路桥工程专业英语第一课翻译-2
路桥工程专业外语课文
●一Unit 1 Highway Introduction● 1. HistoryThe first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Europe to another was important for military and civil reasons. Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception, by their durability. A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced. It was for this reason that the surface of the road was often elevated a meter or more above the local ground level – to provide a clear view of the surrounding country; hence the modern term “highway”. The durability of such pavement is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire.During the Dark Ages – and indeed well after that – no serious attempt was made in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently deteriorated. By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country. Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassable for most of the year and dusty and impassable for the remainder. Diversions around particularly poor lengths of road, private land or difficult topography had resulted in sinuous alignments. The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the most determined travelers.The first small change in this state of affairs was brought about by an Act of 1555 which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor of Highways. As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist to match the task in hand, the obvious expectation that the post of Surveyor was unpopular and ineffective is generally correct.● 2. Aim of highway engineeringRoads provide a key element of the infrastructure whoes function is to promote economic activity and improve the standard of living of the population. Highway engineering is concerned with the best use of resources to ensure that a suitable network is provided to satisfy this need of an economically sophisticated society.Originally roads were little more than tracks across the countryside and were hard, dry and dusty in summer and sodden and impassable in winter. The practice arose, initially in towns, of paving the surface of the road with resilient naturally occurring materials such as stone flags, and such a surface became known as a pavement. Today this term is applied to any surface intended for traffic and where the native soil has been protected from the harmful effects of that traffic by providing an overlay of imported or treated material. The purpose of providing this protection is to enable traffic to move more easily – and therefore more cheaply or quickly – along the road.● 3. Highway typesA freeway, as defined by statute, is a highway in respect to which the owners of abutting lands have no right or easement of access to or from their abutting lands or in respect to which such owners have only limited or restricted right or easement of access. This statutory definition also includes expressway. The engineering definitions for use in thismanual are:Unit 4 Asphalt and Mix Asphalt● 1. Asphalt definedAlthough there are natural deposits of asphalt, or rock asphalt, most used today is produced during the refining of crude oil. Asphalt is a constituent of most petroleums and is isolated through the refining processOne of the characteristics and advantages of asphalt as an engineering construction and maintenance material is its versatility. Although a semi-solid at ordinary temperatures, asphalt may be liquefied by applying heat, dissolving it in solvents, or emulsifying it. …….The largest use of asphalt binder is for HMA. After compacting and cooling to air temperature, HMA is a very strong paving material with the ability to sustain heavy traffic loads while remaining flexible enough to withstand ambient environmental conditions and stress. Over 96 percent of the hard-surfaced roads in the United States are paved using HMA.● 1.2 Emulsified AsphaltEmulsified asphalts (also known as emulsions) are low-viscosity mixtures of tiny asphalt binder droplets, water and emulsifying agents. The emulsifying agent coats the surfaces of the asphalt droplets and keeps them suspended in the water prior to application. …● 1.2 Emulsified Asphalt… After application, the asphalt emulsion breaks and the water separates and evaporates. Emulsions are brownish in color during application, but after breaking, the asphalt binder returns to its original black color. Emulsions are used for a Tack Coat between subsequent layers of HMA to aid in binding the layers together.● 3. Hot-mix asphaltThe paving or finishing machine places the HMA at temperatures between approximately 225 and 300 degree of Fahrenheit, depending on the mixture characteristics, layer thickness and ambient conditions. ……● 4. The activity to modify asphalt propertiesPitch, when added to asphalt, has the effect of increasing the rate at which the binder oxidizes on exposure to the atmosphere. One of the effects of oxidation is that the binder loses flexibility and therefore becomes harder and more susceptible to the abrasive effects of traffic; an oxidized binder is thus likely to wear away in preference to particles of coarse aggregate set in the surface, allowing the chipping to protrude from the surface and improve the skidding resistance. …Unit 5 Cement and Concrete● 1. CementThe main property of cement is that it is capable of acting as a binder forming a rigid matrix in which particles of aggregate may be set. …● 1. Cement… Cement is produced from calciferous material, such as chalk or limestone, andmaterials such as clay which are rich in silica and alumina. These are reduced to powder form by milling, mixed in the appropriate proportions and heated to such a temperature that the material sinters, forming a coarse clinker which when cooled and ground is the basic ingredient of ordinary Portland cement (OPC).This material is a mixture of calcium aluminate and calcium silicate, both of which react with water to form the familiar stone-like mass. It was the resemblance of this hydrated material to Portland stone, a high-quality limestone, which gave the material its generic name. Since the cement reacts with water, it is important to ensure that sufficient water is present at the required time to enable the reaction to continue to completion, and that this water remains present whil e it is needed. …If the mix is allowed to dry out while curing is taking place, weakness will result. If on the other hand too much water is allowed into the mix then the strength of the hydrated cement mass will again be impaired because the excess water will not be used up in the reaction and will remain to form voids in the hardened material – thus reducing its strength.● 3. Reinforced concreteIt is generally known that concrete is weak in tension, with a tensile strength averages only about 1/10 of the compressive strength. Therefore steel reinforcing bars are embedded in concrete structures where tensile stress may occur to take up the tension after the concrete has cracked. …● 3. Reinforced concrete… Without this reinforcement, the good compress ive strength of concrete cannot be fully put into action. Generally speaking, reinforced concrete structures possess the following features: …Unit 6 Measuring Technology and Equipment1. Distance measurementOne of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. …1. Distance measurement… Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance. If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies.2. Angle and direction measurementHorizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying. It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms before describing angle and direction measurement. The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.Unit 8 The Subgrade Design and Construction TechnologyThe subgrade is comprised of the uppermost materials placed in the road bed embankment or the soil remaining at the base of a cut. The subgrade soil is often referred toas the foundation or road bed soil. This foundation component is usually constructed of native inorganic soil often in combination with imported soils from select borrow sources, and would be compacted to a specified density and moisture content.● 1. Soil classificationThe basic components of soils are differentiated on the basis of grain size as follows:● 2. Subgrade strength evaluationThe characteristic material property of subgrade soils used for pavement design is the resillient modulus (MR). The resillient modulus is defined as being a measure of the elastic property of a soil recognizing selected non-linear characteristics. …● 2. Subgrade strength evaluation… Methods for the determination of MR are des cribed in AASHTO T294.92 test method. For many years, standard California Bearing Ratio tests were utilized to measure the subgrade strength parameter as a design input.3. Seasonal variationsOne of the most critical conditions that developes in a seasonal frost area such as Alberta is the weakening of the subgrade during the spring thaw period. This weakening results from the melting of ice segregation within the subgrade soils and, to a lesser extent, due to higher moisture contents during this period associated with reduced drainage.● 4. Swelling soil potentialExcessively expansive soils such as highly plastic clays or bentonitic shales require special attention particularly when in close proximity to the surface of the road embankment. These materials contain minerals which result in volume changes (swelling and shrinking) with changes in moisture content.● 5. Frost susceptibilityAlthough some volumetric expansion occurs due to the freezing, a more significant issue relates to the spring melt period. The thaw will release excess water which causes a loss of subgrade strength and potential damage to the roadway pavement structure if the structure has not been designed to account for weakened subgrade support.Unit 9 Pavement Design and Construction Technology● 1. Nature of a pavementThe highway engineer is concerned with the provision of a safe, stable and durable surface over which traffic may move. A modern pavement consists of a number of elements. These have various functions which contribute to the ability of the pavement to remain safe, stable and durable for a period of time and under the action of weather and of large numbers of vehicles.● 2. Mode of failureTaking a very broad view, there are two types of pavement failure. Failure of the surfacing may take the form of loss of surface texture, loss of surface regularity or loss of impermeability. In the assurance that such failure is not deep-seated, remedial measures will consist of repairs to or replacement of the surfacing only. Such failure can often be prevented or greatly postponed by a careful choice of surfacing materials.● 3. Cause of failureOnly in the most extraordinary circumstances is it the case that a new pavement is caused to fail by the application of a single wheel load, of whatever magnitude. The general experience is that repeated applications of loads result in the repeated development of stresses tending to cause failure, and that the ability to withstand strain progressively diminishes with the increasing number of load applications. When failure occurs, it is as a result of material fatigue. This concept is the basis of current design practice.● 4. Pavement lifeIn a few cases the required life of a pavement is determined by external circumstances; for example, a temporary road to serve a major construction site might be designed to last for the duration of the construction works and no more. Generally however the matter is less clear-cut.Unit 10 Highway Alignment DesignA facility’s horizontal and ve rtical alignments establish the general character of a roadway, perhaps more than any other design consideration. The configuration of line and grades affects safe operating speeds, sight distances, opportunities for passing, and highway capacity. Decisions on alignment have a significant impact on construction costs, and social and environmental issues. …Alignment is defined by several factors, including: the length of tangent sections, the transition into horizontal curves, the degree of curvature (radii) for horizontal curves, the transition out of the curves, the rate of superelevation applied to the horizontal curves, and the rate of grade change for any vertical curves.● 1. Horizontal alignmentHorizontal alignment of a roadway is defined graphically using a series of straight-line tangents with transition sections into and out of horizontal curves. Many factors, including terrain conditions, physical features and right-of-way considerations, affect the design of tangent and curve sections.