format of a research paper introduction论文的标准格式
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题及答案
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题及答案1.In academic research, where is the best place to start looking for relevant literature?A.The libraryB.The internetC.A professor's officeD.A friend's bookshelf答案：A。
在学术研究中，图书馆通常拥有丰富的学术资源，包括书籍、期刊等，是开始查找相关文献的最佳地方。
选项B 互联网上的信息可能不准确或不权威。
选项C 教授的办公室不是查找文献的主要场所。
选项D 朋友的书架上的书可能不具有学术性。
2.When searching for literature, which keyword should you avoid using?mon wordsB.Specific termsC.Technical jargonD.Academic phrases答案：A。
在查找文献时，应避免使用常见词汇，因为这样会得到大量不相关的结果。
选项B 特定术语、选项C 技术行话、选项D 学术短语都可以帮助缩小搜索范围。
3.Which of the following is NOT a reliable source of literature for academic research?A.Scholarly journalsB.Popular magazinesC.Academic booksD.Research papers答案：B。
学术研究中，可靠的文献来源包括学术期刊、学术书籍和研究论文。
流行杂志通常不具有学术性和权威性。
4.If you can't find a particular piece of literature in your local library, what should you do?A.Give upB.Ask a friendC.Try an online databaseD.Wait for it to appear答案：C。
Scientific Research Papers
Basic Structure: IMRAD
• • • • Introduction Methods Results Discussion
Exceptions
• sometimes you may be asked to include an abstract or separate section for the hypothesis • the Discussion section isnge the order of the sections (eg. some professional and academic journals require the Methods section to appear last)
Example 1
• the hypothesis of the experiment is to examine how cells react to a certain kind of genetic manipulation
• the purpose of the experiment is to learn more about potential cancer treatments
People investigating some scientific hypothesis have a responsibility to the rest of the scientific world to report their findings, particularly if these findings add to or contradict previous ideas.
Introduction
• • • • the purpose (sometimes called the objective) the scientific literature relevant to the subject the hypothesis the reasons you believed your hypothesis viable
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题1. In academic research, a hypothesis is a ______ that is tested through experiments and observations.A. predictionB. conclusionC. theoryD. assumption答案：D。
本题考查学术研究中“假说”相关的基本概念。
选项A“prediction”意为“预测”，通常是基于现有信息对未来的估计；选项B“conclusion”指“结论”，是在研究后得出的最终判断；选项C“theory”是“理论”，是经过大量研究和验证形成的体系；选项D“assumption”表示“假定、设想”，更符合“假说”的含义，即在研究初期未经充分验证的设想。
2. The main purpose of conducting academic research is to ______ new knowledge and understanding.A. discoverB. createC. inventD. produce答案：A。
此题考查学术研究目的相关的词汇。
选项A“discover”意思是“发现”，强调找到原本存在但未被知晓的事物；选项B“create”意为“创造”，侧重于从无到有地造出新的东西；选项C“invent”指“发明”，通常指创造出新的工具、设备等；选项D“produce”有“生产、产生”的意思，比较宽泛。
在学术研究中，主要是“发现”新知识和理解，所以选A。
3. A reliable academic research should be based on ______ data and methods.A. accurateB. preciseC. correctD. valid答案：D。
本题关于可靠学术研究的基础。
选项A“accurate”侧重于“准确无误”，强调与事实完全相符；选项B“precise”意为“精确的、明确的”，更强调细节的清晰和明确；选项C“correct”指“正确的”；选项D“valid”表示“有效的、有根据的”，强调数据和方法具有合理性和可靠性。
高中英语学术研究单选题30题
高中英语学术研究单选题30题1.The research paper is highly ______.A.accurateB.exactC.preciseD.correct答案：C。
“accurate”侧重于准确无误，一般指数据等的准确性；“exact”强调精确、确切，丝毫不差；“precise”更强调细致、精确到细节，在学术语境中形容研究论文的严谨和精确性更合适；“correct”只是正确的意思，范围比较宽泛。
2.In academic research, we need to be ______ in our methods.A.thoroughpleteC.entireD.whole答案：A。
“thorough”表示彻底的、全面的，在学术研究中强调方法的全面性和细致性；“complete”侧重于完整，不缺任何部分；“entire”和“whole”都表示整个的，通常用于形容整体，不太适合形容方法。
3.The data analysis should be ______.A.meticulousB.carefulC.cautiousD.prudent答案：A。
“meticulous”强调极其细心、一丝不苟，在学术研究中的数据分析需要这种细致；“careful”只是一般的小心；“cautious”和“prudent”更多的是谨慎，不一定是在细心方面。
4.The scholar is known for his ______ research.A.intensiveB.extensiveC.expansiveprehensive答案：B。
“intensive”表示集中的、密集的；“extensive”强调广泛的，学者以广泛的研究出名比较符合语境；“expansive”有扩张的意思；“comprehensive”虽然也有全面的意思，但更多的是整体的全面，不如“extensive”在这个语境中合适。
2012研究生英语学术写作第二部分汇总
(6) When he was twenty, he believed that everything would always work out for the best. (7) Strange things happen at very low temperatures; a rose will shatter like glass. (8) My sister had a profitable summer: by mowing lawns she earned $125; by washing cars, $68; and by walking the neighbors’ dog, $110. (9) “These records,” proclaimed the television announcer, “are not sold in any store.” (10) Of all the distance runners, only one seems to run effortlessly: Mark. (11) There is a very obvious solution to your school problems ---- study.
(3) 逗号用于分隔一系列并列成分。 如果用语言来描述一幅画，最好是按一定的 顺序，或从左到右、或从右到左、或从上到 下、或从下到上。（汉语中的顿号应该在英 语中用逗号来表示，英语没有顿号。） (4) 非限定性定语从句或短语与句子的主要部分 之间用逗号。 (5) 插入语的前后用逗号分隔。 (6)在直接引语中，说话人和所说内容用逗号隔开。 (7)日期、数字、地址间间隔用逗号。
1． Tramping（迈着沉重的脚步走过）through the woods one afternoon in the spring of last year, I found a baby owl in a pile of foliage(树叶)at the foot of a beech(山毛榉). Palm sized covered with grayish-white fluff, he stared up at me with dark, shining eyes. Overhead, I could see the hole from which he had fallen into, a drop of 30 feet which should have broken his neck. But the little bird was apparently alive and kicking, fluttering his wings and hiss has read a lot of famous novels: War and Peace, Crime and Punishment and A tale of Two Cities to mention a few. (3) As a result of the devastating heat wave, the death toll rose to 108. (4) Bring these items to registration: a ballpoint pen, your student ID card, and a check made out to the college. (5) “Have you ever seen the houses along the Lake Shore on the North Side?” asked Hurstwood. “Why, I was just over there this afternoon.” said Mrs. Hale and I. “Aren’t they beautiful?” “They are very fine.” he answered. “Oh me!” said Carrie pensively, “I wish I could live in such a place.”
Research-Paper-Writing-(5)
• • • • • • •
1. Overview of the experiment 2. Population/sample 3. Location 4. Restrictions/limiting conditions 5. Sampling technique 6. Procedures 7. Materials
Methods
• The second section of the research report, labelled as methods (sometimes by some researchers methods and materials), describes the steps you followed in conducting your research and the materials you used at each step.
• The method section is useful to readers who want to know how the methodology of your research may have influenced your results, or who are interested in replicating or extending our study
• 3. Statement(s) that indicate the need for more investigation. • In this part, after finishing the review of the literature, you should point out a gap, that is, an important area not investigated by other researchers. Just in there, you can make certain contribution by your research.
