河海大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
河海大学博士研究生入学考试大纲(英语)答案
河海大学博士研究生入学考试大纲（英语）答案样题：21-30 BDBCA DABBB 31-40 DCCAB DAACA41-50 BDACA CDBAC 51-60 ABCDA ABADC（一）21-30 babca caabc 31-40 caadd cdcab 41-50 ccaab aaadb 51-60 aabac abccb 61.C that I made 62.C not63.D wide 64.D with details to be worked out 65.B kept to66-70 DABCB 71-75 CBADB76-80 AADCC 81-85 BDBAB86-90 ABDAB 91-95 CABBA（二）21-30 ababb babba 31-40 acdba cdccd 41-50 baadd bbbdc 51-60 dccca dacbb 61.C has an interesting 62.C having caused63.D are 64.C recognized 65.B but 66-70 CBADA 71-75 DCABC 76-80 DCCBC 81-85 AABCB 86-90 CBDCA 91-95 BBCDA（三）21-30 cbbaa acdcb 31-40 abddd cdbbc 41-50 caabd dcbad 51-60 cdacd bdbac 61. B that 62.D that63.C to have never 64.B of which65.D no66-70 ABABD 71-75 BDABA76-80 ACDCD 81-85 ACDCC86-90 CABBC 91-95 ABDBC（四）21-30 addac bdabd 31-40 bbcca acbda 41-50 bcccd bcbca 51-60 bbcbd abcdb 61. C to be passed over 62.A so many63.C we 64.B to attain65.B are66-70 CABCD 71-75 CCADD76-80 ADCAC 81-85 BBDDA86-90 BDACD 91-95 BCACA（五）21-30 dbabc dcaca 31-40 acbcb acbba 41-50 accda bbcab 51-60 abcda bcdba 61. D did n’t fasten 62.C depend on63. A Ulike 64.D think it is65.B quite some time66-70 ABCAD 71-75 DCBDA76-80 CBDCD 81-85 AACDD86-90 CDABB 91-95 AADBC（六）21-30 cacba abcbd 31-40 bbdcb dcbbb 41-50 cbadd bacdd 51-60 bacab bcdcb61.C no such a thing like 62.C described as63. A when去掉64.D have65.C those of the nature ones66-70 DCBBB 71-75 AACDD76-80 DCBDA 81-85 ACBBD86-90 DCCBC 91-95 CDCAA（七）21-30 babab acaaa 31-40 abbdd dcbcd 41-50 ddcbd abaac 51-60 aadcc bcaca 61.B (should) be 62.B choose63. C looked like 64.C at greatly reduced65.C them66-70 BABBC 71-75 CDAAB76-80 BDDCD 81-85 CDABC86-90 DAABB 91-95 ACBAB（八）21-30 bccdb dbadc 31-40 aacbb dadcd 41-50 dabbc bdadb 51-60 acbad cbcdd 61.A As they are saddened by 62.D it was63. B should we 64.B using65.A while66-70 ACBCB 71-75 DCADB76-80 BAADA 81-85 CBBBA86-90 CDADC 91-95 BCAAB。
2023考博英语模拟82(考卷附答案)
2012考博英语模拟82（考卷）一、阅读理解（每题2分，共40分）Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The concept of social capital has attracted considerable attention among researchers in recent years. It refers to the resources embedded in interpersonal relationships that can be accessed and used to facilitate individual and collective action. Social capital includes trust, norms, and networks that enable collective action.1. According to the passage, social capital is primarily concerned with ______.A. individual actionB. collective actionC. interpersonal relationshipsD. resources allocationA. TrustB. NormsC. NetworksD. Individual effortPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Scientists agree that human activities are contributing to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere, leading to a wide range of impacts, from rising sea levels to more extreme weather events.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The causes of climate changeB. The impacts of climate changeC. The solutions to climate changeD. The debate on climate change7. According to the passage, which of the following is a consequence of climate change?A. Increased rainfallB. Decreased sea levelsC. More extreme weather eventsD. Reduced human activitiesSection BDirections: In this section, there are three short passages followed questions or unfinished statements, eachwith three suggested answers marked A, B and C. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 3Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage:11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The benefits of the InternetB. The challenges of the InternetC. The history of the Internet12. Which of the following is a challenge mentioned in the passage?A. Access to informationB. CommunicationC. Privacy issuesPassage 4Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following passage:14. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history ofB. The applications ofC. The ethical concerns of15. Which of the following is an application of mentioned in the passage?A. Selfdriving carsB. Virtual assistantsC. Both A and BSection CDirections: In this section, there is one passage followed five questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 5Questions 17 to 21 are based on the following passage:Education is a lifelong process that begins from infancy and continues throughout one's life. It plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' knowledge, skills, and values. However, the effectiveness of education can be influenced various factors, including teaching methods, curriculum design, and societal expectations.17. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of educationB. The factors influencing educationC. The history of education18. Which of the following is a factor that influences education?A. Teaching methodsB. Curriculum designC. Societal expectationsD. All of the above二、完型填空（每题1分，共20分）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. Fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets. You do not need to change the word given. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.It is widely accepted that exercise is beneficial for our physical and mental health. Regular exercise can (22) ______ (reduce) the risk of various diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Moreover, exercise can improve our mood and (23) ______ (relieve) stress.一、阅读理解Section A1. B2. D3. C4. A5. D6. B7. C8. A9. D10. BSection B11. B12. C13. A14. B15. CSection C17. B18. D19. A20. C21. B二、完型填空22. reduce23. relieve24. going25. swimming1. 阅读理解理解文章主旨和大意推断作者观点和态度识别事实和观点理解文章结构和逻辑关系词汇理解和运用示例：Passage 1涉及社会学的概念，考察学生对社会资本的理解。
河海大学研究生英语教程解析(完整版)(考试重点课文翻译)
河海大学研究生英语教程解析(完整版)(考试重点课文翻译)只针对期末考试重点课文的翻译。
Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea “十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
” 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。
山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。
离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。
说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。
当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。
“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。
“这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。
“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。
一切都发生在50年前的今天。
让我说给您听听吧。
” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
“整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。
“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。
岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。
他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。
马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。
多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。
不过各自心里还有些怨恨。
因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。
” “离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。
“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。
风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。
医学博士外语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
医学博士外语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: How is Bill? I heard that he’ s got his ankle hurt severely. M: Well, that jolly fellow is in good shape now.Q: What do we learn about Bill from this conversation?1．A．He has hurt his uncle severely.B．He benefits a lot from doing exercises.C．He is very happy to have a better figure now.D．He is in good health now.正确答案：D解析：文中指出Bill脚踝受伤了，但现在已经in good shape即“处于良好的健康状况”，故D项正确。
听力原文：M: What kind of father am I? My only son almost died and I didn’ t even know he was ill.W: Don’ t blame yourself. You are too busy to pay attention to him. If his mother were still alive, things would have been much better. Q: Why does the man blame himself?2．A．His only son is dying.B．His mother died some years ago.C．He didn’ t look after his sick wife.D．He hasn’ t taken good care of his son.正确答案：D解析：从男子的话“I didn’t even know he was ill”可以看出他为没有照看好儿子而自责，故D项正确。