● 2 General criteriaDesign speed is the principal factor controlling horizontal alignment design. Several geometric standards related to design speed are very specific. Other criteria cannot be defined as specifically and require that judgements be made in consideration of local conditions. The following guidelines outline some of these decisions.● 3. Sight distance on horizontal curvesAn important element in ensuring driver safety and maintaining a roadway’s operational efficiency is providing adequate sight distance - the length of roadway ahead visible to the driver. Sight distance applies to four conditions that arise when setting a project’s horizontal alignment: …Unit 14 Bridge IntroductionA bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a valley, road, railway, canal, river, without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for road, railway, canal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrians.● 1. Components of a bridgeFigure 14-1a) shows the elevation while Fig. 14-1b) presents the plan of a bridge. Broadly, a bridge can be divided into two major parts, superstructure and substructure. The superstructure of a bridge is analogous to a single storey building roof and substructure tothat of the walls, columns and foundations supporting it.● 2. Types of bridges● 2.1 Arch bridgeArch bridges are often used because of their pleasing appearances. These are more graceful and suited for deep gorge with rocky abutments. Arch bridges can be economically adopted up to a span of 250m. In this type of bridge, the roadway is constructed on an arch which rests on piers and abutments. An example of an arch bridge is the rainbow bridge across Niagara river over a span of 290m.Unit 15 Bridge Superstructure1. Steel superstructure typesSteel superstructures should be considered for any span length from 20 to 650FT or more. Generally, the following table (Table 15-1) can be used as a guideline for selecting steel superstructure types.● 2. Concrete superstructure types…Concrete compressive strengths for commonly used precast beams shall be no more than 6000 PSI at release with a final compressive strength of 8000 PSI. High strength concrete (HSC) should also be considered when determining possible concrete superstructure alternatives.…Precast beams may be designed using high strength concrete with a final compressive strength of up to 10000 PSI and a release strength of up to 9000 PSI with approval of the Director of the Engineering Division. HSC allows engineers to: design structures with smaller beams when clearance criteria needs to be met, reduce dead loads for more cost efficient substructures, and increase span lengths over conventional concrete.Unit 16 Bridge Substructure● 1 Piers● 1.1 Pier typesPiers are intermediate supports in a multi-span bridge system. All feasible pier types must be considered in the preliminary phases of the project.● 1.1.1 Cap-and-column type piersCap-and-column type piers have two or more circular or rectangular columns connected on top with a cap (a reinforced concrete beam that supports the superstructure). Generally, the pier cap ends will be cantilevered. For columns greater than 100 to 150 FT, the use of a compression strut at mid-height, similar to the pier cap, shall be investigated. The individual columns will be supported on an appropriate foundation.● 2. Abutments● 2.1 Abutment typesAbutments are structures positioned at the beginning and end of a bridge, which support the superstructure and approach roadway and retains the earth embankment. Abutments can be classified into the following five types:wall abutment, pedestals, stub abutment, integral abutment, semi-integral abutment Unit 20 Construction Management and Cost Estimate● 1. The planning processPlanning is the process of considering alternatives and methods to complete a task.Planning creates an orderly sequence of events, defines the principles to be followed in carrying forth the plan, and describes the ultimate disposition of the results. It serves the manager by pointing out the things to be done, their sequence, how long each task should take, and who is responsible for which tasks or actions.2. ActivitiesA common technique used to understand and organize complex undertakings is to break the p roject into smaller pieces (divided into subparts), Taylor’s concept. In construction this technique is applied in both planning and estimating. To create a construction plan all of the work tasks necessary to accomplish the project are first identified. …● 3. Bar chartIn 1917, Henry L. Gantt invented a chart scheduling method. A Gantt chart (see Fig. 20.1) presented planned activities as stacked horizontal bands against a background of dates (along the horizontal axis). This Gantt or bar chart is the most commonly used project planning and control tool. …● 4. Critical path methodThe CPM focuses management’s attention on the relationships between critical activities. It is an activity relationship representation of the project. The evaluation of critical tasks, those that control project duration, allows for the determination of project duration. …● 5. Activity logic networkThe activity logic network benefits the manager by providing a graphical picture of the sequence of construction tasks. Before the diagram can be developed, the project must first be constructed mentally to determine activity relationships.● 6. Critical path and critical activityThe critical path through a schedule network is the longest time duration path through the network. It establishes the minimum overall project time duration. All activities on the critical path are by definition critical. A critical activity can be determined from the logic network by applying either of these rules:… …Unit 21 Tendering and ContractEveryone involved in construction must understand contracts – the sections of the contract itself, such as the agreement and the specifications and other required contract documents such as bonds and insurance – and the processes involved in con tract administration. …● 1. Description of a contractThe makeup of a contract, whether the owner is a public agency or a private corporation, is essentially the same. The form of the document may change, but the elements of the contracts are the same.● 2. Essential contract documentThere are many documents that make up a construction contract. The four essential documents are:2.1 Agreement2.2 General condition2.3 Supplementary condition2.4 Specifications● 3. The bit process3.1 Inviting to bidGovernment projects must be advertised, and are normally awarded to the low responsive bidder. Private projects do not need to be advertised and are usually negotiated, with only a limited number of selected contractors involved in the negotiation. …3.2 BiddingBids must be submitted on time, at the location specified, on the correct forms, with acknowledgement of all addenda, and with a valid bid bond. Otherwise the bids are considered nonresponsive and are returned unopened. …秋风词三五七言秋风清，秋月明，落叶聚还散，寒鸦栖复惊。
路桥工程专业英语第一课翻译-2
教材：《路桥工程专业英语》主编：赵永平；副主编：盛可鉴；人民交通出版社，2007年学分：0.5学时：16 周学时：2 上课周数：8上课内容：第一课：Highway Introduction公路概论第二课：Asphait & Mix Asphalt沥青及沥青混合料第三课：The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术第四课：Freeway and it’s Accessory Facilities高速公路及附属设施第五课：Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论第六课：Bridge Introduction桥梁概论第七课：Prestressed Concrete Beam Construction Technology预应力混凝土梁桥施工技术第八课：The Bridge Testing Technology桥梁测试技术上课方法：课堂讲解、翻译课后训练：背单词；阅读教材并口译；考核方法：笔试与口试结合（待定）第一课：Highway Concept公路概论A.Text The Highway Concept 公路概论B.Reading Material Highway Cross Section and Pavement 道路横断面和铺装层1.A historical note 历史回顾The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Empire to another was important for military and civil reasons.罗马人是西欧任何意义上的第一条道路的建设者，他们具有的从帝国的一个地方迅速移动到另一个地方的能力对政治军事而言都是非常重要的。
广工路桥专业英语翻译
Lesson One Triangular SurveyIn chain surveying, stations may be located by building up a network of triangles measuring the lengths of the lines, but if this technique were extended to cover more than relatively small areas the errors inherent in the making of the linear measurement would become so great as seriously to reduce the accuracy of the plan.在测链测量时代，测站是通过建立边长的三角网进行定位的，但这一技术如果应用到覆盖超过某一相对较小的区域时，直线丈量所固有的误差就会大大降低平面图的精度。
Thus, when a large area is to be surveyed, a more rigorous approach is necessary and recourse is made to triangulation surveys.因此，当要测量一个较大区域时，就需要更高的精度，因而就需要求助于三角测量。
This is the name given to surveys in which the area is divided into geometrical figures, the corners of which form a series of accurately located control stations from which more detailed survey or location are carried out by the methods already described. The distinguishing features of triangulation surveying are shown in Fig.1-6-1.这是将该区域分成若干个几何图形来测量的名称，这些图形的角点形成一系列精确的定位控制测站，再从这些测站用已介绍的方法来进行更精密的测量或定位。
专业英语(土木工程路桥方向)李嘉第三版翻译中英对照
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运输系统Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other.在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。
这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。
这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。
这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。
道路工程专业词汇英语翻译
道路工程专业词汇英语翻译桥梁 bridge公路干道 highway工程工程学 engineering公路工程 highway engineering路基 roadbase路面 pavement构造物建造构成制造 construct施工（名） construction试验室 laboratory现场检测 field test（名）试验检验（不）进行试验 experiment 试验检测测量 test质量上流社会的 quality合格，取得资格 qualify材料 material沥青柏油以沥青铺（一般指沥青路）asphalt 沥青（指原材料） bitumen沥青的 bituminous沥青混合料 bituminous mixture混凝土 concrete钢筋混凝土 rc (reinforced concrete)信誉信用贷款 credit进度快慢 tempo计划 plan评定 evaluation检查（名）检验 inspection标准水准规格标准的合格的 standard技术性的工业的 technical技术技巧技术的工艺的专门的 technic水泥 cement碎石路碎石路 macadam砂砾碎石砂砾层 gravel钢筋 reinforcing steel bar或reinfored steel 石石头石场石的石制的 stone检查员 inspector测量（名） measuring测量（及）检测（及）勘测测绘（名）survey 设备仪器装置 device申请 application铺路工人 paver经理 manager加强 reinforce（被加强的 reinforced ）sign 签字署名通知list 表名册目录列举tabulation 制表列表表格mapping 绘图制图camera 照相机photo 照片给。
拍照拍照lime 石灰petrol 汽油diesel-oil 柴油planer 计划者planed 有计划的根据计划的pile 柱桩把桩打入用桩支撑weld 焊接焊牢焊接点welder 焊接者焊工laborer 劳动者劳工辅助工manpower 人力劳动力人力资源雇佣使用利用 employ职业租用受雇 employment项目条款 item关税税款税 impostresign 放弃辞去辞职document 公文文件证件time limit from project 工期weighbridge 地磅台秤transbit 经纬仪mention 提到说起表扬career 职业经历skill 技术技能trade 行业商业owe 欠债organization 组织机构团体traffic 交通交往通行交易买卖spend 预算花钱浪费interest 股息股份兴趣cost 费用成本花费wage 薪水报酬earning 工资收入利润cash 现金现款把...兑现tax 税负担向...纳税deficit 赤字不足额业主owner（北美用）、employer（英语国用）发展商（房屋等业主）client 或 developer承包商contractor总承包商prime contractor或general contractor 分承包商nominated contractor专业承包商specialist contractor咨询公司consulting firm 或 consultants 咨询工程师consulting engineer建筑师architect建筑工程经理constraction manager项目经理program manager材料供应商supplier建筑经济学contraction economics亚洲开发银行asian development bank 世界银行集团 world bank group学会 institute协会association组织结构organizational styucture基础设施infrastructure环境environment质量管理体系qulity management system 质量方针quality policy质量目标 quality objective职能，函数，职务function计量的metrological鉴定qualification评审review效率efficiency验证verification顾客,消费者customer过程process产品product项目,预计的，计划的project程序procedure特性characteristic记录record检验inspection文件document信息information能力capabitily 满意satisfaction投标邀请书invitation for bids公开招标unlimited competitive open biding 投标者须知instruction to bidders银行保函bank guarantee担保公司security company支付保函 payment guarantee资质说明statement of qualification单位成本 cost per unit成本计划cost plan成本价 price cost业主要求client´s requirements投标书tender 或 bid 或 proposal合同条件condition of contract合同协议书 agreement图纸drawings工程量表bill of quantities投标保证bid security保价offer开标tender 或 bid评标bid evaluation施工项目work items总价合同lump sum contract专题报告subjective report审核audit 审核员auditor测量控制measurement control测量设备measureing equipment技术专家technical expert 习惯，惯例custom选择selection确定，决定definition合格conformity不合格nonconformity缺陷defect预防措施preventive action 纠正措施corrective action 返工rework降级regrade返修repair报废serap让步concession放行release。
桥梁工程专业英语2
1、加词法 2+1=2（加词不加意） Exam. 1 Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.(„and energy can be changed into matter.) 汉译：物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
3、 一句拆成两句 Exam. You must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics. 译文：你必须掌握“功”的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。 Exam. Einstein, who worked out the famous Theories of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921. 译文：由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的“相对论”，因此，他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖 金。 Exam. The enemy tried in vain to capture our stronghold for several times. 译文：敌人曾几次试图拿下我们的阵地，但都失败了。
Exercises: 1. Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 2. His failure in observing the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. puters having many advantages can’t do creative work, never can they replace man. 4.He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 译文：1、她曾期待某种奇迹般的解决方法，这是不合逻辑的。 2、他不遵守安全规则，因而导致了机械故障。 3、计算机虽然有许多优点，但它不能做创造性的工作， 更不能替代人。 4、他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他不需要。
