2018年12月大学英语四级翻译三套试卷解析(新东方版)
2018年12月四级第三套解析
2018年12月大学英语四级考试精编解析(第三套)Part Ⅰ Writing范文The Challenges of Starting a Career After GraduationThe recent years have witnessed a sharp rise in the number of college students who successfully start their careers after graduation. However, many others fail to do so because the transition from a student to an employee is actually full of challengesFirst of all, you might not be popular with every colleague, which is frustrating for a newcomer of the workplace. So you’d better try to make a good impression on all of your workmates, especially your boss. Furthermore, there probably is a gap between what you learned at school and what you are acquired to do at work. You have to learn quickly and avoid making too many stupid mistakes. Finally, you may find you are always on a tight budget because of the low salary for a new graduate and all kinds of living expenses, which make it difficult to make the ends meet.As the old proverb goes, “Well begun is half gone.” If you can handle these challenges skillfully after graduation, you will clear the path for further career development, either job promotion or starting your own business. So hang on and never give up!Part II Listening Comprehension说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前两套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题及答案(第三套)
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套）Part I Writing (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top ChefA) When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won’t have much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we’ve done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B) While the “five-second rule” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it’s still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C) So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold（门槛）that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It’s a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D) Wondering if food is still OK to eat after it’s dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it’s probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E) In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, “But you can always pick it up and if you’re alone in the kitchen, who’s going to see it?” But the misremembered story persists. It’s harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F) So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the University of Illinois. Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles（瓷砖）and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didn’t report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G) But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H) We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn’t depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what’s at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I) We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 45-70% of bacteria were.J) Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters（参数）to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor.K) Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L）And it’s not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various “media”, which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing（打喷嚏）. Hands, foods and utensils（器皿）can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers（清洁剂）and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M）So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N）Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean.36. A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37. Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38. Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39. Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated.40. The author’s research centers around how food gets contaminated.41. Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42. Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43. For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44. Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45. Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey（猎物）using both their ears and an inborn（天生的）understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a team member shook. Some containers rattled（发出响声）；others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn’t. It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected. “Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects,” lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers conclude that cats’ hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in what’s called “preferential looking”—looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceive as normal. When babies’ expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends. Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America’s most important research universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they’ve shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46.What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to understand the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47. What may account for the cats’ response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.B) Their unusual sense of direction.C) Their special ability to perceive.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A) They depend on their instincts. C) They wait some time before attack.B)They rely mainly on their hearing. D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.B) They view the world as normal.C) They do what they prefer to do.D) They are curious about everything.50. What can we conclude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They interact withe the physical world much like humans.C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator padals（踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. “The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?” You say “yes” and you are on your way. The car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modern society in radical ways. There’s no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what’s happening in the coal and oil industries a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country. New technologies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can’t be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.51.What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It would save local governments a lot of money.C) More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D) Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.52. How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.B) They would suffer no road accidents.C) They would have no trouble driving.D) They could go anywhere they want.53. What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A) The conflict between labor and management would intensify.B) The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C) Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D) Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54. What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A) Political dissatisfaction.B) Retraining of employees.C) Fossil fuel conservation.D) Business restructuring.55. What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A) Keep pace with technological developments.B) Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C) Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D) Popularize the use of new technologies and devices.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
2018年12月英语四级真题答案解析