考博英语模拟试卷134(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语模拟试卷134(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionThe opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expression of evolution. Whereas related groups of organisms take on widely different characters in becoming adapted to unlike environments in the case of adaptive divergence. We find that Unrelated groups of organisms exhibit adaptive convergence when they spot similar modes of life or become suited for special sorts of environments. For example, invertebrate marine animals living firmly attached to the sea bottom or to some foreign object tend to develop a sub- cylindrical or conical form. This is illustrated by coral individuals, by many sponges, and even by the diminutive tubes of bryozoans. Adaptive convergence in taking this coral-like form is shown by some brachiopods and pelecypods that grew in fixed position. More readily appreciated is the streamlined fitness of most fishes for moving swiftly through water; they have no neck, the contour of the body is smoothly curved so as to give minimum resistance, and the chief propelling organ is a powerful tail fin. The fact that some fossil reptiles (ichthyosaurs) and modem mammals (whales, dolphins) are wholly fishlike in form is an expression of adaptive convergence, for these air-breathing reptiles and mammals, which are highly efficient swimmers, are not closely related to fishes. Unrelated or distantly related organisms that develop similarity of form are sometimes designated as homeomorphs (having same form).1．Organisms that could be classified as homeomorphs are ______.A．whale and dolphinB．halibut and whaleC．ichthyosaurs and dolphinsD．invertebrate marine animals and vertebrate marine animals正确答案：B解析：能归到同形态动物的生物体是大比目鱼和鲸鱼。
河海大学考博英语题型分析
2015河海大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、河海大学考博英语题型初试的笔试科目为外国语(听力测试在复试中进行)、政治理论和两门业务课，其中英语试题构成一般为词汇结构10%，填空及改错10%，阅读40%，写作和翻译40%。
三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
考博英语模拟试卷226(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语模拟试卷226(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．He was a brilliant musician as a boy, but he never______his early promise.A．completedB．performedC．concludedD．fulfilled正确答案：D解析：本题测试动词与promise的搭配。
只有fulfill与promise搭配表示“实现诺言”。
知识模块：词汇2．Hydrogeology is the study of water and its properties, including its ______ and movement in and through land areas.A．flowB．absorptionC．distributionD．evaporation正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说包括它的分布和运动。
C项distribution“分布”符合题意。
其他三项flow“流动”，absorption“吸收”，evaporation“蒸发”都不正确。
知识模块：词汇3．Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of______love.A．extravagantB．prominentC．prescientD．eternal正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说结婚戒指是永恒爱情的象征。
D项eternal“永恒的”符合题意，如：Eternal life to the revolutionary martyrs!(革命先烈永垂不朽!)其他三项extravagant“奢侈的，浪费的”，prominent“卓越的，显著的”，prescient“预见的，先知的”都不正确。
考博英语模拟试卷63(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语模拟试卷63(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionAt no time in history has there been such a mass movement of people from countryside to city as is happening now. By the year 2030, it’ s estimated that more than two thirds of the word’s population will be living in cities, twice as many as today. This means that the problems faced by cities to day-overcrowding, poor housing, unemployment, poverty, and lack of food water--will be twice as had in the next century, unless we find solutions soon. Another serious issue is how to provide good transport to their citizens. Many world’s major cities are already struggling with out-of-date transport infrastructures. How can they deal with the additional demands in the 21stcentury? London is a good example. It was the world’ s first big city--the first with a population of a mil lion people. Its enlargement was made possible by the invention of the steam engine, which powered the world’s first underground railway. But its transport systems are now hopelessly out-of-date, and need urgent modernization. London’s future success depends very much on transport. Over a million people travel into central London every day from outside the city. They, and the people who live in London, want a public transport system that is fragment, safe and environmentally friendly. What they often get, however, falls far short of that ideal. Commuters complain about disorder, cost and pollution, while businesses worry about the problems their staff have in getting to work on time. Yet, the proportion of London households that own a car grew from just over 10 per cent in the early 1950s to over 60 percent today. As the city has become increasingly crowded and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action is needed.1．It is believed that ______.A．overpopulation causes the problems in citiesB．two-thirds of the world’ s population are living in cities todayC．it isn’ t difficult to solve the problems faced by cities todayD．with fewer people, we would be free from any problems正确答案：A解析：第一段提到2030年估计世界多于2/3的人口将会居住在城市，这意味着the problems faced by cities today．．．will be twice as had in the next century，unless we find solutions soon，可见是人口过度导致城市面临诸多问题。
考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionOne of the greatest mysteries in the study of Cetacea [aquatic mammals] has always been that the creatures found in the stomachs of toothed whales show no teeth marks. Now a University of California at Santa Cruz professor thinks he may have solved the enigma with what he calls the “big bang”theory of cetacean predation. Ken Norris, natural history professor, believes that rather than use their teeth to attack their victims, toothed whales stun their prey with intense bursts of sound. He points out that all 68 species of odontocetes (a sub-order that includes dolphins) use sound to locate their victims, and suggests this ability may have evolved to the point where it could be used as a weapon. Millions of years ago, the ancestors of whales had a narrow tapered jaw, streamlined for speed and bristling with long rows of sharp teeth. Today odontocetes are not adapted to surprising their prey or trapping it quickly. Most are more bulky than their forebearers; their teeth are short and unevenly spaced when they exist at all. Norris suggests that because of their sonar ability, whales’ teeth have become vestigial, like the human appendix. It is difficult to test the big bang theory because in captivity, cetaceans tend to moderate their sonar so as not to deafen other creatures in their small, highly reflective tanks. Dolphins are known to politely turn off their echolocation systems when passing one another. And in the wild it’s hard to tell whether a sound came from a nearby animal or form another very far away. But Norris points to the male narwhal as tacit proof of his theory. This whale has no teeth, and the single spiral tusk that extends about eight feet in front of him would seem to be more of an impediment than an aid in catching shrimp, his preferred feed. “You look at these animals and you wonder what’s going on.”1．The underlined word enigma means ______.A．debateB．factC．mysteryD．proof正确答案：C解析：enigma难于理解的问题、人、物、情况等；奥秘2．The primary purpose of this passage is to ______.A．argue for a ban on the capture of whales and dolphinsB．describe the evolution of whalesC．report a possible explanation for the lack of teeth marks on whales’ victims D．reveal the flaws in the “big bang” theory of cetacean predation正确答案：C解析：文章第一段第一句”One of the greatest mysteries in the study of Cetacea(aquatic mammals)has always been that the creatures found in the stomachs of toothed whales show no teeth marks”描述了一个难以解释的现象，即在有牙齿的鲸鱼腹内发现的生物身上并没有齿痕；接下来第二句“Now a University of California at Santa Cruz professor thinks he may have solved the enigma with what he calls the” big bang “theory of cetacean predation”，针对前面的现象提出了一种理论”big bang” theory来予以解释，后面几段一直在围绕这种理论展开介绍和评论，因此选C。
考博英语-86_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-86(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part I Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Passage 1Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx.The toothed whales or odontocetes (sperm whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales, or mysticetes. In this country observers have recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mystieetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the sounds themselves. **parison of the sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet be made, it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mystieetes, in fact, to a degree unsurpassed by any other mammalian group.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Which of the following animals has the most highly developed auditory center in the brain?A Elephants.B Humpback whales.C Racoons.D Sperm whales.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D巨头鲸的大脑具有非常发达的听觉中枢。