路桥工程专业英语词汇(顺序版)
3-axle truck 三轴汽车abut 邻接，毗邻，贴近，靠紧，接近abutment 桥台accessibility 易接近，可到达的accommodating 乐于助人的，随和的accompanying 陪伴的，附随的account 计算，账目，说明，估计，理由，总计有，认为，得分aesthetic 美学的，审美的，有审美感的air temperature 气温algebraic 代数的，关于代数的algorithm 运算法则alternaive bid 替补性投标alternative 二者选一，替补ambient air temperature 周围（介质）温度，环境温度ambush 伏击；埋伏（处）amplification 扩大appearance 外观approach 引道approval 赞成，承认，正式批准apron 裙板arbitrary 任意的，武断的，独裁的，专断的arch bridge 拱桥arterial 动脉的arterial 干线的asphalt binder 沥青结合料assign 分配，指派assignment 分配，委派，任务，作业，atterberg limits 土的特性湿度界限bearing 支座bituminous 沥青的，含沥青的bottom slab 底板bow string girder 系杆拱梁，弓弦梁cable-stayed bridges 斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥cantilever 悬臂capacity 容量，生产量，智能，才能cease 停止，终了centroid 质心centroid 质心channelization 管（渠）道化characteristic特有的，表示特性的，典型的clearance 净空clearance 清除code 标准commence 开始，着手comply 顺从，答应，遵守compression 压力comprise 构成，组成conservative 保守的，守旧的consistent 一致的，调和的，坚固的，consultant 顾问，商议者，咨询者contingent 可能发生的，暂时的，附随的，偶然的事情converting 吹（炉冶）炼，转炉炼钢corrosion 锈蚀creep 徐变crossroad 十字路，十字路口，歧途cross-section 横截面currently 普遍的，通常的，现在，当前curvature 曲率cut-back asphalt 轻质（地）沥青，稀释（地）沥青cycle track 自行车道dead load 静载deck slab 顶板deem 认为，相信deflection 歪斜，偏，偏向deflectometer 挠（弯，偏，挺）度计deformation 变形depressed 降低的，悲伤的，沮丧的destination 目的地，目的文件，目的单元格destructive 分解蒸馏，毁馏deteriorate 恶化deviation 背离differentiate 区别，区分dilute 稀释，discrepancy 相差，差异，矛盾distinct 清楚地，明显的，截然不同的，独特的diversion 绕行绕路ductile 韧性的durability 耐久的dwelling 住处eccentric 偏心的，偏心装置efficiency 效率，功率eigenfrequency 本征频率，特征频率element 单元，元件，要素elevation 高程emulsified asphalt 乳化沥青emulsify 使乳化erect 架设essentially 本质的，本来，根本europe-wide 欧洲范围exception 例外，反对，除外expanded 扩大的，膨胀的expansive 易扩张的，广阔的，豪爽的，豪华的expedite 加快，促进，迅速做好exponential 指数，倡导者，演奏者，例子，指数的，幕数的expressway 快速路external prestressing 体外预应力extrapolation 外推法，推断facility 容易，简易，灵巧，熟练falsework 支架flag 薄层；薄层砂岩flexibility 弹性，适应性，机动性foundation 基础frost 霜冻，严寒，结霜，霜generate 产生，发生gorge 峡谷grade separations 立体交叉gradient 坡度granular 有小粒而成的，粒状的grout 薄胶泥薄浆，石灰浆，用薄泥浆填塞grout 压降handbook 手册，便览handrail 护栏hard-surfaced road 硬质路面道路heavens 冻胀histogram 柱状图hostile 敌人的，敌方的household 家庭的，家族的，家属的，普遍的，平常的hybrid construction 混合施工hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物，烃hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢impedance 阻抗，安全阻，implement 工具，器械，贯彻，实现，执行impose 释….强加于，利用，强使incremental launching 顶推inherent 固有的，内在的，与生俱来的internal prestressing 体内预应力intrusion 闯入，侵扰iterative 重复的，反复的，迭代的jughandle 不均衡的，单方面的，片面的lane （乡间）小路，巷，里弄，狭窄的通道，航线lateral 侧面的latex 乳胶，橡胶lens 透镜，镜头liquefy 液化logarithmic 对数的longitudinal 纵向的loss-of-prestress 预应力损失maintenance 维持，保持，生活费用，扶养maintenance 维修maneuver 机动manual 手册，指南masonry 砌体mass 群众的，大规模的，集中的，块，大多数，质量，materially 本质上，物质上，重大median 中央的，中线的，中值的methodology 方法论，方法学methodology 方法学，方法论minimize 将……减到最少minimum 最小的，最低的，最小值，最小化mitigate 减轻moisture 潮湿，湿气moment of inertia 惯性矩mound 土墩，护坡，堆起，筑堤necessitate 成为必要node 节点occupancy 占有optimal 最佳的ordinary temperature 常温orthotropic 正交的oscillation 振动overall length 全长overpass 天桥，路桥oxidation 氧化（作用）oxidize 氧化，使氧化parameter 参数，参量，起限定作用的因素parish 教区partial prestressing 部分预应力passage 通道peak 山顶，顶点，最高峰，缩小peak 山顶，顶点，最高峰，消瘦，缩小pedestrian 徒步的，呆板的，通俗的，步行者pedestrian 行人penetration（沥青）针入度，灌入，贯入度perceive 感知，感到，认识到performance grading 沥青的性能等级petroleum 石油pier 桥墩pilot 试点的，引导的pipeline 管线pitch 硬沥青，硬煤沥青placed放，安装，排列，整顿plasticity 可塑的，塑性，portal frame门架post-tensioned method 后张法potential 潜在的，可能的，潜能，潜力，电压precast 预制prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土prioritize 把…...区分优先次序process 过程，作用，方法，程序，步骤，进行profile 侧面，外形，轮廓proposed 被提议的prosper （使）兴隆，（使）繁荣，（使）成功prototype 原型prudent 谨慎的R.C. 钢筋混凝土reduction 减少refine 提炼removal 移动，免职，切除replaceable 可替换的residential 住宅的，与居住有关的resilient 弹回的，有回弹力的resistance 抵抗restrained 受限制的，有限的，拘谨的retaining wall 挡墙right-of-way 公路用地rigid frame bridge 刚架桥rigidity 刚性，刚度roadway 路幅roller 转轴rubble 毛石，块石saddle 鞍座scaffold脚手架scatter 分散，散开，撇开，驱散semi-solid半无限固体semi-weathered 半风化的shrinkage 收缩shuttering 模板shy 怕羞的，畏缩的，害羞的sidewalk 人行道significance 重要（性），紧要，重大significantly 意味深长的，值得注目的simply supported 简支simulate 模仿sinuous 曲折的，错综复杂的slab bridge 板桥slenderness 细长比slope 斜坡，斜面，倾斜sodden 泡胀了的soft coal 烟煤span-by-span 逐孔spectra 范围，光谱spilt 劈开，裂开，分裂，分离stiffness 刚度stiffness 坚硬，硬度submit 服从，顺从，提交，递交subsoil 地基substructure 下部结构sufficient 充分的，足够的sulphur dioide 二氧化硫sulphur extened asphalt 掺硫沥青sulphur 硫硫磺硫化的硫磺的summary 概要，摘要superimposed load 附加荷载superstructure 上部结构susceptible 易受影响的，易感动的，容许…..的suspension bridge 悬索桥swampy 沼泽的，多沼泽的，潮湿的tack coat （沥青）黏层，黏结层tank 箱t-beam T梁tender 投标tendon 钢束tension 拉力terminate 停止，结束，终止terrain 地形thaw 解冻three-dimensional 三维的tie beam 系梁topography 地形学topography 地形（测量）学，地形，地势tower 塔transit 经过，通行，搬运，通过，经过transmit 传递transverse 横向的trend 倾诉，趋势，伸向，通向truss 桁架turnpike 收费公路up to 直到usable 可用的，合用的，便于使用的versatility多能性，多换性，多用途version 译文，译本，翻译versus 与……相对vibration 振动waterproof 防水的，不透水的，防水物料，防水布weakening 弱化well 井wingwall 翼墙zonal 带状的。
路桥工程专业(森工)外语,带翻译
Unit 1 Highway Introduction公路简介(1) Road classification道路分类Road路,道路,公路, highway公路;干道, freeway高速公路;高速干道, expressway高速公路, street街,街道,(2) Road concept道路概念Road layout道路布局,planning 城市规划,土地规划, spacing 间隔, network网状物;网状系统, location位置;场所,所在地, terrain 地形;地势, drainage排水系统,排水设备;下水道, survey 测量,勘测,测绘(3) Road structure道路结构Alignment线型surface面,表面, subgrade路基,地基curvature弯曲, (几何)曲率, gradient 坡度,倾斜度, ditch沟;壕沟,水道,渠道, turnout产量,产额,4) Materials材料Gravel 砂砾,碎石,石子dirt污物;烂泥;灰尘,泥土, soil土,泥土,土壤, asphalt沥青;柏油, cement水泥, concrete 混凝土的, 具体的Rubble毛石，块石, flag薄层，薄层砂岩, stone石,石头,石块, slab石板，厚板,平板;厚片, grout薄泥浆;水泥浆,石灰浆lime石灰, cement水泥,胶结材料Bottom layer底层/intermediate layer中间层/upper layer上层/top layer顶层The Empire帝国/ the Dark Ages黑暗时代/ the Middle Ages中世纪Topograph地形图/topography地形;地形学;地形测量学/topographic地形(学)上的Turnpike收费公路/toll system收费系统/ETC –Electronic Toll Collection电子收费3. Highway types公路类型Freeway高速公路;高速干道: freeway/expressway高速公路Controlled access highway控制进入高速公路Conventional highway传统的公路Highway公路;干道: arterial highway干线公路/bypass旁道,旁路/divided highway双向分隔行驶的公路;双向之间有分车带的公路/through street通过街/through highway通过公路Parkway停车道Scenic highway风景公路Street街,街道: Cul-de-Sac street小路尽头的街道/dead end street尽头街道/frontage street正街/local street地方街道Road路,道路,公路: frontage road街面道路/local road地方道路/toll road 收费道路(bridge桥,桥梁, tunnel隧道,地道)1. Technical termsCross section横断面/ Profile 纵断面(图),剖面(图)/Plan view平面视图Longitudinal section/ Transverse section 纵/横截面Lane/ Multilane/ Multiple lanes行车/多通道/多车道Roadway巷道Through traffic/ Local traffic/ Traffic island通过交通/交通/交通岛MedianRoadbed/ curb/ shoulder路基/ 路边,(人行道旁的)镶边石,边栏/肩Right-of-way 公路用地Surface course表面过程/ Wearing course磨损过程/ Basecourse基层/Flexible pavement柔性路面/ Rigid pavement刚性路面Cohesion凝聚力/ cohesive有粘着力的;凝聚性的;有结合力的Roadbase基层/ Subbase基层Crack/ Break/ Stress/ Distress裂纹/打破/压力/痛苦,窘迫的Modulus of elasticity弹性模量2. Main points1 Geometric Cross Section on Highway几何截面的公路上1.1 Lane巷1.2 Median位数1.3 Outer separation外部分离1.4 Roadbed路基1.5 Roadside路边1.6 Roadway巷1.7 Shoulder肩1.8 Travel way旅行方式Unit 4 Asphalt and Mix Asphalt沥青和沥青混合Technical termsMix/ mixture/ compound混合/混合物/复合Petroleum石油/ crude oil原油/ gasoline汽油/ diesel柴油/ gas可燃气;煤气;沼气/ petrol汽油Bitumen沥青/ bituminous 沥青的;含沥青的/ pitch搭(帐篷);扎(营)/asphalt沥青/ asphaltum沥青/ tar焦油;柏油,沥青Hydrocarbon碳氢化合物/ hydrau液Destructive distillation破坏性蒸馏Disulfate硫酸盐Emulsify乳化/ emulsion乳胶;乳状液/Dilute稀释/ diluents稀释剂/solvent有溶解力的/ cutter stock刀具的库存Oxygen氧,氧气/ oxidize使氧化/ oxidation 氧化(作用)/ oxidization 氧化/ dioxide二氧化物/ hydrogen氢/ sulphur硫磺Waterproof不透水的,防水的Acid/ alkalis/ salt/ alcohol酸/碱/盐/酒精Liquid/ fluid/ liquor/ liquefy液/液/液/液化Semi-solid半固态/ hard-brittle solid硬脆性固体/ water-thin liquidBinder粘结剂,捆缚(或包扎)用具;绳索,带子/ sticky粘的;涂有粘胶物质的;泥泞的/ viscous粘的/ adhesive粘的;粘着的;有粘性的/ viscosity粘质;粘性Hard-surface硬地/ hard-face硬面/ hard-surfaced road坚硬的路Tack coat粘结层Cut-back asphalt稀释沥青Penetration. 针入度Versatility多样化的/ flexibility易曲性;适应性,灵活性;弹性/ durability耐久性/ ability能力;能耐/ capacity 容量, 能力,才能,接受能力,理解力/ compactability紧/Rigidity 坚硬;严格;刚直;死板/ strength强度;(酒等的)浓度/ hardness硬性;硬度/ elastic 有弹性的,有弹力的/ rigid坚硬的;坚固的;不易弯曲的/ modules of elasticity弹性模数/Cold temperature cracking低温开裂/ warm temperature rutting高温车辙Performance 履行;实行;完成,演出/ grade等级;级别;阶段/ Performance Grading性能分级(PG)Aggregate使聚集Bin (贮藏谷物等的)箱子,容器,仓/ dryer干燥剂,催干剂/ pug mill练泥机/ drum鼓状物;圆桶/ tank (贮水,油,气等的)柜,罐,箱,槽latex乳汁;乳胶sulphur extended asphalt硫磺沥青混合料sulphur dioxide二氧化硫hydrogen sulphide硫化氢1. Technical termsStability 稳定,稳定性/ stabilize 使稳定,使稳固/availability有效;有益;可利用性/ available 可利用的,可得到的/Sense 感觉;意识;观念/ sensitivity敏感性;感受性Solubility 可溶性, 溶解度/ soluble 可溶解的/ solution溶解,解答;解决(办法); /Rutting车辙/ rust锈,铁锈;(脑子等的)迟钝;(能力等的)荒废/ tar焦油;柏油,沥青Roadstone石马路By-product副产品/ coke 焦,焦炭,焦煤/ coal gas 煤气/ kerosene煤油,火油Residue 残余,剩余,滤渣,残余物/ residual残留的;剩余的/ remain剩下,余留strengthen 加强;增强;巩固/ strength 力,力量, 强度/ deformation 毁坏;变形/ deform 使变形/ reform 改革,革新,改良elastic有弹性的,有弹力的/elasticity 弹性;弹力/plastic可塑的,塑性的/plasticity 可塑性;适应性;柔软性/chipping碎屑permanent永久的,永恒的;永远的, 固定性的;常在的/ temporary 临时的;暂时的,一时的poise使平衡;使平稳/ Dyne达因/ Newton 牛顿stiffness劲度/ stiff 硬的,僵直的,僵硬的/ stress压力;紧张;应力/ strain拉紧;拖紧;伸张/ fatigue疲劳,劳累Deduce演绎,推论/ deduction 扣除,减除,推论;演绎(法/ composition 构成;构图;成分penetration test渗透测试/ softening point test软化点试验/ ring and ball test环和球试验internal diameter 内部直径/ external diameter外部直径sample样品,样本;例子,实例/ water bath水浴arbitrary反复无常的,任性多变的;独断的,专制的/ pragmatic 实际的;实干的/ pragmatism 实用主义/fluidity 流动性;流状;易变(性)/ segregate分离/ susceptibility敏感性/ susceptible 敏感的, rheology流变学/ rheological 流变rolled asphalt碾压沥青synthetic polymer 合成聚合物/ additive附加的epoxy resin环氧树脂impart to传授/ deter威慑住,吓住;使断念/ deterrent 威慑的;遏制的container terminal集装箱码头/ airfield apron机场停机坪Unit 5 Cement and Concrete水泥和混凝土A. Technical termsCement水泥,胶结材料/ chalk粉笔/ matrix矩阵Cementitious 水泥Calcium钙/ calciferous钙/Lime石灰/ limestone石灰石Silica 硅土,二氧化硅/ silicate硅酸盐Aluminium铝/ alumina氧化铝/ aluminate铝sinter烧结coarse clinker粗水泥熟料calcium aluminate 铝酸钙/ calcium silicate硅酸钙hydrate水合物/ cure治疗/Work工作/ workable 可使用的,可运转的/ workability可使用性Shrinkage收缩/ swell膨胀/ swellable膨胀/ swellability溶胀strain拉紧;拖紧;伸张grout薄泥浆;水泥浆constituent组织/ ingredient成分/ component组成Thermal热的;热量的/ thermal coefficient of expansion热膨胀热系数Compressive strength抗压强度/ tensile strength拉伸强度Compressive压缩/ tensile 拉伸Reinforce加固/ reinforcing bar钢筋/ reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土Stiffness劲度Vulnerable脆弱的Efflorescence 风化/ weather天气/ weathering气候Column 柱/ volume体积/Pressure vessel压力容器1. Technical termsPrestress预应力Crew船员Contract 合同/ contractor承包商Resident engineer驻地工程师Inspector检查员Structural member结构构件Steel strand钢绞线Bridge girder桥主梁Pier cap墩帽Deck slab甲板Pretensioning先张法/ post-tensioning后张法Precast预制/ cast -in-place就地浇Box girder箱梁Predetermined stress预定压力Stretch拉伸/ relax 放松/ shorten 缩短/ induce诱导Duct 输送管;导管/ conduit导水管,导管/ pipe管,导管,输送管/ tube 管;筒/ canal管,道/ vessel 容器Anchor 锚/ Anchorage锚具corrosion腐蚀;侵入rebar钢筋/ reel卷轴tarpaulin 防水油布condense压缩/ condensation冷凝require要求/ requisite必要/ prerequisite不可缺的;事先需要的uniform 制服/ uniformity统一vary使多样化/ various不同的;各种各样的,形形色色的/ variable / variationcamber deflection 上弯翘起挠度creep蠕变Standard Specification 标准规范/ Sampling Guide取样指南Couple一双（对）/ coupler联结器Stir搅拌/ stirrup镫筋,箍筋/Web网络/ flange凸缘/ rib肋,肋骨/ side form形式Flimsy脆弱的Galvanize strip steel 镀锌带钢/ sheet steel钢片Weld焊接;熔接;锻接，使结合/ seam 缝;接缝,缝合处,接合口;裂缝Helical螺旋/helically螺旋形的/ helicopter直升飞机Contra-flexure反向弯曲/ parabolic curve抛物曲线Uplift隆起的Wobble摆动/ twist扭转;扭弯;旋转/ spall破碎Case事实，实例，案件/ Encase装箱Increment增加;增加量;增额Slack松弛的,不紧的;不严的Pressure gauge压力表/ load cell负载单元/ stretcher担架/ dynamometer动力计;力量计;握力计Dead end 尽头;困境/ stressing end强调结束Elongation measurement伸长测量法Spliced strand拼接链Tendon筋腱、预应力钢索、钢筋束Inject注射/ eject 逐出,轰出；喷射,吐出/ injection /ejectionVent通风孔,排气孔/ slut邋遢女子/ inlet valve入口阀Unit 6 Measuring Technology and Equipment测量技术及设备A. Technical termsSurvey测量/ surveyor测量员Horizontal/vertical/plumb/slope/ plan/plane垂直/水平/垂直/倾斜/计划/飞机Elevation高程Odometer 测距仪Circumference 圆周;周长/ circle圆/ circulate流通；传播/ circular 圆Tape带子,线带Tacheometry 视距测量Stadia 视距Theodolite /transit 经纬仪Rod 测杆、标尺Telescope望远镜Topographic survey地形测量Topographic mapping地形测绘Hydrographic mapping水文图Electronic distance measurement(EDM)电子距离测量Terrain地形;地势Electromagnetic电磁(体)的Velocity/speed速度/速度Band传送带；带,细绳Infrared/ ultraviolet 红外/紫外Module/ modulate模块/调节Passive/ active/ positive/ negative 被动/主动/积极/消极Perpendicular/ parallel 垂直/平行Clinometer / abney 测斜仪/水准仪Sextant六分仪/ sexagesimal 六十分数Compass界线;周围,圆规Protractor 量角器Unit 8 The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术A. Technical termsUppermost / top soil 最上面/土壤Embankment / excavation路堤/挖掘Fill / cut填充/切割Foundation建立,创办；基础;基本原则Organic / inorganic / organ / organization有机/无机/机关/组织Imported soil / borrow sources进口/借用来源Dense / density / condense密/密度/凝结Moisture content含水量Classification分类;分级Differ / different / difference / differentiate不同的/不同/不同/分化Cobble / gravel / sand / silt / clay卵石/砾/砂/泥/粘土Fine grained soil细粒土Dry mass / dry matter干质量／干物质Semi-weathered半风化In-situ在原处;在原位置Infer推断Resilient modulus 回弹模量Manual 手的;手工的;用手操作的；体力的Backcalculate 反演计算Overlay覆盖;铺在...