2018年12月英语四级真题答案解析（第1套）来源：文都教育Part I Writing【创业——参考范文】The Challenges of Starting a Career after GraduationFacing the rising employment pressure, a host of college graduates choose to start a career instead of looking for a regular job in a company. As we all know that, starting a career is beneficial to realize one’s own dreams and value. However, it is also widely acknowledged that stating a career will be inevitably confronted with numerous challenges.When it comes to the challenges that we may meet in the process of starting a career, the main ones can be listed as follows. First of all, as freshmen who have just entered into the society, it is obvious that college graduates lack related experience, which will increase the rate of failure they may encounter during starting a career. Being short of entrepreneurial experience is one of difficulties that college graduates need to overcome. In addition, the collection of money is another problem they should solve urgently. Otherwise, there is no possibility of starting a career.Although starting a career after graduation has so many challenges to be solved, college graduates still need take a positive attitude towards it. Moreover, prudent consideration and entrepreneurial spirit are also necessary for graduates to start a career.Part IIListening Comprehension【四级听力参考答案】C) Set up a mobile phone network on the moon.A) It is stable.B) No injuries were yet reported.B) Pull down the deserted shopping mall.A) Shrinking potato farming.C) It is afraid of the spread of disease.A) Global warming.C) Dull.D)she take notes.A) It keeps her mind active.B) It helps her better remember what she learns. A)To spend her honeymoon.A) In memory of a princess.D) It has walls decorated with jewels.B)They are mostly crowded.C)They provide residents with the resources needed.B)By inspiring their creativity.D)Their number increased modestly.C)It is an unusual cross breed.A)They are as loyal as doges.C)They shower with them.D) Excited but somewhat sad.A) It starts the moment they are born.D) Set a good example for them to follow.B) Their home life.Part III Reading comprehensionSectionAF) damageB) associatedM) sourcesD) constantG) describedE) controlH) equalsK) regularlyI)exclusivelyO) vehiclesSection B[D] Nadeau says sugar and...[B] Scott is delighted to get...[G] In Southern California...39. [A] Several times a month, you can...40. [I] Many people don’t know how to cook...41.[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard...42.[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made...43. [J] Studies have explored evidence that...44. [E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution...45. [G] In Southern California...Section CPassage oneB)By drawing water from the depths of the earth。
2018年201X年12月英语四级翻译真题答案word版本 (2页)
2018年201X年12月英语四级翻译真题答案word版本本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==201X年12月英语四级翻译真题答案四级翻译一向会让人头疼，不是“词”想不出来，就是“意”翻不出来。
下面小编为大家搜索整理了201X年12月英语四级翻译真题答案，希望对大家有所帮助。
英语四级翻译真题及译文：泰山泰山位于山东省西部。
海拔1500余米，方圆约400平方公里。
泰山不仅雄伟壮观，而且是一座历史文化名山，过去3000多年一直是人们前往朝拜的地方。
据记载，共有72位帝王曾来此游览。
许多作家到泰山获取灵感，写诗作文，艺术家也来此绘画。
山上因此留下了许许多多的文物古迹。
泰山如今已成为中国一处主要的旅游景点。
参考范文：Located in western Shandong province in eastern China, Mount Tai stands over 1500 meters above sea level and covers an area of about 400 square kilometers. It is a mountain of historical and cultural significance. Religious worship of Mount Tai dates back 3,000 years.In recorded history, 72 emperors came here to pay homage to heavenand earth. Mount Tai has seen many poets, literary scholars as wellas painters who have traveled there for inspiration. That explainswhy Mount Tai features numerous cultural relics and historic sites. Mount Tai has become one of the leading tourist attractions in China.英语四级翻译真题及译文：华山华山位于华阴市，距西安120公里。
2018年12月四级翻译解析(新东方版)
2018年12月四级翻译解析（新东方版）Part IV Translation （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer sheet 2.由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人速度增长。
这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。
他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。
大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。
因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。
但调查显示，尽管能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。
With the rapid development of communication network, the recent years has witnessed a dramatical increase in the number of smartphone users in China, which greatly changed the way of reading among many people. Nowadays, they tend to get access to news and articles through their smartphones instead of traditional magazines. In addition, the development of numerous mobile apps has made it possible for people to read novels and other literary works through phones. Therefore, influence was exerted on the sale of paper books. According to the survey, however, more than half of adults still prefer paper books despite a steady growth existed in the mobile reading market.1. 由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人速度增长。
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)目录2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版) (1)快速对答案 (14)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷一详细答案(精品) (15)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题二(完整版) (61)快速对答案 (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷二详细答案(精品) (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题三(完整版) (120)快速对答案 (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷三详细答案(精品) (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版)Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on the challenges of living in a big city.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
英语四级真题2018年12月(第三套)试卷及答案解析
2018年12月四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section A．Directions: In th· is section, you will hear three news reports. A t the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose theen mar e corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . Th k tha single line through the centre.说明：2018年12月四级真题全国共考了两套听力。
本套的听力内容与第二套的完全一样，只是选项的顺序不一样而巳，故在本套中不再重复给出。
Part ill Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. Yo u are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is ident加d by a letter: Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre. Yo u may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold which ended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different 26 I tried, I still couldn't get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and 28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders. I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never tried it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn't sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮）treatment known as "Gua Sha". I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didn't feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!A)deepen B) e xperiences C)hesitantD)" mconvemence E) l essen F) l icensesG) p ressured H) r ecommended!)remediesJ) s cared K) s ensitive L) s inkM) t emporary N)tremble O)worseSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. I dentify the paragraph from which the information i.s derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floor?A) W hen you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won't have much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we've done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B)W怕le the "five-second rule" might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it's still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C) S o is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛）that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It's a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D) W ondering if food is still OK to eat after it's dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it's probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E) I n fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, "But you can always pick it up and if you're alone in the kitchen, who's going to see it?" But the misremembered story persists. It's harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F) S o what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of you food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in aresearch project at the University of Illinois.Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖）and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didn't report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood.Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5, 30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. W e repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2, 4, 8 and 24 hoursH) W e found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn't depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what's at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I) W e also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1 %of the bacteria were transferred.But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 48-70% of bacteria were.J) L ast year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters (参数）to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87 %of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor. K) Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1 %is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. B ut the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L) A nd it's not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination.Bacteria are carried by various "media", which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing (打喷咙）. Hands, foods and utensils (器皿）can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanit也ers(清洁剂）and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M) S o the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N) R esearch or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean.36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37. W hether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39.Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated.40. T he author's research centers around how food gets contaminated.41.Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed ona contaminated floor.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. E ach passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Fo r each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) a nd D). Yo u should decide on the best choice and markthe corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey (猎物）using both their ears and an inborn(天生的）understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a te皿member shook. S ome containers rattled (发出响声）；others did not. W hen the con血ner tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn't.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected."Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects," lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. T he researchers conclude that cats'hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. L ike cats, babies appear to engage in what's called "preferential looking"—looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceiveas normal.When babies'expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends.Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, s o cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America's most important research universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they've shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46. What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to understand the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47.What may account for the cats'response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.C) Their special ability to perceive. B) Their unusual sense of direction.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. W hat is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A) They depend on their instincts.C) They wait some time before attack.49.In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.C) They do what they prefer to do.50. W hat can we conclude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They interact with the physical world much like humans.C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. B) They rely mainly on their hearing.D) They use both their ears and eyes.B) They view the world as normal. D) They are curious about everything.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator pedals (踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. "The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?" You say "yes" and you are on your way. T he car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. O n the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modem society in radical ways.There's no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. T he potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels.Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505, 660 registered school bus drivers. T he American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S ..The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offerretraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what's happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New technologies will, and should, be developed. T his is how society moves forward. However, progress can't be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.61. W hat would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It would save local governments a lot of money.C) More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D) Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.52.How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.C) They would have no trouble driving.B) They would suffer no road accidents.D) They could go anywhere they want.53.What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A) The conflict between labor and management would intensify.B) The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C) Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D)Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54. W hat is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A)Political dissatisfaction.C) Fossil fuel conservation.B) Retraining of employees.D) Business restructuring.55.What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A)Keep pace with technological developments.B) Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C) Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D) Popularize the use of new technologies and devicesPart IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For t如s part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
大学英语四六级考试-2018年12月四级第三套阅读参考译文
Section A几个月前，我因为患了重感冒病倒了，结果一直咳嗽得很厉害。
无论我尝试了多少种不同的[26]治疗方法，我仍然咳嗽不止。
这不仅给我的教学[27]带来了不便，也给我的整个生活造成了麻烦。
后来有一天下课后，一个学生过来向我[28]推荐中医。
从她的描述中，中医听起来似乎有种神奇的魔力，能创造奇迹。
我[29]犹豫不决，因为我对中医知之甚少，而且以前从未尝试过。
最后，我咳嗽得愈加[30]厉害，以至于晚上无法入睡，所以我决定试试中医。
中国医生给我把了脉，并要求查看了我的舌头，这些对我来说都是新的[31]体验，因为它们在西医中都是不存在的。
后来医生给我做了刮痧疗法。
起初我有点[32]害怕，因为他用一个边缘光滑的工具刮我脖子和肩膀上的皮肤。
几分钟后，[33]有力道的刮痧开始产生缓解作用，我的身心开始[34]陷入更深层的放松之中。
在最初的几天，我感觉身体状况没有任何好转，但是经过几次定期就诊后，我的咳嗽开始[35]缓解。
后来，在大约几个星期之内，咳嗽完全消失了！Section B掉在地上的食物真的可以吃吗？A)当你把一块食物掉在地上时，如果你在五秒内捡起来，真的就可以吃吗？城市中有一个关于食物的传言认为，如果食物在地板上只停留了几秒钟的时间，灰尘和细菌就不会有太多机会污染它。
[40]我的实验室的研究集中在食物是如何被污染的，我们在这一特殊的学问方面已经做了一些研究工作。
B)虽然“五秒钟规则”或许看上去并非食品科学家最迫切需要弄清楚的问题，但像这种关于食物的传言仍然值得研究，因为它们使我们形成了关于食物何时可以安全食用的看法。
C)那么，在地板上停留5秒钟是把一块可食用的食物和一起食物中毒案例区分开来的关键参数吗？事情比这要更加复杂一点。
[37]这取决于到底有多少细菌能在几秒钟内从地板附着到食物上面，以及地板有多脏。
D)[43]想知道食物掉在地上后是否还能吃是很多人都有过的经历。
而且，这很可能也不是什么新鲜事了。
2018年12月四级真题(第三套)
2018年12月四级考试真题(第三套）为了让大家更好地模拟真实考场，文都网校四六级完全按照真题卷面顺序排版了本套真题，Part I写作部分被放在了试卷的最后一页，与听力部分完全隔开，请大家在备考过程中提早适应卷面顺序！Part II Listening Comprehension(30minutes)Part III Reading Comprehension(40minutes) Section ADirections:I n this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passagethrough carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single linethrough the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague?Delivered a26to a subordinate(下属)with a voice-mail message?Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person?The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for27and productivity—and at the same time very troublesome.With so many ways to communicate,how should a manager choose the one that’s best—28when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcome news for the recipient?We’ve29business communication consultants and etiquette(礼仪)experts to come up with the following guidelines for30 using the alternative ways of delivering difficult messages.First of all,choose how personal you want to be.A face-to-face communication is the most31.Other choices,in descending order of personalization,are:a real-time phone call,a voice-mail message,a handwritten note,a typewritten letter,and the most32is email.Some of these may change order according to the33situation or your own preferences;for example,a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice-mail.How do you decide on the best choice for the difficult message you’ve got to deliver?“My34concern is:How can I soften or civilize this message?”says etiquette expert Dana Casperson.