精选复旦大学考博历年真题汇总资料
历年各高校骨科考博试题精选
一、总结的骨科试题问答题脊柱内固定治疗进展（1999复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原则（2000复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症（2004中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗（2001复旦大学外科博士试题）颈椎病的分类（2002复旦大学外科博士试题）骨肉瘤的临床及X线表现/分型/治疗进展（2003复旦大学外科博士试题）脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X线判断病变是否稳定（2004复旦大学外科博士试题）脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗（1997中山医科大学外科博士试题）椎管狭窄症的定义、病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗（2006复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则（1995中山医科大学外科博士试题）全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症（1995中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨结核好发部位、治疗原则（1996中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨折愈合临床标准（1996中山医科大学外科博士试题）L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则（1998中山医科大学外科博士试题）人工关节松动的原因（1999中山医科大学外科博士试题）颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择（2000中山医科大学外科博士试题）手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？（2000中山医科大学外科博士试题）特发性脊柱侧弯中，结构性侧弯和非结构性侧弯的区别。
（2001中山医科大学外科博士试题）膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断（2004中山医科大学外科博士试题）简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat分期（2006中山大学外科学博士试题） -骨关节炎的诊断和治疗（2006中山大学外科学博士试题）试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症（2006中山大学外科学博士试题）骨组织工程的治疗进展（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）脊髓型颈椎病的诊断标准，手术方案及其依据（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）手的功能位，手外伤的急救原则（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）股骨远端骨折的AO分型，治疗原则及术前、术中并发症（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）生物学接骨（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）骨性关节炎的治疗（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）腰椎滑脱的分级（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）胫骨平台骨折的治疗（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）二期愈合组织学（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）生物学固定机理（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）慢性骨髓炎（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）名词解释Nelaton’s line/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Ward’s triangle复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2003三军大骨科博士腕管综合症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题肩部撞击症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题手部无人区 /1999中山医科大学外科博士试题脊柱侧弯 /1999中山医科大学外科博士试题应力缓冲效应/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题BMP /2003、2005二军大骨科博士试题Frank's分型/2003西安医科大骨科博士嗅鞘细胞/2003西安医科大骨科博士Weak up test/2003西安医科大骨科博士新月征/2003西安医科大骨科博士腱鞘巨细胞瘤/2003西安医科大骨科博士张力带固定/2003二军大骨科博士试题肥大型骨不愈/2003二军大骨科博士试题CRAMS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题VAS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题SCI/2006二军大骨科博士试题artificial gut/2006二军大骨科博士试题perioperative period/2006二军大骨科博士试题Volkman挛缩/2006二军大骨科博士试题Perthes病/2006二军大骨科博士试题OPLL/2006二军大骨科博士试题脊髓震荡/2003二军大骨科博士试题静力锁钉/2003二军大骨科博士试题tutrial cord syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Jefferson fracture/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bohler angle/2005二军大骨科博士试题Brown-Sequard syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bragd sign/2005二军大骨科博士试题McGarge's line/2006二军大骨科博士试题中央脊髓综合征/2003三军大骨科博士Abbreviation Jnjury Scale/2003三军大骨科博士Contagious */2003三军大骨科博士Bennet 骨折/2003三军大骨科博士骨不连/2004华中科技大骨科博士 )骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士二、骨科名词解释1.高尔夫球肘（Golfer's elbow）即肱骨内上髁炎，是由于肘部过度活动引起肘部屈肌附着处疼痛。
复旦大学 管理学院高级微观经济学考博真题
复旦大学管理学院考博真题高级微观经济学20101.关于效用函数的，给了一个效用函数，求相关的需求，支出函数等。
但效用函数不是传统的乘法，是加法的，求解起来比较麻烦。
2.求一个交换经济的均衡，2类物品，2个个体，条件是物品1需求大于0，效用函数是拟线性的。
求均衡解和均衡区间。
不过题目只给了总禀赋，所以变得比较麻烦。
3.厂商问题，分别求竞争，垄断，古诺和斯坦科尔伯格解。
4.公共物品供给，求最优供给和实际供给，并设计公共物品供给机制。
由于是连续型公共物品，需要Lindahl均衡和连续物品的G-C机制。
但感觉一般可能也就了解到离散物品的G-C需求显示机制。
5.两个IID随机资产，证明风险偏好将投在一个上面，风险厌恶的将投在两个上面复旦大学管理学院考博真题高级微观经济学20122012年高微总共考了四题，感觉比2010年的要简单。
1、（25%）第一题是两个证明：马歇尔需求函数是价格和收入的零次齐次函数；希克斯需求函数等于马歇尔需求函数，涉及支出函数。
2、（30%）第二题是关于垄断和价格歧视的题目，给了两个市场的需求函数，但比较简单，有四个小问：如果统一定价，求价格产量和利润；如果实行三级价格函数呢；实行三级价格歧视社会福利是增加还是减少了（根据消费者剩余和生产者剩余之和）？如果三级价格歧视无法实施，垄断厂商会与下游哪个市场合并达到三级价格歧视同样的结果？3、（20%）第三题是关于一般均衡的，给了两个间接需求函数，两个消费者的初始禀赋，求市场出清价格。
4、（25%）第四题是给定财富的效用函数，求两个风险规避系数，以及给定gamble 求确定性等值CE和风险升水。
复旦大学管理学院考博真题2300高级微观经济学2018（考了四道题，每题25分）1.给出的是一个对数形式的效用函数，要求：求该效用函数的马歇尔需求函数、希克斯需求函数、间接效用函数、支出函数；画出效用函数的替代效应、收入效应以及总效应的示意图；并且证明谢波特引理和罗尔恒等式；2.给出一个需求行数，代数式形式的：第一问是求一级价格歧视，也称为两部定价（见平新乔十八讲P159）；第二问是求古诺均衡；第三问求斯塔克博格均衡；第四问卡特尔均衡；第五问进行伯川德博弈求解。
历年考博专业课真题
中科院 2003 生化考博题 1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控? 2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展? 3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理? 4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理? 5.包含体? 6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株.如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因. 7.蛋白质一,二,三,四结构?用什么方法测定. 8.从 cDNA 文库中用特定一对引物利用 PCR 扩增一个酶蛋白基因.将该基因重组到一个通 用表达载体上进行表达. 对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明, 重组蛋白具有相应酶活性. 是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?复旦大学 2002 年试题(金融学) 1,分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果. (20 分) 2,试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应,评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果. (30 分) 3,什么叫可维持的国际收支结构,结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件. (20 分) 4, 全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型, 并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣. (30 分)2004 年人大民法考博试题 民法: 1,论请求权 2,人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质 3,相邻权与地役权的区别 4,论商业秘密权 民事诉讼: 1,论不要证事实 2,论当事人更换 3,论上诉审程序 4,破产申请要件 中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题 民法 93. 1.论合同自由 2.新闻监督与侵害名誉权 3.证券市场的现状与对策 94. 1.试论我国物权制度的建立与完善(40) 2.我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限 公司的异同(30) 3.侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别(30)95. 1.论物权分类 2.企业法人与社团法人的关系 3.