上面;镀；压倒Prototype原型;标准;模范Frost冰冻/ thaw融化,融解/ heave举起,拉起, /Guide / guidance / guideline指导/指南/指导方针Expansive soil 膨胀土Bentonitic shale 膨胀土页岩Soil modifier土壤改良剂Culvert阴沟;地下电缆管道；涵洞桥Form / formulate / formulation / formula形式/制定/公式化；规划;构想/公式Title——Highway Subgrade Construction公路路基施工1. Technical termsExcavation挖掘;开凿Borrow pit借土坑Sidestep回避Borrow ditch借沟Dispose / disposal处理/处置Surplus material剩余材料Approach接近,靠近Conforming / nonconforming material合格/不合格材料Top soil / superficial coatTurf 草皮土壤/表层stake mark危险标记subgrade edge路基边缘top of slope / foot of slope顶坡/坡脚berm 便道peg 桩facility 设施silt 泥沙,淤泥/ scour 冲刷permeable有渗透性的;可穿过的/ torrent 急流earthwork 土方量over-excavation挖blast 爆炸,爆破/ fetch soil 取土transverse 横向的;横断的;横切的/ longitudinal excavation纵向开挖hauling牵引backfill 回填self-dumper 自卸车segment / segmental部分；线段side wall侧壁rock filling填石/ borrow filling 借方填筑compaction machine压实机/ rolling passes碾压cut off切断;中断provided 以...为条件;假如(that)bench长凳;长椅；法官席;法官;法庭tamp / tamper 夯具Unit 9 Pavement Design and Construction Technology 路面设计与施工技术A. Technical termsSkid / skidding 打滑/集材/拖曳Free-draining自由排水Standing water站在水Imported/treated material进口/处理材料Platform平台,台Bound/unbound material绑定/绑定材料Bitumen-based material沥青基材料Unbound granular material松散颗粒材料Ingress入口Regular / Regularity /regulate定期/规律/调节Permeable / impermeable / permeability 渗透/渗透/渗透impermeability不渗透性Texture组织,结构,质地Tolerance忍耐,忍耐力；宽容,宽大Deep-seated 根深蒂固/由来已久/顽固的Remedy / remedial / diagnose药物/治疗/诊断Propagate / Propagation / propaganda路床面宣传/传播/宣传Formation 形态,结构Deem 认为Clear-cut 轮廓鲜明的/ 清晰的/ 皆伐Onset 开始Design life设计寿命Roadwork道路工程Discount折扣;打折扣1. Technical termsMacadam碎石Impetus 动力/推动Rubble瓦砾Avenue / street / road 路/街/路Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) 沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料Sprayer喷雾器Gritting machine 铺砂机Mixing plant搅拌设备Spreader散布者；(涂奶油用的)奶油刀Paver摊铺机Roller 滚动物;滚柱;滚筒;滚轴Road binder道路粘合剂Guss asphalt/concrete 摊铺地沥青/混凝土Stone quarry 采石场Wear and tear磨损Unit 10 Highway Alignment Design 公路线形设计A. Technical termsHorizontal/vertical alignment水平/垂直对齐Configuration. 结构;表面配置Safe operating speed安全操作速度Sight distance视距Highway capacity / traffic volume公路容量/交通量tangent正切;切线Superelevation 超高Rate of grade change速度等级变化Horizontal/vertical curve 水平/垂直曲线criteria(判断、批评的)标准,准则,尺度simple circular curve简单的圆曲线spiral transition curve 螺旋缓和曲线compound curve 复合曲线sharp curve锐曲线sharp/slight curvature 急剧的；锋利的;尖的/轻微弯曲swept path扫路centerline. 中线runoff决赛;终投票outline外形;轮廓minimum curve radii最小曲线半径long / length / lengthen长/长度/延长reverse curve 反向曲线superelevation transition超高过渡providing / provided (that) 假如…urban / suburban / rural城市/郊区/农村stopping/passing sight distance停止/超车视距multiple decision point多个决策点sight line瞄准线middle ordinate 中距/正矢no-passing zone禁区1. Technical termsGrade line分数线Crest/sag vertical curve嵴/凹形竖曲线Auxiliary lane辅助车道Maximum/minimum grade最高/最低等级Detrimental有害的warp使变形;使弯曲;Standpoint观点Climbing lane爬坡车道Offset补偿;抵消Ramp exit gore匝道出口高尔Headlight beam前照灯光束Encroach侵犯Ponding water积水Water table地下水位Pavement box路面盒Prism棱柱(体),角柱(体)Balance point平衡点Unit 14 Bridge Introduction 桥梁简介A. Technical termsPipeline / cycle track / pedestrian管道/周期轨道/行人Superstructure / substructure上层建筑/结构Single storey building单层建筑物Handrail扶手/ guardstone守护石Bearing 关系,关联；举止,风度;体态Plan view平面视图Pier墩,墩/abutment桥墩;桥基;桥台；毗邻;接界处/wingwall翼墙/approach接近,靠近/apron 裙板Rivetment 固结Masonry石造工程;石造建筑Retaining wall挡土墙Subsoil / Earthfill地基/填土Well foundation 井筒基础Footpath小径,(乡间)小路Parapet wall 栏杆、女儿墙Topple 倾覆Buckle 受弯屈服Arch bridge 拱桥/Three Gorge三峡/ span墩距;跨度slab bridge / 板桥T-beam T梁bow string girder bridge 弓弦梁桥suspension bridge吊桥Cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥steel bridge桥梁钢rainbow bridge彩虹桥Niagara river 尼亚加拉河Shutter百叶窗;活动遮板Head room头部空间Tie beam系梁Thrust用力推；刺；插;塞;挤出(路)Arch rib 拱肋Suspender / stay吊带/保持Tower塔;塔楼;高楼Orthotropic deck正交异性桥面Continuous girder连续梁Three-dimensional三维Stiffening girder加劲梁Transverse/longitudinal/radial bracing横向/纵向/径向支撑Moment of inertia转动惯量Truss bridge桁架桥Rigid frame bridge刚构桥Axial force轴向力Portal frame门架Clearance清除,清扫;出空；空地;空隙Spandrel braced arch 腹拱、肩拱Trussed arch桁架拱桥1. Technical termsInclement恶劣的Investigation / FBI调查/调查局Reconnaissance侦察;勘察;事先考查Feasibility可行性;可能性Right angle直角Erosion侵蚀;腐蚀Whirl / cross current / scour旋转/交叉电流/冲刷render给予,提供；使得,使成为inerodable strata地层High Flood Level(HFL)高水位Discharge排出(液体,气体等)；允许...离开;释放;解雇Waterway航道Pier thickness桥墩厚度High flood大洪水Current meter电流表Velocity rod流速杆Free board自由板Catchment area汇水盆地,汇水区域Watershed转折点;关键时刻；流域Boring 钻孔、钻探Rainfall降雨,下雨;降雨量Span墩距;跨度Culvert涵洞桥Ordinary Flood Level(OFL)普通洪水水位Low Water Level(LWL)低水位Afflux 雍水Head room头部空间Viaduct 高架桥Trestled bent栈桥弯曲Causeway 漫水桥Submersible潜水Cross-drainage横向排水Temporary/ permanent bridge临时/永久性桥Deck/through/semi-through bridge上/下/中承式桥Formation 建造、路床面Pony小马；小型的东西Headway进展Vertical lift bridge 垂直升降桥Bascule bridge开合式桥Swing bridge 旋开式桥Box/pipe/arch culvert盒/管/拱涵Cast iron铸铁;生铁Bearing capacity承载能力Earth cushion地垫Unit 15 Bridge Superstructure桥梁上部结构A. Technical termsWeight limit重量限制supplier供应者Span Arrangement跨径布置Bridge Project Manager大桥项目经理Redundant多余的,过剩的specification 规格;明细单;详细计划书Fracture critical骨折的关键Collapse倒塌；崩溃,瓦解Ability / Inability能力/能力Bolt螺栓stringer纵梁;纵桁span / single-span / multi-span跨度/单跨/连栋continuous spans连续跨越steel/concrete superstructure bridge钢筋混凝土桥梁rolled beam 辊压梁cover plate盖板welded plate girder焊接板梁box girder 箱梁truss扎,捆,缚,绑；用构架支撑cable stayed斜拉tied arch 系杆拱桥vertical/inclined web垂直/斜腹板top/bottom flange plate顶部/底部法兰盘hollow rectangular/trapezoidal section空心的矩形/梯形截面aesthetics美学torsional resistance扭阻力curved bridge曲线桥stringer / floor beam斯特林格/地板梁top/bottom chord顶部/底部和弦vertical/diagonal member垂直/斜成员lateral/sway bracing侧/斜撑axial load/force轴向载荷/力量concrete deck / steel girder混凝土桥面/钢大梁Box beam箱梁Strongback定位板Fabricate / fabrication / fabricator制造/生产/制造Balanced cantilever平衡悬臂Strain gage应变计Homogeneity / non-homogeneity 均匀/非均匀性Erratic 不定、无规律的Deflection偏斜;偏向;挠曲;偏度;挠度Mid-span / middle span / side span跨中/ 中跨/ 边跨Yield出产;结出(果实);产生(效果,收益等)Non-linearity非线性的Prescribe规定,指定Limiting strain极限应变flexure弯曲;弯曲部分,曲率neutral axis中性轴centroid距心lever arm杠杆臂resultant compression/tension/force/load由此产生的压缩/拉伸/ /载荷equivalent stress block等效应力块investigation / FBI调查/调查局under-reinforced / over-reinforced少筋/ 超筋stress intensity应力强度product产品,产物;产量;出产nomenclature学术用语;术语表Unit 16 Bridge Substructure桥梁下部结构A. Technical termsCap-and column type pier柱式墩帽Strut 支撑、加固T-type pierT型Hammerhead pier锤头码头Taper逐渐减少;逐渐变弱Rectangular/oval column矩形或椭圆柱Wall type pier墙式墩Strut and tie model拉压杆模型footing(稳固的)地位;基础single column/multi-column单/多列concentrated load集中荷载wall abutment墙台caisson 沉箱gutter 槽stepped/terraced wall configuration加强/梯田壁配置stub abutment直式桥台integral abutment整体式桥台wingwall 翼墙bridge seat 桥座backwall 背墙stem柄,把,杆approach slab 搭板contour轮廓;轮廓线；外形;结构1. Technical termsSpread footing扩展基础Cofferdam 围堰Negative skin friction / downdrag force负摩/下拉荷载力Friction pile摩擦桩End bearing pile端承桩Drilled caisson钻孔灌注Constructibility可构成性Embedment嵌入Casing箱;盒Confinement curbing约束控制Wire mesh basket 网笼Gabion 枝条筐streambed河床Unit 20 ——Construction Management and Cost Estimate 施工组织与概预算A. Technical termsSchedule 进度表Event / task / action /activity活动/任务/行动/活动Ultimate disposition 最后安排Expense / expenditure / cost费用/费用/成本Recast重铸Uncertainty不确定;不确信;易变;不可靠Production rate / productivity生产效率/生产力Gantt chart / bar chart甘特图表/图表Superimpose叠加Critical Path Method (CPM)关键路径法Critical task关键任务Logic diagram逻辑图Superintendent监督人,监管者Activity-on-the-arrow (AOA)活动箭Activity-on-the-node (AON)节点活动Dummy activity 虚拟工序Early start time / late start time开始时间早/晚开始时间Early finish time / late finish time最早完成时间/最晚完成时间Double line / bold line / color highlighted line / dash line双行线/颜色/大胆突出线/虚线Float / total float / free float 浮动/总时差/自由浮动interfering float 时差Preceding activity / succeeding activity前面的活动/后继活动Title——Construction Cost Estimate 建筑成本预算1. Technical termsBreakdown故障,损坏,崩溃;破裂Parameter / parametric参数/参数Direct/indirect cost直接/间接成本Finance / budget财务/预算Craftman钱包Scheme / schematic计划/方案Unit cost/price单位成本/价格Lump sum总金额Site visit网站访问Checklist核对用的清单Take-off脱下;移去；起飞；休假Overhead / profit / bond费用/利润/债券Escalation / contingence升级/偶然Shift 转移;替换,推卸Craft行业,职业Ownership and operating cost所有权和经营成本Dozer / bulldozer推土机/推土机Vendor 卖主Tax税;税金Markup 售价Similarity / dissimilarity相似/相异Unit 21 Tendering and Contract 投标与合同A. Technical termsTender敏感的,嫩的;柔软的；温柔的,体贴的Bid / bidder招标投标Agreement同意,一致；协定,协议Bond结合力;联结,联系Insurance保险;保险契约Makeup补足；编造；组成Owner / architect / designer / supplier / party业主/建筑师/设计师/供应商/派对Public agency / private company公共部门/私营公司Responsibility职责,任务;义务,负担General/special/technical provision一般/特殊/技术discretion判断力;辨别力；谨慎,考虑周到addenda补遗;追加；附加物Title——Types of construction contracts and bonds建筑合同和担保的类型1. Technical termsNegotiation / renegotiation协商/谈判Arctic / Antarctic北极/南极Cost plus a fixed fee成本加固定费用Cost plus a percentage成本加百分比Incentive刺激;鼓励;动机Thrifty 节约Innovation革新,改革,创新Compensate补偿,赔偿;酬报Procure 获得、实施Popular / popularity / population流行/流行/人口Recoup 收回surety / obligee担保/债权人forfeiture 没收、罚金penal / penalty刑法/处罚underwrite / constraint认购/约束default 违约option选择;选择权;选择自由lien 扣留权、留置权。
路桥工程专业英语词汇集
abattage latéral n.m 侧面开挖abîmer v.损坏abscisse n.f 横坐标accessoire n.m 配件，辅助设备，附件accotement n.m 路肩acier précontraint n.m 预应力钢筋activité argileuse n.f 粘土的活性adhèrent a.粘着的，紧贴的，附着的adhésif n.m 胶,粘合剂adjuvant n.m 外加剂adjuvant du béton n.m 混凝土添加剂affaissement n.m 塌陷，沉降(*塌落度试验有时也用这个词）affleurement de roche n.m 岩石（岩层）露头agrafe n.f 钩子，卡扣，扣环aide laborantin n.m 助理试验员aiguille vibrante à haute fréquence n.f 高频插入式振捣器aire de services n.f 高速公路服务区（*也用aire de repos)aire de stockage n.f 储料场地ajout, ajoutage n.m 掺加，掺和ajuster v.t.调整allongement des armatures n.m 钢筋的延伸率（伸长，延伸）alluvion n.f 冲击层altimétrie n.f 高度测量，高程测量âme de poutre n.f 梁腹amenée des matériaux n.f 材料供应amenée et repli (repliement) des matériels n.f 机械设备的进场和撤离amorçage n.m 起爆，导火管amorçage séquentiel n.m 顺序作用导火管amorce (d'allumage) électrique n.f 电起爆器，电雷管amorce des entretoise n.f 横隔板的连接amortissement du matériel n.m 设备折旧analyse granulométrique de tamisage n.f 筛分分析ancrage n.m 锚固，锚具angle de frottement n.m 摩擦角angle horizontal n.m 水平角angle vertical n.m 垂直角anomalie n.f 异常情况appareil d'appui n.m （桥）支座appareil de jonction n.m 连接设备，接头装置appareil de levage n.m 吊装机械appareil de mesure n.m 测量仪器，测量设备application de produit démoulant avant bétonnage n.f 浇注混凝土前涂脱模剂arase n.f 底层，找平层arase inférieure de la semelle n.f 基础底板的底线arc n.m 拱，弧（形、线）arcade n.f 拱形骨架arganier n.m 巴达杏树（*果实榨油称阿甘油，是我能想到的Maroc最特的特产）argile n.f 粘土argilite n.f 泥质页岩（板岩）,粘土页岩armature n.f 钢筋armature (barre) à haute adhérence n.f 变形钢筋，高握裹力钢筋armature précontrainte n.f 预应力钢筋armature préfabriquée n.f 预制钢筋网Armatures industrielles pour le béton (AIB) n.f 混凝土加工钢筋arrimage n.m 用绳索固定arrosage n.m 洒水assainissement n.m 排水assemblage collé n.m 胶接assise n.f 路面的底层assise des remblais n.f 填方底层attache spéciale n.f 专用卡子attachement n.m 工程数量单（报表）auscultation sonique (ultrasonore) n.f 声音（超声波）检查auscultation dynamique du béton n.f 混凝土非破坏性动力技术检查试验autocontrôle n.m 自检autodéchargeur n.m 带自卸装置的自缷汽车auvent n.m 风道，通风孔avaloir n.m 排水口avaries n.f 海损bâchage n.m 铺盖蓬布bâche n.f 蓬布badge n.m [英] 胸牌，标识，工卡badigeonnage n.m 粉刷，抹灰badigeonnage en ciment n.m 刷水泥浆badigeonner à la chaux v. 刷石灰baguette de soudure n.f 焊条bain de mortier n.m 浸石[砖]灰浆balisage n.m 设置标志balise n.f 路标，线路标志，标杆balise ordinaire pour délimitation de la plate-forme n.f 路基边界普通标志banche n.f （浇注混凝土的）模板bande d'arrêt d'urgence (B.A.U) n.f 紧急停车带bande dépassée de gauche(B.D.G) n.f 左侧超车带bande transporteuse n.f 传送带banquette n.f 路肩barbacane n.f 出水口,横向排水沟barrage n.m 路障barrière de péage n.f 高速公路收费站（*也用gare de péage) barrière en béton n.f 混凝土栅栏baudrier rétrofléchissant n.m 反光肩带（腰带）basalte n.m 玄武岩bascule n.f 磅秤，台秤bassin déshuileur n.m 除油池batardeau n.m 围堰bâti n.m 机座bêche d'ancrage n.f 锚固支架benne à béton n.f 混凝土斗berme n.f 沟肩，渠肩，路肩béton armé n.m 钢筋混凝土béton bitumineux (B.B) n.m 沥青砼béton de propreté n.m 素混凝土（*不加钢筋）béton maigre n.m 贫混凝土（*混凝土中水泥含量较一般混凝土少）bétonnage par temps froid n.m 混凝土冬季施工bétonnage sous l'eau n.m 水下浇注混凝土，水下混凝土施工bétonnière n.f 混凝土搅拌机biais n.m 斜，斜度，倾斜/ a.斜的，歪的bicouche n.f 两层bidirectionnel a. 双向的blindage n.m 支护（*隧道、基坑、边坡等的）blindage des fouilles n.m 基坑支护bloc d'ancrage n.m （管道用）锚定座，blocométrie n.f 颗分，颗粒分析boisage n.m 支撑，支架boisage des tranchées n.m 沟槽支撑boiseur n.m 模板工bonde de guidage n.f 导向排水口(下水口)bordure n.f 路缘石borne de base n.f 一级控制点borne rapprochée n.f 接近点，（桥梁）构造物控制点borne repère n.f 水准基点borne secondaire n.f 二级控制点bossage d'appui n.m 凸台，支座垫石botte n.f 长筒靴bouchardage n.m 混凝土凿毛（*使表面不平以利于后续施工）bouchon n.m 塞子，堵头boulon prisonnier n.m 双头螺栓，固定[定位]销，对拉螺栓boulonner v. 用螺栓固定bourrage des trous de mine n.m 填堵爆破孔bourrelet n.m 凸缘,法兰盘boutefeu n.m 爆破工，炮工bouteur (bouldozeur, bulldozer) n.m 推土机brèche n.f 角砾岩bretelle n.f 联接道bride n.f 法兰盘，卡箍bride d'arrimage n.f 卡箍，夹子，紧固带brise roche n.m 破碎锤，碎石机（*一般叫这东西“啄木鸟”）broyeur n.m 破碎机bullage n.m 产生气泡，形成水泡bulldozer n.m 推土机bureautique n.f 办公室自动化设备，办公软件buse n.m 涵管butée , buttée n.f 拱墩，垫块，限位器butés antisismiques n.f 防震拱墩câble n.m 电缆，钢绞线câble de manoeuvre n.m 操纵钢缆，游动钢丝绳Cachetage au béton des ancrage n.m 密封混凝土锚cadence d'avancement n.f 工程进度cadence du chantier n.f 施工进度cadence moyenne de production journalière n.f 日平均生产率cage d'armature n.m 钢筋笼，钢筋组架cagoule n.f (仅露出眼睛和嘴巴的)风帽cailloux(d/D avec d≥20mmet D≤80mm) n.m 砾石，小石子calage n.m 用垫块固定calcaire résistant fracturé n.m 有裂缝的坚硬石灰岩cale/cale de fixation (d'espacement) n.f 垫块/夹板，固定板calorifuger (calorifugeage m.) v.