“So when I apologize,I usually choose in-person first,or a phone conversation as my top alternative,and maybe a handwritten note next.Apologizing by email is something I now totally35.”A)avoidB)convenienceC)effectivelyD)escapeE)intimateF)particularlyG)primaryH)prompt I)reward J)silent K)specific L)surveyed M)unfriendly N)warning O)witnessedSection BDirections:I n this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each state-ment contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from whichthe information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph ismarked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet2.How a Poor,Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top Chef[A]The busy streets in Paris were uneven and caked in thick mud,but there was always a breathtaking sightto see in the shop windows of Partisserie de la Rue de la Paix.By1814,people crowded outside the bakery,straining for a glimpse of the latest sweet food created by the young chef who worked inside. [B]His name was Marie-Antoine Carême,and he had appeared,one day,almost out of nowhere.But in hisshort lifetime,which ended exactly184years ago today,he would forever revolutionize French gourmet food(美食),write best-selling cook books and think up magical dishes for royals and other important people.[C]Carême’s childhood was one part tragedy,equal part mystery.Born the16th child to poor parents in Parisin either1783or1784,a young Carême was suddenly abandoned at the height of the French Revolution.At8years old,he worked as a kitchen boy for a restaurant in Paris in exchange for room and board.By age15,he had become an apprentice(学徒)to Sylvain Bailly,a well-known dessert chef with a successful bakery in one of Paris’s most fashionable neighborhoods.[D]C arême was quick at learning in the kitchen.Bailly encouraged his young apprentice to learn to read andwrite.Carême would often spend his free afternoons at the nearby National Library reading books on art and architecture.In the back room of the little bakery,his interest in design and his baking talent combined to work wonders—he shaped delicious masterpieces out of flour,butter and sugar.[E]In his teenage years,Carême fashioned eatable copies of the late18th century’s most famous buildings—cookies in the shape of ruins of ancient Athens and pies in the shape of ancient Chinese palaces and temples.Sylvain Bailly,his master,displayed these luxuriant creations—often as large as4feet tall—in his bakery windows.[F]Careme’s creations soon captured the discriminating eye of a French diplomat,Charles Maurice deTalleyrand-Périgord.Around1804,Talleyrand challenged Carême to produce a full menu for his personal castle,instructing the young baker to use local,seasonal fruits and vegetables and to avoid repeating main dishes over the course of an entire year.The experiment was a grand success and Talleyrand’s association with French nobility would prove a profitable connection for Carême.[G]French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste of early18thcentury cooking,but under pressure to entertain Paris high society,he too called Carême to his kitchen at Tuileries Palace.In1810,Carême designed the extraordinary cake for the wedding of Napoleon and his second bride,Marie-Louise of Austria.He became one of the first modern chefs to focus on the appearance of his table,not just the flavor of his dishes.“I want order and taste.A well-displayed meal is enhanced one hundred percent in my eyes,”he later wrote in one of his cook books.[H]In1816,Carême began a culinary(烹饪的)journey which would forever mark his place as history’sfirst top chef.He voyaged to England to cook in the modern Great Kitchen of the prince regent(摄政王), George IV,and crossed continents to prepare grand banquets for the tables of Tsar Alexander I of Russia.Never afraid to talk up his own accomplishments,a boastful Carême made a fortune as wealthy families with social ambitions invited him to their ter,in his cook books,he would often include a sketch of himself,so that people on the street would be able to recognize—and admire—him.[I]Carême’s cooking displays became the symbol of fine French dining;they were plentiful,beautiful andimposing.Guests would fall silent in wonder as servants carried Carême’s fancy creations into the dining hall.For a banquet celebrating the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia’s visit to George IV’s Brighton Pavillion on Jan.18,1817,the menu featured120different dishes,highlighting eight different soups,40 main courses,and32desserts.[J]A s he traveled through the homes of early19th century nobility,Carême forged the new art of French gourmet food.Locked in hot kitchens,Carême created his four“mother sauces.”These sauces—béchamel,velouté,espagnole and allemande—formed the central building blocks for many French main courses.He also perfected the soufflé—a baked egg dish,and introduced the standard chef’s uniform-the same double-breasted white coat and tall white hat still worn by many chefs today.The white clothing conveyed an image of cleanliness,according to Carême-and in his realm,appearance was everything.[K]Between meals,Carême wrote cook books that would be used in European kitchens for the next century.His manuals including The Royal Parisian Baker and the massive five-volume Art of French Cooking Series(1833-1847,completed after his death)first systematized many basic principles of cooking, complete with drawings and step-by-step directions.Long before television cooking shows,Carême walked readers through common kitchen tasks,instructing them to“try this for yourself,at home”as famous American Chef Julia Child might do,many years later.[L]In the end,however,it was the kitchen that did Carême in.Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air(to ensure his dishes would not get cold)had fatally damaged his lungs.On Jan.12,1833,Carême died just before he turned50.[M]B ut in his lifetime,Carême,ever confident,could see beyond his short domination in the kitchen.He wanted to“set the standard for beauty in classical and modern cooking,and prove to the distant future that the French chefs of the19th century were the most famous in the world,”as he wrote in his papers. [N]Decades later,chef Auguste Escoffier would build upon Carême’s concept of French cuisine(烹饪).But in the very beginning,there was just Carême,the top chef who elevated dining into art.36.Carême was among the first chefs who stressed both the appearance and flavor of dishes.37.Carême wanted to show to later generations that French chefs of his time were most outstanding in theworld.38.Carême benefited greatly from serving a French diplomat and his connections.39.Carême learned his trade from a famous dessert chef in Paris.40.Carême’s creative works were exhibited in the shop windows by his master.41.Carême’s knowledge of art and architecture helped him create extraordinary desserts out of ordinaryingredients.42.Many people in Paris were eager to have a look at the latest sweet food made by Carême.43.Carême became extremely wealthy by cooking for rich and socially ambitious families.44.Carême’s writings dealt with fundamental cooking principles in a systematic way.45.Carême’s contribution to French cooking was revolutionary.Section CDirections:T here are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet2with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Roughly the size of a soda can,sitting on a bookshelf,a relatively harmless gadget may be turning friends away from your home.The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected security camera,a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes.But few stop to think about the effect these devices may have on house guests.Should you tell your friends,for instance they’re being recorded while you all watch the big game together?“It’s certainly new territory,especially as home security cameras become easier to install,”says Lizzie Post,president of the Emily Post Institute,America’s foremost manners advisors.“I think it will be very interesting to see what etiquette(礼仪)emerges in terms of whether you tell people you have a camera or not,and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off,if it’s not a security issue.”Post wants to make clear that she’s not talking about legal rights,but rather personal preferences.She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet,because the technology is just now becoming mainstream.Besides,the Emily Post Institute doesn’t dictate manners.When it comes to security cameras,Post says it’s a host’s responsibility to make sure guests feel comfortable within their home.