简单的研究报告的作文的格式
简单的研究报告的作文的格式英文回答：Format of a Simple Research Report.Introduction.Briefly introduce the topic of the report.State the research question or hypothesis.Provide context and background information.Method.Describe the research design, including the type of study (e.g., experimental, observational).Explain the procedures used, including data collection and analysis methods.State the sample size and selection criteria.Results.Present the findings of the research, including tables, graphs, or other visualizations.Describe any statistical tests performed and the results.Highlight significant findings and key trends.Discussion.Interpret the findings and relate them to the research question or hypothesis.Discuss the implications of the results, includingtheir strengths and limitations.Suggest future research directions or applications.Conclusion.Summarize the main findings of the research.Restate the research question or hypothesis and indicate whether it was supported.Provide recommendations or implications based on the research findings.References.List the sources used in the report, including books, journal articles, and websites.Use a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).中文回答：简单研究报告的作文格式。
Unit 2李
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Experiments of… Experimental study of… Effect of…on… A preliminary report of… Observation on… Comparison between …and.. Improvement of… Experimental research of… LASER processing of… Clinical analysis of… Results of… Verification of… Follow-up of…
2.2. Author and Affiliation 2.2.1.Authors There are many guidelines for assigning authorship that can help writers keep away from academic misconduct but the criteria for authorship vary between institutions and disciplines. The American Psychological Association (APA) gives clear criteria for authorship of publication in social science. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICNJE) and the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) regularly update the criteria for authorship and contributorship in medi- cal science. The criteria for authorship developed by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) are widely accepted in the disciplines of natural science.
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit4DescribingMethodology
Unit 4 Describing MethodologyObjectives─ Be clear about the significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of passive voice in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a process─ Be familiar with proof-reading skills─ Learn to design a questionnaireContents─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a methodology section?─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sentence order in writing a process─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire1.Reading ActivityIn natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods. Sometimes it is divided in two sections: Theoretical Framework and Methods.Research methodology is mainly concerned with the answers to the following questions:1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?2) How has one formulated a research problem?3) What types of data have been collected?4) What particular methods have been used?5) Why is a particular technique of analysis of data used?1.1Pre-reading TaskThe following is the method section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then havea discussion with your classmates:1) What is the function of the method section?2) What information elements does a method section include?3) What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of activevoice verbs to passive voice verbs in this method section?1.2 Reading PassageEnglish for College Students in Taiwan:A Study of perceptions of English Needs in a Medical ContextThe experiment was initiated to investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan.The subjects were 341 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program at Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China.Two questionnaires were developed for the survey, based on two earlier survey instruments by Taylor & Hussein (1985) and Guo (1989). The questionnaires were translated into Chinese, piloted, and modified according to the feedback from l0 respondents: six medical students and four faculty members from Chung Shan Medical College. The questionnaire given to the medical students consisted of five sections of 23 questions, the topics of which were the importance of English incollege and professional careers, perceived language skill needs and problems, the activities needed in a freshman language course, and suggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information. The faculty questionnaire consisted of four sections of l6 questions, which were parallel to those in the version given to the students except no demographic information was gathered (see Appendix).One of the authors, a faculty member at Chung Shan Medical College, selected one required class for each group of students (freshmen sophomores, juniors and seniors). Copies of the student questionnaire for administration to the students were then sent to cooperating instructors teaching these courses; copies of the faculty questionnaire were given to 20 teachers who were willing to complete the survey.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program: in the questionnaire, percentages were determined for all questions except 8 and 13 for which means were computed. Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOVA analyses (方差分析) were conducted in order to determine the perceptions of English language needs of medical college students and their faculty and to compare the perceptions held by the various groups.( Pang, 2008)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage. Research objectiveResearch subjectsResearch locationMaterialsProcedureStatistical analysis1.3.2 Understand more about the method section of this research. Whatdo you know about the questionnaires used in the survey?2. Language Focus2.1 Passive voiceThe passive voice is usually used in academic writing, because passive structures have less subjective coloring in most cases than active ones. When describing a process or a scientific experiment, it is important to write in a neutral style, as an observer. To do this, you can use passive voice. There are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended: 1) when we do not know or do not care about who has performed the action; 2) when we focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action; and 3) when we would like to remain in a neutral or objective position in writing. More examples from the methodology section are as follows:1) The study was conducted at the beginning of the semester and the final one was given at the end of the semester. ( procedure )2) In summer, the greenhouse was cooled by pulling in air through water saturated pads on the south end of the building. ( specially designed material )3) The quartz reactors tested for this work are fabricated by the A&B Sales Company of Wheeling, Leeds, UK. ( instrument )4) In order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondents were recruited from diverse fields of study. ( sampling )5) The final scores were computed into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD). ( statistical analysis)2.1.1 Go over the Reading Passage and mark verbs in the passive voiceand then complete the following table:2.1.2 Rewrite the following text with passive voice.Some people consider a poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pill or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.2.2 Sequential markersA process paragraph explains how to do something or how something works. Process paragraphs are usually developed step-by-step in a chronological or logical sequence. The following sequencing expressions are more frequently used to link steps in a description of a process or to divide a process into steps:● Firstly … To begin with … First of all … etc.● Secondly … Next … After that … In addition … etc.● Finally … Lastly …The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential words and rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1) The logs are placed in the shredder.2) They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3) They are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4) It is chemically bleached to whiten it.5) It is passed through rollers to flatten it.6). Sheets of wet paper are produced.7) The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.3. Writing PracticeA well organized, logically ordered and easily understandable chapter on methodology makes the thesis a really outstanding work. Normally, a method section includes:1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topicsentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location : where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques : describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials : describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures : State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.Of all the items on this list, the only items that are always included in the method section are the materials and procedures.3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.(1) A total of 369 participants of European origins (52.7% female) with a mean age of27.2 years were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montrealregion.(2) The data used for the current analysis consists of 60 texts taken from 20engineering journals.(3) Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves asstudents from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions.(4) The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence ofteaching effectiveness in tertiary education.(5) The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests ofreliability and significance using SPSS.(6) Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business managerof each union. In the envelopes, there was a cover letter explaining the project, the questionnaire itself, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business manager was contacted and asked to select workers from his union and to send the envelopes to the chosen workers.(7) The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languagesat a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18 years old. They constituted a convenience sample.(8) The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a researchcenter for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.3.2 Completing sentencesThe following words and phrasal verbs are more commonly used in Method Section Subjects / participants choose, include, recruit,volunteered / paid to participate, …Materials be composed of, be located, be installed,be equipped with, obtain, supply, …Research designapply, employ, develop, resort to, use, …Procedurecarry out, follow, perform, propose, …Complete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. （1）（问卷调查实施）after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. 136 students enrolled in a managerial accounting course ( 2 ) （完成了此次问卷. _( 3 )_（表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息）. As is shown, the majority of participants are male. _( 4 ) _（参与者的平均年龄约29岁）, _( 5 )_（平均工作经历约6年）, and the mean number of accounting classes was approximately four.