包裹隔热材料，隔热camion à plate-forme n.m 平板载重汽车camion arroseur n.m 洒水车camion basculant n.m 自卸汽车，翻斗车camion citerne n.m 水罐车camion poids-lourd n.m 重型载重汽车camion-benne n.m 自卸车，翻斗车camion-grue n.m 汽车吊，汽车起重机（*也叫grue automobile）camion-ravitailleur n.m 加油车camion-toupie n.m 混凝土罐车(*也叫camion malaxeur）caniveau n.m 边沟，排水沟capot plastique provisoire de protection n.m 临时塑料保护罩（防护罩）capteur n.m 传感器carcasse du tablier n.f 桥面系cascade n.f 瀑布，级，梯，台阶case n.f 隔间casque (antichoc ou protecteur) n.m 工作帽，安全帽caution de (la) restitution de l'avance n.f 归还预付款担保函cavité n.f 孔洞，凹槽，洞穴cavité obturée n.f 填充洞穴centrale à béton (CAB) n.f 混凝土搅拌站(拌和楼)centrale d'enrobé n.f 沥青混合料拌和站certificat de garantie n.m 保修单chaabas [阿]冲沟chaise d'ancrage n.m 锚杆支座chalumeau n.m 焊枪，喷灯chambre de commerce Chinoise n.f 使馆经参处chape au mortier de ciment n.f 水泥沙浆面层chape d'étanchéité n.f 防水面层chape en béton n.f 混凝土防水层chargé de la mise à la précontrainte(C.M.P) n.m 预应力施工负责人chargé des ouvrages provisoires(COP) n.m 临时构造物负责人charge détonnant n.m 装炸药（量），爆破装药charge d'explosif n.f 装填炸药，装药量chargement du tir n.m 爆破充填（装料）charger (remplir) à ras bords 装满到齐边chargeur à fourche n.m 叉车chargeuse n.f 装载机chariot élévateur à fourche n.m 叉车，叉式起重车charpente de support n.f 支架château d'eau n.m 水塔chauffeur de camions n.m 卡车司机chaussée n.f 路面,行车道chef de sous-chantier n.m 工区主任cheminement (polygonal) n.m 导线测量cheminement fermé n.m 闭合导线测量cheminement ouvert n.m 非闭合导线测量chemisage n.m 装套管chemise perdue n.f 埋式套管chevêtre n.m 墩帽梁，（固定模板的）横杆chute de béton n.f 混凝土溜槽ciment n.m 水泥cimenterie n.f 水泥厂cintre n.m 拱架，拱模，模架cintreuse n.f 弯曲机clavier n.m 键盘clôture n.f 围墙clouage, cloutage n.m 钉钉子coefficient de foisonnement n.m 膨胀系数，松方系数coefficient de majoration n.m 加价系数coefficient de transmission n.m 传导系数，传递系数coffrage n.m 模板，支架coffrage (intérieur/extérieur) n.m (内、外)模coffrage grimpant n.m 爬升模板collecteur n.m 干管，总管collier n.m 卡箍，夹子combinaison n.f 连裤工作服comblement n.m 填平，填补compacité n.f 密实度,压实度compactage n.m 碾压compactage par couches n.m 分层碾压compactage vibrant n.m 振动压实compacte a.压实的compacteur (vibrant) n.m (振动)压路机，振动碾compresseur (à l'air) n.m 空压机concassage mécanique n.m 机械粉碎，轧碎concassage primaire n.m 初碎concassage proprement dit n.m 粗碎concassage secondaire n.m 二次破碎concasseur n.m 破碎机concasseur primaire à mâchoire n.m 颚式初碎机，颚式初级碎石机concasseur secondaire giratoire à cône n.m 二级圆锥破碎机conducteur de travaux n.m 领工员，施工管理员conducteur d'engins n.m 施工机械驾驶员conduite n.f 管道cône d'Abrams n.m 混凝土坍落度测量计cône de vidange n.m 卸料锥形桶（*搅拌站出料口底部）configuration n.f 地形，地势confinement des remblais (CR) n.m 封闭填方confortement n.m 加强conifère n.m 松柏植物，针叶树类connaissement maritime n.m 海运提单conservation de béton n.f 混凝土养护consigne / consignation n.f 押金/ 交存押金consignes de sécurité n.f 安全规定console n.f 机座constitue a.由…组成的，由…构成的contamination n.f 污染contenant n.m 容器contrainte de rupture n.f 破损应力contre-fiche n.f 斜撑，支撑contrôle altimétrique n.m 高程检查contrôle externe n.m 外控contrôle inopiné n.m 突击检查，抽查contrôle interne n.m 内控conventionnelle a. 惯例的，常规的convoyeur à bande (à courroie) n.m 皮带输送机，输送带convoyeur à vis n.m 螺旋式输送机corbeau n.m 梁托(*牛腿)cordon détonant n.m 导火线corniche n.f 挑檐，檐口corps d'ancrage n.m (预应力钢丝束)锚头cotation n.f 标注尺寸cote n.f 尺寸，标高côte n.f 斜坡，斜面，山坡，坡道cote de niveau absolue n.f 绝对标高(高程)cote de niveau relative n.f 相对标高(高程)cote du terrain n.f 地面标高cote nominale n.f 标称尺寸cote projetée n.m 设计标高couche de fondation=CDF n.f 底基层couche de forme=C.D.F n.f 路面的垫层couche sous-jacent n.f 下层coulis d'injection n.m 灌注用薄浆coulis de béton (ciment, bitume) n.m 混凝土浆（水泥浆，沥青砂浆）coupe de sondage n.f 钻探剖面（断面）coupe géologique n.f 地质剖面coupe géologique de sondages à la pelle n.f 反铲探坑地质剖面图coupe lithologique typique de sondage n.f 典型岩性钻探记录coupe longitudinal n.f 纵剖面图coupe transversal n.f 横剖面图coupeur de barres n.m 钢筋切割机courbe n.f 曲线courbe brisé n.f 折线courbe d'altitude n.f 等高线courbe de raccordement n.f 缓和曲线courbe de tracé en plan n.f 平面线路曲线，平曲线couronnement de la pile (culée) n.m 桥墩帽，桥台帽couvercle n.m 盖子，顶盖couvre-joint n.m 连接盖板，结构缝盖板crête (sommet) de talus n.f 边坡顶面crible à plusieurs étages n.m 多层筛crible à tamis n.m 三层筛crible vibrant n.m 振动筛cribles à tamis vibrants n.m 振动筛critère n.m 标准crochet de levage n.m 吊钩croquis n.m 草图，示意图croûte calcaire n.f 钙质层(结皮)culée n.f 桥台cunette n.m 导坑，导洞cure n.f 混凝土养护cuve malaxeuse n.f 搅拌罐，搅拌槽dalette de trottoir n.f 人行道方块砖dalle de recouvrement n.f 墩（顶）帽，盖面板dalle de transition n.m 桥头搭板dalle en béton armé n.f 钢筋混凝土板dalles du tablier coulées en place n.f 现场浇注的桥面板dalot (D) n.m 箱涵dame sauteuse n.f 跳跃式打夯机dé n.m 滑块，垫块débit n.m 流量，排出量，输送量débit dela CAB n.m 拌和站的生产能力déblai n.m 挖方，路堑déblaiement, déblayage n.m 挖土，挖方déblais à l'explosif n.m 爆破挖方décalage de dimensions n.m 尺寸偏差décamètre n.m十米卷尺décapage n.m 清表décaper v. 清除，刮除décharge n.f 弃土堆，堆放场décintrement n.m 拱下拆模，拆除拱架décompte provisoire n.m 阶段性结算découverte n.f 清除表土覆盖层défectuosité n.f 毛病，缺陷，故障dégagement n.m 清障dégager les coffrages v. 清理模板，清除模板阻塞délai des travaux n.m 工期dénivelée n.f (两点之间的)高差，水准差dénivellation n.f 高差densité à l'OPM n.f 葡氏修正最佳含水量densité Proctor modifiée n.f 葡氏修正密度densité sèche n.f 干密度dépôt de la terre végétale n.m 腐殖土堆放场Dépôt définitif de matériaux impropres et non utilisables (DD) n.m 污染和不能利用材料永久弃渣场dépôt définitif (DD) n.m 永久弃渣场dépôt des matériaux non réutilisables n.m 不可利用料渣场dépôt des matériaux réutilisables n.m 可利用料渣场dépôt des produits décapés (de décapage)-DPD n.m 清表料渣场dépôt des produits dégagés (de dégagement) n.m 清障料渣场dépôt provisoire (DP) n.m 临时堆渣场dépôt provisoire de terre végétale (DPD) n.m 腐殖土临时渣场déroctage n.m 岩石开挖，石方工程descente d'eau n.f 落水管détonateur(électrique, instantané, retardé) n.m (电，瞬发，迟发) 雷管déviation n.f 偏差，偏向，绕行路线déviation admise (admissible) n.f 允许误差déviation définitive de l'oued n.f 河流正式改道工程diagonale n.f 对角线diamètre de gaine n.m 波纹管直径digue n.f 围堰，堤坝digue de protection n.m 围堰（*用于桥墩施工时把水流隔绝在外的）dilatation n.f 膨胀dispositif antichemineau n.m 防攀爬装置（*桥护栏边缘设置的高防护网的装置）dispositif d'accrochage incorporés au béton n.m 混凝土预埋(连接)固定装置dispositif d'arrêt de chute n.m 防滑（溜槽）锁紧装置，止动装置dispositif de mesure n.m 测量设备，测量仪器dispositif préalable d'alerte n.m 预警装置dispositif stabilisateur n.m 稳定装置disposition en quinconce n.f 梅花形排列，交错排列disque dur n.m 硬盘disquette n.f 软盘distance n.f 距离，间距distance horizontale n.f 水平距离distance inclinée n.f 斜距离distributeur à secousses n.m 振动筛分机dolérite n.f 粗玄岩，玄粒岩，辉绿岩dôme n.m 圆顶，圆顶盖données lithologiques n.f pl. 岩性资料dosage n.m 含量，投配量，配合比dosage du mélange n.m 混合料含量（配合比），混合料成分dosage du mélange en poids n.m 混合料重量比dosage du mélange en volume n.m 混合料体积比douar n.m （北非的）乡（*三级行政区划分别province、commune、douar，分别简写做pr. com. dr.)douille n.f 套筒，套管drain n.m 排水暗沟，盲沟drain d'accotement n.m 路肩盲沟drainage n.m 排水drainer v.t 排水dresseuse n.f 矫直机dumper n.m 翻斗车，自卸卡车durée de prise n.f （混凝土）凝结时间eau de gâchage n.f 拌和水eau potable n.f 饮用水écart admissible / vertical n.m 允许偏差，公差échafaudage n.m 脚手架échangeur n.m 立交桥échangeur n.m 公路立体交叉桥échelon n.m 阶梯，台阶éclisse n.f 夹板,鱼尾板écran à la main n.m (电焊用)收提面罩écran drainant n.m 排水层écran imperméable n.m 防水层écrouissage n.m 冷变形加工égout collecteur n.m 污水干管élaboration des granulats n.f 骨料加工élasticité n.f 弹性élastomère n.m 合成橡胶，弹性体électricien n.m 电工électrode n.f 电焊条，电极électromécanicien n.m 机电技工，机电技术人员élément préfabriqué n.m 预制构件éléments de structure n.m 结构构件élévateur à fourche / leveur à fourche n.m 叉车，叉式起重车élévation (EL) n.f (正)立视图，立面图embrassure n.f (梁、烟囱等的)铁箍，环箍empilage n.m 堆积，堆放，装配，组装emprunt n.m 取土坑，借土，借方en amont de 在……上游en contrabas de 在……下游en sifflet loc.adv 成斜断面，斜截encorbellement n.m 突出部分，挑头enduire v.t 涂抹enfilage des câbles n.m 穿钢绞线engraver v.t 钉接，咬接，敲槽/铺盖砾石enrobage n.m 保护层enrochement (ENR) n.m 防冲乱石，防冲乱砌筑成的地基entretien du sol de fondation des appuis n.m 墩台地基土养护entretoise (transversale) n.f 横梁，横向联杆entretoise du tablier n.f 桥面系横梁entretoise porteuse n.f 支撑横梁entretoisement n.m （用横向联杆、撑杆等）固定，支撑épingle de manutention n.f 装卸销épreuve de convenance n.f 适应性试验épreuve d'étude n.f 设计试验épreuve d'information n.f 调查试验épuisement n.m 排水épure n.f 图表，放样图，示意图équerre n.f 角铁；角尺、三角板équivalent de sable n.m 砂当量，含砂当量érodabilité n.f 易受侵蚀性，冲刷率escalier de service n.m 便梯，后楼梯essai au bleu de méthylène n.m 亚甲蓝试验(*测定土壤中粘土含量，得到的结果称蓝值）essai d’identification n.m 鉴别试验（*土壤分类）essai de charge n.m 承载试验essai de chargement n.m 荷载试验essai de compactage n.m 压实试验，密实度试验essai de compression n.m 抗压试验essai de cône d'Abrams n.m 混凝土坍落度试验（*用于控制混凝土强度）essai de convenance n.m 适应性试验essai de flexion n.m 弯曲试验essai de Los Angeles n.m 洛衫矶试验（石料磨耗试验）essai de plaque n.m 平板承载试验，承载板试验essai de Proctor normal n.m 标准葡氏试验（*测定含水量）essai de rippabilité n.m 一、二类土界定试验essai d'écaillage des surfaces de béton durci n.m 已凝固混凝土表面剥离试验étaiement n.m 支撑架，支撑étanchéité n.f 防水性，水密性，防水层étanchement n.m 封层，防水层état de surface n.m 表面光洁度，表面状态état hydrique naturel sec et très sec n.m 干燥和非常干燥自然含水状态étayer v.t 支撑，用支柱支撑étrier n.m 箍筋évacuation des eaux pluviales n.f 排雨水évent n.m 通气孔，排气孔excavateur n.m 挖掘机exécution des fouilles n.f 基坑施工expansé/plastique expansés a.膨胀的/ n.多孔塑料，发泡塑料extraction de la chemise n.f 取出套管（衬套）extrados n.m 拱背，外拱线圈extrémité n.m 端部exutoire naturel n.m 天然排水沟façonnage des armatures n.m 钢筋加工ferraillage n.m 钢筋，配筋ferrailleur n.m 钢筋工feuillure n.f 凹槽，槽口，fiche de contrôle (FC) n.f 检查表fiche de contrôle coffrage n.f 模板检查表fiche de contrôle de bétonnage n.f 浇注混凝土检查表fiche de contrôle des fouilles n.f 基坑检查表fiche de contrôle ferraillage n.f 钢筋检查表Fiche de levé pour délimitation des matériaux rippables et rocheux n.m 土石分界测量表（*一、二类土划分表）fiche de suivis topographiques n.f 测量监控检查表fiche de validation n.f 批准表fil d'eau n.m 水流filets de sécurité pour travaux exécutés sous circulation n.m 人员往来施工用的安全网film n.m 薄层fines (0/D avec D≤0,08mm/0/80μm) n.f pl. 细料，细[石、碎]屑fini de surface n.m 表面光洁度finisseur n.m 沥青摊铺机，修整机fixation n.f 固定（装置），紧固件flèche n.f 挠度flexible à air (d'air) n.m 空气软管fluidifier la circulation v.t 使交通畅通无阻fond de fouille en cotes négatives n.m 基坑超挖fond de fouille en cotes positives n.m 基坑欠挖fond de la fouille n.m 坑底，基坑底部fondant n.m 溶剂forage des pieux n.m 灌注桩钻孔forage d'injection n.m 喷浆钻孔foreur n.m 钻工，钻眼工，钻井工foreuse pour les mines n.f 爆破钻机formation tufacée n.m 凝灰岩地层formulation du béton n.f 混凝土配合比formule de révision de prix n.f 价格调整方法、调价方案fosse n.f 地沟，坑fossé (FOS) n.m 边沟，排水沟fossé de captage (captant) n.m 截水沟，天沟fossé de crête n.m 天沟，截水沟fossé de pied de remblai n.m 填方坡底排水沟，路堤边坡坡角排水沟fossé trapézoïdal n.m 梯形排水沟fouille de fondation n.f 基槽（开挖）fouilles et purges n.f 开挖和清理fourniture de bureau n.f 办公用品，文具fracture n.f 断裂，开裂frette n.f 铁箍，（钢筋混凝土里的）箍筋，环箍fretter (frettage) v.t (n.m) 加铁箍，套箍，（环向）箍紧front de taille (d'attaque) n.m 开挖面fuseau granulométrique n.m 级配范围fût n.m 柱身fût de pile n.m 墩身G.N.T.: Gravier non traité n.m 未处理砂砾料Gabion n.m 石笼(*边坡防护中防水固坡）gaine n.f 套管；波纹管(制作预应力钢绞线的管道)galet n.m （河）卵石galet roulé n.m 圆砾石garage n.m 汽车修理厂garantie n.f 保证，担保garde n.f 防撞护栏garde-corps n.m 栏杆garde-grève n.f 拦砂障gardien n.m 警卫，看守人员gare de péage n.f 收费站gargouille n.f 排水槽，排水管génératrice rectiligne n.f 直线母线génératrice supérieure de la buse n.f 涵管上边线génie civil n.m 土木工程géographie n.f 地形géomembrane n.f 地膜（*类似土工布，但很薄）géométrique a.几何的，几何学的géotextile n.m 土工布géotextile non-tissé n.m 无纺土工布giratoire/sens giratoire a.环形立体交叉的/环行交通方向gisement n.m 方位角glissement de terrain n.m 滑坡glissière de sécurité n.f (公路)安全护栏godet de pelle n.m 挖土机铲斗goujon n.m 固定销，销钉，螺杆，螺栓goujon n.m 双头螺栓goulotte m.f 溜槽goulotte pour bétonnage /coulage de béton n.f 混凝土浇注滑槽gradin n.m 阶梯，台阶，跌水graines feuillard galvanisé n.f 镀锌带钢的套管granite n.m 花岗岩granularité n.m 粒度granulat criblé n.m 筛选骨料granulats pour béton n.m 混凝土碎石料granulométrie n.f 颗粒级配gravats n.m 建筑碎料grave (0/D avec 6,3mm﹤D≤80mm) n.f 砂砾石混合料grave bitume (G.B) n.f 沥青砂砾料grave ciment (G.C) n.f 水泥砂砾料grave gréseuse n.f 砂岩质砂砾料grave non traité (GNT) n.f 未处理的砂砾料gravette n.f骨料gravillon(d/D avec d≥2mmet D≤31,5mm) n.f 小砾石/碎石，细砾石gravillonneur n.m 碎石摊铺机，grenouille n.f 蛤蟆夯，跳跃式打夯机grès n.m 砂岩grès blanchâtre fragmenté n.m 微白色破碎砂岩grès lité marneux tendre n.m 成层的泥灰质砂岩grès peu siltitique n.m 低粉质砂岩grès tendre n.m 松软砂岩gréseux a. 砂岩质的，含砂岩的grille n.f 栅栏，格栅，筛子Grille de décision de réutilisation des matériaux n.m 材料再利用等级确定表gros béton n.m 构筑物基础用混凝土，粗骨料砼gros béton n.m 粗骨料混凝土grosseur du (ou des) grain(s) n.m 粒径，颗粒大小groupe électrogène n.m 发电机组grue n.f 吊车，起重机grue à pylône n.f 塔式起重机，塔机Guide des Travaux Routiers (GTR) n.m 公路工程指南（*GTR规范）haie broussaille n.f 荆棘绿篱hauban n.m 钢索，支索hauteur de levée n.f 混凝土浇注厚度hors taxes (HT) 免税hourdis n.m 乱石砌体hygromètre n.m 湿度计identique a. 一致的，相同的îlot n.m 岛状地带，分离岛implantation n.f 定位，定线implantation topographique n.f 测量定位imprimante n.f 打印机indice IPT n.m IPT 系数indice de plasticité n.m 塑性指数inflexion n.f 弯曲，拐折，拐点，反弯点ingénieur électricien n.m 电气工程师ingénieur en chef n.m 总工程师ingénieur topographe n.m 测量工程师initiale a. 开始的，最初的injection n.f 注射，注入，喷注，喷射injection de bitume n.f 灌注沥青inondable a.可能被（洪）水淹没的insert n.m 嵌入件instrument de mesure n.m 测量仪器instrument de nivellement n.m 水准仪intempérie n.f 恶劣天气，坏天气intercaler v.t 插入intermittent a. 