“I’m always a fan of being open and honest.”For instance,if the host casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about it,that may be enough to provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.However,if a contractor is working in your home,you don’t need to tell them that there are cameras watching.Then again,the air of accountability that the camera generates can also work in contractors’favor.“If anything does go wrong while they’re in the house,they don’t want to be blamed for it,”she says.“In fact, the camera could be the thing that proves that they didn’t steal the$20,or knock the vase off the table.”46.For what reason may your friends feel reluctant to visit your home?A)The security camera installedmay intrude into their privacy.B)They don’t want their photos to be circulated on the Internet.C)The security camera may turn out to be harmful to their health.D)They may not be willing to interact with your family members.47.What does Lizzie Post say is new territory?A)The effect of manners advice on the public.B)Cost of applying new technologies at home.C)The increasing use of home security devices.D)Etiquette around home security cameras.48.What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security cameras?A)Legal rights.C)Likes and dislikes of individuals.B)Moral issues.D)The possible impact on manners.49.What is a host’s responsibility regarding security cameras,according to Lizzie Post?A)Making their guests feel at ease.C)Turning them off in time.B)Indicating where they are.D)Ensuring their guests’privacy.50.In what way can the home security camera benefit visitors to your home?A)It can satisfy theircuriosity.B)It can prove their innocence.C)It can help them learn new technology.D)It can make their visit more enjoyable.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing ones with lower sugar,salt and fat,as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic（流行病）.The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry to offer products with reduced levels of unhealthy Ingredients—PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread.However,its new10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.Shifting eating habits,including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks,have forced radical change on the industry.But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels,which stand at36. 5%overall in the US.Indra Nooyi,PepsiCo’s chairman,said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company’s growth.But on the subject of obesity,she pointed out that consumers’lifestyles have changed significantly,with many people being more sedentary（久坐不动的）not least because more time is spent in front of computers.She said PepsiCo’s contribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.“Society has to change its habits,”she added.“We can’t do much to alter sedentary lifestyles,but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products,low in salt,sugar and fat.In the past we had to have a tastetrade-off.But we’re breaking that trade-off.”PepsiCo’s plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organisation, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption.Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact,water consumption and materials used in packaging by2025.PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals.However,Dr Mehmood Khan,chief scientific officer,said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was“committed to sustaining investment”,adding that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales.PepsiCo’s research and development budget in2015was$754million.51.Why is PepsiCo making a policy change?A)To win support from the federal government.B)To be more competitive in the globalmarket.C)To satisfy the growing needs for healthy foods.D)To invest more wisely in the soft drink industry.52.What does PepsiCo think it will have to do in the future?A)Invest more to develop new snacks.C)Change consumers’eating habits.B)Reduce levels of obesity in the US.D)Keep on improving its products.53.Why does PepsiCo plan to alter its products,according to Indra Nooyi?A)To ensure the company’sfuture development.B)To adapt to its customers’changed taste.C)To help improve its consumers’lifestyles.D)To break the trade-off in its product design.54.What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemic?A)It is mainly caused by overconsumptionof snacks.B)It results from high sugar and salt consumption.C)It is attributable to people’s changed lifestyles.D)It has a lot to do with longer working hours.55.What has PepsiCo been doing to achieve its objective?A)Studying WHO’s guidelines.C)Expanding its market overseas.B)Increasing its research funding.D)Cutting its production costs.Part IV Translation(30minutes) Directions:F or this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
2018年12月四级考试真题（第3套）
2018年12月四级考试真题（第3套）2018 年12 月四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing （30 minutes）Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension （30 minutes）（注：卷三听力部分与卷二相同。
）Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague? Delivered a 26 to a subordinate （下属）with a voice-mail message? Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person? The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for 27 and productivity—and at the same time very troublesome. With so many ways to communicate, how should a manag er choose the one that’s best—28 when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcome news for the recipient? We’ve 29 business communicationconsultants and etiquette（礼仪）experts to come up with the following guidelines for 30 using the alternative ways of delivering difficult messages.First of all, choose how personal you want to be. A face-to-face communication is the most 31 . Other choices, in descending order of personalization, are: a real-time phone call, a voice-mail message, a handwritten note, a typewritten letter, and the most 32 is email. Some of these may change order according to the 33 situation or your own preferences; for example, a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice-mail. How do you decide on the best choice for the diffi cult message you’ve got to deliver? “My 34 concern is: How can I soften or civilize this message?” says etiquette expert Dana Casperson. “So when I apologize, I usually choose in-person first, or a phone conversation as my top alternative, and maybe a handwritten note next. Apologizing by email is something I now totally 35 .Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questionsby marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top Chef?[A] The busy streets in Paris were uneven and caked in thick mud, but there was always abreathtaking sight to see in the shop windows of Patisserie de la Rue de la Paix. By 1814, people crowded outside the bakery, straining for a glimpse of the latest sweet food created by the young chef who worked inside.[B] His name was Marie-Antoine Carême, and he had appeared, one day, almost out of nowhere.But in his short lifetime, which ended exactly 184 years ago today, he would forever revolutionize French gourmet food（美食）, write best-selling cook books and think up magical dishes for royals and other important people.[C]Carême’s childhood was one part tragedy, equal part mystery. Born the 16th child to poor parentsin Paris in either 1783 or 1784, a young Carême was suddenly abandoned at the height of the French Revolution. At 8 years old, he worked as a kitchen boy for a restaurant in Paris in exchange for room and board. By age 15, he had become an apprentice （学徒）to Sylvain Bailly,a well-known dessert chef with a successful bakery in one of Paris’s most fashionableneighborhoods.[D] Carême was quick at learning in the kitchen. Bailly encouraged his young apprentice to learn toread and write. Carême would often spend his free afternoons at the nearby National Library reading books on art and architecture. In the back room of the little bakery, his interestin design and his baking talent combined to work wonders—he shaped delicious masterpieces out of flour, butter and sugar.