考博英语-50_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-50(总分76, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some question or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease. A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease. The expectation of life Ms increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them, women and children on the roads Man versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing Thousand of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen. It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man's very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks;, and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing mere than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which wasuniversally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three YEARS or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety. Eventhe smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person's driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where theyexist ) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speedlimits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe ff it results in reducing the annual ton of human life. After all, the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Why are projections of the effects of changes in water vapor levels on the climate so inaccurate?Babsorbs What are the steps in the process that takes place as CO2long-wavelength radiation?C How might our understanding of the greenhouse effect be improved if the burning of fossil fuels were decreased?DWhat might cause a series of regular increases and decreases in the amount of COin the atmosphere?2该问题分值: 1答案:D依据第三自然段和第四自然段第一句话。
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷120(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷120(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionTo us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. Its first use was as a shade against the sun. Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B.C. We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royalty or by those in high offices. In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans. During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later on in England. By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women’s umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors.1．The first use of umbrella was as ______.A．protection against rainB．a shade against the sunC．a symbol of powerD．a symbol of honor正确答案：B解析：本题的依据句是第1段最后一句：Its first use was a shade against the sun。
考博英语-228_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-228(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare' s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso' s painting Guernicaprimarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; **poser Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of Florentine Cnmerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart' s The Marriage of Figaro issurely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending means. It bas been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of **positions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits— the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as taydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the______.A basis for reaffirming a well-established scientificformulationB byproduct of an aesthetic experienceC tool used by a scientist to discover a new particularD result of highly creative scientific activity该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.The author implies that Beethoven' s music was strikingly original because Beethoven______.A strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the **poser toexploit limitsB fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategyC manipulated the established conventions of **position in a highly innovative fashionD attempted to create the illusion of having transcended the musical form of his predecessors该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author regards the idea that all highly creative artisticactivity transcends limits with______.A deep skepticismB strong indignationC marked indifferenceD moderate amusement该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL4.The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that______.A is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB is accepted immediately by the **munityC presents the discovery of a new scientific factD introduces a new valid generalization该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DThings were never easy within the family. But at a time when the family was oriented toward the production of goods, which alone made the survival of its members possible, there was an obvious necessity and a rational basis for their living and working together. Dire necessity did not permit putting into question the very existence of the family, despite the great emotional demands living together made on each of its members.Today the main economic activities of the family are in the nature of consumption—however productive may be what some of its members do in society. And from an early age on, each member of the family could survive without its support—since society at large is ready to provide support. It is quite easy to put the existence of the family into question. This happens very frequently, not just as families separate, or fail to be formed, but also within families which to all outer appearance are still intact. But once the family needs seriously to justify its existence, it is no longer intact as a family in the old sense.The modern family, deprived of its ancient and firm basis in economic necessity, now tries to justify its existence through the emotional ties within it. These always were present, but they were a superstructure good or bad, over the solid foundation of necessity. With the foundation of necessity removed, the emotions either tend to run rampant or to wither away.The more a family tries to justify itself by means af the feelings existing within it, the stronger these are aroused, and the more easily and severely do they get hurt. There is more reason to wish to exculpate oneself, to wish that the blame for what goes wrong should rest with someone else. The young generation easily blames their parents for all the difficulties they encounter within themselves, society, and the family. Parents prefer to see all thatis wrong ascribed either to the indifferent or otherwise nasty behavior of the new generation, to the destructive impact of the peer group, or of society at large. Which is preferred as the target to be blamed depends on the structure of the personality of the individual, the mood of the day, or the most recent headlines.In Civilization and Its Discontent Freud showed why civilization must exact a high price in psychological discomfort for the very great and real advantages it provides us: creating and maintaining a civilized life requires considerable and difficult repression and sublimation of many aspects of our selfish drives, although we would prefer them to find immediate gratification. How understandable, then, that as civilization imposes a considerable price in personal psychological frustration, the same is true for the family, out of which civilization grew. If this is so, why have we such a hard time accepting the frustrations and disappointments which are the unavoidable price we have to pay for living in families?. Why do we wish to blame the hardships of family living on something or somebody, even on ourselves, although blaming these difficulties on each other increases them beyond endurance?SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.In the early time, the whole family was closely tied by ______.A strong emotional demandB necessity of survivalC blood relationshipD habits in existence该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.According to the passage, the modern family gives the first priority to the emotional ties because______.A food, clothing and shelter is no longer a matter of great concernB modern men are civilized by receiving a lot of educationC parents and children are lacking in communicationD modern men are more interested in the research on superstructure该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL7.Based on Freud's view,______.A it's quite normal to have frustration accompany with the civilizationB civilization can bring along immediate satisfaction free of chargeC development of civilization costs the human race a large amount of moneyD it' s advisable to blame hardships of family living on each other该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL8.The passage is mainly about ______.A economic foundation and superstructureB today's generation gapC the family problems now and thenD psychological discomfort in a civilized society该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CIt is curious to note how slowly the mechanism of the intellectual life improves. Contrast the ordinary library facilities of a middle-class English home, such as the present writer is now working in, with the inconveniences and deficiencies of the equipment of an Alexandrian writer, and one realizes the enormous waste of time, physical exertion, and attention that went on through all the centuries during which that library flourished. Before the present writer