断断续续的，间断的interprétation des résultats d'essais n.f 实验数据整理分析interruption terre-plein central (I.T.P.C) n.f 中间分车带中断intrados n.m 拱腹线（面）拱内圈，拱底面，ion chargé positivement n.m 阳离子ion chlorure n.m 氯离子ion soufre n.m 硫离子irrégularité n.f 不平整度，不均匀性isorel n.m 纤维板（商品名）jalon n.m 标杆joint de bétonnage n.m 混凝土施工缝joint de dilatation n.m 伸缩缝joint étanche n.m 防水缝，密封接头joint waterstop n.m 止水带（同bande d'arrêt d'eau）joints de chaussée n.m 路面伸缩缝jonc d'arrêt/de retenue n.m 卡环，固定环jonction n.f 接合，连接，连接处jonction des barres(armatures) n.f 钢筋接缝karst n.m 水蚀石灰岩地区,岩溶，石灰岩溶洞Khettaras [阿] 水窖（类似小井，之间用沟相连）laboratoire n.m 试验室laitance n.f 水泥浆沫lance à eau n.f 喷水嘴，喷水龙头lancement d'un pont n.m 架桥lanceur n.m 架桥机légende n.f 图例，说明文字les nuisances acoustiques n.f 噪音影响les nuisances durant les travaux n.f 施工影响les nuisances pour les riverains de l'autoroute n.f 对高速公路两旁居民的影响levé à la polygonation, levé polygonométrique n.m 导线测量levé au théodolite n.m 经纬仪测量levé de situation du déblai n.m 挖方情况测量levé topographique n.m 地形测量levé topographique pour attachement n.m 收方测量leveur à fourche n.m 叉车liaisonner v.t 砌合，错缝搭接lieu d'habitation n.m 居民点，居民区，生活区ligature pour armatures n.f 钢筋绑扎，绑钢筋用铁丝ligne axiale n.f 轴线,中心线ligne grande distance (L.G.D) n.f 远距线路ligne rouge (LR) n.f 红线（*指图纸上施工土地限定界限）limite de culture n.f 耕作区limite des emprises n.f 占地范围limite d'expropriation n.f 征地范围,征地边线limites d’Atterberg n.f 阿氏限度（*关于土壤含水的一个指标）limon n.m 粉土，垆坶土limon argilo-silteux n.m 粉砂质亚粘土limon brunâtre n.m 浅棕色粉土limon graveleux n.m 含有砂砾的粉土limon peu consolide n.m 不太固结的砂质粉土limon silteux n.m 粉壤土lisse n.f（泥瓦工用的）瓦刀lisse d'appui n.f 扶手，栏杆liste de colisage n.f 装箱单lit de la route n.m 路床lit de mortier n.m 灰浆层lit de sable n.m 砂垫层lithologie n.f 岩石[性]学localisation n.f 定位loge de gardiens (gardiennage) n.f 门房logiciel n.m 软件logistique n.f 后勤longitudinale a. 纵向的longrine n.f 纵梁longueur (Lg) n.f 长度longueur de scellement n.f 锚固长度lunettes arrières n.f.pl.汽车后窗lunettes de sécurité (ou de protection) n.f.pl.防护眼镜machine automatique d'oxycoupage n.f 自动气割机maçon n.m 瓦工，混凝土工maçonnerie n.f 砌筑，砌体，圬工工程maître d'oeuvre (M.OE) n.m 监理，甲方maître d'ouvrage (M.O) n.m 业主，甲方manche verticale de remplissage du silo n.f 筒仓垂直进料管（进料口）manchon n.m 套管，套筒，接头manchon fileté de raccordement n.m 螺纹连接套管[筒]manoeuvre n.m 普工，非技术工人manomètre n.m 压力表marinage n.m (隧道工程中)清除废土marne n.f 泥灰岩marne verdâtre indurée très fragmenté n.f 严重破碎的暗绿色硬化泥灰岩marne calcaire altérée n.f 风化的钙质泥灰岩marne consolidée n,f 固结的泥灰岩marne induré verdâtre n.f 暗绿色硬化泥灰岩marne tufacée n.f 凝灰质泥灰岩marne tufacée verdâtre graveleuse n.f 暗绿色含有砂砾的凝灰质泥灰岩marne verdâtre indurée à tufacée altérée n.f 风化的暗绿色凝灰质硬化泥灰岩marteau piqueur / marteau pneumatique n.m 风镐masque (antigaz, anti-arc, de protection) n.m (防毒，电焊，保护)面罩/面具masse spécifique n.f 密度masse volumique du matériau transporté n.f 运送土石料的密度masses marquées (étalonnage) n.f （校核）标定砝码massif de béton n.m 混凝土块mât de charge n.m 起重机吊杆（扒杆）matage n.m 堵缝，填隙mater v. 填隙，堵缝matérialisation par des piquets d'une axe routier n.m 道路定线标桩matériau de décapage n.m 清表土料matériau imperméable n.m 防水材料matériau sélectionné (MS) n.m 精选料matériaux n.m.pl (建筑方面的)材料matériaux bruits n.m.pl 毛料，原材料matériaux constitutif s chaussées n.m 路面用料matériaux de remplissage n.m 填料，填充材料matériaux de substitution n.m 替换土石料matériaux drainants n.m 透水材料matériaux imperméables n.m 不透水材料matériaux pulvérulents n.m 粒状[松散]材料matériel n.m 硬件、设备matériel de criblage n.m 筛分设备matériel d'exploitation n.m 开挖设备Matfia [阿] 水窖（卧式，储水池）matière suspendue (en suspension) n.f 悬浮物Matmoras [阿] 粮食（谷）窖matoir n.m 敛缝工具mécanicien n.m 机械工，汽车修理工membrane n.f 膜，薄膜méthode analogique n.m 类比法méthodologie n.f 技术工艺mètre à ruban n.m 卷尺métré contradictoire n.m 收方计量单meule n.f 砂轮micro n.m 微机，微型电脑micro-béton n.m 砂质沥青混凝土，微集料沥青混凝土minage n.m 爆破工程mince a.薄的mine raté n.f 未爆破成眼，瞎炮mineur n.m 爆破工mire n.f 塔尺，标尺mise en chantier n.f 开工，动工，施工mise en oeuvre d'enrobé n.f 沥青混合料的摊铺mise en tension n.f 张拉monte-charge n.m 升降机，提升机morphologie du sol n.f 地貌，地形学mors n.m 夹片，卡爪，压紧片mortaise n.f 插槽mortier n.m 砂浆mortier maté n.m 堵缝砂浆mottes de terre n.f 土块，泥块mur de front n.m 面墙，前墙mur de garde-grève n.m 拦砂护墙mur de pierres sèches n.m 干砌石墙mur de tête n.m 端墙，边墙，翼墙mur en aile n.m 翼墙，（桥台）侧墙，八字墙mur en retour n.m 后墙，（桥台）侧墙murette n.f 矮墙，小墙Néoprène n.m 氯丁橡胶nappe drainante en géotextile n.f 土工布透水层nappe supérieure n.f 上层nervure n.f 肋条，横肋，加强肋[杆、条]nervuré a. 带肋的，有横肋的nervure transversale n.f 横肋nervure verticale n.f 垂直肋，竖肋nettoyage n.m 清理nids d'abeilles n.m 蜂窝麻面nids de cailloux n.m （混凝土）蜂窝nids de mortier n.m 砂浆蜂窝niveau n.m 水平仪niveaux n.m 水平面，水准面niveleuse n.f 平地机nivellement n.m 抄平，整平nivellement n.m 水平仪测量nivellement par cheminement n.m 导线水平测量nomenclature n.f 目录，品名表，norme n.f 规范，标准，规格note de calcul n.f 计算书note d'organisation générale (NOG) n.f 一般组织机构说明note d'organisation particulier (NOP) n.f 特殊组织机构说明notice technique n.f 技术说明书nuisances sonores n.f 噪音危害olive n.f 橄榄树opérateur d'engins n.m 施工机械操作手ordinateur (portable) n.m 电脑（手提电脑，便携式电脑）oscillation n.f 振动，振荡，颤振ouvrabilité n.f （混凝土）和易度ouvrage n.m 构造物，结构物ouvrage adjacent n.m 相邻建筑物ouvrage d'art (O.A) n.m 桥涵构造物ouvrage de franchissement n.m 桥梁，跨越构造物ouvrage hydraulique (O.H) n.m 水工构造物，过水构造物ouvrage pour protection de réseaux (eau, irrigation etc) n.m (水、灌溉)管道防护构造物ouvrage voûté n.m 拱结构，拱形构造物ouvrage provisoire n.m 临时构造物,临时工程ouvrier qualifié n.m 技工，技术工人ouvrier spécialisé n.m 技工，专业工人palan n.m 葫芦，起重滑车palette n.m 平板palier n.m 开挖平台palmier n.m 棕树，棕榈palplanche métallique n.f 钢板桩Pan de reconstitution du déblai D5 n.m D5挖方复原图panneau de coffrage (en acier) n.m (钢)模板parabole n.f 抛物线parafouille n.f.截水墙parasiter v.t 干扰parc n.m 材料堆放场parement/-gratté/-en pierre de taille n.m 砌面/拉毛饰面/琢石砌面paroi d'étanchéité n.f 防渗墙(*一般指桥墩围堰的）Partie Supérieure des Terrassements (PST) n.f 上部填方（*直接叫PST层大家懂的）passage inférieur (P.I) n.m 下部通道passage latéral (P.L) n.m 侧面通道passage piétons n.m 行人通道passage supérieur (P.S) n.m 上部通道passage véhicule (P.V) n.m 汽车通道passant n.m 过筛通过量passe (chemin) de charroi (charretière) n.f 大车道passe de compactage n.f 碾压次数（*指用压路机）passerelle de chargement n.f 装车跳板passerelle de service (de travail) n.f 工作便桥[走道]，工作平台pavage n.m 路面，铺路（面）pavage en béton asphalté n.m 沥青混凝土路面pavement en béton asphaltique n.m 沥青混凝土路面peau coffrant n.m 模板表面层peaux coffrant non enduites de produit démoulant n.m 模板表面未涂脱模剂。
路桥专业英语课程教学大纲
路桥专业英语课程教学大纲课程名称：专业英语（路桥）英文名称：Specialized English（Road and Bridge）课程编码：x2071631学时数：32其中实践学时数：0 课外学时数：0学分数：2.0适用专业：道路桥梁与渡河工程一、课程简介《专业英语（路桥）》是道桥与渡河工程专业的专业基础课。
包括公路、桥梁、建筑材料、路基和路面设计与施工技术、线形设计等方面内容的英文内容；要求同学熟练掌握现代道路及交通工程专业知识和桥梁工程的专业知识英文表达。
《专业英语（路桥）》从发展高度拓宽同学们的知识和专业面出发，以适应未来行业对人才的需求。
通过学习，使道桥与渡河工程专业的学生掌握路桥工程专业外语方面的基本方法和相关技能，进一步掌握高速公路、桥梁、力学、工程材料、线形设计、路基路面等方面的专业知识和阅读、写作和翻译能力。
二、课程目标与毕业要求关系表三、课程教学内容、基本要求、重点和难点（一）Lesson 1 Highway Introduction1. 教学内容The Highway Concept。
2. 基本要求（1）了解部分：Highway Cross Section and Pavement；（2）理解部分：A Historical Note；（3）掌握部分：The Aims of Highway Engineering；（4）熟练掌握：Highway Types。
3. 重点和难点（1）重点：The Aims of Highway Engineering；（2）难点：Highway Types。
（二）Lesson 2 Asphalt & Mix Asphalt1. 教学内容Asphalt & Asphalt Paving Materials。
2. 基本要求（1）了解部分：Bitumen and its Properties；（2）理解部分：Asphalt Defined；The Activity To Modify Asphalt Properties; （3）掌握部分：Asphalt Binder Grading；（4）熟练掌握：Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)。
道路与桥梁专业外文翻译中英对照
本科毕业设计论文专业外文翻译专业名称：土木工程专业道路与桥梁年级班级：道桥08-5班学生姓名：指导教师：二○一二年五月十八日Geometric Design of HighwaysThe road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility.The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic.Highway geometry designs to consider Highway Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment two kinds of linear and cross-sectional composition of coordination, but also pay attention to the smooth flow of the line of sight, etc. Determine the road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric components of reasonable size and the linear combination.DesignThe alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves.Alignment must be consistent. Sudden changes from flat to sharp curves and long tangents followed by sharp curves must be avoided; otherwise, accident hazards will be created. Likewise, placing circular curves of different radii end to end compound curves or having a short tangent between two curves is poor practice unless suitable transitions between them are provided. Long, flat curves are preferable at all times, as they are pleasing in appearance and decrease possibility of future obsolescence. However, alignment without tangents is undesirable on two-lane roads because some drivers hesitate to pass on curves. Long, flat curves should be used for small changes in direction, as short curves appear as “kink”. Also horizontal and vertical alignment must be considered together, not separately. For example, a sharp horizontal curve beginning near a crest can create a serious accident hazard.A vehicle traveling in a curved path is subject to centrifugal force. This is balanced by an equal and opposite force developed through cannot exceed certain maximums, and these controls place limits on the sharpness of curves that can be used with a design speed. Usually the sharpness of a given circular curve is indicated by its radius. However, for alignment design, sharpness is commonly expressed in terms of degree of curve, which is the central angle subtended by a 100-ft length of curve. Degree of curve is inversely proportional to the radius.Tangent sections of highways carry normal cross slope; curved sections are super elevated. Provision must be made for gradual change from one to the other. This usually involves maintaining the center line of each individual roadway at profile grade while raising the outer edge and lowering the inner edge to produce the desired super elevation is attained some distance beyond the point of curve.If a vehicle travels at high speed on a carefully restricted path made up of tangents connected by sharp circular curve, riding is extremely uncomfortable. As the car approaches a curve, super elevation begins and the vehicle is tilted inward, but the passenger must remain vertical since there is on centrifugal force requiring compensation. When the vehicle reaches the curve, full centrifugal force develops at once, and pulls the rider outward from his vertical position. To achieve a position of equilibrium he must force his body far inward. As the remaining super elevation takes effect, further adjustment in position is required. This process is repeated in reverse order as the vehicle leaves the curve. When easement curves are introduced, the change in radius from infinity on the tangent to that of the circular curve is effected gradually so that centrifugal force also develops gradually. By careful application of super elevation along the spiral, a smooth and gradual application of centrifugal force can be had and the roughness avoided.Easement curves have been used by the railroads for many years, but their adoption by highway agencies has come only recently. This is understandable. Railroad trains must follow the precise alignment of the tracks, and the discomfort described here can be avoided only by adopting easement curves. On the other hand, the motor-vehicle operator is free to alter his lateral position on the road and can provide his own easement curves by steering into circular curves gradually. However, this weaving within a traffic lane but sometimes into other lanes is dangerous. Properly designed easement curves make weaving unnecessary. It is largely for safety reasons, then, that easement curves have been widely adopted by highway agencies.For the same radius circular curve, the addition of easement curves at the ends changes the location of the curve with relationto its tangents; hence the decision regarding their use should be made before the final location survey. They point of beginning of an ordinary circular curve is usually labeled the PC point of curve or BC beginning of curve. Its end is marked the PT point of tangent or EC end of curve. For curves that include easements, the common notation is, as stationing increases: TS tangent to spiral, SC spiral to circular curve, CS circular curve to spiral, and ST spiral go tangent.On two-lane pavements provision of a wilder roadway is advisable on sharp curves. This will allow for such factors as 1 the tendency for drivers to shy away from the pavement edge, 2 increased effective transverse vehicle width because the front and rear wheels do not track, and 3 added width because of the slanted position of the front of the vehicle to the roadway centerline. For 24-ft roadways, the added width is so small that it can be neglected. Only for 30mph design speeds and curves sharper than 22°does the added width reach 2 ft. For narrower pavements, however, widening assumes importance even on fairly flat curves. Recommended amounts of and procedures for curve widening are given in Geometric Design for Highways.2. GradesThe vertical