[E] In his teena ge years, Carême fashioned eatable copies of the late 18th century’s most famousbuildings—cookies in the shape of ruins of ancient Athens and pies in the shape of ancient Chinese palaces and temples. Sylvain Bailly, his master, displayed these luxuriant creations—often as large as 4 feet tall—in his bakery windows.[F] Carême creations soon captured the discriminating eye of a French diplomat, Charles Mauricede Talleyrand-Périgord. Around 1804, Talleyrand challenged Carême to produce a full menu for his p ersonal castle, instructing the young baker to use local, seasonal fruits and vegetables and to avoid repeating main dishes over the course of an entire year. The experiment was a grand success and Talleyrand’s association with French nobility would prove a profitable connection for Carême.[G] French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste ofearly 18th century cooking, but under pressure to entertain Paris’ high society, he too called Carême to his kitchen at Tuilerie s Palace. In 1810, Carême designed the extraordinary cake for the wedding of Napoleon and his second bride, Marie-Louise of Austria. He became one of the first modern chefs to focus on the appearance of his table, not just the flavor of his dishes. “I want order and taste. A well-displayed meal is enhanced one hundred percent in my eyes,” he later wrote in one of his cook books.[H] In 1816, Carême began a culinary（烹饪的）journey which would forever mark his place ashistory’s first top chef. He voyaged to Eng land to cook in the modern Great Kitchen of the prince regent（摄政王）, George IV, and crossed continents to prepare grand banquets for the tables of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Never afraid to talk up his own accomplishments, a boastful Carême made a fortune as wealthy families with social ambitions invited him to their kitchens.Later, in his cook books, he would often include a sketch of himself, so that people on the street would be able to recognize—and admire—him.[I]Carême’s cooking displays became the symbol of fine French dining; they were plentiful,beautiful and imposing. Guests would fall silent in wonder as servants carried Carême’s fancy creations into the dining hall. For a banquet celebrating the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia’s visit to George I V’s Brighton Pavillion on Jan. 18, 1817, the menu featured 120 different dishes, highlighting eight different soups, 40 main courses, and 32 desserts.[J] As he traveled through the homes of early 19th century nobility, Carême forged the new art of French gourmet food. Locked in hot kitchens, Carême created his four “mother sauces.” These sauces—béchamel, velouté, espagnole and allemande—formed the central building blocks for many French main courses. He also perfected the soufflé—a baked egg dish, and introduced the standard chef’s uniform—the same double-breasted white coat and tall white hat still worn by many chefs today. The white clothing conveyed an image of cleanliness, according to Carême—and in his realm, appearance was everything.[K] Between meal s, Carême wrote cook books that would be used in European kitchens for the next century. His manuals,including The Royal Parisian Baker and the massive five-volume Art of French Cooking Series (1833-1847, completed after his death) first systematized many basic principles of cooking, complete with drawings and step-by-step directions. Long before television cooking shows, Carême walked readers through common kitchen tasks, instructing them to “try this for yourself, at home” as famous American Chef Julia C hild might do, many years later.[L] In the end, however, it was the kitchen that did Carême in. Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not get cold) had fatally damaged his lungs. On Ja n. 12, 1833, Carême died just before he turned 50.[M] But in his lifetime, Carême, ever confident, could see beyond his short domination in the kitchen. He wanted to “set the standard for beauty in classical and m odern cooking, and prove to the distant future that the French chefs of the 19th century were the most famous in the world,”as he wrote in his papers.[N] Decades later, Auguste Escoffier would build upon Carême’s concept of French cuisine（烹饪）. But in the very beginning, there was just Carême, t he top chef who elevated dining into art.36. Carême was among the first chefs who stressed both the appearance and flavor of dishes.37. Carême wanted to show to later generations that French chefs of his time were most outstandingin the world.38. Carêm e benefited greatly from serving a French diplomat and his connections.39. Carême learned his trade from a famous dessert chef in Paris.40. Carême’s creative works were exhibited in the shop windows by his master.41. Carême’s knowledge of art and archit ecture helped him create extraordinary desserts out ofordinary ingredients.42. Many people in Paris were eager to have a look at the latest sweet food made by Carême.43. Carême became extremely wealthy by cooking for rich and socially ambitious families.44. Carême’s writings dealt with fundamental cooking principles in a systematic way.45. Carême’s contribution to French cooking was revolutionary.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or un?nished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Roughly the size of a soda can, sitting on a bookshelf, a relatively harmless gadget may be turning friends away from your home. The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected security camera, a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes. But few stop to think about the effect these devices may have on house guests. Shouldyou tell your friends, for instan ce, that they’re being recorded while you all watch the big game together?“It’s certainly new territory, especially as home security cameras become easier to install,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute, America’s foremost manners adv isors. “I think itwill be very interesting to see what etiquette（礼仪）emerges in terms of whether you tell peopleyou have a camera or not, and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it’s not a security issue.”Post wants to make c lea r that she’s not talking about legal rights, but rather personal preferences. She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet, because the technology is just now becoming mainstream. Besides, the Emily Post Institute doesn’t dictate manners.When it comes to security cameras, Post says it’s a host’s responsibility to make sure guests feel c omfortable within their home. “I’m always a fan of being open and honest.” For instance, if the host casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about it, that may be enough to provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.However, if a contractor is working in your home, you don’t need to tell them that there are cameras watching. Then again, the air of accountability that the camera generates can also work in contractors’ favor. “If anything does go wrong while they’re in the house, they don’t want to be blamed for it,” she says. “In fact, the camera could be the thi ng that proves that they didn’t steal the $20, or knock the vase off the table.”46. For what reason may your friends feel reluctant to visityour home?A) The security camera installed may intrude into their privacy.B) They don’t want their photos t o be circulated on the Internet.C) The security camera may turn out to be harmful to their health.D) They may not be willing to interact with your family members.47. What does Lizzie Post say is new territory?A) The effect of manners advice on the public.B) Cost of applying new technologies at home.C) The increasing use of home security devices.D) Etiquette around home security cameras.48. What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security cameras?A) Legal rights.B) Moral issues.C) Likes and dislikes of individuals.D) The possible impact on manners.49. What is a host’s responsibility regarding security cameras, according to Lizzie Post?A) Making their guests feel at ease.B) Indicating where they are.C) Turning them off in time.D) Ensuring their guests’ privacy.50. In what way can the home security camera benefit visitors to your home?A) It can satisfy their curiosity.B) It can prove their innocence.C) It can help them learn new technology.D) It can make their visit more enjoyable.