(Liu, 2008)1)_________________________________________________________________2)_________________________________________________________________3)_________________________________________________________________4)_________________________________________________________________5)_________________________________________________________________3.3 Reordering sentencesThe following is the method section of a research article from the field of engineering with sentences in a scrambled order. Please rearrange them in a more conventional order. Write the sequential number in the box on the right side of the table below.a The data was rank-ordered from the lowest X value of 1.2 tothe highest of 3.8--- see Table 2 below.b The SD scores show to what extent the teachers agreedamong themselves when judging the gravity of each error.c The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire, inwhich the errors appeared in a random order.d The assessors were instructed to view each error in itscontext and determine to what extent it deviated fromnormal English.e The questionnaire included the context in which each errorhad occurred and a marking scale ranging from 0 for "noerror” to 5 for “the most severe error".f After scoring, the assessors were given the option to writedown the principles that guided them in their scoring.g The scores were computed into mean averages (X) andstandard deviations (SD).h Unless otherwise indicated, the numerical data in the textrefer to the mean average scores.i The higher the SD score, the more diverse the assessors'opinions regarding the gravity of the item.3.4 Rewriting sentencesThe following sentences are taken from method sections of different published articles. Rewrite each sentence to make it more acceptable.(1) Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their L1 languagebackgrounds which are represented.__________________________________________________________________(2) Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officersand business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered forstatistical analysis._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (4) The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (6) Having explained the directions, the students began to write.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (7) The schedule was in effect only 1 year, with students achieving better results.__________________________________________________________________ (8) The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll andfound that three students were absent.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (9) School administrators who are interested in making changes that are not tooexpensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (10) One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that aredesigned to achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those same individuals to make large capital investments.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________3.5 Turning notes into a passageYou are required to write the method section of a research paper about the experiment to investigate into students’ preferences and attitudes towards sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Pay particular attention to the choice of tense and voice.Aim of research To determine student’s preferences and attitudestoward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetenedbeverages.Research subjects Ten people, five male and five female students, froma Science English class 1, chosen at random Materials Thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and twocontainers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the UnitedStates, one container with four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar, the othercontainer with four cups of orange Kool-aidsweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brandartificial sweetener.Procedure Ten volunteer students, five males, into two lines, one for males and the other for females. Alternately, men and women test, a blindfold over the eyes of the tester, he/she could not see, the two cups filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. Then three questions asked from a survey and the answers tabulated. Next, use a straw, a sip from each cup.Data treatment The final two questions on the survey and the answers tabulated; finally, the remaining drink thrown away, and the next tester came forward, repeated the process.4. Writing Project4.1 Gathering information for a method section.You are required to write the method section of a research paper in the field of English language class attendance with the information elements given below. Gather information for your research.Aim of research To investigate into the status quo of your group ofstudents’ attendance in English classroom andreasons for absence.Research subjectsSampling techniquesMaterials mProceduresData treatment4.2 Designing a questionnaireThe design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have previously been generated).A good questionnaire is one that: 1) enables collection of accurate data in a timely manner; 2) facilitates the work of data collection, data processing and the tabulation of data; 3) ensures that there is no collection of non-essential information; and 4) permits comprehensive and meaningful analysis as well as purposeful utilization of the data collected to ensure that the technical task of the questionnaire receives the various input that it requires.Types of questionsThere are many different types of questions you can use to get the information that you need. In the main, these fall into open and closed questions. An open question allows the respondents to use their own words to answer, e. g., “What do you think are the main causes of racism?” A closed question gives them pre-defined options, e.g., “Which of the following do you think are the main causes of racism: a, b, c, d”.The pros and cons of each are given in the following table.Rating design in a questionnaire: Look closely at the following example of a rating design.Please rate the quality of the medical insurance of this company.□ Poor □ Fair □ GoodThere are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:1. Decide the information required;2. Define the target respondents;3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents;4. Decide on question content;5. Develop the question wording;6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format;7. Check the length of the questionnaire;8. Pre-test the questionnaire;9. Develop the final survey form.Now work in groups of four, and design a questionnaire to obtain information about students’ attendance and causes for their absence.4.3 Drafting your method sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistRevision gives you an opportunity to take another look at what you have written. Therefore, you have to do some extra work to revise your draft. Here are some general rules for your check.。
research papers 1 introduction副本
RESEARCH
WRITING
1
.
TYPICAL SECTIONS
Title: Is informative and precise and attracts attention Abstract: Provides an overview of the paper, including important details Introduction: Provides a purpose for the study, a general discussion of the topic, a literature review of relevant work, a particular question or hypothesis being investigated and attracts the attention of your readers. Methods: Explains the details of methods, materials and procedures Results: Presents the findings and provides limited commentary or focus Discussion: Explains the results and what has been learned from the study Conclusion: (may be part of Discussion) Presents future work to be done Acknowledgements: Gives thanks and credit to contributors References: Documents the sources used Appendix: Extra graphs, raw data, surveys, or other information
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-4-Describing-Methodology
Unit 4 Describing MethodologyObjectives─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of pa ssive voice in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a pro cess─ Be fam iliar with proof-reading skills─ Learn to design a questionnaireContents─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a methodology section?─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sent ence order in writing a process─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire1.Reading ActivityIn natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods. Sometimes it is divided in two sections: Theoretical Framework and Methods.Research methodology is mainly concerned with the answers to the following questions:1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?2) How has one formulated a research problem?3) What types of data have been collected?4) What particular methods have been used?5) Why is a particular technique of analysis of data used?1.1Pre-reading TaskThe following is the method section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then havea discussion with your classmates:1) What is the function of the method section?2) What information elements does a method section include?3) What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of activevoice verbs to passive voice verbs in this method section?1.2 Reading PassageEnglish for College Students in Taiwan:A Study of perceptions of English Needs in a Medical ContextThe experiment was initiated to investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan.The subjects were 341 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program at Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China.Two questionnaires were developed for the survey, based on two earlier survey instruments by Taylor & Hussein (1985) and Guo (1989). The questionnaires were translated into Chinese, piloted, and modified according to the feedback from l0 respondents: six medical students and four faculty members from Chung Shan Medical College. The questionnaire given to the medical students consisted of five sections of 23 questions, the topics of which were the importance of English incollege and professional careers, perceived language skill needs and problems, the activities needed in a freshman language course, and suggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information. The faculty questionnaire consisted of four sections of l6 questions, which were parallel to those in the version given to the students except no demographic information was gathered (see Appendix).One of the authors, a faculty member at Chung Shan Medical College, selected one required class for each group of students (freshmen sophomores, juniors and seniors). Copies of the student questionnaire for administration to the students were then sent to cooperating instructors teaching these courses; copies of the faculty questionnaire were given to 20 teachers who were willing to complete the survey.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program: in the questionnaire, percentages were determined for all questions except 8 and 13 for which means were computed. Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOV A analyses (方差分析) were conducted in order to determine the perceptions of English language needs of medical college students and their faculty and to compare the perceptions held by the various groups.