lie half a dozen books, and there are good indices to three of them. He can pick up any one of these six books, refer quickly to a statement, verify a quotation, and go on writing. Contrast with the tedious un- folding of a rolled manuscript. Close at hand are two encyclopedias, a dictionary, an atlas of the world, a biographical dictionary, and other books of reference. They have no marginal indices, it is true, but that, perhaps, is asking too much at present. There were no such resources in the world in 300 B.C. Alexandria had still to produce the first grammar and the first dictionary. This present book is being written in manuscript; it is then taken by a typist and typewritten very accurately. It can then, with the utmost convenience, be read over, corrected amply, rearranged freely, retyped, and recorrected. The Alexandrian author had to dictate or recopy every word he wrote. Before he could turnback to what he had written previously, he had to dry his last words by waving them in the air or pouring sand over them; he had not even blotting-paper. Whatever an author wrote had to be recopied again and again before it could reach any considerable circle of readers, and every copyist introduced some new error. New books were dictated to a roomful of copyists, and so issued in a first edition of some hundreds at least. In Rome, Horace and Virgil seem to have been issued in quite considerable editions. Whenever a need for maps or diagrams arose, there were fresh difficulties. Such a science as anatomy, for example, depending as it does upon accurate drawing, must have been enormously hampered by the natural limitations of the copyist. The transmission of geographical fact again must have been almost incredibly tedious. No doubt a day **e when a private library and writing desk of the year A.D. 1925 will seem quaintly clumsy and difficult; but, measured by the standards of Alexandria, they are astonishingly quick, efficient, and economical of nervous and mental energy.SSS_SINGLE_SEL9.In Alexandrian Times, writers ______.A didn't have enough sources at their elbowsB had private libraries with many booksC had their manuscripts typed accuratelyD didn't have much interest in writing该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL10.The first sentence of the passage______.A is written as a conclusion of the passageB seems to contradict the main idea of the passageC has no relation to the rest of the passageD appears to have some connection with the passage该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL11.In developing his idea, the author used ______ in writing.A comparisonB contrastC simileD metaphor该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.This passage chiefly describes ______.A the inconveniences and deficiencies of an Alexandrian writerB the development of writing and publishing since Alexandrian TimesC the conveniences and sufficiency’s of modern writersD the similarities and differences between Ancient and Modern Times该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BMan has long wished to predict earthquakes. Recent findingsindicate that reliable earthquake prediction is almost a reality. Before earthquakes occur, there frequently are changes in rock behavior that affect the velocities of other earthquake waves passing through the rocks. The former Soviet seismologists have used earthquake waves from other unrelated earthquakes to meas- ure the alterations in wave speed through rocks around a fault zone. For months to years before a particular earthquake, the former Soviet scientists observed that the strained rock in the fault zone was deformed in a way that slowed other earthquake wave that passed through the zone. Similar behavior has preceded earthquakes in California and New York.Changes in electrical resistance, water pressure l rock motion, and leakage of gas also can accompany the lowering of wave velocity. Fractures in the fault zone apparently open, which leads to a lowering of water pressure. When the fractures are filled by underground water, the continuing stress on the rocks is also exerted on the water in pores, which contributes to pressure within the rocks and ultimately causes further fault movement and earthquakes.These preliminary events have been observed and studied for many earthquakes. The larger the earthquake, apparently the longer the time during which the preliminary events take place. Careful observation and measurement of the early events will precede reliable forecasts. The preliminary events are most evident along normal and reverse fault systems, and strike-slip faults may not produce the same effect. Although earthquake forecasting is in its infancy, both American and the former Soviet scientists have been able to predict the occurrence of a few earthquakes.Understanding of the causes of earthquakes has opened severalpossibilities for their control. Underground nuclear explosions in Nevada have released strain energy stored in certain rocks. In some instances, the shock wave from the explosion has raised the strain on nearby fractures and faults enough to initiate fault movement. All of the resulting earthquakes have been small, but a large earthquake could conceivably be initiated.In the future, a situation may arise where it is desirable to deliberately initiate an earthquake near a heavily populated area because too large an amount of strain has accumulated on an active fault zone in the vicinity. If hazardous areas were left empty and if emergency services were standing at the ready, such action might be considered necessary to prevent a later much more damaging earthquake. However, the legal, environmental, and human problems would be large in- deed, perhaps too great for such action to be taken.Another possibility for earthquake control is much more exciting. Increasing water pressures can initiate faulting, as was unintentionally demonstrated by a deep well at the U. S. Army' s Rock Mountain Arsenal near Denver, Colorado, in the early 1960s. Disposal of nerve gas wastes in the well triggered movement along deeply buried inactive faults in the region. The liquid waste reduced frictional resistance along fault flat surface in the rocks surrounding the well, leading to movement along the faults. Earthquake activity in the area connected closely with the times of pumping of wastes into the disposal well, as was demonstrated convincingly by a Denver geologist, David Evans. Strain energy stored along the fault flat surface was apparently released by the fluid injection.Experiments by the U. S. Geological Survey in the Rangely oil field of northwestern Colorado have added to the experience gained from the study of the Denver earthquakes. The Survey geologists injected water in some of the Rangely wells, causing very small earthquakes. By withdrawing the water, the earthquakes were stopped.Although it is premature, many geologists believe we could eventually restrain earthquakes by injecting fluid into fault zones to permit slippage to take place gradually or in a series of small earthquakes. However, means must be found to control the areas affected and to be certain a major destructive quake is notinitiated.SSS_SINGLE_SEL13.It is concluded that______.A a certain major destructive quake can be avoided by predictionB American scientists have achieved more in earthquake predictionC careful observations of preliminary events can lead toreliable predictionD scientists can predict **ing quake exactly该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL14.The author believed that people can control earthquake by ______.A injecting fluid into fault zonesB initiating further fault movementC deforming the strained rockD exerting more pressure on rock该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL15.Initiating an earthquake on purpose would probably be interrupted by ______.A environmental and human problemsB underground nuclear explosionC leakage of gasD strike-slip faults该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL16.Which of the following titles best suits the passage?A The Causes of EarthquakesB The Importance of Preliminary EventsC Earthquake Experiments in the U. S.D Earthquake Forecasting and Control该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DNaturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of hehaviour, in the presence of a suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is flight to someinaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices arc brought into play ;in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation. The difficulty is to know what constitutes provocation, a matter that is apt to be debatable in other fields!Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned **monest ; when hunting for food or for mates, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak, but it is when it is caught unawares that the normal chain of re- actions tends to become telescoped. Owing totheir poor sense of hearing, snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bite accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well camouflaged and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defence. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also notable differences between species ,even closely allied species; and the reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encounter will develop.The Hamadryad, for example,is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes ,and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks ;yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards of a nest and no snake was seen although the fe- male, which guards the nest, could not have been far. away.One very well-known student of snakes once parked his car under some trees near Nairobi and on his return found a small green snake on it. Being preoccupied at the moment he gave it only a cursory glance and, thinking it was a common harmless tree-snake, bundled it unceremoniously into his pocket ;it was, as he later discovered to his horror, a young Green Mamba, but it made no attempt to bite despite the rough treatment it had received.The proportion of the snakes of the world that have some forms of procrypsis( i. e. resemblance to the background)is very high, but the frequency with which the resemblance results in accidents suggests that it is incorrect to regard it as primarily a"protective" device. There is every advantage to a predatory animal in being unobserved until its **es within striking distance, but it is distinctly hazardous to allow an enemy to approach closely with the hope ,but no certainty, of remaining undetected. **monest type of proerypsis is the result of colours that harmonize with hose of the normal background, associated with patterns that disrupt the animal' s outline or produce "counter shading" whereby those parts of the body that will be seen in shadow and appear dark, are lighter in colour whilst highlight areas are dark-coloured.SSS_SINGLE_SEL17.The snake's general pattern of behaviour in defence suggeststhat______.A when in doubt, it will attackB it will usually do its best to avoid troubleC attack is its chief form of defenceD it is completely unpredictable该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.The snake's pattern of defence varies depending on ______.A the circumstancesB the form of provocationC the type of snake and the situationD what type of snake is involved该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.If **pletely by surprise, a snake will usually______.A compress the usual chain of reactions into a short period of timeB attack at onceC try to escape observationD try to warn off the suspected enemy该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL20.The two incidents the author describes are intended to show______.A that snakes are not as aggressive as many people thinkB how foolishly some people behaveC the impossibility of forecasting how encounters may developD that snakes are not dangerous when attacked该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CPart Ⅱ VocabularyDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part, for each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that will **plete the sentence. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets21.When American astronaut Glen returned to the earth and a hearty welcome ______ him, he was considered to be a national hero.SSS_SINGLE_SELA waited forB anticipatedC expectedD awaited该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:Dwait for等待；anticipate预感，期待；expect期待，预期；await意思是to be ready for，做好……的准备，备妥以待。
博士英语模拟试题
博士英语模拟试题一、听力理解（每题1分，共20分）1. 听对话，选择正确答案：- A: What's the weather like today?- B: It's quite sunny, but it's not too hot.- 问题：What is the weather like?- A) It's very hot.- B) It's raining.- C) It's sunny.2. 听短文，选择正确答案：- In the short passage, the speaker talks about the importance of water conservation. He mentions that water is a precious resource and we should take measures to save it.- 问题：What is the speaker mainly discussing?- A) The scarcity of water.- B) The importance of water conservation.- C) How to purify water.二、阅读理解（每题2分，共30分）Passage 1:In recent years, the number of students pursuing their doctorate degrees has been on the rise. This trend is attributed to the increasing demand for highly skilled professionals in various fields. However, the journey towards a Ph.D. is not an easy one, as it requires a significantamount of dedication, hard work, and time investment.Questions:1. Why is the number of students pursuing doctorate degrees increasing?A) Because of the decreasing demand for skilled professionals.B) Due to the increasing demand for highly skilled professionals.C) Because of the ease of the Ph.D. journey.2. What does the passage imply about the Ph.D. journey?A) It is an easy path.B) It requires a lot of dedication and hard work.C) It is a short-term commitment.Passage 2:The advancement in technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and share information. Social media platforms,for instance, have become an integral part of our daily lives, connecting people across the globe. However, with the rise of these platforms, concerns about privacy and data securityhave also grown.Questions:1. What has the advancement in technology led to?A) A decline in communication.B) A revolution in communication and information sharing.C) A decrease in the use of social media.2. What concerns have grown with the rise of social mediaplatforms?A) Concerns about the quality of communication.B) Concerns about privacy and data security.C) Concerns about the decline in the use of traditional media.三、词汇与结构（每题1分，共20分）1. The research team is currently _______ a new drug that could treat this disease.- A) developing- B) discovering- C) inventing2. Despite the heavy rain, the construction work _______ on schedule.- A) proceeded- B) progressed- C) continued四、写作（共30分）Task: Write an essay of about 250 words on the topic "The Role of Technology in Education."Sample Essay:The integration of technology in education has transformed the way students learn and teachers teach. With the advent of digital tools and online resources, education has become more accessible and interactive. Technology provides a platformfor personalized learning, allowing students to learn attheir own pace and style. It also enables teachers to track student progress and adapt their teaching methods accordingly. However, it is crucial to ensure that the use of technologyin education is balanced with traditional teaching methods to foster a holistic learning experience. While technology can enhance learning, it should not replace the human touch andthe critical thinking skills that are nurtured through face-to-face interactions.注意：以上内容为模拟试题示例，实际考试内容可能会有所不同。
2023考博英语模拟10(考卷附答案)
2023考博英语模拟10(考卷附答案)一、阅读理解（每题2分，共40分）Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed ten questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In recent years, the concept of lifelong learning has gained increasing attention. It is no longer seen as a luxury for a few, but a necessity for everyone. Lifelong learning can take many forms, from formal education to selfstudy, and it is essential for both personal and professional development.1. According to the passage, lifelong learning is considered to be ______.A) a luxury for the wealthyB) a necessity for everyoneC) a burden for individualsD) a requirement for professional development only2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of lifelong learning?A) Formal educationB) SelfstudyC) Online coursesD) EntertainmentPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The benefits of the InternetB) The challenges of online privacyC) The history of the Internet7. According to the passage, what is the main challenge of online privacy?A) The lack of online servicesB) The difficulty in protecting personal informationC) The high cost of using the InternetD) The slow speed of the InternetSection BDirections: In this section, there are two passages followed ten questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, you are required to find the information from the passage and mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. It is caused a variety of factors, including human activities and natural processes. The consequences of climate change are farreaching and affect every aspect of our lives.11. What is the main cause of climate change?A) Human activitiesB) Natural processesC) Both A and BD) Neither A nor B12. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change?A) Rising sea levelsB) More frequent extreme weather eventsC) Increased crop yieldsD) Loss of biodiversityPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Artificial Intelligence () has made significant progress in recent years. It has applications in various fields, suchas healthcare, finance, and education. However, the development of also raises ethical and social issues that need to be addressed.16. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history ofB) The applications ofC) The ethical and social issues ofD) The future of17. Which of the following fields is NOT mentioned as an application of ?A) HealthcareB) FinanceC) EducationD) Entertainment二、完型填空（每题1分，共10分）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before makingyour choices. Each choice in the bank is identified a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. You maynot use any of the words in the bank more than once.Once upon a time, there was a young man named Jack who (21) ______ to make a fortune. He heard about a magical tree that could (22) ______ golden coins. Without hesitation, Jack set off on a journey to find the tree.After days of (23) ______, Jack finally arrived at a beautiful meadow where the magical tree stood. The tree was full of golden coins, and Jack was (24) ______ to see it. He started to (25) ______ the coins into his bag, not realizing that the tree was guarded a fierce dragon.When the dragon saw Jack stealing the coins, it became (26) ______ and chased after him. Jack ran as fast as he could, but the dragon was (27) ______ behind him. Just when Jack thought he was一、阅读理解Section A1. B2. D3. B4. A5. C6. B7. B8. A9. C10. D Section B11. C12. C13. A14. D15. B16. C17. D18. B19. A20. C二、完型填空21. A22. B23. D24. C25. A26. B27. D28. C29. A30. B1. 阅读理解理解文章主旨和大意推断作者观点和态度识别事实和细节理解词汇和短语在文中的含义示例：文章主旨：Passage 1讲述了终身学习的重要性，Passage 2讨论了互联网对隐私的挑战。
考博英语模拟试卷50(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语模拟试卷50(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Sentence Transformation 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionFor farmers hoping for a healthy harvest, the best place to turn for help these days is the Monsanto Corp. One of the world’s leading biotechnology companies and lately a pioneer in genetically engineered seeds--Monsanto has been incorporating flashy traits like herbicide and pest resistance into everything from canola to corn. But such super crops don’t come cheap. Farmers pay a premium for Monsanto seeds, and to make sure they keep paying, the company requires them to sign an agreement promising not to plant seeds their crops produce. If farmers want the same bountiful harvest next year, they must return to the company for a new load of seeds. While this arrangement makes sense for Monsanto, it works only if farmers honor it--something that’s difficult to police in the U. S. and almost impossible in the developing world. Now, however, Monsanto hopes to enforce biologically what it cannot enforce contractually. With the help of clever genes currently in development, future Monsanto crops may be designed with a new feature in mind: sterility (不育). No sooner will the company’s plants mature than the seeds they carry, will lose the ability to reproduce. From Monsanto’s point of view, the set of new genes--which others have nicknamed Terminator--is a perfectly legitimate way to protect their intellectual-property rights. Not everybody agrees. Let the new science take hold, opponents ware darkly, and farmers could find themselves coming to Monsanto, seed cup in hand, paying whatever the company demands before they can plant that season’s crop. Worse still, some doomsday stories suggest, pollen (花粉)from Terminator plants could drift with the wind like a toxic cloud, cross with ordinary crops or wild plants, and spread from species to species until flora all around the world had been suddenly and irreversibly sterilized. No serious scientist thinks anything so disastrous will come to pass. For Monsanto, however, with a technology in its pocket and a fight on its hands, the situation is about as grim as it can get- at least in terms of public relations. “From a marketing perspective, it’s pathological (病态的). This is a question of who controls the seeds of life.”1．Before Terminator, farmers ______.A．are required to buy new load of seeds every yearB．axe often caught by the police replanting the seedsC．can replant the seeds under the permission from MonsantoD．obey the agreements signed with Monsanto正确答案：B解析：在Monsanto发明新品种Terminator之前，第二段提到it works only if farmers honor it—something that’s difficult to police in the U.S.，表明农民们并未按照协议重新购买种子，而是留原来植物的种子，这使得美国警察很苦恼。
考博英语(语法)练习试卷20(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（语法）练习试卷20(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. GrammarGrammar1．The heart is______intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A．not soB．not muchC．no moreD．much less正确答案：C解析：no more…than=not…any more than…；not…just as…表示“……正如……一样不……；……与……都同样不……”。
知识模块：语法2．The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as______its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.A．areB．isC．doD．has正确答案：A解析：“A is as much…as B is”表示“A正如B一样也是……”。
本题中的“as are its soils and the water…”为倒装句，be动词are提到了主语soils等的前面。
知识模块：语法3．The last half of the nineteenth century______ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A．toldB．declaredC．viewedD．witnessed正确答案：D解析：witness作动词，以人作主语表示“见证，目睹”；在正式文体和文学作品中也可以以年代作主语，本句可译为“19世纪后半叶目睹了交通工具的稳步改善”或“交通工具在19世纪后半叶有了稳步改善”。
又如：This century has witnessed the steady growth of urban centers．知识模块：语法4．Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-Americanpoetry is his insistence that it______in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A．is to be analyzedB．were analyzedC．be analyzedD．should have been analyzed正确答案：C解析：动词insist在表示“坚持要……”时，其宾语从句的谓语动词需用虚拟语气。
04年河海博士英语试卷
河海大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡV ocabulary (10%)Part A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.21. The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that recommendations are properly implemented.A. made up ofB. carried outC. put into operationD. charged with22. The head of the navy heaped scornon both the methods and motives of the conspirators.A. admirationB. passionC. contemptD. offense23. One of the most provocativeideas of modern physics was initiated by the British theorist P.Dirao.A. stimulatingB. popularC. enduringD. powerful24. The story of Peter Pan is so fascinatingthat all the children like it.A. interestingB. adventurousC. entrancingD. extraordinary25. The young girl showed wonderful facilityfor learning languages.A. likingB. imaginationC. delightD. aptitude26. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevailin the forests.A. dominateB. reproduceC. rebuildD. invade27. Although the work needs to be done more exhaustively, efforts have been made to collect the songs and ballads of the American Revolution.A. preciselyB. selectivelyC. franticallyD. thoroughly28. There are still some outdated prejudices lurkingin the minds of individuals.A. existingB. hidingC. remainingD. emerging29. In buying a suit, a difference often cents in price is negligible.A. negligentB. negotiableC. insignificantD. consequential30. Modern nursing practices not only hastenthe recovery of the sick but also promote better health through preventive medicine.A. permitB. accelerateC. determineD. accompanyPart B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.31. She considered herself always in the right, and anybody s suggestion.A. skimpedB. sent downC. sneered atD. submitted to32. He was present in his role of school manager, church warden and donor.A. dedicatedB. tripleC. providentialD. religious33. Since you are so weak, you should take every precaution against catching cold.A. criticalB. comparableC. distinctD. conceivable34. An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of that produces it.A. causalityB. marginC. persistenceD. purpose35. Mr. Li is the present of the presidential chair of the company.A. transactionB. prescriptionC. professorD. incumbent36. Agreement made by the President with other countries the approval of the Senate.A. is subjected toB. is subject toC. draws outD. substitute for37. The economy is showing signs of .A. haltingB. overflowingC. outbreakingD. faltering38. Their experiments show that the strain of wheat grows more quickly and is resistant to disease.A. newly plantedB. newly cultivatedC. hybridD. imported39. In that country the coins are so that one has to carry great quantities to make a single purchase.A. diminishedB. debasedC. degradedD. defaced40. Richard Cramer was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his on the effects of war on individuals in the Middle East.A. commentaryB. communicationC. assertionD. declarationPartⅢUse of English (15%)Part A (10%)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to 41and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of 42the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to 43employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions 44which many of us can work for ourselves, 45for an employer?