侵权行为与违约行为的异同 96. 1.评析民法通则 2.物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别 3.缔约过失责 任与合同责任的联系与区别 4.评析人身保险合同(3,4 选一) 97. 1.论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法 2.行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除 权的区别 3.论典权的性质,典权与抵押,质押,买卖和租赁的法律关系 4.论保险合同中 当事人的基本权利义务 98. 1.国有企业改革中的民法适用问题 2.效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别 3.试 析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释 200 条 4.侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间 的比较 99. 1.我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位 2.用益物权 的种类及逐一评述 3.知识产权及其他财产权的异同,著作权与工业产权的异同 4.有限责 任公司与股份有限公司的异同 2000. 1, WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响 2, 论经营权 3, 论合同自愿原则 4, 网 络环境下的知识产权保护 2001. 1.法人有限责任 2.善意取得 3.表见代理 4.代位权行使的要件 2002. 1. 论民事法律行为的发展和完善 2. 论物权请求权 3. 合同成立和效力的关系 4. 知 识产权在民法中的地位 2003 1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善 2.评析物权行为理论 3.论信托法律关系中的受托 人的权利性质 4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同 5.论知识产权的私权本质 2004 1,论民法请求权 2,从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质 3,论相邻权 和地役权的关系 4,论商业秘密权 民诉 93. 1.论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善. 2.论公示催告程序. 3.诉讼保全与债的 保全的关系 4.民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展. 5.其他组织问题 94. 1. 试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的 体现 2.财产保全与先予执行的异同 3.试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法 4.试论 法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查 95.1. 试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象 2. 申请代位执行的根据 3. 公示催告程序 4. 诉 权与起诉权的关系 96. 1.评严格执行民事诉讼法,确保案件公正审理 2.代位申请执行与代位权 3.当事人 查证与法院取证的根据 4.涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径 97. 1.关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考 2.评析新民事诉讼法 3.论举证责任倒置 4.论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系 98. 1.建立我国诉讼标的理论 2.调解与审判分离理论 3.启动再审的三种方式间的关系 99. 1.试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系 2.重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考 3.论执行难及其解决途径 2000. 1.诉权在司法实践中的保护 2,诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用 3,论执行的性质 4,论缺席判决 2001. 1.调解制度的完善 2.执行权性质及与裁判权的区别 3.诚信原则是否适用于民诉 举证责任的分配 2002. 1.评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定 2.法律推定与事实推定的效力 3.判决的形式 确定力与实质确定力 4.执行竞合及其解决 2003 1.论书证的分类及其法律意义 2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位) 3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离 4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权 2004 1,论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实 2,论当事人变更 3,论二审对一审的裁判 4,论 破产申请提出的条件武汉大学 2004 年医学考博试题 消化内科试题 1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD 遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD 的诊断与治疗 5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID 诱发溃疡的机制病生 试题一,简答题 1 简述凋亡的基本过程 2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 6 何为缺血预处理?它有哪些保护作用? 二,论述题 1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸碱平衡紊乱,为什么? 2 何为自由基?试述它在体内的作用. 2004 年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题 一名解(原题为英文) 1.休克抑制期 2.骨不连 3.骨筋膜室综合征 4.非少尿型肾功衰 5.预存自体回输血二.问答题 1.创伤的检查与诊断方法 2.脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3.腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4.周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5.股骨头缺血坏死的 FICAT 分期 6.你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7.骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征.协和 2003 年分子生物学专业试题(博士) 1, 近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识, 现在大家普遍接受"unified theory" 的理论,请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点. 2,用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质,然后进行电泳,发现 200bp,400bp,600bp,800bp... 的条带,试问从该现象可以得出什么结论?图 1 所示的条带不是非常狭窄,试解释其原因武汉大学 2001 比较文学与世界文学专题试题 一.20 分.AB 任选 A.莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态"外化"为舞台形象 的?表现主义文学(如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》)又是如何系统的运用这类"外化"手法的? B. 以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例, 谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的 见解.(说明:不限于戏剧,也可以举小说等为例.) 二.30 分.在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中,你对哪一部印象最深?描述你阅读它事的初始 感受,然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思,剖析和评价. 三.20 分.CD 任选 C.结合具体的作家和作品,论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征. D.从 T.S.艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学"总体论"出发,结合其他西方学 者的相关理论,论述民族文学,总体文学与比较文学的相互关系. 四.30 分.古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了"迷狂说".中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧 浪诗话.诗辨》中提出了"妙悟说".结合他们的具体论述,以"迷狂说与妙悟说"为题 ,从学说产生的时代与社会环境, 诗任的创作过程, 艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨 析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题 学科专业: 传染病学 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 32 分) 1. ICAM-1 2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 4. TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染 性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测 的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学 一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫 学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不 同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和 结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选 一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学 检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应 用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科 考试科目:免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主 要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为 无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及 趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的 免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如 何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特 点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案 克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球 蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别 抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互 作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高 抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发 生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导 免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学 诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前 提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配 体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫 学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的 特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的 主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后 来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆 转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有 指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来 将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或 统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信 使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水 解,碱水解引起 , , 和 的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 . 8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和 等 方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制分子结构及 酶 的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低 强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学 含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体 系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立 起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述 问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率 与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而 下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差 的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其 反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中 多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手 段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院 动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点 是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物;常见 的糖有 和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶 三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述 逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分 子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含 量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原 理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生 物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的 特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 解 释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转 氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体 二, 回答问题 (其 中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其 在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述 生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和 细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题 中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列 名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功 能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡 二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出 用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关 系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围 内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明 该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物 基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。
金融学考博试题
复旦大学20021、分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果。
（20分）2、试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应，评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果。
（30分）3、什么叫可维持的国际收支结构，结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件。
（20分）4、全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型，并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣。
（30分）来源:考复旦2010经济学基础1、政治经济学内容：解释一下机器排挤工人的现象（15分）2、政治经济学内容：生产过剩现象是不是市场经济特有的并解释（10分）2、宏观内容：解释一下消费理论，并联系中国现状加以分析（20分）计算题3、索罗增长模型，加入政府因素，政府对产出征税，如果政府是廉洁型的则政府的支出对生产产生作用，如果政府是腐败型的则对产出不产生影响。
（20分）（1）如果政府是腐败型的，求均衡产出均衡税率等（2）如果政府是廉洁型的，求均衡量，。
（忘了）求收敛性的（3）求内生增长条件的4、这题里面有两道题。
一道是公共产品的博弈，私人产品的函数，公共产品的函数，求均纳什均衡解还是占有均衡解的。
第二道是宏观的。
将设一国资本是自由流动的，政府对资本流动征税，如果政府征税的目标是本国居民消费最大化，求政府制定的最优税率并加以解释。
（这道题回忆的应该很全，原题基本是这样语言叙述的。
）5、古诺模型的，两个厂商（1）求古诺均衡解（比较简单）；如果第三个厂商要进入市场，给出了一系列数字，第一个厂商有谈判费用和牌照，（2）求第三厂商进入的话，第一个厂商的对其收取的费用最少为多少；（3）证明当且仅当。
是均衡解。
（20分）以上是我个人回忆的今年复旦大学经济学考博试题。
其中前三道45分，后面五道计算题55分金融学1、比较东南亚金融危机与本次美国金融危机的联系与区别及其特点（25分）2、股票交易有哪两种交易机制并比较这两种机制，我国采取的是哪一种，分析其优缺点。
（25分）3、阐述一下巴拉萨—萨缪尔森定理并分析其对中国人民币汇率改革的选择。
博士入学考试肿瘤学历年真题(北大复旦中大天医南医同济湘雅三四军医大)
中山大学医学院2002年肿瘤学（博士）1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义。
2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义。
3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则。
4、癌变的二阶段学说。
5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系。
6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义。
以上6题任选4题，每题15分。
以下共有18题，任选2题，每题20分。
内容涉及几乎各部位的肿瘤的临床表现（或）和治疗原则，推测是每一博导出2-3题的总和。
仅记数题如下：1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。
3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。
4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。
5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。
9、中上段食管癌的临床表现中山大学医学院2003年肿瘤学（博士）20题选61、癌发生的二阶段学说2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化3、p53基因生物学特性与意义4、信号传导通路的组成5、调亡的特点及生物学意义6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程7、基因突变形式几检测方法8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制9、基因治疗策略10、腹部肿块的类型并举例11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结12、食道癌的X线表现13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用中山大学医学院2004年肿瘤学（博士）以下选答4条。
每条10分1、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。
2、术前放疗的原则3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？7、信号转导的组成以下选3，各20分。