( Pang, 2008)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.1.3.2 Understand more about the method section of this research. Whatdo you know about the questionnaires used in the survey?2. Language Focus2.1 Passive voiceThe passive voice is usually used in academic writing, because passive structures have less subjective coloring in most cases than active ones. When describing a process or a scientific experiment, it is important to write in a neutral style, as an observer. To do this, you can use passive voice. There are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended: 1) when we do not know or do not care about who has performed the action; 2) when we focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action; and 3) when we would like to remain in a neutral or objective position in writing. More examples from the methodology section are as follows:1) The study was conducted at the beginning of the semester and the final one was given at the end of the semester. ( procedure )2) In summer, the greenhouse was cooled by pulling in air through water saturated pads on the south end of the building. ( specially designed material )3) The quartz reactors tested for this work are fabricated by the A&B Sales Company of Wheeling, Leeds, UK. ( instrument )4) In order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondents were recruited from diverse fields of study. ( sampling )5) The final scores were computed into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD). ( statistical analysis)2.1.1 Go over the Reading Passage and mark verbs inthe passive voiceand then complete the following table:2.1.2 Rewrite the following text with passive voice.Some people consider a poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pill or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.2.2 Sequential markersA process paragraph explains how to do something or how something works. Process paragraphs are usually developed step-by-step in a chronological or logical sequence. The following sequencing expressions are more frequently used to link steps in a description of a process or to divide a process into steps:● Firstly … To begin with … First of all … etc.●Secondly … Next … After that … In addition … etc.● Finally … Lastly …The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential words and rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1) The logs are placed in the shredder.2) They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3) They are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4) It is chemically bleached to whiten it.5) It is passed through rollers to flatten it.6). Sheets of wet paper are produced.7) The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.3. Writing PracticeA well organized, logically ordered and easily understandable chapter on methodology makes the thesis a really outstanding work. Normally, a method section includes:1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topicsentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location : where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques : describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials : describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures : State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.Of all the items on this list, the only items that are always included in the method section are the materials and procedures.3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.(1) A total of 369 participants of European origins (52.7% female) with a mean age of27.2 years were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montrealregion.(2) The data used for the current analysis consists of 60 texts taken from 20engineering journals.(3) Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves asstudents from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions.(4) The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence ofteaching effectiveness in tertiary education.(5) The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests ofreliability and significance using SPSS.(6) Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business managerof each union. In the envelopes, there was a cover letter explaining the project, the questionnaire itself, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business manager was contacted and asked to select workers from his union and to send the envelopes to the chosen workers.(7) The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languagesat a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18 years old. They constituted a convenience sample.(8) The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a researchcenter for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.3.2 Completing sentencesThe following words and phrasal verbs are more commonly used in Method SectionComplete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. （1）（问卷调查实施）after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. 136 students enrolled in a managerial accounting course ( 2 ) （完成了此次问卷. _( 3 )_（表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息）. As is shown, the majority of participants are male. _( 4 )_（参与者的平均年龄约29岁）, _( 5 )_（平均工作经历约6年）, and the mean number of accounting classes was approximately four.(Liu, 2008)1)_________________________________________________________________2)_________________________________________________________________3)_________________________________________________________________4)_________________________________________________________________5)_________________________________________________________________3.3 Reordering sentencesThe following is the method section of a research article from the field of engineering with sentences in a scrambled order. Please rearrange them in a more conventional order. Write the sequential number in the box on the right side of the table below.3.4 Rewriting sentencesThe following sentences are taken from method sections of different published articles. Rewrite each sentence to make it more acceptable.(1) Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their L1 language backgroundswhich are represented.__________________________________________________________________ (2) Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officersand business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered forstatistical analysis._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (4) The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute._________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (6) Having explained the directions, the students began to write.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (7) The schedule was in effect only 1 year, with students achieving better results.__________________________________________________________________ (8) The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll andfound that three students were absent.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________(9) School administrators who are interested in making changes that are not tooexpensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (10) One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that aredesigned to achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those same individuals to make large capital investments.__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________3.5 Turning notes into a passageYou are required to write the method section of a research paper about the experiment to investigate into students’ preferen ces and attitudes towards sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Pay particular attention to the choice of tense and voice.4. Writing Project4.1 Gathering information for a method section.You are required to write the method section of a research paper in the field of English language class attendance with the information elements given below. Gather information for your research.4.2 Designing a questionnaireThe design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have previously been generated).A good questionnaire is one that: 1) enables collection of accurate data in a timely manner; 2) facilitates the work of data collection, data processing and the tabulation of data; 3) ensures that there is no collection of non-essential information; and 4) permits comprehensive and meaningful analysis as well as purposeful utilization of the data collected to ensure that the technical task of the questionnaire receives the various input that it requires.Types of questionsThere are many different types of questions you can use to get the information that you need. In the main, these fall into open and closed questions. An open question allows the respondents to use their own words to answer, e. g., “What do you think are the main causes of racism?” A closed question gives them pre-defined options, e.g., “Which of the following do you think are the main causes of racis m: a, b, c, d”.The pros and cons of each are given in the following table.Rating design in a questionnaire: Look closely at the following example of a rating design.Please rate the quality of the medical insurance of this company.□Poor □Fair □GoodThere are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:1. Decide the information required;2. Define the target respondents;3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents;4. Decide on question content;5. Develop the question wording;6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format;7. Check the length of the questionnaire;8. Pre-test the questionnaire;9. Develop the final survey form.Now work in groups of four, and design a questionnaire to obtain information about students’ attendance and ca uses for their absence.4.3 Drafting your method sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistRevision gives you an opportunity to take another look at what you have written. Therefore, you have to do some extra work to revise your draft. Here are some general rules for your check.。
高三英语报告撰写单选题50题
高三英语报告撰写单选题50题1. In a research report, we need to make a detailed ______ of the data collected.A. analyzeB. analysisC. analyzedD. analyzing答案：B。
解析：本题考查“analysis”这个词的用法。
“analysis”是名词，意为“分析”，在句中作make的宾语。
选项A“analyze”是动词，不能直接放在make后面；选项C“analyzed”是过去分词形式，也不能作make的宾语；选项D“analyzing”是动名词形式，同样不符合此处的用法。
2. When writing a report, the ______ should be based on solid evidence.A. concludeB. conclusionC. concludingD. concluded答案：B。
解析：“conclusion”是名词，意为“结论”，在句中表示报告中的结论需要基于可靠的证据。
选项A“conclude”是动词；选项C“concluding”是动名词或现在分词形式；选项D“concluded”是过去分词形式，都不符合句子结构和语义要求。
3. The ______ part of a report usually summarizes the main findings.A. finalB. finallyC. finalityD. finalize答案：A。
解析：“final”是形容词，在这里修饰“part”，表示报告的最后部分。
选项B“finally”是副词，不能修饰名词；选项C“finality”是名词，意为“终结、定局”，不符合句子意思；选项D“finalize”是动词，不能用于此处。
4. A good report should present a clear ______ of the problem.A. statementB. stateC. statingD. stated答案：A。
高三英语学术研究资源单选题30题
高三英语学术研究资源单选题30题1. In academic research, the term "empirical evidence" is often used to refer to information that is based on _____.A. theoryB. observationC. imaginationD. assumption答案：B。
“empirical evidence”指的是基于观察的信息。
选项A“theory”是理论；选项C“imagination”是想象；选项D“assumption”是假设。
在学术研究中，“empirical evidence”通常基于观察，所以选B。
2. When conducting academic research, it is important to ______ reliable sources.A. identifyB. ignoreC. createD. destroy答案：A。
进行学术研究时，重要的是识别可靠的来源。
选项B“ignore”是忽略；选项C“create”是创造；选项D“destroy”是破坏。
要进行好的学术研究，需要识别可靠来源，故选A。
3. The ______ of a research paper often provides an overview of the main points.A. introductionB. conclusionC. bodyD. appendix答案：A。
研究论文的引言通常提供主要观点的概述。
选项B“conclusion”是结论；选项C“body”是主体；选项D“appendix”是附录。
引言起概述作用，所以选A。
4. In academic writing, the word "methodology" refers to the ______ used in a study.A. resultsB. approachC. discussionD. reference答案：B。
BA Thesis Writing for English Majors
3. Course Objectives
This course aims to acquaint students with: (1) skills of gathering and analyzing data and information from all kinds of sources on related issues.
BA Thesis Writing BA Thesis Writing for for English Majors English Majors
黄嵘 2013.9
黄嵘
2014.9
Lecture 1 Basic Knowledge of a BA thesis
1. What is Research, Research Paper and Thesis? 2. Why this course? 3. Course Objectives 4. Course Description 5. Assessment methods 6. The Process of Thesis Writing 7. The Structure of a Research Paper
Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,
1.3 Thesis or Dissertation
A thesis or dissertation is a lengthy, formal treatise as a result of research, especially one written by a candidate for an academic degree at a university. This is the focus of this course.