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people s work has taken the 46of jobs. The industrial age may now be 47to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. 48, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment as its history shows, has not meant 49freedom.Employment became widespread 50the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them 51the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living 52themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from the people s homes.53, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, 54, many people s work lost all connection 55their home lives and the places in which they lived.56, employment put women 57a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to58employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to 59some effort and resources away from the 60goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.41. A. be blamedB. have been blamedC. blameD. blaming42. A. sharingB. makingC. takingD. looking43. A. makeB. treatC. findD. get44. A. onB. atC. toD. in45. A. thereforeB. rather thanC. asD. other than46. A. sizeB. shapeC. formD. format47. A. takingB. makingC. comingD. becoming48. A. ButB. AndC. ThereforeD. For49. A. economicalB. economicC. economyD. economics50. A. duringB. sinceC. beforeD. when51. A. forB. ofC. toD. until52. A. forB. ofC. withD. to53. A. So thatB. After thatC. LaterD. So54. A. actuallyB. naturallyC. correctlyD. eventually55. A. toB. withC. forD. of56. A. MeanwhileB. Generally speakingC. ThereforeD. Actually57. A. intoB. inC. onD. at58. A. payingB. paidC. payD. being paid59. A. makeB. takeC. switchD. get60. A. possibleB. impossibleC. practicalD. impracticalPart B (5%)Directions: Each of the following sentences has 4 underlined parts marked A, B, C, and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and correct it. Then transfer your answers onto the ANSWER SHEET.61. WereAthe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it couldBdramatically transform a family ranCenterprise that still gets 90% of itsDrevenues from newspapers.62. Conversation calls for aAwillingness to alternate the role of speaker with oneBof listenerC, and calls for occasional digestive pauses byDboth.63. As long asApoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflictBwith richer people, who in general are lighterC skinD, there s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.64. All those left undoneAmay sound greatlyBin theory, but even the truest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.65. Even ifAautomakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternative fuelsC, the cars won t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at the gas station.PartⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D, and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do: what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk, a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.66. The best title for the passage could be .A. Work, Labor and PlayB. Ways Leading to HappinessC. The Most Desirable Job in the WorldD. The Necessity of Leisure67. If a person wishes to be happy,.A. he must have something to doB. he must realize the essential difference between work and laborC. he must feel free first of allD. he must do something valuable to society68. A man is a laborer if .A. what he likes to do is not recognized by societyB. he has to make a living or supporting his familyC. he cannot get paid for what he doesD. he is forced to do what he doesn t enjoy69. According to the passage, what is society s attitude toward the game we play?A. Society regards play as another kind of labor.B. Society doesn t care what we play at all.C. Society forbids us to play any game.D. Society cares for private games very much.70. Which of the following kinds of person is a worker?A. A teacher who enjoys working with students.B. A white collar employee who is well paid.C. A man who doesn t mix work with play.D. A man who has good appetite and enjoys good health.71. What does the laborer think of leisure?A. He thinks he has no time for it since he has to support his family.B. He wishes to have as little leisure as possible.C. He hopes to have more leisure to play.D. He thinks it more important than health and family.Passage 2Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insect when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer, Jean Jacquesd “Ortous de Mairan”, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that man s biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area. The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on June 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.72. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in .A. the regulation of body temperatureB. the secretion of hormonesC. animal reproductionD. many aspects of plant and animal physiology73. In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening and closing cycles .A. even when it was kept in a murky place all dayB. even if it was placed in the moonlightC. even when he was observing it from a dark placeD. even during the night time74. The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.” (Paragraph 2, Line 9) probably means .A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man made clockB. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to themC. They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythmsD. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life75. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day .A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different timesB. so as not to be recognized by the peopleC. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts workD. so as to leave the people s circadian rhythms in disorder76. What is Mr. Weitzman s ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory?A. He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers.B. People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.C. He wanted to find a way to treat people s diseases.D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian.77. Miss Sobol left the laboratory .A. on June 13thB. on June 25thC. at the end of JuneD. on July 7thPassage 3There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here s one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1,000 kilometer wide strip of forest running through Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of CO2and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflecte d by the earth s surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is thatsome of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 per cent of all the world s energy is consumed by a quarter of the world s population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just seven per cent of the global population, is responsible for 22 per cent of global warming.78. “Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to .A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB. how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC. how climate changesD. how climate zones shift79. We can learn from the passage that .A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB. the basic facts of global warming are unknownC. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption80. The word “emission” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .A. admissionB. entranceC. ejectionD. agitation81. James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by .A. the cutting of many treesB. desirable environmental changesC. successful migration of speciesD. unsuccessful migration of trees82. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB. a third world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2yearly to the atmosphereC. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse gas emissionsD. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels83. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A. Impact of global warming on climateB. Prosperity and cheap fossil fuelsC. Material progress and energy consumptionD. Plants and animals in the changing climatePassage 4Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines: the Bug Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of humanlife that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for no other literary form does quite the same things.The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness；it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary sub genre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure.The first point that science fiction is a literary sub genre is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek s RUR (Rossum s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known；the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a sub genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, character, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.84. Science fiction is called a literary sub genre because .A. it is not important enough to be a literary genreB. it cannot be made into a dramatic presentationC. it shares characteristics with other types of prose fictionD. to call it a “genre” would subject it to literary jargon85. Which of the following does not usually contribute to the theme in a piece of science fiction?A. narratorB. settingC. characterD. rhyme86. The view of science fiction encouraged by pulp magazines, while wrong, is nevertheless .A. popularB. derangedC. elegantD. fashionable87. An appropriate title for this passage would be .A. On the Inaccuracies of Pulp MagazinesB. Toward a Definition of Science FictionC. A Type of Prose FictionD. Beyond the Bug Eyed Monster88. The author s definition suggests that all science fiction deals with .A. the same topics addressed by novels and short storiesB. the unfamiliar or unusualC. Karel Capek s well known postulateD. the conflict between science and fiction89. One implication of the final sentence in the passage is that .A. the reader should turn next to commentaries on general fictionB. there is no reason for any reader not to like science fictionC. there are reasons for enjoying science fictionD. those who can read and analyze fiction can also do so with science fictionPassage 5“Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in 1985 to 10. 6 million in 1998,”according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free, energy efficient refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed.“Market transformation,”Fridley explains, “is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient produce.”“Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufactures interested in developing CFC free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk,” Fridley says.In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. “It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s,” says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an a dvisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. “The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.”“The Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants,” adds Levine.90. The main idea of this passage is .A. about refrigerator production in ChinaB. about the energy efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UNC. about the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protectionD. about the tremendous increase of China s refrigerator production91. From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that .A. the American experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed China s refrigerator productionB. the American researchers are particularly worried about China s over emission of CFC into the airC. the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in ChinaD. the American experts sees China as the best place to increase their export of refrigerator technology92. According to Fridley, “Market transformation” means .A. giving a practical guide to the consumers needs as which products are betterB. strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish right products from the fake onesC. producing high quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protectionD. trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively93. The following statements about Berkeley Lab are true EXCEPT .A. It began a project with the government of China in 1989 to assist in the development of CFC free, efficient refrigeratorsB. It provided technical assistance and training for Chinese refrigerator manufacturersC. It helped to develop a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agenciesD. It cooperated with the government of China on several refrigerator projects94. The pronoun “it” in the sentence “It is not widely known in the United States” (paragraph 5) may refer to .A. an International Climate Protection AwardB. the EPA, that is, the U. S. Environmental Protection AgencyC. the refrigerator project mentioned in the passageD. the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies95. The reason why the Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project is important to China s further development is that .A. the project will have a direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissionsB. the Chinese government is eager to improve its people s living conditionsC. the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrial pollutionD. the Chinese government is eager to up to date the production of its electronic industry PartⅤTranslation (20 %)Part A (10%)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Virtue and intelligence belong to human beings as individuals freely associating with other individuals in small groups. So do sin and stupidity. But the subhuman mindlessness to which the demagogue makes his appeal, the moral imbecility on which he relies when he goads his victims。
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河海大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
SectionⅠUse of English
Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)from each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) As former colonists of Great Britain，the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”，or law made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislature.The jury，a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case，is an__4__part of our common-law e of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.__6__the centuries，many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi result__7__would be obtained using a judge__8__，as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after“__10__”，or discussions among a group of people，the jury‘s decision is likely to have the__11__from many different people from different backgrounds，who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases，which decide__12__ among__13__citizens，and criminal cases，which decide cases brought by the government__14__that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S.citizens and__15__.Jurors，
consisting of__16__numbers，are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states，__19__jurors are questioned by the judge;in others，they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictated by state law.
1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather
2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority
3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock
4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated
5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D] diminishing
6.[A]in[B]by[C]after[D]over
7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as
8.[A]alike[B]alone[C]altogether[D]apart
9.[A]Although[B]Because[C]If[D]While
10.[A]deliberations[B]meditations[C]reflections[D] speculations
11.[A]outline[B]outcome[C]input[D]intake
12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[C]disputes[D]hostilities
13.[A]fellow[B]individual[C]personal[D]private
14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[C]maintaining[D]testifying
15.[A]assembled[B]evoked[C]rallied[D]summoned
16.[A]set[B]exact[C]given[D]placed
17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[C]appointed[D]assigned
18.[A]administers[B]manages[C]oversees[D]presides
19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[C]perspective[D] prospective
20.[A]bodies[B]parties[C]sides[D]
units答案：1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.D7.C8.B9.B10.A11. C12.C13.D14.B15.D16.A17.D18.C19.D20.B
总体分析本文介绍了美国的陪审团制度。
第一段指出，陪审团是美国共同法系统的基本组成部分。
第二段分析了使用陪审团的原因。
第三和四段分别介绍了陪审团的类型和选举程序。
全文翻译美国的建国之父们作为大英帝国的前殖民者沿袭了其法律系统。
我们有“共同法”，即由法庭而非君主或其他像立法机关这样的中央政府权利机关制定的法律。
陪审团由一群选来裁决案件的普通公民组成，是我们共同法系统基本的组成部分。
使用陪审团裁决案件是美国法律系统的一个显着特征。
在世界上很少有其他国家和美国一样使用陪审团。
几个世纪以来，许多人已经相信在大多数情况下陪审团比许多国家那样单独使用一位法官达成的结果更公平、公正。
因为陪审团裁决案件是在一群人“审议”或讨论后，因此他们的决定可能受到不同背景的不同人的影响，这些人必须作为一个团体来决定什么是正确的。
陪审团既被用在裁决普通公民之间纠纷的民事案件中，也用在裁决政府提出讼诉声称个人犯罪的刑事案件中。
陪审团成员从美国公民中选出并被传唤。
由固定人数组成的陪审团在每一个需要陪审团的案件中都会被召唤。
被指派负责案件的法官监督陪审团成员的选举。
在一些州，未来的陪审团成员由法官询问，而在另一些州，他们遵照州法律规定的法规接受代表各
方当事人的律师的询问。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。