8、肺癌淋巴引流分组9、肿瘤外科发展趋势10、试述肿瘤的异型性11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则14、凋亡特征及发展机制15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些，为什么？16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的原理18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点20、烃化剂作用机理，举出3种药物21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些，各举1例22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些，如何预防23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法24、肿瘤局部，远处扩散机制25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些，哪些方法预防或减少发生肿瘤防治中心的临床型和科研型都是考此套试题。
浙大、清华、西北大学、武大、复旦考博经济学真题
浙江大学——政治经济学 2003 年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题 2003 秋 政经 简答 40 1. 马克思的劳动分工思想 2. 市场经济与商品经济的区别与联系 3. 社会资本扩大再生产的核心思想 4. 经济增长方式转变过程中的制度因素 论述 60 1. 试论述传统社会主义政治经济学的缺陷与改革 2. 边际主义价值论与劳动价值论 3. 试论述价格双轨制的历史合理性与其局限性 2003 秋 政经 1、 马克思西方经济学实证分析法比较； 2、 马克思平均利润规律的现实意义。 3、 服务业劳动价值问题。 4、 马克思与新制度经济学的制度变迁理论比较， 西方经济学 1、 计算题：宏观两部门 2、 简答题： －奥肯定理 －若伦茨曲线与基尼系数 －成本递减行业的长期供给曲线 － 3、 论述题 －通货紧缩论 －道德风险与逆向选择 复旦 2001 考博经济学基础考题 1、 马克思关于虚拟经济的论述，并运用这一理论来阐述 我国现阶段发展资本市场的意义。2、 委托代理理论，并用这一理论来阐述为什么邮政业 要有政府来经营。3、 试论述比较优势，并说明这一理论在新经济条件下的新发展。4、 国 民收入函数的计算（也就是 Y=C+I+G+E=C+S+T+X）并用以上计算结果解释卢卡斯批判。 复旦大学 2003 年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题——经济学理论基础 1、 混合产 品的均衡分析 2、 纳什均衡的分析以及重复博弈 3、 马克思的劳动价值论以及现实意义 4、 国民收支的简单计算 复旦 2002 考博经济学基础考题 1、 马克思的股份公司理论 2、 网络经济条件下信息不对 称模型是否有效 3、 国民收入决定的计算 4、凯恩斯的有效需求理论（三个心理假说怎么 样决定需求） 南京大学 2005 年理论经济学博士研究生入学试题！南大理论经济学各专业实行统考，并侧 重考察考生思维方式和解决问题的能力！ 政治经济学研究: 共四题 每题 25 分一、论述马 克思在《资本论》中关于利息的观点。二、垄断和反垄断的经济分析。三、论述价值决定和
考博英语词汇历年真题试卷汇编59_真题-无答案
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1. Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird2. An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whatever3. He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A. hithertoB. henceforthC. whereasD. nevertheless4. I did not dare to speak aloud or even ______to Alison what was in my mind.A. murmurB. whistleC. whisperD. hum5. The new law allows you to ______ payment if you think a bill is incorrect.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)A. withholdB. withdrawC. witherD. withstand6. The last half of the nineteenth century______ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. testedB. provedC. confirmedD. witnessed7. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ______.(2007年中南大学考博试题)A. unworthyB. worthlessC. invaluableD. priceless8. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ______.(2008年北京大学考博试题)A. invaluableB. pricelessC. unworthyD. worthless9. We believe the younger generation will prove______ of our trust.(2007年财政部财政科研所考博试题)A. worthB. worthlessC. worthyD. worthwhile10. He is in bed with a bad cold, feeling pretty ______.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A. spaciousB. wideC. sufficientD. wretched11. It took years for Einstein's theory to gain ______.A. receptionB. admissionC. ownershipD. acceptance12. What sort of______ can you get for the night in a city like this?A. commissionB. treatmentC. accommodationD. recommendation13. Prof. Harkins gave his audience a vivid______ of his lecturing tour in the United States.A. taleB. newsC. accountD. plot14. Science has made great______ during the past 20 years.A. advancesB. developmentsC. movementsD. increases15. A company may______its products by means of newspapers, magazines, radio or television.A. advertiseB. sellC. propagateD. declare16. We greatly ______ your timely help, without which we could not have accomplished the task in time.A. thankB. oweC. appreciateD. admire17. In the market, the merchants______ and joked with their friends and neighbors.A. chattedB. bargainedC. discussedD. communicated18. Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full ______.A. capacityB. strengthC. lengthD. possibility19. This ______ shows that John Williams **pleted the school-work of the eighth grade.A. certificateB. formC. paperD. article20. We are governed by the hormones that______ around our bodies.A. circulateB. passC. moveD. revolve21. The explanation in the footnote ______the difficult sentence.A. modifiedB. classifiedC. clarifiedD. rectified22. The negotiation______ when no agreement could be reached.A. crushedB. collapsedC. fellD. dropped23. She has a beautiful ______ of stamps from all over the world.A. collectionB. storageC. gatheringD. accumulation24. Many salesmen receive a______ of 10 per cent on all sales made.A. fundB. sumC. commissionD. reward25. Young women from every state ______ for the title of Miss America.A. competeB. scrambleC. secureD. strive。
2014年复旦大学考博试题 西方哲学史
2014年复旦大学考博试题西方哲学史
1、以柏拉图的某一作品为例，试析柏拉图如何用对话探讨哲学问题。
（10分）
2、在政治社会思想上，法国启蒙主义和德国启蒙主义有何区别。
（10分）
3、康德如何说明数学、自然科学的可能性，形而上学是否可能，何以可能。
（10分）
4、费尔巴哈如何批判黑格尔及其未来哲学的思想内容。
（10分）
5、洛克《人类理解论》的主要内容。
（10分）
6、如何理解狄德罗辩证唯物的思想。
（10分）
7、阿奎那如何改造亚里士多德哲学。
（10分）
8、培根“三表法”的实质。
（10分）
9、如何看待笛卡尔对上帝存在的三种证明方式。
（10分）
10、费希特哲学思想如何体现了辩证思维，黑格尔为何批判谢林的哲学是“无生命的图式”。
（10分）。
复旦大学中国古代文学0314年考博真题
复旦大学中国古代文学研究中心考博参考书目050104 中国古典文献学1《文献学讲义》王欣夫上海世纪出版集团2《余嘉锡说文献学》余嘉锡上海古籍出版社3《文献学概要》杜泽逊上海书店出版社4《古籍整理概论》黄永年上海书店出版社5《校勘学释例》陈垣上海书店出版社6《古籍印本鉴定概说》陈正宏等上海辞书出版社050105 中国古代文学1《中国文学史新著》章培恒等复旦大学出版社2《中国文学批评史新编》王运熙等复旦大学出版社3《中国历代文学作品选》朱东润上海古籍出版社4《中国文学批评史大纲》朱东润上海古籍出版社5《文学理论》［美］韦勒克等北京三联书店6《西方美学通史》蒋孔阳、朱立元上海文艺出版社050125 中国文学古今演变1《中国文学史新著》章培恒等复旦大学出版社2《中国文学批评史新编》王运熙等复旦大学出版社3《中国文学批评史大纲》朱东润上海古籍出版社4《中国历代文学作品选》朱东润上海古籍出版社5《文学理论》［美］韦勒克等北京三联书店6《西方美学通史》蒋孔阳、朱立元上海文艺出版社7《中国现代文学三十年》钱理群等北京大学出版社8《中国当代文学史教程》陈思和复旦大学出版社或《中国当代文学史》洪子诚北京大学出版社复旦大学中文系2014年考博真题（中国语言文学基础知识）名词解释1、唯美主义2、复调3、《大唐三藏取经诗话》4、冯至《十四行集》5、一代有一代之文学简答题1、简述亚里士多德在《诗学》中的模仿理论2、谈谈英国诗人艾略特对当代欧美文学的影响3，叶燮《原诗》言：此中也者，乃古今百代之中，而非有唐之所独，后此千百年，无不从是以为断。
你同意此观点吗？4、鲁迅在《破恶声论》中主要论述了什么，与中国近代西方思潮共同构成了什么关系。
5、谈谈路翎、穆旦、莫言的主要代表作，并围绕作品谈谈他们各自创作的特性。
回憶版1、结合作品试论述“魔幻现实主义”中“魔幻”与“现实”的关系。
2、宋代目录学的影响3、《文选》的影响及意义4、论“文革文学”向“新时期文学”的转变。
博士考试生物化学的一些各校真题
2023 年中国科学院生物化学考博真题一、名词解释1 染色体重塑2 同源蛋白3 亲和层析4 酶的竞争性抑制5 逆转座子6 糖异生二、举5 例真核生物体内非编码RNA 以及其功能〔往年试题〕三、举5 离GFP 在生物化学中的应用〔2023 年试题〕四、真核生物转录起始水平到翻译后水平上的基因表达调控〔往年试题〕五、蛋白质免疫共沉淀(CoIp〕与ChIP 的原理以及应用2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.结合实例说明“生物信息大分子”的概念。