format of a research paper introduction论文的标准格式
Writing a Research Paper Introduction – Astep-by-step referenceThe introduction is the first chapter of a research paper. It starts from the research proposal stage, but it is critical to understand the difference between the introduction of a research proposal and that of a research paper. At the proposal stage, the introduction is presented in a future tense expressing the intensions and expectations of the researcher, whereas that of the research paper is in the past tense, revealing what actually happened.A research paper Introduction plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind to follow the paper as it unveils the problem, the researcher’s intervention, intentions and expectations.Sections of a research paper introductionThe introduction constituents and sequence majorly depend on the type of research and format undertaken.•Background: Reveals an identified and well defined problem, exploring its history and nature with reference to the existing literature. It should indicate the root of the problem, its extent, the affected, previous investigations, etc.;highlighting the research paper introduction in general, and ensuringproper perception of the situation at hand.•Statement of the problem: Is the core of the issue/problem and must be clearly defined. It states exactly what the problem is, justifying that thestudy narrows or bridges the gap between what it is and what it ought to be.•Purpose of the study: Is derived from the statement of the problem. It states why one decides to study the problem and the role of his/her research to solve the problem.•Objectives of the study: These constitute the targets a researcher intends to achieve. They act as a yardstick for the research exercise and must bespecific, measurable and achievable.•Research questions: These are research guiding questions generated from objectives. The researcher needs to answer them as part of theinvestigation.•Hypotheses: These are guiding predictions of the outcome of the study.Basing on research questions, an assumption derived form existing theories,personal observations and experience is made. A hypothesis provides a tentative answer to the problem, allowing for further investigations.Hypotheses are common for descriptive and explanatory research.•Scope of the study: Is expressed in terms of a geographical area, say village, town or city; and in terms of content – showing the extent ofknowledge coverage.•Significance of the study: Shows how meaningful and useful the research is; as well as indicating the beneficiary group(s).•Assumption: Situations under which the research is may not be exact, so for easy of work the researcher may assume what he/she has exactlyconsidered in his/her investigation.•Delimitations:These are advantageous factors affecting one’s research exercise.•Limitations:These are disadvantageous factors affecting one’s research exercise.•Definition of key concepts/terms: Due to ambiguity and varying meanings of words/terms/concepts, the researcher needs to be precise giving exact meaning of what he/she intends to communicate.•Abbreviation: Abbreviations may be misunderstood, so clear full meanings avoid confusion.How to Write a Research Proposal – A successful and winning approach15 November, 2009Research exercises are first planned in research proposals. It determines the research direction, its endurance or failure. A proposal serves as an action plan for research, constituting three chapters; Introduction, Literature review and Methodologies. It is complemented with references, budget and timetable. Students obliged to do research submit research proposals to their supervisors before real research exercises. Supervisors approve the proposals for research exercises to commence. Learning how to write a research proposal is key for research students.A research proposal is presented in a future tense, signifying the target research accomplishments and operation mode. Before doing a custom research paper or term paper writing, planning is a key role.How to write a research proposal in a simpler wayUnderstand the intended topic, your knowledge about the subject, yo ur audience’s interests and their knowledge about the subject. Understand the type of research resources and sources required. If you understand how to write a research proposal, then your research exercise becomes easier. Your essay writing tactics, highly aid your writing skills for a proposal.• Chapter one (Introduction):- this expresses the intensions and expectations of the researcher and plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind as it r eveals the problem, researcher’s intentions, why he/she intends to intervene and his/her expectations.The introduction contains;1. background of the study,2. statement of the problem,3. purpose of the study,4. objectives of the study,5. research questions and/or6. hypotheses,37. scope of the study,8. significance of the study,9. assumption,10. delimitations,11. limitations and12. definition of key concepts/terms• Chapter two (Review of relevant literature):- When reviewing literature examine the sources related to the topic of interest. Avoid the literature that is not connected to the area of study. Always paraphrase and cite basing on your objectives and hypotheses. Ensure that the review saves you the burden of repeating completed research, wasting time on failed research and helping you find what the previous researchers have not tackled.Literature review constitutes;1. Literature map: identify the variables and specify the necessary resources, embarking on previous and similar interest researchers.2. Justification of intended research: show why the research is necessary.3. Extent and constraints of previous researchers: what does the researcher need to cover? Note limitations of previous researchers.• Chapter three (Methodologies):- The researcher analyses methods to be used, depending on the type and accuracy of data required.The methodologies constitute the following;1. Research design: gives the necessary type of research. Involving qualitative and quantitative descriptive studies.2. Sampling: the researcher chooses ways to undertake for study samples. Sampling methods may be random, stratified, and purposive and so on.3. Tools and instruments: data collect tools involve questionnaires, interviews; focus discussion groups and so on.4. Procedure: shows how data collection will be administered.5. Data collection: identify the primary and secondary sources.6. Data processing and analysis: focus on raw data, sorting, editing, coding and representing it.How to write a research proposal takes various undertakings from institution to institution. You can further your guidance using research paper samples.Methodology Writing for your Research Paper2 December, 2009Before you carry out your research, you have to analyze the rationale and feasibility of particular methods for a given study. This is normally written in your research proposal, while the explanation for the methods undertaken is written in the research paper methodology. Different kinds of issues require different forms of approach during data collection and processing with in a given research exercise. These are exactly what the researcher handles in his/her methodology writing.While analyzing the methods to employ during the study, you need to;Always remember that the choice of your methodology will highly depend on the purpose of the research and the type of problem under study. The methodology in your proposal is only a suggestion and is written in a future tense, whereas that in your research paper is in past tense revealing how you actually administered your study methodically.The Structure of your Methodology WritingThe methodology constitutes a number of areas covering how you are going to carry out your research exercise. It gives a layout of the specific methods to handle particular situations. The methodology can be outlined as follows:1.Research design: This may be qualitative and descriptive in which the qualityof a situation is studied or analyzed and described accordingly. It may also be quantitative, where the results are numerical in nature.51.Sampling: Samples may be used as a representation of a large population. Asample can be non-probability or probability sampling. These also have a number of subcategories.1.Tools and Instruments: These are used to establish the facts fromrespondents. They may include questionnaires, interviews, observations, recording, focused group discussions, tests and diary.1.Procedure: This reveals the stages to be undertaken while carrying out yourresearch exercise. You need to be systematic in a way following the terms of reference, administering the research exercise, and revealing how the recommendation letter was obtained. This gives the whole plan of the research exercise procedures exhaustively.1.Data collection: Identify the primary and secondary data sources asanticipated. Mention your data sources as may be applied while undertaking the research. Show how you intend to acquire and store data.1.Data processing and analysis: You have to reveal how you are supposed tosort, edit, code and represent your data. Then show how the represented data shall be interpreted. Descriptive methods are necessary for the interpretation, comparison and drawing conclusions.Your methodology will largely depend on the requirements of a given format or will largely depend on the various institutions styles. At this stage of your research proposal you are meant to exhaust the appropriate methods for your research. Try further reading through essay help and various research paper samples.。
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断练习题40题(答案解析)
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断练习题40题(答案解析)1.In an academic paper, we need to use precise language. The word “_____” is the most appropriate to describe a complex theory.plicatedB.intricateplexD.elaborate答案解析：B。
选项A“complicated”强调事情因众多因素而难以理解或处理；选项B“intricate”更侧重于形容事物的结构或细节复杂精细，在学术语境中更能体现复杂理论的精细之处；选项C“complex”和题干中的“complex”重复；选项D“elaborate”通常表示详尽阐述，不太符合描述复杂理论的语境。
2.When writing an academic research paper, we should avoid using _____ words.A.vagueB.obscureC.ambiguousD.indefinite答案解析：C。
选项A“vague”指模糊不清，不明确但不一定有多种解释；选项B“obscure”表示晦涩难懂；选项C“ambiguous”强调有多种可能的解释，在学术论文中应避免使用有歧义的词；选项D“indefinite”主要指不确定的，不明确的期限等。
3.In academic discussions, the term “_____” is often used to refer toa comprehensive review of existing literature.A.literature reviewB.surveyC.overviewD.examination答案解析：A。
选项B“survey”通常指调查；选项C“overview”是概述；选项D“examination”是检查。
introduction of a research paper 论文的介绍
Research question and questions
Have a major research question Split the question into two or three The question can be asked by Why What How If you don’t have a question, state or narrow your research focus or area
Research Paper Writing
Writing the Introduction of a Research Paper
The Foreign Language Department
Wuyi University
Richard Chen April 2008
The introduction of a paper
• The introduction part of a research paper is a summary or overview of your research paper that generally guides your reader. Usually, it should be concise, yet it should be able to tell your readers your research purpose, your central or focused idea, the main research arguments, major findings or facts, the research scope, sometimes your research questions and how you will develop your writing. Writing should be general in this part.