alignment of the roadway and its effect on the safe and economical operation of the motor vehicle constitute one of the most important features of road design. The vertical alignment, which consists of a series of straight lines connected by vertical parabolic or circular curves, is known as the “grade line.” When the grade line is increasing from the horizontal it is known as a “plus grade,” and when it is decreasing from the horizontal it is known as a “minus grade.” In analyzing grade and grade controls, the designer usually studies the effect of change in grade on the centerline profile.In the establishment of a grade, an ideal situation is one inwhich the cut is balanced against the fill without a great deal of borrow or an excess of cut to be wasted. All hauls should be downhill if possible and not too long. The grade should follow the general terrain and rise and fall in the direction of the existing drainage. In mountainous country the grade may be set to balance excavation against embankment as a clue toward least overall cost. In flat or prairie country it will be approximately parallel to the ground surface but sufficiently above it to allow surface drainage and, where necessary, to permit the wind to clear drifting snow. Where the road approaches or follows along streams, the height of the grade line may be dictated by the expected level of flood water. Under all conditions, smooth, flowing grade lines are preferable to choppy ones of many short straight sections connected with short vertical curves.Changes of grade from plus to minus should be placed in cuts, and changes from a minus grade to a plus grade should be placed in fills. This will generally give a good design, and many times it will avoid the appearance of building hills and producing depressions contrary to the general existing contours of the land. Other considerations for determining the grade line may be of more importance than the balancing of cuts and fills.Urban projects usually require a more detailed study of the controls and finer adjustment of elevations than do rural projects. It is often best to adjust the grade to meet existing conditions because of the additional expense of doing otherwise.In the analysis of grade and grade control, one of the most important considerations is the effect of grades on the operating costs of the motor vehicle. An increase in gasoline consumption and a reduction in speed are apparent when grades are increase in gasoline consumption and a reduction in speed is apparent when grades are increased. An economical approach would be to balancethe added annual cost of grade reduction against the added annual cost of vehicle operation without grade reduction. An accurate solution to the problem depends on the knowledge of traffic volume and type, which can be obtained only by means of a traffic survey.While maximum grades vary a great deal in various states, AASHTO recommendations make maximum grades dependent on design speed and topography. Present practice limits grades to 5 percent of a design speed of 70 mph. For a design speed of 30 mph, maximum grades typically range from 7 to 12 percent, depending on topography. Wherever long sustained grades are used, the designer should not substantially exceed the critical length of grade without the provision of climbing lanes for slow-moving vehicles. Critical grade lengths vary from 1700 ft for a 3 percent grade to 500 ft for an 8 percent grade.Long sustained grades should be less than the maximum grade on any particular section of a highway. It is often preferred to break the long sustained uniform grade by placing steeper grades at the bottom and lightening the grade near the top of the ascent. Dips in the profile grade in which vehicles may be hidden from view should also be avoided. Maximum grade for highway is 9 percent. Standards setting minimum grades are of importance only when surface drainage is a problem as when water must be carried away in a gutter or roadside ditch. In such instances the AASHTO suggests a minimum of %.3. Sight DistanceFor safe vehicle operation, highway must be designed to give drivers a sufficient distance or clear version ahead so that they can avoid unexpected obstacles and can pass slower vehicles without danger. Sight distance is the length of highway visible ahead to the driver of a vehicle. The concept of safe sight distance has two facets: “stopping” or “no passing” and “passing”.At times large objects may drop into a roadway and will do seriousdamage to a motor vehicle that strikes them. Again a car or truck may be forced to stop in the traffic lane in the path of following vehicles. In dither instance, proper design requires that such hazards become visible at distances great enough that drivers can stop before hitting them. Further more, it is unsafe to assume that one oncoming vehicle may avoid trouble by leaving the lane in which it is traveling, for this might result in loss of control or collision with another vehicle.Stopping sight distance is made up of two elements. The first is the distance traveled after the obstruction comes into view but before the driver applies his brakes. During this period of perception and reaction, the vehicle travels at its initial velocity. The second distance is consumed while the driver brakes the vehicle to a stop. The first of these two distances is dependent on the speed of the vehicle and the perception time and brake-reaction time of the operator. The second distance depends on the speed of the vehicle; the condition of brakes, times, and roadway surface; and the alignment and grade of the highway.On two-lane highways, opportunity to pass slow-moving vehicles must be provided at intervals. Otherwise capacity decreases and accidents increase as impatient drivers risk head-on collisions by passing when it is unsafe to do so. The minimum distance ahead that must be clear to permit safe passing is called the passing sight distance. In deciding whether or not to pass another vehicle, the driver must weigh the clear distance available to him against the distance required to carry out the sequence of events that make up the passing maneuver. Among the factors that will influence his decision are the degree of caution that he exercises and the accelerating ability of his vehicle. Because humans differ markedly, passing practices, which depend largely on human judgment and behavior rather than on the laws of mechanics, vary considerablyamong drivers.The geometric design is to ensure highway traffic safety foundation, the highway construction projects around the other highway on geometric design, therefore, in the geometry of the highway design process, if appear any unsafe potential factors, or low levels of combination of design, will affect the whole highway geometric design quality, and the safety of the traffic to bring adverse impact. So, on the geometry of the highway design must be focus on.公路几何设计公路是供汽车或其他车辆行驶的一种线形带状结构体.它是由路基、路面、桥梁、涵洞和隧道组成.此外,它还有路线交叉、工程和交通工程及沿线设施.路基是路面、路肩、边坡、等部分的基础.它是按照路线的平面位置在地面上开挖和成的土物.路基作为行车部分的基础,必须保证它有足够的强度和稳定性,可以防止水及其他自然灾害的侵蚀.路面是公路表面的部分.它是用混合料铺筑的单层或多层结构物.路面要求光滑,具有足够的强度,稳定性好和抗湿滑功能.路面质量的好环,直接影响到行车的安全性、舒适性和通行.公路几何线形设计要考虑公路平面线形、纵断面线形两种线形以及横断面的组成相协调,还要注意视距的畅通等等.确定公路几何线形时,在考虑地形、地物、土地的合理利用及环境保护因素时,要充分利用公路几何组成部分的合理尺寸和线形组合.1、线形设计道路的线形反映在平面图上是由一系列的直线和与直线相连的圆曲线构成的.现代设计时常在直线与圆曲线之间插入缓和曲线.线形应是连续的,应避免平缓线形到小半径曲线的突变或者长直线末端与小半径曲线相连接的突然变化,否则会发生交通事故.同样,不同半径的圆弧首尾相接曲线或在两半径不同的圆弧之间插入短直线都是不良的线形,除非在圆弧之间插入缓和曲线.长而平缓的曲线在任何时候都是可取的,因为这种曲线线形优美,将来也不会废弃.然而,双向道路线形全由曲线构成也是不理想的,因为一些驾驶员通过曲线路段时总是犹豫.长而缓的曲线应用在拐角较小的地方.如果采用短曲线,则会出现“扭结”.另外,线路的平、纵断面设计应综合考虑,而不应只顾其一,不顾其二,例如,当平曲线的起点位于竖曲线的顶点附近时将会产生严重的交通事故.行驶在曲线路段上的车辆受到离心力的作用,就需要一个大小相同方向相反的由超高和侧向磨擦提供的力抵消它,这些控制值对于某一规定设计车速可能采用曲线的曲率作了限制.通常情况下,某一圆曲线的曲率是由其半径来体现的.而对于线形设计而言,曲率常常通过曲线的程度来描述,即100英尺长的曲线所对应的中心角,曲线的程度与曲线的半径成反比.公路的直线地段设置正常的路拱,而曲线地段则设置超高,在正常断面与超高断面之间必须设置过渡渐变路段.通常的做法是维持道路每一条中线设计标高不变,通过抬高外侧边缘,降低内侧边缘以形成所需的超高,对于直线与圆曲线直接相连的线形,超高应从未到达曲线之前的直线上开始,在曲线顶点另一端一定距离以外达到全部超高.如果车辆以高速度行驶在直线与小半径的圆曲线相连的路段,行车是极不舒服.汽车驶近曲线路段时,超高开始,车辆向内侧倾斜,但乘客须维持身体的垂直状态,因为此时未受到离心力的作用.当汽车到达曲线路段时,离心力突然产生,迫使乘客向外倾斜,为了维持平衡,乘客必须迫使自己的身体向内侧倾斜.由于剩余超高发挥作用,乘客须作进一步的姿势的调整.当汽车离开曲线时,上述过程刚好相反.插入缓和曲线后,半径从无穷大逐渐过渡到圆曲线上的某一固定值,离心力逐渐增大,沿缓和曲线心设置超高,离心力平稳逐渐增加,避免了行车颠簸.缓和曲线在铁路上已经使用多年,但在公路上最近才得以应用,这是可以理解的.火车必须遵循精确的运行轨道,采用缓和曲线后,上述那种不舒服的感觉才能消除.然而,汽车司机在公路上可以随意改变侧向位置,通过迂回进入圆曲线来为自己提供缓和曲线.但是在一个车道上有时在其他车道上做这种迂回行驶是非常危险的.设计合理的缓和曲线使得上述迂回没有必要.主要是出于安全原因,公路部门广泛采用了缓和曲线.对于半径相同的圆曲线来说,在未端加上缓和曲线就会改变曲线与直线的相关位置,因此应在最终定线勘测之前应决定是否采用缓和曲线.一般曲线的起点标为PC或BC,终点标为PT或EC.对含有缓和曲线的曲线,通常的标记配置增为：TC、SC、CS和ST.对于双向道路,急弯处应增加路面宽度,这主要基于以下因素：1驾驶员害怕驶出路面边缘；2由于车辆前轮和后轮的行驶轨迹不同,车辆有效横向宽度加大；3车辆前方相对于公路中线倾斜而增加的宽度.对于宽度为24英尺的道路,增加的宽度很小,可以忽略.只有当设计车速为30mile/h,且曲度大于22℃时,加宽可达2英尺.然而,对于较窄的路面,即使是在较平缓的曲线路段上,加宽也是很重要推荐加宽值及加宽设计见公路线形设计2、纵坡线公路的竖向线形及其对车辆运行的安全性和经济性的影响构成了公路设计中最重要的要素之一.竖向线形由直线和竖向抛物线或圆曲线组成,称为纵坡线.纵坡线从水平线逐渐上升时称为坡度变化的影响.在确定坡度时最理想的情况是挖方与填方平衡,没有大量的借方或弃方.所有运土都尽可能下坡运并且距离不长,坡度应随地形而变,并且与既有排水系统的升、降方向一致.在山区,坡度要使得挖填平衡以使总成本最低.在平原或草原地区,坡度与地表近似平行,介是高于地表足够的高度,以利于路面排水,苦有必要,可利用风力来清除表面积雪.如公路接近或沿河流走行,纵坡线的高度由预期洪水位来决定.无论在何种情况下,平缓连续的坡度线要比由短直线段连接短竖曲线构成的不断变向的坡度线好得多.由上坡向下坡变化的路段应设在挖方路段,而由下坡向上坡变化的路段应设在填方路段,这样的线形设计较好,往往可以避免形成与现状地貌相反的圭堆或是凹地.与挖填方平衡相比,在确定纵坡线时,其他考虑则重要得多.城市项目通常比农村项目要求对控制要素进行更详尽的研究,对高程进行更细致地调整.一般来说,设计与现有条件相符的坡度较好,这样可避免一些不必要的花费.在坡度的分析和控制中,坡度对机动车运行费用的影响是最重要的考虑因素之一.坡度增大油耗显然增大,车速就要减慢.一个较为经济的方案则可使坡度减小而增加的年度成本与坡度不减而增加的车辆运行年度成本之间相平衡.这个问题的准确方法取决于对交通流量和交通类型的了解,这只有通过交通调查才能获知.在不同的州,最大纵坡也相差悬殊,AASHTO标准建议由设计车速和地形来选择最大纵坡.现行设计以设计车速为70mile/h时最大纵坡为5%,设计车速30mile/h时,根据地形不同,最大纵坡一般为7％－12％.当采用较长的待续爬坡时,在没有为慢行车辆提供爬坡道时,坡长不能够超过临界坡长.临界坡长可从3％纵坡的1700英尺变化至8%纵坡的500英尺.持续长坡的坡度必须小于公路任何一个断面的最大坡度,通常将长的持续单一纵坡断开,设计成底部为一陡坡,而接近坡顶则让坡度减小.同时还要避免由于断面倾斜而造成的视野受阻.调整公路的最大纵坡为9%只有当路面排水成问题时,如水必须排至边沟或排水沟,最小坡度标准才显示其重要性.这种情况下,AASHTO标准建议最小坡度为%.3、视距为保证行车安全,公路设计必须使得驾驶员视线前方有足够的一段距离,使他们能够避让意外的障碍物,或者安全地超车.视距就是车辆驾驶员前方可见的公路长度.安全视距具有两方面含义：“停车视距”或“不超车视距”或“超车视距”.有时,大件物体也许会掉到路上,会对撞上去的车辆造成严重的危害.同样,轿车或卡车也可能会被一溜车辆阻在车道上.无论是哪种情况发生,合理设计要求驾驶员在一段距离以外就能看见这种险情,并在撞上去之前把车刹住.此外,认为车辆通过离开所行驶的车道就可以躲避危险的想法是不安全的,因为这会导致车辆失控或与另一辆车相撞.停车视距由两部分组成：第一部分是当驾驶员发现障碍物面作出制动之前驶过的一段距离,在这一察觉与反应阶段,车辆以其初始速度行驶；第二部分是驾驶员刹车后车辆所驶过的一段距离.第一部分停车视距取决于车速及驾驶员的察觉时间和制动时间.第二部分停车视距取决于车速、刹车、轮胎、路面的条件以及公路的线形的坡度.在双车道公路上,每间隔一定距离,就应该提供超越慢行车辆的机会.否则,公路容量将降低,事故将增多,因为急燥的驾驶员在不能安全超车时冒着撞车危险强行超车,能被看清的允许安全超车的前方最小距离叫做超车视距.驾驶员在做出是否超车的决定时,必须将前方的能见距离与完成超车动作所需的距离对比考虑.影响他做出决定的因素是开车的小心程度和车辆加速性能.由于人与人的显着差别,主要是人的判断和动作而不是力学定理决定的超车行为随着驾驶员的不同而大不相同.公路是确保交通安全的基础,建设的其他项目都围绕的而展开,因此,在的过程中,如果出现任意的不安全潜在因素,或者低水平的组合,都会影响到整个的质量,并对交通的安全带来不利影响.因此对于的必须予以重点关注.。
道路桥梁英语专业翻译
AbstractThe construction process of continuous large span prestressed concrete rigid frame bridges with curve and high piers is very complex. The linear and internal forces are changing during the construction process. The linear and internal forces of the bridges are closely linked with the construction methodology. In order to ensure the stability and safety of this kind of bridge and guarantee its linear and internal forces to meet the design requirements, the structure analysis and construction monitoring are all required.The Liziping Bridge locates in Luoyang-Luanchuan highway, it is a three-span continuous rigid frame bridge, and its span is 95m + 170 m + 95 m. Its plane is gentle curve and circular curve. The girder is three direction prestressed Single Box and Single Room, the construction method is cradle cantilever casting construct. The height of thin-walled high piers is 68m and 62m, the construction method is turning mould. This paper is based on the engineering background of Liziping Bridge. Combining the construction method, the structure analysis and construction monitoring are performed. The main research of this paper is:1. The Liziping Bridge is analyzed using the finite element software Midas / Civil. Considering the construction process, the mechanical properites of this bridge are analyzed, yielding its section stress and strain during different construction period. This sets a good data foundation for the construction monitoring of this bridge.2. Formulate the construction monitoring schemes for Liziping Bridge. it monitor and control the thin-walled high pier of The Liziping Bridge in the whole construction process. According to the in situ data of the material and construction load, the numerical model is modified accordingly. Based on the feedback of the calculation, construction of the high pier is forecast; it analyzed the influence of upper structure on the thin-walled high piers and by compairing the numerical result with the measured data, adjust offset value of the thin-walled high piers which was used to guide and predict of the thin-walled high piers in the next construction paragraph.3. It analyzed the stability of naked piers and the biggest cantilever in the different load combinations. Finally it obtained the most unfavorable load combinations and the most unstable state and ensure the safety of the bridge construction摘要施工过程中的大跨度预应力混凝土连续刚构梁曲线和高墩是非常复杂的。