都包括哪些类物质分子。
简要说明其执行“信息功能”的要素。
2.何谓“根本转录因子”，写出 6 个以上的名称。
依据你的理解，推断“类固醇激素受体属于根本转录因子”是否正确，为什么？请简要说明类固醇激素受体调整基因表达的机制。
3.解释“同工酶”概念，简要说明严格区分同工酶策略。
写出设计酶活性测定体系的留意事项。
4.解释“维生素”概念，丙酮酸脱氢酶系中包括那些维生素？各以何种形式参与酶系组成。
写出维生素D 在体内主要代谢过程。
5.写出胆固醇合成的原料，限速酶，在血液内主要运输形式，以及 6 中以上在体内重要转化物的名称。
6.以填空形式考苯丙氨酸和落氨酸的分解代谢过程。
7.端粒，端粒酶的概念，其特别的生物学功能。
8.肝脏生物转化的概念，特点，反响类型。
胆红素在肝内转化后的产物，以何种形式排出体外。
9.血浆蛋白质主要成分及生理功能。
2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.人类基因组的概念，内容和意义。
2.t ransgene 的概念，如何重组，定位，筛选，检测？3.图示PKA.PKC.TPK 在信号传导中的作用。
4.蛋白质变性与DNA 变性的区分与应用。
5.肝脏在生物代谢中的作用，假设肝脏发生严峻损伤，可能会发生什么转变？6.比较酶的别构调整与化学修饰调整的异同，及各拘束代谢中的作用。
7.具 5 例辅酶，他们的构造，组成及催化的反响式。
8.有一种α-酮酸参与了糖，尿素，氨基酸，核苷酸代谢，是哪一种。
复旦大学博士研究生入学考博英语历年真题试题(经典6套)2007-2012年
2012年复旦大学考博英语真题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2 Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectable3 If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4 The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5 In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take over6 Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemma7There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidated9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10 Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11 When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded _____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminateB initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenact阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in social values implicit in juxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's excellent book, <i>pricing the priceless child</i>. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of sacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.it can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in Americaduring the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(a) earnings of the person at time of death(b) wealth of the party causing the death(c) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed2.it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generallyregarded by their families as individuals who(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(b) required constant supervision while working(c) were important to the economic well-being of a family(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school3.which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value ofchildren would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents beganto increase their emotional investment in the upbringing oftheir children.(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expectedearnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.(c) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread ofhumanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsoryeducation laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield(b) present the central thesis of a recent book(c) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon5.zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessmentof children's worth except changes in(a) the mortality rate(b) the nature of industry(c) the nature of the family(d) attitudes toward reform movementsBA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, butof liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a socialcontract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeingmy hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streetsthe neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, anddeclare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. follow the orders of policemenC. do not behave inconsiderately in publicD. do what you like in private2. The author’s attitud e to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objective D supportive3 A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errorsB. an editor shortening the text of an articleC. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD. an army office giving orders to a soldier4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. his own home5 In the sentence ‘ We are all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC. countering a general misconceptionD. suggesting a remedyCThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of theworld by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would 5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoringeyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, shelived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. Itwas thefulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very 20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alonewould save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was alsothe one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron 30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad -possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As 35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. Formonths at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, shewould become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there 40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ...when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous 45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay thatphantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could sherestwhile these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even inpeace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After 55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, thisis one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back -an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look tothe health of the Army.1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramaticB. less demandingC. less well-known to the publicD. more important2 Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shatteredB. stubborn and querulousC. physically weak but mentally indomitableD. purposeful yet tiresome3 . The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the armyB. show the need for hospital reformC. explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions4 The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB. over-inflation of a reputationC. debunking a mythD. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitalsB. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD. ridicule the dangers of army lifeDHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when in come and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree oflabor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job c reation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income3 Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4 The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers5 According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during thematuration process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends ___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do ____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
(完整)全国部分名校考博生物化学真题大全,推荐文档
2004年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、名词解释1、端粒酶2、嘌呤核苷酸循环3、断裂基因4、模序5、抑癌基因6、RT-PCR7、密码子摆动性8、核心酶9、解偶联机制10、顺式作用元件二、简答题1、血红蛋白氧离曲线为何呈S形？2、DNA双螺旋结构的特点？3、酶促反应的机制4、维生素B12为何能导致巨幼红细胞性贫血？5、IP3、DAG是什么？其在信号传导中的作用是什么？三、问答题1、试述蛋白质一级结构和空间结构与蛋白质功能的关系。
2、试述人类基因组计划的内容、意义，以及后基因组计划的研究方向。
3、以操纵子理论说明：细菌如何利用乳糖作为碳源？当葡萄糖与乳糖共存时，如何调节？4、1分子葡萄糖子体内完全氧化生成38个ATP：（1）各个途径以及其中的能量生成？（2）NADH进入线粒体的途径？（3）NADH的呼吸链组成？5、试述血浆脂蛋白分类及作用，载脂蛋白的含义，作用。
LDL升高、HDL降低为何导致动脉粥样硬化？2003年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、选择题1、限制性内切酶识别的序列是A、粘性末端B、回文结构C、TATAATD、聚腺苷酸E、AATAA2、由氨基酸生成糖的过程称为A、糖酵解B、糖原分解作用C、糖异生作用D、糖原合成作用3、四氢叶酸不是下列哪种基团或化合物的载体？A、-CHOB、CO2C、-CH=D、-CH3E、-CH=NH ;4、细胞色素aa3的重要特点是A、可使电子直接传递给氧分子的细胞色素氧化酶B、以铁卟啉为辅基的递氢体C、是递电子的不需氧脱氢酶D、是分子中含铜的递氢体E、含有核黄素5、转氨酶的辅酶含有哪种维生素？A、Vit B1B、Vit B2C、Vit PPD、Vit B6E、Vit B126、下列哪种成分的含量高，则双螺旋DNA的溶解温度也增高？A、G+GB、C+TC、A+TD、A+GE、A+C7、胆红素在肝脏中的转变主要是A、转变成胆绿素B、受加单氧化酶体系氧化C、与葡萄糖醛酸结合D、与清蛋白结合E、直接排除8、密度最低的血浆脂蛋白是A、VLDLB、C、MDLD、HDLE、CM9、操纵子的基因表达调控系统属于A、复制水平调节B、转录水平调节C、翻译水平调节D、逆转录水平调节E、翻译后水平调节10、关于DNA复制，下列哪项叙述是错误的？A、原料是4种dNTPB、链的合成方向是C、以DNA链为模板D、复制的DNA与亲代的DNA完全相同E、复制的DNA需要剪切加工二、名词解释1、酮体2、基因3、肽链4、锌指5、核酶6、糖异生7、胆色素8、复制叉9、Km 10、一碳单位三、简答题1、什么是反式作用因子？2、简述脂蛋白的种类。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编61(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编61(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The new residential Hocks were skillfully ______ with the rest of the College to form a pleasing, self-contained whole.A．integratedB．mergedC．consolidatedD．complemented正确答案：A解析：integrate(into／with)vt.(使)成为一体，(使)结合在—起。
2．Now that he has retired, he lives partly on his pension and partly on the ______ on his bank-savings account.A．incomeB．profitC．interestD．bonus正确答案：C解析：interest n.利息，利率；兴趣，趣味；(pl.)利益，利害关系(interest on bank savings银行存款所得利息；(区分下面三句话的不同)I have no interest in her我对她不感兴趣；Your plan has no interest for me你的计划对我没有吸引力。
3．The store displayed its most ______products in the front window.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)A．modelB．presentC．distinctiveD．favorite正确答案：A解析：句意为：这家商店将他们的模型产品放置在窗前。
根据句意，A项model“模型”符合句意，故选A项合适。
B项present目前，C项distinctive鲜明的，D项favorite喜欢的均不符合句意。
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参考资3之欧阳美创编
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定,每年词汇题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分。
预计测试时间（25分钟）61. This kind of material can heat and moisture. [ A ] delete [ B ] compel[ C ] repel [ D ] constrain62. For the past two years, Audi cars have __ Germany's Touring Car Championship.[ a ] dominated [ B ] conquered[ C ] determined [ D ] contested63. The pollution question as well as other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is inagain next spring.[ A ] assembly [ B ] session[ C ] conference [ D ] convention64. The prisoner has been of many privileges that average citizens enjoy.[ a ] ensured [ B ] informed[ C ] deprived [ D ] convinced65. In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler __ respectable social scientists who agree withhim.[ A ] recites [ B ] confirms[ C ] quotes [ D ] convinces66. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable __ to the total cost of the product.[ A ] proportion [ B ] correlation[ C ] connection [ D ] correspondence 67. I was I by their kindness and moved to tears.[ A ] preoccupied [ B ] embarrassed[ C ] overwhelmed [ D ] counseled68. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a __ way when in a furious state.[ a ] stable [ B ] rational[ C ] legal [ D ] credible69. A friendship may be __ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.[ A ] identical [ B ] original[ C ] superficial [ D ] critical70. Our readers are comfortable with our clear, words that inform and entertain them.[ A ] conventional [ B ] concise[ C ] creative [ D ] crucial71. By computation, he estimated that the repairs on the house would cost him a thousand dollars.[ A ] coarse [ B ] rude[ C ] rough [ D ] crude72. Children and old people (lo not like having their daily__ upset.[ A ] habit [ B ] routine[ C ] practice [ D ] custom73. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were__[ A ] hung [ B ] hung back[ C ] cat down [ D ] cat off74. I tried very. hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat __[ A ] disapproval [ B ] rejection[ C ] refusal [ D ] decline75. Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply _--[ A ] slipped [ B ] lessened[ C ] descended [ D ] declined76. I could see that my wife was __ having that fur coat, whether I approved of it or not.