读后感文章怎么写 Reflection Paper 英语作文
读后感式的文章怎样写How to write a ReflectionPaperIn this article, I will discuss with you “How to write reflection paper”.I’m writing this article because I got a huge number of mail and suggestions from student to write on this topic, one of the students said: “I want to do my assignment on own, please write an article that will help me”. So on your request, I’m going to tell you everything about a reflection paper.Reflection PaperIn this section, I will tell you the definition of a reflection paper. “W hat is a reflection paper?” –This is the main question you have to answer while composing a reflection paper.Since there are different kinds of reflection papers, it is quite obvious that a student gets confused with the characteristics. Now, let us try to answer what is a reflection paper and what are the particular highlights and qualities in a reflection paper.A reflection paper is a systematic piece of academic writing, that includes student’s thoughts, something like a book, motion picture, person, event, and many more. An author mustdiscuss something in a story format in his reflection paper.Most students commit mistakes while composing a reflection paper. They usually get confused and compare such work with a persuasive paper. A persuasive paper is a totally different type of writing, each with its very own purpose.The writer isn’t expected to explain to the reader that his perspective is reality. The author’s task is to reflect his own belief. In any case, this doesn’t mean that the reader can h ave his own point of view on a similar subject.Reflection paper comprises of 2 sections:Description –As a writer, your reflection paper reflects all the facts that we find while watching a movie or reading any book (everything will go in a story form at that will attract the reader’s attention.Self-Opinion –Assessment of individual experience. You need to give your own opinion or thoughts.Types of Reflection PaperNow, I will discuss the types of Reflection Paper. The kind of reflection paper you are prided with will decide the real process of writing a reflection paper.Educational –You will give your response to a lecture, film, or book that you see or write in your academics, teachers give this to students to know what students have learned so far.Professional – This is a technique for examining your professional behavior, especially among social workers and teachers.Personal –This is a procedure to investigate your feelings and thoughts on an individual subject.“Do you know that education al reflection papers are the most well-known and used!”Let us now discuss how to write a reflection paper.How to write Reflective Paper?In a reflection paper, you will express what you think and ideas about specific facts, things, thoughts, events. This is commonly known as a self-reflection paper. This type of paper has decent writing and basic reasoning skills.To ease things for you, I will discuss a short example with you. You might have seen numerous movies within this couple of years. Do you have the desire to share your beliefs about it? In a case that you like doing it, the most ideal route is to compose a reflective paper to tell your loved ones concerning your feelings and that film.This type of reflection is not restricted to movies only; You can show your emotions in detail regarding the movie, the occasion, an individual or even your preferred travels. So what makes a good reflection paper?Reflection paper guidelinesWhile writing a reflective paper, write point to point. Never go for the passive voice or long sentences. Though it is a subjective paper, you must write crisp and expressive or else it will become hard to understand what you are trying to say.Gather all the thoughts and ideas together. Think about all the main themes of discussion. Themes will act like key points that need to bediscussed. Now once you gather the thoughts, try to do a bit of self-monitoring. Ask yourself why such ideas came to your mind. For instance, some previous visual or auditory memory may trigger your reaction when you see similar things again.Come up with various questions. You are writing about your own experiences and perspective. Therefore, you should focus on questions that are coming in your mind. For example, if you are writing on a book, talk about its themes and characters. Relate yourself to it and express your own opinion on it. You can discuss cultural issues or societal evils. You can find some good topics on reflection paper here.Keep the correct structure. Essays and reflection papers follow the same structure. That is theyhave an introduction, body, and conclusion. Write your expectations in the beginning. In the introduction, part mention what you are thinking about the topic and what are your expectations for it. Also, remember to write an appropriate thesis statement for your paper. You need to choose the right vocabulary. Know your audience and then use the words that can be understood easily. In the body, you should focus on key points and write a paragraph on every key point.These are the guidelines to compose a flawless piece of reflective writing. However, students who are still unsure about reflective writing skills can take paper help service online to get done with the reflective paper assignment.A good reflective paperSome of the qualities of a perfect reflection paper are:A well-written reflection paper reflects your point of view and investigation about any event you’ve seen, a film you’ve seen, a book you’ve read, or even an individual you’ve seen.A perfect reflection paper demonstrates your knowledge of work, with a change in any of your thoughts with possibilities of getting used later on.You can also utilize reflective questions to produce a few thoughts and feelings related to your encounters.With a decent reflection paper, you can also attract the entire community.Tips for writing a reflection paper or essayYou as a writer should apply some descriptive techniques to your content. Simply write your considerations or ideas that reflect a clear message. Your content should tell your thoughts clearly. Your readers must be able to understand what you are trying to say.Keep in mind that your paper has to be in a story style. But is it is a scholarly paper, then you should keep it formal as it is possible.The structure of your essay must be really conventional. Think about composition an introduction, principal body passage, end. This is the most ideal approach to begin in a case that you have to figure out how to compose a reflection paper.As a writer, you should not forget that it is important to use your own understanding. Get a few facts and other general stuff ready to reflect your thoughts.Composing a reflecting paper is all about personal understanding. Even though the experience must fit in the subject and it should be exclusive. As a writer, you should not try to push your whole experience into an essay. Simply get the right and most significant events to reflect your subject.You should not attempt to compose the whole paper at once. You have your own mind map to make everything look excellent. Simply follow it and your principle direction.Your paper must not be a free-flow analysis. All ideas must be exceptionally organized and clear.Now I will tell you the format for writing a reflection paper.Format for writing a reflective paperIn a case that you don’t know about the format of a reflection paper, don’t worry, you can search for Assignment Writing Service which can guide you. I will tell you in this article about the format of reflection paper and you will be able to understand the format of a reflection paper. You should follow this format of reflection paper which I’m going to tell you. In most of the cases, academic instructors usually recommend the utilization of drafting of the Modern Language Association (MLA) format.Why they prefer this? This is on the fact that the MLA style of drafting permits secondary school students with the least complex configuration that can assist them with presenting themselves casually.Following is the format of MLA:The 1-inch margin for the borders should be there at the top, sides, and bottom.8 ½” by 11 is the recommended size of the page with white color.Most of the teachers ask their students to apply double spaces paras.Times New Roman or Ariel is the recommended font.12 points are the recommended size of the font.A general reflective paper is around 300 to 500 words in length.Things to include in Reflection Paper1. Topic and Subject selectionThe topic and subject commonly incorporate a book, fiction film, talk, etc. that a classroom environment considers. Students are also provided with a different task of writing a reflection paper. This task can be writing on their own experiences in connection with the subject. The chosen topic can be considered as the structure of your reflection essay.2. Outline development and Brainstorming sessionTaking notes and concentrating, can keep your ideas in control and make your writing effective. You can begin by writing a couple of sentences identified with your topic. You can follow them as points of note-taking to build up your remaining article. Even though, as a major aspect of brainstorming, it is important to remember to express your feeling. You can compose a good reflection paper after having a brainstorming session.3. Organization of Reflection PaperTypically a reflection paper is written in 300-700 words. Before writing a reflection paper, take some time and think of the ideas that weregenerated in your mind while doing a brainstorming session. This will help in organizing your reflection paper. Organizing your reflection paper is very important, as without this, you will not be able to write the main body.4. Implement some reflection questionQuestion-related to the matter of your subject should be included. This will help you in deciding the topic and subject of your essay. You can ask various questions to your readers that will attract them to further read your article to get the solution.5. Start with your strong introductionThe introduction is very important while composing your reflection paper. While writing the introduction you should be exact about your point in a few lines that will clearly express your conclusion. A reader will read your article only if your introduction is very attractive.6. Concentrating on the Thesis SentenceAfter a solid introduction, you have to build a thesis sentence in the basic section that explains your expectations, opinions, and thoughts regarding the topic. The thesis gives focus and harmony on your reflective paper.7. Interpretation of the idea in the bodyWhile writing a reflection paper’s body, you need to clarify the thesis. You should describe yourwhole story with this section. You must include evidence to support your thesis.8. Closing CommentsThis is the conclusion of your reflection paper. Depending on your thoughts and expectations, you will need to summarize the concluding remarks based on your ideas and feelings in about two to three sentences.How to compose a reflection paper on a book?It is important to realize how to write a reflective essay on a book –each potential writer or analyst should know this. As a articleger would profit by having this information since a lot of individuals choose whether to read a book orwatch a film depending on reviews from top articlegers.When you get the chance to write a reflection paper on a book. Try to remain true with it. Never copy the content from different websites. It will never be a successful option. You will be caught by the examiner or professor. Now have a look at how to write a reflection paper for a book on your own.Start your reflection paper on a book by mentioning the author. Provide a brief description of the author. Tell more about his other work and proposed theories.Provide a summary of the book on which you are writing your reflection paper. Talk about the important parts of that book.Focus on the issues discussed in the book by the writer. Take up a few issues and write about them in a brief manner. You can also provide your own impressions about the issues and possible solutions for them.There are many allusions used in a book. Explain them one by one. There is no need to explain it all. Just talk about those that are related to the topic on which you are writing a reflection paper.React to reading, share your impressions.These are the points you need to remember before you start writing the reflection paper on a book. Remember one thing, a reflection paper is a reflection of your thoughts, experiences, perspective related to the book. Therefore, read the book thoroughly. Do not miss any point ornever state those things which you have not read in it.