专业英语 路桥方向 课后句子翻译答案
1、发货人和旅行者根据所提供的服务水平选择交通运输方式The shippers and travelers choose transportation modes in term of level of service provided.2、术语服务水平是用来表述道路为交通服务的质量The term level of service is used to describe the quality of service that is provided for the traffic by the roads.3、因为时间紧迫，他们选择用航空方式运输这些紧急物资They selected air transportation to carry these important goods since time was at a premium.4、公路运输具有机动灵活并能提供门到门服务的特点Highway transportation has the advantages of flexibility and ability to provide door-to-door service.5、我国的公路运输网的骨架是有12条限制出入的高速公路组成The backbone of highway transportation network comprises of 12limit-access freeways in our country.6、公路定线包括现有资料的室内研究、路线勘探测量、初步定线和最终定线四个阶段The highway location involves four phase :office study of existing information, reconnaissance survey routes ,preliminary location and final location.7、一个独一无二的桥位或者一座山的垭口都可能成为一个主要的控制点A unique bridge site or a mountain pass also may become a primary control point.8、一般采用效益成本比较评价可能路线的经济可行性和环境可行性The benefit-cost ratio method is used for evaluating the economic and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.9、近来，计算机技术的应用极大的提高了公路定线的效率，从而使得到最佳路线成为可能Recently,application of computer techniques has significantly enhanced the efficiency of the highway location,resulting in possibility of best alignment.10、勘探测量的主要任务是在路线带内确定几条可行的路线，并把它绘在地形图上The primary object of reconnaissance survey is to identity several feasible routes with a band ,then plotting on photographic maps.11、设置缓和曲线的主要目的是避免线形由半径为无穷大的直线突然变化到半径为一定的圆曲线The primary object of a transition curve is to avoid a sudden change froma tangent with infinite radius to a curve of finite radius12、平面线形和竖向线形在初步设计阶段就必须一起考虑，不能分别考虑At the stages of preliminary design the horizontal and vertical alignment must be considered tog-ether,not separately.13、最大纵坡的选择取决于设计车速和设计车辆，最小纵坡则取决于公路的排水状况The selection of maximum grade for a highway depends on design speed and design vehicle, and that of minimum grade depends on the drainage conditions of the highway.14、建在有适当路拱、坚实的地基上的高级路面，其最小纵坡可以减小到0.3%Minimum grade maybe reduced to 0.3 percent on high-type pavement constructed on suitably crowned,firm ground.15、反向曲线间最好设置一段足够长的直线，以利于超高的过渡A sufficient length of tangent had better be placed between the reverse curves to facilitate the transition of superelevation.16、在立交中，车辆通过匝道来转换行驶方向The vehicles in interchange may transfer their movement direction by the use of ramps.17、城市平面交叉口通常需要采用信号控制来组织交通及减少交通事故In urban areas ,the intersections at grade generally require signalized control to organize the vehicles and decrease in accidents.18、涉及菱形立交匝道时，必须注意避免错路运行Wrong-way movements must be taken care of in the design of the rampsof diamond interchange.19、可以采用集散道路解决苜宿叶式立交中存在的交织运行Using collector-distributor roads can overcome weaving movements of the cloverleaf interchange.20、定向式立交中，左进和坐出高速公路容易产生交通事故Entering freeway from the left and exiting it to the left can easily cause traffic accidents.。
专业英语(土木工程 路桥方向)李嘉 第三版词汇
第一章jurisdiction 管辖权，权限government 政府行政区bar 法庭，律师的职业curriculum 课程表，课程，学习probability 概率论，可能性impact 冲击力，影响geodetic 大地测量学的hydraulics 水力学recruit 招聘orient 定向，定位science-Orient 注重科学的supervision 管理，监控maintenance 维修，保养construction 施工，建设topographic 地形学的subsoil 下（亚）层土，地基下层土alternative 比较方案，交替的，比较的consultant 顾问，咨询者architectural 建筑学的rugged 崎岖的，艰难的terrain 地域，地带，领域gorge 峡谷engineering graduate工科毕业生wind force 风力scientific publication 科学刊物civil engineer 土木工程师geodetic surveying 大地测量学的soil mechanics 土力学on-the-job在现场的，在职的civil engineering (project)土木工程soil stabilization 土壤稳定structural materials 建筑材料earth -fill embankment dam 填土坝feasibility study 可行性研究launching pads 发射台rocket storage failities 火箭库construction phase 施工阶段第二章counteract 抵抗，平衡thrust 推，推力insula 群屋，公寓tenement 出租的房子，经济公寓concave 凹的，凹面convex 凸的，凸面shear 剪切，剪力rotate 旋转，转动gust 阵风roadway 车行道，路面masonry 圬工，砌筑mortar 砂浆bitumen 沥青tarlike 焦油般的clamp 夹子 夹钳cement 水泥，粘结blade 刀刃aggregate 集料，聚集ingredient 成分，配料versatile 多用途的，多方面适应的alkaline 碱性的arena 表演场polymer 聚合物trial and error 反复试验dead load 恒载live load 活载impact 冲击力，影响safety factor 安全系数neutral plane 中性面rotating or turning moment旋转力矩，扭转力矩wind tunnel（test） 风洞实验binding agent 粘结料 结合料volcanic ash 火山灰tensile strength 抗拉强度fatigue 疲劳Portland cement 波特兰水泥construction site 施工现场，建筑工地reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土pretensioning method 先（后）张法第三章elevation 海拔coordinate 坐标vernier 游标graduated 有刻度的readout 数字显示装置mount 安装，固定在……上transmitter 发射器reflector 反射器pulse 脉冲instantaneous 瞬间的spindle 轴level 水准仪tripod 三脚架tape 量尺photogrammetry 摄影测量法acre 英亩canyon 峡谷corridor 通道，走廊tilt 倾斜，翘起oblique 斜的aerotriangulation 空中三角测量stereoscope 立体镜，立体照相镜calibration 校准parallax 平行视差horizontal(vertucal) angles 水平角horizontal distances 平距base map 底图，工作草图contour line 等高线longitudinal cross-section 纵断面ground survey 地面测量remmote sensing 遥感技术location technique 定位技术the total station 全站仪trigonometric level 三角高程electronic theodolite 电子经纬仪electronic distance-measuring device 电子测距仪cross hairs 十字准线graduated arc 弧形刻度板atmospheric condition 大气条件level bar 水准尺leveling head 校平头level tube 水准管leveling screw 校平螺钉metric units 公制单位Global Positioning Satellite Systems 全球定位系统aerial photography 航拍照片，空中照相break-even 收支平衡的，经济的thick forest 茂密森林deep canyon 大峡谷highway engineering 公路工程control point 控制点three dimensions 三维，立体highway location 公路定线preparatory work 准备工作fiducial mark 坐标点，基准标点第四章flexural 弯曲的eccentric 偏心轮torsional 扭转的，扭力的transverse 横向，横断transient 瞬间，瞬态hoop 箍筋，箍住spherical 球形的deflection 变形，挠度irrecroverable 不能恢复的formwork 模板，支模flange 翼缘，镶边superstructure 上部结构，上层建筑mandatory 必须遵循的，命令的compensate 补偿，赔偿ingenuity 独创性，机灵compressive strength 抗压强度structural element 结构构件critical section 临界截面service load 使用荷载prestressing force 预应力linear prestressing 线形预应力circular prestressing 环形预应力circumferential hoop 环形箍筋stress response 应力响应，应力特性net tensile stress 净拉应力bending moment 弯矩thin-web（beam） 薄腹working life 使用寿命long-term shrinkage 长期收缩long-term creep 长期徐变segmental bridges 分段施工桥梁cable-stayed bridges 斜拉桥high-strength steel 高强钢partial prestressing 部分预应力第五章philosophy 原理，哲学，宗旨dimension 尺寸，尺度，定尺寸conduct 行为，操守，引导，管理，传导preliminary 预备的，初步的encounter 遭遇，遇到，相遇gross 总的，显著的，总额twist 扭转，编织intensity 强度，密度intuition 直觉，直观comparison 比较，对照in accordance with 与……一致buckling 压曲，弯折margin 空白，边缘serviceability 有用性，适用性likelihood 似然，可能woekmanship 手艺，技艺nonelastic 非弹性的nonlinear 非线性的vicinity 附近unduly 过度地，不适当地code 规范，法则，（代）码specification 规范，详述，规格，说明书preliminary planning 初步规划internal（gross） force 内力twisting moment 扭矩stress intensity 应力强度field(model) test 现场(模型)试验allowable stress 允许应力yield point 屈服点brittle fracture 脆裂margin of safety 安全系数tensile yielding 抗拉屈服allowable -stress approach 允许应力法ultimate strength 极限强度load（operation） factor 荷载系数capacity-reduction factor 承载能力折减系数elastic-plastic displacement 弹塑性位移point of collapse 破坏点in the vicinity of M 在M附近，靠近第六章client 委托人，业主，客户employer 发包人，雇主contractor 承包人，立契约者stipulate 规定unit 单元，单位工程furnish 供应，装备breakdown 分类细账grub 除根，挖草伐根reimburse 偿还，赔偿supervision 监督audit 审计，查账payroll 工资表provision 准备金proposal 项目建议书，方案miscellaneous 混杂的，各种各样的tabulate 制成表forfeit 罚金workmanship 手艺，工艺revise 修订collateral 抵押品，担保品binding agreement 有约束力的协议carry out 执行civil engineering contracts 土木工程合同unit price basis 单价制highway construction 公路建设lump-sum 结构开挖and the like 诸如此类force-account 计工时agreed-on 双方共同协定的cost-plus 成本加费用freight bill 运费清单prequalified contractor 通过了资格预审的承包人proposal guarantee 项目建议书担保formal contract 正式合同pertaining to 与……有关surety bond 担保金bid bond 押标金，投标保证金performance bonds 履约保证金lien bond 留置金retention money 保留金entitled to 有权享有express agreement 明文协议competent persons 称职人员competitive tendering 公开招标invitation to tender 招标。
道路桥梁专业英语基础2
Text Flexible Pavement
Vocabulary and expressions
bituminous [bi’tju:minəs] adj. 含沥青的, 沥青的 , bituminous coal 烟煤 bituminous road 柏油路 granular [‘ɡrænjulə] adj. 粒的, 含颗粒的; 粒状的; 粗面的 coarsely granular 粗粒状的 finely granular 细粒状的 The substance is hard and granular. 该物质地坚硬, 呈颗粒状。 Sheet-asphalt 片状沥青 sheet-asphalt pavement沥青砂混合路面 cement 水泥 angular [‘æŋɡjulə] adj.有角的, 角形的; 尖的,用角度量的,倾斜的; 多 角的(angularity) graded sand 级配砂 as of 在…时,到…时为止,从…时起
Exercises
Ⅱ
英译汉
3. 影响压实的因素可以分为三类。 4. 本单元仅对细节设计阶段设计者应该考虑的各种控制 做简要说明。 5. 全国性运输计划的内容和方法迅速地开展起来。 6. 选择合适的稳定剂来使用因个案中目标、重点不同而 异，但是稳定剂的用量由实验室里的测试方法或强度测试 方法来确定。
பைடு நூலகம்
description [dis‘kripʃən] n.描述, 形容，种类, 类型
Can you give me a description of the thief? 你能给我描述一下那个窃贼的模样吗? The show featured dogs of every description. 展览会中展示了各式各样的狗。 statewide [’steitwaid] adj.&adv. 全国的[地] evolving [i‘vɔlviŋ] adj. 进化的,展开的 evolve evolution stabilizer [‘steibilaizə] n. 稳定器,安定装置, 平衡器，稳定剂
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教材：《路桥工程专业英语》主编：赵永平；副主编：盛可鉴；人民交通出版社，2007年学分：0.5学时：16 周学时：2 上课周数：8上课内容：第一课：Highway Introduction公路概论第二课：Asphait & Mix Asphalt沥青及沥青混合料第三课：The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术第四课：Freeway and it’s Accessory Facilities高速公路及附属设施第五课：Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论第六课：Bridge Introduction桥梁概论第七课：Prestressed Concrete Beam Construction Technology预应力混凝土梁桥施工技术第八课：The Bridge Testing Technology桥梁测试技术上课方法：课堂讲解、翻译课后训练：背单词；阅读教材并口译；考核方法：笔试与口试结合（待定）第一课：Highway Concept公路概论A.Text The Highway Concept 公路概论B.Reading Material Highway Cross Section and Pavement 道路横断面和铺装层1.A historical note 历史回顾The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Empire to another was important for military and civil reasons.罗马人是西欧任何意义上的第一条道路的建设者，他们具有的从帝国的一个地方迅速移动到另一个地方的能力对政治军事而言都是非常重要的。
Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception,by their durability.罗马道路以其直线形为特点，普遍的看法说还有他的耐久性A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced.而所寻求的好的路线平面图是能在来自敌方潜在的风险降低后提高直达的道路。
It was for this reason that the surface of the road was ofen elevated a meter or more above the local ground level—to provide a clear view of the surrounding country;hence the modern term “highway”.正是由于这样的原因，道路的表面高度都会比实际地面高出一米甚至更多，这样也可以提高一个好的视野去观察周边的情况，因而这就是现代词汇“高路”的来源。
The durability of such pavements is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire.这种道路的耐久性也不是那么的绝对，但是至少在帝国倒台以后几个世纪的成就也没能超越它。
A typical major Roman road in the UK consisted of several layers of material,increasing in strength from the bottom layers, perhaps of rubble, through intermediate layers of lime-bound concrete to an upper layer of flags or stone slabs grouted in lime. 在英国典型的主要罗马道路是由几层材料组成的，下层可能用瓦砾来提高它的强度，由石灰混凝土材料构成的中间层连系着由石板或石灰混凝土板组成的上层。
The total thickness of such a pavement would be varied according to the ground conditions. 而路面的总厚度将随不同的地面条件而改变In sound ground a thickness approaching one meter might be found; elsewhere this would be increased as necessary.但是在接近原地面的一个路面厚度须达到接近一米的厚度，这在任何一个地方都是必须要满足的。
During the Dark Age s—and indeed well after tha t—no serious attempt was made in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently deteriorated.在黑暗的中世纪——在这以后也是一样——英国没有采取任何措施去尝试保养或者翻新罗马道路，从而罗马道路破坏恶化。
By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country.而到了中世纪末，整个国家没有了道路交通系统成为了事实Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassable for most of the year and dusty and impassable for the remainde仅存的道路也是未铺装的，这种道路在一年中的大多数时间是泥泞的而无法通行，其余时间也是因尘土飞扬而导致无法通行Diversions around particularly poor lengths of road, private land or difficult topography had resulted in sinuous alignments.但是在短距离道路上绕道可能因私人土地或者复杂地形而使道路更加蜿蜒曲折The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the most determined travelers.而一般的非法结合以上特点的道路组织了所有行人除了那些最有决心的旅行者们。
The first small change in this state of affairs was bought about by an Act of 1555 which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor of Highways.在英国，现状的首个改变是1555年的一次行动，这次行动要求每一个教区要对本教区的道路进行保养并且聘用专门的道路检验员As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist to match the task in hand, the obvious expectation that the post of Surveyor was unpopular and ineffective is generally correct .但是由于这个职位是无偿的资源匮乏的，而且手头要做的工作也没有相匹配的技术支持，因而检验员一职不受欢迎和无效的明显期望是正确的。
This lack of resources remained a problem for over a century. 一个多世纪以来，这方面资源的缺乏仍然是个问题。
In the latter part of the seventeenth century the first experimental lengths of turnpike road were established on the Great North Road(now the A1 trunk road).在十七世纪后期，第一条试验收费公路在大北路（现在的A1公路）建成Turnpiking is a toll system whereby travelers pay for the use of the road.收费公路即是一个向道路使用者征收道路使用费用的收费系统In the first part of the next century Parliament produced a series of Acts which enabled the establishment of Turnpike Trusts on main routes throughout the country. 就在下个世纪初期，议会产生的一系列法案就授权托拉斯在全国主要干道上建立收费公路系统In this improved financial climate road building techniques gradually developed through the work of such pioneers as Metcalf, Telford and the eponymous Macadam. 在这种提升的金融环境条件下道路建设技术通过像德福、特福德和与麦克亚当齐名的先驱者的贡献得到缓步发展By about 1830 a system of well –paved roads had evolved of such quality that they imposed little or no constraint on road traffic.而在大约1830年的时候发明了一种用于铺装路面的“井”系统可以对道路交通产生很少的或几乎没有约束Journey times were limited not by the state of the road but by the nature of road vehicles.行车的时间不仅仅受限于国家的现有道路，还受限于交通工具的性能。