[ A ] intent on [ B ] adequate for[ C ] short of [ D ] deficient in77. The human voice often sounds on the telephone.[ A ] twisted [ B ] irregular[ C ] distorted [ D ] deformed78. Some people either __ avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.[ A ] violently [ B ] enthusiastically [ C ] sincerely [ D ] deliberately79. We are __-- faced with the necessity to recognize that having more people implies a lower stand-ard of living. [ A ] readily [ B ] smoothly [ C ]inevitahly [ D ] deliberately 80. Some people criticize family doctors for too many medicines for minor illnesses.[ A] prescribing [ B] ordering [ C ] advising [ D] delivering81. It is rather that we still do not know how many species there are in the world today.[A ] misleading [ B ] embarrassing[ C ] boring [ D ] demanding82. In one scene of Modem Times Charlie Chaplin was shown trying __ to keep in time with a rap-id assembly line.[ A ] aimlessly [ B ] violently[ C ] hardly [ D ] desperately 83. I a letter to an Internet service that distributes journalists' questions to more than 75 institu-tions.[ A ] assigned [ B ] dispatched[ C ] attached [ D ] detached84. It is strictly that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.[ A ] secured [ B ] forbidden [ C ] regulated [ D ] determined 85. Where in our brain do we _-- meanings to words.'?[ a ] associate [ B ] attach[ C ] commit [ D ] devote。
2014年复旦大学考博英语试题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记
underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is
incorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice byoss the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer
the dollar, make it more
A
B
C
difficult to sell U.S. exports.
D
41. It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as
the ever-increased world
A
B
C
population, have been caused by technological adcance.
D
42. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist
the temptation to revenge
A. within reach of
B. for fear of
C. by means of D. in case of
20. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the
emotion that it _________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to
复旦大学考博经验
复旦大学考博经验复旦考博涉及知识点很全面，不仅如此，也是对人际关系、心理素质、体力的考验，一定要有坚定的信念和信心，有志者事竟成!下面是店铺整理复旦大学考博经验的范文，欢迎阅读!复旦大学考博经验篇一一段你刚开始进入这行，对PMOS/NMOS/BJT什么的只不过有个大概的了解，各种器件的特性你也不太清楚，具体设计成什么样的电路你也没什么主意，你的电路图主要看国内杂志上的文章，或者按照教科书上现成的电路，你总觉得他们说得都有道理。
你做的电路主要是小规模的模块，做点差分运放，或者带隙基准的仿真什么的你就计算着发文章，生怕到时候论文凑不够。
总的来说，基本上看见运放还是发怵。
你觉得spice是一个非常难以使用而且古怪的东西。
二段你开始知道什么叫电路设计，天天捧着本教科书在草稿纸上狂算一气。
你也经常开始提起一些技术参数，Vdsat、lamda、early voltage、GWB、ft之类的。
总觉得有时候电路和手算得差不多，有时候又觉得差别挺大。
你也开始关心电压，温度和工艺的变化。
例如低电压、低功耗系统什么的。
或者是超高速高精度的什么东东，时不时也来上两句。
你设计电路时开始计划着要去tape out，虽然tape out看起来还是挺遥远的。
这个阶段中，你觉得spice很强大，但经常会因为AC仿真结果不对而大伤脑筋。
三段你已经和PVT斗争了一段时间了，但总的来说基本上还是没有几次成功的设计经验。
你觉得要设计出真正能用的电路真的很难，你急着想建立自己的信心，可你不知道该怎么办。
你开始阅读一些JSSC或者博士论文什么的，可你觉得他们说的是一回事，真正的芯片或者又不是那么回事。
你觉得Vdsat什么的指标实在不够精确，仿真器的缺省设置也不够满足你的要求，于是你试着仿真器调整参数，或者试着换一换仿真器，但是可它们给出的结果仍然是有时准有时不准。
你上论坛，希望得到高手的指导。
可他们也是语焉不详，说得东西有时对有时不对。
这个阶段中，你觉得spice虽然很好，但是帮助手册写的太不清楚了。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-复旦大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：13
2022年考研考博-考博英语-复旦大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题He （）outrage by calling the TV programmes “talking wallpaper”.问题1选项A.provokedB.evokedC.revokedD.invoked【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
provoke “激起，挑衅”；evoke “引起，唤起，博得”；revoke “撤回，取消，废除”；invoke “调用，换气”。
句意：他称那个电视节目为“会说话的壁纸”激起了愤怒。
选项A符合题意。
2.单选题As many as 100 species of fish, some（） to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution.问题1选项A.unusualB.particularC.typicalD.unique【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。
unusual “不寻常的”；particular “特别的，详细的”；typical “典型的”；unique “独一无二的”。
句意：在这片水域有100多种鱼类，有些是独一无二的，已经被污水影响了。
选项D符合题意。
3.单选题He built a hut on a piece of rough land hear a rock fall. In the wet season there was a plentiful stream, and over the years he encouraged the dry forest to surround him with a thick screen. The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside. In time Melio (not without some terrible mistakes) learnt how to live in spite of the difficulties up on that mountain shelf.His only neighbors were a family group of Parakana Indians who, for reasons known only to themselves, took a liking to Melio. Their Chief never looked closely at Melio and said to himself that this white man was as mad as a snake which chews off its own tail. The parakanas taught Melio to catch fish with the help of a wild plant which made them senseless in the stream. It gave off a powerful drug when shaken violently through the water. They shored him bow to hunt by laying tra ps and digging. In time Melio’s piece of land became a regular farm. He bad wild birds, fat long-legged ones and thin nearly featherless chickens, and his corm and sailed fish was enough to keep him stocked up though the wet season.The Parakanas were alwa ys around him. He’d never admit it but he could feel that the trees were like the bars of a prison: they were watching him. It was as if he was there by courtesy of the Chief. When they came to him, the Indians never entered his house, with its steeply sloping roof of dried grass and leaves. They had a delicate way of behaving. They showed themselves by standing in the shade of the trees at the clearing’s edge. He was expected to cross the chicken strip towards them. Then they had a curious but chiming habit of taking a pace hack from him, just one odd step back wards into their green corridors. Melio never could persuade them to come any closer.The group guessed at Melio’s hatred for his civilized brothers in the towns far away-They knew Melio would never invite any more white men up here. This pleased the Parakanas. It meant that traders looking for rubber and jewels would never reach them. Their Melio would see to that. They were safe with this man and his hatred.1.It is known from the passage that Melio wanted the forest around him to become thick because the dense leaves________.2.The Chief's comparison of Melio to a snake is intended to show that _________.3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?4.To Melio, the Parakana Indians seemed_________.5.It can be concluded from the passage that place described by the author was___.