华北部分地区,就连长江以南省份也受到不同程度的影响。

事实表明,人们元节制地垦荒开地,无限度地向大自然索取甚至掠夺,而不给其“休养生息”的机会,不断破坏自然生态的平衡,最终一次又一次地招致大自然无情的惩罚。

痛定思痛,历史的教训不能忘记,人类应真正行动起来,认真研究如何防治沙尘暴,努力改善地球生态环境,让绿色和生命永存。

(根据2001·4《知识窗》有关资料改编)1.本文说明的对象是_____________________________________________,说明的主要内容是_______________________________________________。

2.请结合语境,理解文中加点词语的含义。

罪魁祸首:___________________________________________________________休养生息:___________________________________________________________3.从沙尘暴的形成来看,它与大风降雨的主要区别在于;产生沙尘暴的根本原因是:_____________________________________________________。

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