●Points to remember●Title of the book●Writer’s information in brief●Summary of the plot●Analysis of the main character●Reder’s reactionHow to write an article reflection paper on an articleJust like the book, reflection paper on an article is to provide an opinion or criticism of that article. You might have read various articles over the internet or in the new magazines. Often you maylike an article or feel different opinions on any subject. In such situations, you may write a reflective paper expressing your opinions and views regarding the article. Here you need not write about the article topic, rather talk about the things mentioned in the article and whether you are supporting them or disapproving them. Follow these steps to make a riveting reflection paper for yourself.While composing an article reflection, one must be opinionated and give reactions to the article or reading material.In the reflection paper present your feelings. What have you felt while reading the article? Was it an overwhelming piece of writing? Did it generate any emotions in you?Give personal experience related to the topic. For instance, you are reading an article on fire in the woods, your reminiscence of a similar event can be shared in the reflection paper.Never do a summary of the article in the reflection paper. It should be critical and dogmatic.It should be well organized and tone should be a formal one.The conclusion should provide your learnings through that article.You can provide improvements as well while writing the conclusion.One can provide a different conclusion to the article. You can come up with an analysis of the article which never happened in the past.Where to get a free reflection paper example and get help?When you read this guide, you will see how to compose a reflective paper. Obviously, an elegantly written guide is useful however nobody would deny that having a refective paper example is more useful. As per a famous saying, it is smarter to see once than listen a thousand times. This is the reason we offer you a look at a quality example, with the goal that you have a superior understanding of how to compose an important part of the reflective paper.We would suggest downloading our freereflection paper example. Keep it before your eyes and use it as a layout but maintain a distance from copying the whole sentence or the ideas of another creator, as it will be captured in plagiarism and you may get fail in your examination.。
2020年浙江市舟山市东海中学高三英语期末试题及答案解析
2020年浙江市舟山市东海中学高三英语期末试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ANo one knows when the first printing press was invented or who invented it. but the oldest known printed text originated in China during the first millennium (千年) AD.The Diamond Sutra (《金刚经》), a Buddhist book from Dunhuang, China during the Tang Dynasty, is said to be the oldest known printed book.The Diamond Sutrawas created with a method known as block printing (雕版印刷), which used boards of hand-carved wood blocks in reverse.It was said that the moveable type was developed by Bi Sheng. He was fromYingshan,Hubei,China, living from 970 to 1051 AD. His method replaced panels of printing blocks with moveable individual Chinese characters that could be reused. The first moveable Chinese Characters were carved into clay and baked into hard blocks that were then arranged onto an iron frame that was pressed against an iron plate.The earliest mention of Bi Sheng’s printing press is in the bookDream Pool Essays, written in 1086 by Shen Kuo, who noted that his nephews came into possession of Bi Sheng’s typefaces (字体) after his death. Shen Kuo explained that Bi Sheng did not use wood because the texture is inconsistent (不一致的) and absorbs wetness too easily.By the time of the Southern Song Dynasty, which ruled from 1127 to 1279 AD, books had become popular in society and helped create a scholarly class of citizens who had the capabilities to become civil servants. Large printed book collections also became a status symbol for the wealthy class.1. When was Bi Sheng’s printing press first introduced in history?A. After Bi Sheng died and his nephews owned his typefaces.B. When books became popular in the Southern Song Dynasty.C. After the block printing was replaced by the moveable type printing.D. WhenThe Diamond Sutrawas printed into a book.2. What can we infer from the passage?A. Shen Kuo made great contributions to printing.B. The moveable type printing was invented earlier than block printing.C. Printed books were hard to get in the Song Dynasty.D. By the Southern Song Dynasty, books had helped people get to higher social positions.3. Why does the author write this passage?A. To show that Buddhism was popular in the Tang Dynasty.B. To introduce the early history of printing.C. To memorize Bi Sheng, developing the moveable type printing.D. To indicate the advantages of moveable type printing.BMark Twain,the famous American writer,was once traveling in France.He went by trainto Dijon.He was very tired and wanted to sleep.He therefore asked the conductor to wake him up when the train came to Dijon.But first he explained he was a very heavy sleeper,“I may possibly protest(抗议)loudly when you try to wake me up,” he said to the conductor.“But don’t take any notice of what I say.Just put me off the train anyway.”Then Mark Twain went to ter,when he woke up it was night time and the train had reached Paris already.He realized at once that the conductor had forgotten to wake him up at Dijon.He was so angry that he ran to the conductor and began to shout at him.“I have never been so angry in my life,” Mark Twain said.The conductor looked at him calmly(平静地).“You are not half so angry as the American whom I put off the train atDijon,” he said.4. Mark Twain knew that he was a heavy sleeper,so ________.A. he protested loudly to the conductorB. he did not sleep before he arrived inDijonC. he told the conductor to wake him up no matter how loudly he might protestD. he slept lightly that time5. The conductor didn’t wake up Mark Twain atDijonbecause ________.A. he didn’t take Mark Twain’s words seriouslyB. he forgot Mark Twain’s words when the train came toDijonC. he did not want to bear his protestD. he mistook another American traveler for Mark Twain6. The American whom the conductor put off the train ________.A. did not want to get off atDijonB. wanted to get off atParisC. wanted to get off atDijonD. did not want to get off atParis7. Which of the following is TRUE?A. The conductor didn’t take Mark Twain’s words seriously.B. The conductor did take Mark Twain’s words seriously.C. The conductor was a heavy sleeper.D. Mark Twain must get off atParis.CJoshua Nelson, 18, fromMissouri, is graduating fromSt. CharlesWestHigh Schoolthis week and will be attendingSoutheastMissouriStatein the fall. He had saved upmoney to pay for his tuition, but when he received the college's President's Scholarship, he decided to take his savings and donate it to other students in need.“It comes from my family education and faith," Nelson said. "I've always lived by strong principles as far as being a cheerful giver andhaving an open handwhen it comes to giving back so I feel like that really motivated me.”SEMO's President's Scholarship is the school’s most celebrated, and is only awarded to five top students annually. Nelsonsaid he sat down and outlined how a scholarship could work to help future students who need financial assistance for college. Originally the plan was to give away $ 1,000 the one time, but then he met up with his counselor (顾问), Yolanda Curry, to work outa game plan.“I wasn't expecting it at all!” Curry said. "He told me he had a great idea and wanted to share it with me. I could tell he was really excited.Nelson, in association with his high school, set up the Joshua Nelson Leaders In Action Scholarship fund. Each year, $1,000 will be awarded to a senior. The money will come from donations, of which there have been $16,000 so far — for a total of $17,435 at last count, according to the school. With the money already in the fund, there's enough to give out a scholarship each year for over a decade. The first scholarship was awarded on June 1 to Darrell Montalvo-Luna. As the first recipient, his scholarship was $2,000.“Joshua has the heart of a servant leader. He leads by example and he's genuinely excited when good things happen for other people," Curry said. "He's an encouragement — he's good at building others up and does what he can to help encourage and motivate those around.8. What did Nelson's initial donation come from?A. His scholarship.B. His savings.C. His pocket money.D. His wages.9. What does the underlined phrase "having an open hand" in paragraph 2 mean?A. Ambitious.B. Courageous.C. Generous.D. Cautious.10. How did Curry feel when hearing Nelson's idea?A. Shocked.B. Confused.C. Excited.D. Delighted.11. What can be inferred about the Joshua Nelson Leaders In Action Scholarship fund?A. It never supports high school students.B. It was set up more than ten years ago.C. It was founded by Nelson and Curry.D. It is going very smoothly.DIf you have ever tried to catch a resting butterfly, you know it is surprisingly difficult. A new study helps explain why.Previous research had suggested that a butterfly's overhead wing clap forces the insect forward. Researchers thought the wing clap likely formed a pocket of air that shoots out like a jet, but no one had tested that until now.To understand their flight, they placed six butterflies one at a time inside a wind tunnel which was filled with smoke and then used a laser to light up the smoke just behind the butterfly. Four high-speed cameras were placed in the tunnel to take photos of the movement of the butterfly and the-smoke as the butterfly was taking off. This let the researchers create a 3D picture of that air movement as the insect flapped its wings.They observed a total of 25 takeoffs by six butterflies. Each included up to three wing beats after takeoff.The butterflies proved more likely to clap their wings together during the first few wing beats than later in flight.The photos show that forces created by the wings give rise to a flight path. The butterflies rise as their wings move down and shoot forward as their wings move up. A wing clap on takeoff, paired with a quick tum, allowed the butterflies to fly away quickly. They also noticed the wings formed an air pocket just before clapping and that the wings' flexibility and this pocket improved the jet force created by the clap.