翻译理论集锦

1. terms

1) translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE.

Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.

Owing to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations.

Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation or tomechanically aid the human translator.The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization.

Translation studies systematically study the theory and practice of translation.

2)Translation methods

翻译方法是翻译活动中，基于某种翻译策略，为达到特定的翻译目的所采取的特定的途径、步骤、手段。

Literal translation : means not to alter the original words and sentences, it strives to keep the sentiments and style of the original. It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the ideological context and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.eg:纸老虎paper tiger word for word Liberal translation: is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figure of speech. Eg；Adam’s apple 喉结sense for sense

3) Translation strategies

翻译策略是翻译活动中，为实现特定的翻译目的所依据的原则和所采纳的方案集合。A plan or policy designed for a particular purpose.

异化：Foreignization 尽量不要打扰原作者，而是把读者带向原作者。Schleiermacher : “Leave the author in piece as much as possible, and move the reader toward him.”尽量保留原文的语言、文学、文化特质，保留异国风.

归化：Domestication 尽量不要打扰原作者，而是把作者带向读者。Schleiermacher : “Leave the author in piece as much as possible, and move the author toward reader.”具体表现为在翻译中，尽量用目的语读者喜闻乐见的语言、文学、文化要素来替换源语的语言、文学、文化要素，恪守、回归目的语的语言、文学和文化规范

4)equivalence

Ii was advocated by Jakobson. Through to the 1950s and 1960s, discussions in translation studies tended to concern how best to attain "equivalence". The term "equivalence" had two distinct meanings, corresponding to different schools of thought. In the Russian tradition, "equivalence" was usually a one-to-one correspondence between linguistic forms, or a pair of authorized technical terms or phrases, such that "equivalence" was opposed to a range of