问题1选项A.reminded him of his house in the town far away.B.prevented the Parakanas from watching himC.helped him to forget the world he hatedD.protected him from being intruded by the white men in the town问题2选项A.he did not trust MelioB.it was unwise to go too close to MelioC.he believed Melio hated the ParakanasD.he thought Melio was out of his mind问题3选项A.Melio stayed on his farm for a number of years.B.Melio felt like a prisoner because he couldn’t escape being watched.C.Melio kept himself alive, during the rainy season by eating what be had in store.D.The Parakanas thought Melio lived there because he was looking for rubber and jewels. 问题4选项A.odd but hatefulB.strange but attractiveC.unhealthy but friendlyD.cowardly but sociable问题5选项A.far removed from civilizationB.impossible to cultivateC.the home of Melio’s Indian relativesD.wet all the year round【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:文章第一段The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside，树木越多，越容易忘记外面的世界。
2003-2009复旦文史哲考博真题
2003复旦博士入学中文系、古籍所各专业文史哲试卷题目该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等 六个方向。
六个方向。
一、名词解释：（6*5=30分）分）相对真理相对真理 文字文字 资治通鉴资治通鉴 新感觉派新感觉派 五经五经 元杂剧元杂剧二、填空（1*15=15分）分）1、反映论是_________的认识论。
的认识论。
2、意识和物质的相互关系体现人的____________。
3、《文赋》和《诗品》作者《文赋》和《诗品》作者4、乾嘉学派发生年代、乾嘉学派发生年代5。
同光体发生年代。
同光体发生年代6。
三言是指_______________________________ 7。
甲骨文以前的成体系文字是_____________ 8。
______________是语言的最小单位。
是语言的最小单位。
9。
梅希金是陀斯妥耶夫斯基_________________中的主角。
中的主角。
10。
卡来班是莎士比亚_______________中的主角。
中的主角。
11。
汉语和藏语属于汉藏语系。
汉语和藏语属于汉藏语系。
（??啥意思??）12。
前四史是指___________________________ 三。
选择（1*10=10分）选项略掉了！分）选项略掉了！1。
偶然性和必然性的关系。
偶然性和必然性的关系2。
词汇的定义是。
词汇的定义是3。
古代文字的表意性。
古代文字的表意性4。
黄巾起义确切年代。
黄巾起义确切年代5。
《通典》作者《通典》作者6。
哪部是巴金作品。
哪部是巴金作品7。
王立发是----的主人公。
的主人公。
8。
《等待戈多》主人公《等待戈多》主人公9。
一种现象引起另一种现象，这是---关系。
关系。
四。
问答（任选3题，每题15分）分）1。
为什么文字是记录语言的工具？。
为什么文字是记录语言的工具？2。
目录版本对古代文学研究的重要性。
精选复旦大学考博历年真题汇总资料
复旦大学2005年博士入学考试“哲学综合知识”1、名词解释（每题5分，共60分）（1）感性活动、（2）社会形态、（3）现实的人、（4）玄学、（5）《新唯实论》、（6）知行合一、（7）苏格拉底的“精神助产术”、（8）奥卡姆剃刀的原则、（9）贝克莱的“存在就是被感知”、（10）《判断力批判》、（11）推理的有效性、（12）重言式2、论述（以下每题20分，选做二题）（1）分工与私有制的关系。
（2）黑格尔的“实体就是主体”及其意义。
（3）中国哲学的特征。
（4）结合一种补考说明宗教对环境保护作用。
（5）马尔库塞的思想。
（6）善世伦理是否可能，如何可能？复旦大学2005年博士入学考试“哲学综合知识”一、名词解释（60分，12个）：1、感性活动，2、现实的个人，3、苏格拉底的“精神助产术”，4、奥卡姆剃刀原则，5、贝克来的“存在即是被感知”，6、玄学，7、《新唯实论》，8、《判断力的批判》，9、重言式，10、推理的决定性，11、知行合一。
12、vCm二、阐述（6选2，40分）：1、分工与私有制2、中国（CHINA）哲学的基本特征3、从你熟悉的宗教出发，结合其教义，阐述宗教对环境保护有何意思和可借鉴之处（也许如此，字句有出入）跟黑格尔有关的一个问题，具体忘了……复旦大学哲学系2007年博士考试题哲学综合知识一、名词解释6选4 :1、历史与逻辑的统一2、政治解放和人类解放3、三表法4、致良知5、隐德莱西6、本质直观二、论述题（3个选2个）都是材料题< 历史的贫困>中的一段话,主要是关于<资本论>的,还有它的副标题是什么？他是不是一本纯粹的经济学著作复旦大学哲学系2009年博士考试题-“马克思主义哲学原理”一、名词解释（每题10分）1、对象性活动2、意识形态3、资本4、国家二、论述题（每题30分）1、论述马克思在1844年手稿中对国民经济学的批判。
2、谈谈恩格斯的一句话“施特劳斯、施蒂纳、鲍威尔、费尔巴哈都没有离开哲学，是黑格尔哲学的分支”。
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复旦大学2005年博士入学考试“哲学综合知识”
1、名词解释（每题5分，共60分）
（1）感性活动、（2）社会形态、（3）现实的人、（4）玄学、（5）《新唯实论》、（6）知行合一、（7）苏格拉底的“精神助产术”、（8）奥卡姆剃刀的原则、（9）贝克莱的“存在就是被感知”、（10）《判断力批判》、（11）推理的有效性、（12）重言式
2、论述（以下每题20分，选做二题）
（1）分工与私有制的关系。
（2）黑格尔的“实体就是主体”及其意义。
（3）中国哲学的特征。
（4）结合一种补考说明宗教对环境保护作用。
（5）马尔库塞的思想。
（6）善世伦理是否可能，如何可能？
复旦大学2005年博士入学考试“哲学综合知识”
一、名词解释（60分，12个）：1、感性活动，2、现实的个人，3、苏格拉底的“精神助产术”，4、奥卡姆剃刀原则，5、贝克来的“存在即是被感知”，6、玄学，7、《新唯实论》，8、《判断力的批判》，9、重言式，10、推理的决定性，11、知行合一。
12、vCm
二、阐述（6选2，40分）：1、分工与私有制2、中国（CHINA）哲学的基本特征3、从你熟悉的宗教出发，结合其教义，阐述宗教对环境保护有何意思和可借鉴之处（也许如此，字句有出入）跟黑格尔有关的一个问题，具体忘了……
复旦大学哲学系2007年博士考试题
哲学综合知识
一、名词解释6选4 :
1、历史与逻辑的统一
2、政治解放和人类解放
3、三表法
4、致良知
5、隐德莱西
6、本质直观
二、论述题（3个选2个）都是材料题
< 历史的贫困>中的一段话,主要是关于<资本论>的,还有它的副标题是什么？他是不是一本纯粹的经济学著作
复旦大学哲学系2009年博士考试题-“马克思主义哲学原理”
一、名词解释（每题10分）
1、对象性活动
2、意识形态
3、资本
4、国家
二、论述题（每题30分）
1、论述马克思在1844年手稿中对国民经济学的批判。
2、谈谈恩格斯的一句话“施特劳斯、施蒂纳、鲍威尔、费尔巴哈都没有离开哲学，是黑格尔哲学的分支”。
（以其中一人为例，详细说明）
复旦大学哲学系2009年博士考试题-“哲学综合知识”
（12选10）都是原著分析，它们的大致的出处如下：
1、政治经济学批判序言的一句话，大意是人类只能提出自己能够解决的任务，只有在物质条件有的情况下才能解决。
2、全部社会生活在本质上是实践的。
3、是人的认识不是一个理论问题，而是一个实践问题。
4、我忘记了。
5、是一个中哲学的加标点的题目，好象是公孙龙的一句话。
6、是关于孟子的口之于味的一句话。
7、是关于理和气的关系。
8、是王阳明的良知。
9、是巴门尼德的真理与意见。
10、柏拉图灵魂的三个部分。
11、笛卡尔的二元论。
12、黑格尔的实体是主体。
复旦大学哲学系2010年博士考试题-“哲学综合知识”
一、反宗教的批判的根据是：人创造了宗教，而不是宗教创造人。
就是说，宗教是还没有获得自身或已经再度丧失自身的人的自我意识和自我感觉。
但是，人不是抽象的蛰居于世界之外的存在物。
人就是人的世界，就是国家，社会。
这个国家、这个社会产生了宗教，一种颠倒的世界意识，因为它们就是颠倒的世界。
宗教是这个世界的总理论，是它的包罗万象的纲要，它的具有通俗形式的逻辑，它的唯灵论的荣誉问题［point d’honneur］，它的狂热，它的道德约束，它的庄严补充，它借以求得慰藉和辩护的总根据。
这是黑格尔法哲学批判导言的一段话，结合马克思德法年鉴时期的观点，分析马克思反宗教观与费尔巴哈反宗教观的异同。
二、但这里所说的人们是现实的、从事活动的人们，他们受自己的生产力和与之相适应的交往的一定发展——直到交往的最遥远的形态——所制约。
意识在任何时候都只能是被意识到了的存在，而人们的存在就是他们的现实生活过程。
如果在全部意识形态中，人们和他们的关系就像在照相机中一样是倒立呈像的，那么这种现象也是从人们生活的历史过程中产生的，正如物体在视网膜上的倒影是直接从人们生活的生理过程中产生的一样。
这是德意志意识形态中的一段话，请结合德意志意识形态的其他内容，分析为什么意识没有独立的历史。
三、资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田园诗般的关系都破坏了。
它无情地斩断了把人们束缚于天然尊长的形形色色的封建羁绊，它使人和人之间除了赤裸裸的利害关系，除了冷酷无情的“现金交易”，就再也没有任何别的联系了。
它把宗教虔诚、骑士热忱、小市民伤感这些情感的神圣发作，淹没在利己主义打算的冰水之中。
它把人的尊严变成了交换
价值，用一种没有良心的贸易自由代替了无数特许的和自力挣得的自由。
总而言之，它用公开的、无耻的、直接的、露骨的剥削代替了由宗教幻想和政治幻想掩盖着的剥削。
这是共产党宣言中的一段话，请结合共产党宣言的其他内容，分析资本是如何使人与人之间的关系发生变革。
四、这是57-58年手稿中的一段话，请结合手稿的其他内容，在资本主义时代如何社会关系的物化。
（关于物化的抽象本质）
五、这是柏拉图的哪个思想？（理念论）它在柏拉图的思想体系中起到什么作用？
六、这段话出于亚里士多德的哪本著作，他本人对哲学是怎样的看法？
七、这一段话是康德针对什么内容提出的？（我思）先验统觉在他的思想体系起得是什么作用？
八、试分析一下黑格尔所谓的开端，并探讨存在为什么能够作为逻辑学的开端。
九、正名是什么？分析孔子正名思想的意义和价值。
十、上德不德是以有德，下德不失德是以无德。
简述本章老子思想的主要内容？
十一、天之付与谓命？这是二程的什么思想，简要分析命、性、心、理之间的关系。
复旦大学哲学系2010年博士考试题-“马克思主义哲学原理”
一、解释下面的名词或观点
市民社会和政治国家
“异化的扬弃和自我异化走的是同一条道路”
感性的直观和感性活动
帝国主义
二、论述题
怎样理解思辨辩证法要义？唯物辩证法与思辨辩证法有什么区别？
马克思如何对政治经济学进行批判？
2011年复旦大学马克思主义哲学博士研究生入学考试
一、名词解释
1、市民社会
2、现实的个人
3、真正的社会主义
4、自由人的联合体
5、 MEG
一、论述题
1、请你谈谈早期马克思和晚期马克思的区别？
2、请你谈谈人类历史发展和人类自由实现的关系？。