“The study is exciting,” says Ayodeji Bode-Oke, a mechanical engineer in Charlottesville. That means “we have solved the longtime puzzle about how butterflies fly, and it proves nothing is impossible on the road of scientific research. I can't wait to learn about how the study might inform designs for small aerial vehicles.”12. Why was laser used in the experiment?A. To frighten the butterflies into lying.B. To help researchers observe the butterflies.C. To help take clear photos of air movement.D. To guide the butterflies through the smoke.13. What is the finding of the research-according to paragraph 5?A. Butterflies fly forward as wings move down.B. An air pocket forms after butterflies clap wings.C. Butterflies beat wings three times before taking off.D. Upward wing movements help butterflies fly forward.14. According to the writer, the finding of the research can be used for .A. helping catch a resting butterfly more easilyB. helping do research on other butterfly-like insectsC. helping provide inspiration for making small flying vehiclesD. helping widen the applications of small flying vehicle15. What can be the best title for the text?A. Why Can Butterflies Fly Like a Jet?B. How Can Butterflies Make Wing Claps?C. How Can Butterflies Make Quick Tums?D. Why Can Butterflies Run Away Quickly?第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
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Writing a Research Paper Introduction – Astep-by-step referenceThe introduction is the first chapter of a research paper. It starts from the research proposal stage, but it is critical to understand the difference between the introduction of a research proposal and that of a research paper. At the proposal stage, the introduction is presented in a future tense expressing the intensions and expectations of the researcher, whereas that of the research paper is in the past tense, revealing what actually happened.A research paper Introduction plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind to follow the paper as it unveils the problem, the researcher’s intervention, intentions and expectations.Sections of a research paper introductionThe introduction constituents and sequence m ajorly depend on the type of research and format undertaken.∙Background: Reveals an identified and well defined problem, exploring its history and nature with reference to the existing literature. It should indicate the root of the problem, its extent, the affected, previous investigations, etc.;highlighting the research paper introduction in general, and ensuringproper perception of the situation at hand.∙Statement of the problem: Is the core of the issue/problem and must be clearly defined. It states exactly what the problem is, justifying that thestudy narrows or bridges the gap between what it is and what it ought to be.∙Purpose of the study: Is derived from the statem ent of the problem. It states why one decides to study the problem and the role of his/her research to solve the problem.∙Objectives of the study: These constitute the targets a researcher intends to achieve. They act as a yardstick for the research exercise and must bespecific, m easurable and achievable.∙Research questions: These are research guiding questions generated from objectives. The researcher needs to answer them as part of theinvestigation.∙Hypotheses: These are guiding predictions of the outcom e of the study.Basing on research questions, an assumption derived form existing theories,personal observations and experience is m ade. A hypothesis provides a tentative answer to the problem, allowing for further investigations.Hypotheses are common for descriptive and explanatory research.∙Scope of the study: Is expressed in terms of a geographical area, say village, town or city; and in term s of content – showing the extent ofknowledge coverage.∙Significance of the study: Shows how m eaningful and useful the research is; as well as indicating the beneficiary group(s).∙Assumption: Situations under which the research is m ay not be exact, so for easy of work the researcher may assume what he/she has exactlyconsidered in his/her investigation.∙Delimitations:These are advantageous factors affecting one’s research exercise.∙Limitations:These are disadvantageous factors affecting one’s research exercise.∙Definition of key concepts/terms: Due to am biguity and varying meanings of words/terms/concepts, the researcher needs to be precise giving exact m eaning of what he/she intends to communicate.∙Abbreviation: Abbreviations may be misunderstood, so clear full meanings avoid confusion.How to Write a Research Proposal – A successful and winning approach15 November, 2009Research exercises are first planned in research proposals. It determines the research direction, its endurance or failure. A proposal serves as an action plan for research, constituting three chapters; Introduction, Literature review and Methodologies. It is com plem ented with references, budget and tim etable. Students obliged to do research submit research proposals to their supervisors before real research exercises. Supervisors approve the proposals for research exercises to commence. Learning how to write a research proposal is key for research students.A research proposal is presented in a future tense, signifying the target research accom plishments and operation mode. Before doing a custom research paper or term paper writing, planning is a key role.How to write a research proposal in a simpler wayUnderstand the intended topic, your knowledge about the subject, your audience’s interests and their knowledge about the subject. Understand the type of research resources and sources required. If you understand how to write a research proposal, then your research exercise becom es easier. Your essay writing tacti cs, highly aid your writing skills for a proposal.• Chapter one (Introduction):- this expresses the intensions and expectations of the researcher and plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind as it revea ls the problem, researcher’s intentions, why he/she intends to intervene and his/her expectations.The introduction contains;1. background of the study,2. statem ent of the problem,3. purpose of the study,4. objectives of the study,5. research questions and/or6. hypotheses,7. scope of the study,8. significance of the study,9. assumption,10. delimitations,11. limitations and12. definition of key concepts/term s• Chapter two (Review of relevant literature):- When reviewing literature examine the sources related to the topic of interest. Avoid the literature that is not connected to the area of study. Always paraphrase and cite basing on your objectives and hypotheses. Ensure that the review saves you the burden of repeating com pleted research, wasting tim e on failed research and helping you find what the previous researchers have not tackled.Literature review constitutes;1. Literature map: identify the variables and specify the necessary resources,em barking on previous and similar interest researc hers.2. Justification of intended research: show why the research is necessary.3. Extent and constraints of previous researchers: what does the researcher need to cover? Note limitations of previous researchers.• Chapter three (Methodologies):- The researcher analyses m ethods to be used, depending on the type and accuracy of data required.The m ethodologies constitute the following;1. Research design: gives the necessary type of research. Involving qualitative and quantitative descriptive studies.2. Sam pling: the researcher chooses ways to undertake for study samples.Sam pling methods may be random, stratified, and purposive and so on.3. Tools and instruments: data collect tools involve questionnaires, interviews; focus discussion groups and so on.4. Procedure: shows how data collection will be administered.5. Data collection: identify the primary and secondary sources.6. Data processing and analysis: focus on raw data, sorting, editing, coding and representing it.How to write a research proposal takes various undertakings from institution to institution. You can further your guidance using research paper samples.Methodology Writing for your Research Paper2 December, 2009Before you carry out your research, you have to analyze the rationale and feasibility of particular methods for a given study. This is normally written in your research proposal, while the explanation for the methods undertaken is written in the research paper methodology. Different kinds of issues require different forms of approach during data collection and processing with in a given research exercise. These are exactly what the researcher handles in his/her methodology writing.While analyzing the methods to employ during the study, you need to;Always remember that the choice of your methodology will highly depend on the purpose of the research and the type of problem under study. The methodology in your proposal is only a suggestion and is written in a future tense, whereas that in your research paper is in past tense revealing how you actually administered your study methodically.The Structure of your Methodology WritingThe methodology constitutes a number of areas covering how you are going to carry out your research exercise. It gives a layout of the specific methods to handle particular situations. The methodology can be outlined as follows:1.Research design: This m ay be qualitative and descriptive in which the qualityof a situation is studied or analyzed and described accordingly. It m ay also be quantitative, where the results are numerical in nature.1.Sam pling: Samples may be used as a representation of a large population. Asam ple can be non-probability or probability sampling. These also have a number of subcategories.1.Tools and Instruments: These are used to establish the facts fromrespondents. They m ay include questionnaires, interviews, observations, recording, focused group discussions, tests and diary.1.Procedure: This reveals the stages to be undertaken while carrying out yourresearch exercise. You need to be system atic in a way following the term s of reference, administering the research exercise, and revealing how the recommendation letter was obtained. This gives the whole plan of the research exercise procedures exhaustively.1.Data collection: Identify the primary and secondary data sources asanticipated. Mention your data sources as m ay be applied while undertaking the research. Show how you intend to acquire and store data.1.Data processing and analysis: You have to reveal how you are supposed tosort, edit, code and represent your data. Then show how the represented data shall be interpreted. Descriptive methods are necessary for the interpretation, comparison and drawing conclusions.Your methodology will largely depend on the requirements of a given format or will largely depend on the various institutions styles. At this stage of your research proposal you are meant to exhaust the appropriate methods for your research. Try further reading through essay help and various research paper samples.。