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing ones with lower sugar, salt and fat, as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic（流行病）.The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry to offer products with reduced levels of unhealthy ingredients—PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread. However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.Shifting eating habits, including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks, have forced radical change on the industry. But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, which stand at 36.5% overall in the US.Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company’s growth. But on the subject of obes ity, she pointed out that consumers’ lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary（久坐不动的）not least because more time is spent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo’s contribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.“Society has to change its habits,” she added. “We can’t do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat. In the past we had to have a taste trade-off. But we’re breaki ng that trade-off.”PepsiCo’s plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organization, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption. Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact, water consumption and materials used in packaging by 2025.PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals. However, Dr. Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was “committed to sustaining investment”, adding that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales. PepsiCo’s research and development budget in 2015 was $754 million.51. Why is PepsiCo making a policy change?A) To win support from the federal government.B) To be more competitive in the global market.C) To satisfy the growing needs for healthy foods.D) To invest more wisely in the soft drink industry.52. What does PepsiCo think it will have to do in the future?A) Invest more to develop new snacks.B) Reduce levels of obesity in the US.C) Change consumers’ eating habits.D) Keep on improving its products.53. Why does PepsiCo plan to alter its products, according to Indra Nooyi?A) To ensure the compa ny’s future development.B) To adapt t o its customers’ changed taste.C) To help improve its consumers’ lifestyles.D) To break the trade-off in its product design.54. What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemic?A) It is mainly caused by overconsumption of snacks.B) It results from high sugar and salt consumption.C) It is attributable to people’s changed lifestyles.D) It has a lot to do with longer working hours.55. What has PepsiCo been doing to achieve its objective?A) Studying WHO’s guidelines.B) Increasing its research funding.C) Expanding its market overseas.D) Cutting its production costs.Part IV Translation （30 minutes）Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
完整版2018年12月四级真题第三套
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第3套)Part I Writing (30mi nu tes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Liste ning Comprehe nsion (25 min utes)说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part 川Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )Sectio n ADirectio ns: In this sect ion, there is a passage with ten bla nks. You are required to select one word for each bla nk from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a sin gle line through the cen tre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more tha n on ce.Questi ons 26 to 35 are based on the follow ing passage.A few mon ths ago, I was dow n with a terrible cold which en ded in a persiste nt bad cough. No matter how many differe nt 26 I tried, I still could n 'get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teachi ng but also my life as a whole. The n one day after class, a stude nt came up to me and 28 traditi onal Chin ese medici ne. From her descripti on, Chin ese medici ne soun ded as if it had magic power that worked won ders. I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn 'sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chin ese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my ton gue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both nonexistent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮)treatment known as Gua Sha”. I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relievi ng effect and my body and mi nd bega n to 34 deeper into relaxati on. I did n 'feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!Sectio n BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on An swer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Aba ndoned Parisia n Boy Became a Top ChefA) When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up with in five sec on ds? An urba n food myth contends that if food spe nds just a few sec onds on the floor, dirt and germs won 'have much of a cha nee to con tam in ate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes con tam in ated, and we 've done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B) While the f ive-second rule ” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it' still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C) So is five sec onds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛)that separates a piece of eatable food from a case offood poisoning? It ' a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few sec onds and just how dirty the floor is.D) Won deri ng if food is still OK to eat after it 's dropped on the floor is a pretty com mon experie nee. And it 's probably n ot a new one either. A well-k nown, but in accurate, story about Julia Child may have con tributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cook ing show, The French Chef, i nsist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitche n, their guests would n ever know.E) In fact it was a potato pan cake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, say ing, But you can always pick it up and if you 're alone in the kitchen, who ' going to see it?" But the misremembered story persists.It' harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-sec ond rule and that wome n were more likely tha n men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F) So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the Uni versity of Illi no is. Clarke and her colleagues in troduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖) and the n placed cookies on the tiles for vary ing times. They reported bacteria were tran sferred from the tiles to the cookies within five sec on ds, butdid n 'report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G) But how many bacteria actually tran sfer in five sec on ds? In 2007, my lab at Clems on Uni versity published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wan ted to know if the len gth of time food is in con tact with a con tam in ated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minu tes after that, we placed either bac on or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 sec on ds, and the n measured the nu mber of bacteria tran sferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had bee n on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H) We found that the nu mber of bacteria tran sferred to either kind of food did n 'depe nd much on how long the food was in con tact with the con tam in ated surface —whether for a few sec onds or for a whole min ute. The overall nu mber of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what 's at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens tobe.I) We also found that the kind of surface made a differe nce as well. Carpets, for in sta nce, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. Butwhe n the food was in con tact with tile or wood, 45-70% of bacteria were.J) Last year, a study from Ast on Uni versity in the UK used n early ide ntical parameters (参数) to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eate n food falle n on the floor.K) Should you eat food falle n on the floor the n? From a food safety sta ndpo in t, if you have millio ns or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still eno ugh to make you sick. Also, certa in types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe ill ness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the cha nee of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L) And it ' not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various media”，which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sn eez ing (打喷嚏) .Han ds, foods and ute nsils (器皿) can carry in dividual bacteria livi ng in com mun ities containedwithin a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm com mun ities can harbor bacteria Ion ger and are very difficult to clea n. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers (清洁剂) and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M ) So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare cha nce that there is a micro-orga nism that there is a micro-orga nism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N) Research or com mon sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your han ds, ute nsils and other surfaces clea n.36. A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five sec on ds.37. Whether food is con tam in ated depe nds much on the nu mber of bacteria that get onto it.38. Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39. Males are less likely tha n females to eat food that may have bee n con tam in ated.40. The author' research cen ters around how food gets con tam in ated.41. Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42. Cha nces are you will not fall sick because of eati ng food picked up from the floor.43. For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44. Some stra ins of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly con seque nces.45. Researchers found how many bacteria got on to the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a con tam in ated floor.Sectio n CDirections: There are 2 passages in this sect ion. Each passage is followed by some questi ons or unfini shed stateme nts. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresp onding letter on An swer Sheet 2 with a sin gle line through the cen tre.Passage OneQuesti ons 46 and 50 are based on the follow ing passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely ani mal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.Accord ing to a n ewly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the locati on of hidi ng prey (猎物) using both their ears and an inborn (天生的) understanding of how the physical world works.In a rece nt experime nt, Japa nese researchers taped 30 domestic cats react ing to a container that a team member shook. Some containers rattled (发出响声)；others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn '.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happe n whe n a container was tipped over. Whe n an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattli ng container, they looked at it for a Ion ger time tha n they did whe n the container behaved as expected.Cats use a causal-logical un dersta nding of no ise or sounds to predict the appeara nee of in visible objects, "lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers con clude that catsh un ti ng style may have developed based on their com mon-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their heari ng.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in what ' called prefere ntial look ing " — look ing Ion ger at things that are in teresti ng or unu sual tha n things they perceive as no rmal.When babies' expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like theirani mal frien ds. Psychologists have show n that babies appare ntly expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two mon ths of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the n ext physics faculty members at America ' most importa nt research uni versities. But by dem on strati ng their com mon sen se, they v e show n that the divide betwee n cats and huma ns may not be that great after all.46. What do we lear n from a n ewly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to un dersta nd the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a n atural ability to locate ani mals they hunt.D) They are capable of tell ing which way their prey flees.47. What may account for the cats ' response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sen sitivity to no ise.B) Their unu sual sense of direct ion.C) Their special ability to perceive.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, accord ing to the Japa nese researchers?A) They depe nd on their in sti nets. C) They wait some time before attack.B) They rely main ly on their heari ng. D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.B) They view the world as no rmal.C) They do what they prefer to do.D) They are curious about everyth ing.50. What can we con clude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They in teract withe the physical world much like huma ns.C) They display extraord in arily high in tellige nce in hun ti ng.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator padals (踏板).Under a voice-activated comma nd, you say an address. The fastest route will take us 15.3 minu tes. Should I take it? ” You say yes" and you are on your way. The car resp onds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, every one had such a car? No crazy drivi ng, no in sults, no cutt ing in; traffic laws would be respected and driv ing much safer. On the other han d, imag ine the cost sav ings for local police en forceme nt and tow n budgets without all those speedi ng and park ing tickets.A new tech no logy has the pote ntial to cha nge moder n society in radical ways. There ' no questi on that self-driv ing vehicles could be an eno rmous ben efit. The pote ntial for safer cars means accide nt statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and depe ndency on non-ren ewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also con sider the impact of the new tech no logy on those who now depe nd on driv ing for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.The compa nies develop ing self-drivi ng vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retrai ning for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new tech no logy. This is similar to what ' happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New tech no logies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can 'be one-sided. It is n ecessary for the compa nies and state age ncies in volved to con sider the ethical con seque nces of these pote ntial cha nges to build a better future for all.51. What would be the impact of the exte nsive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It would save local gover nments a lot of mon ey.C) More policeme n would be patrolli ng the streets.D) Traffic regulati ons would be a thing of the past.52. How would the elderly and the disabled ben efit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.B) They would suffer no road accide nts.C) They would have no trouble drivi ng.D) They could go any where they want.53. What would be the n egative impact of driverless cars?A) The con flict betwee n labor and man ageme nt would inten sify.B) The gap betwee n various sectors of society would be wide ned.C) Professi onal drivers would have a hard time adapti ng to new road con diti ons.D) Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54. What is the result of the in troducti on of new tech no logies in en ergy in dustries?A) Political dissatisfact ion.B) Retra ining of employees.C) Fossil fuel con servati on.D) Busin ess restructuri ng.55. What does the author suggest bus in esses and the gover nment do?A) Keep pace with tech no logical developme nts.B) Make new tech no logies affordable to every one.C) En able every one to ben efit from new tech no logies.D) Popularize the use of new tech no logies and devices.Part IV Tran slati on (30 minu tes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your an swer on An swer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
2018-201X年12月四级翻译参考答案-实用word文档 (1页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==201X年12月四级翻译参考答案题目：云南省的丽江古镇是著名的旅游目的地之一。
那里的生活节奏比大多数中国城市都要缓慢。
丽江到处都是美丽的自然风光，众多的少数民族同胞提供了各式各样、丰富多彩的文化让游客体验。
历史上，丽江还以“爱之城”而闻名。
当地人中流传着许多关于因爱而生，为爱而死的故事。
如今，在中外游客眼中，这个古镇被视为爱情和浪漫的天堂。
译文：The ancient town of Lijiang in Yunnan province is one of the famous tourist destinations。
Its living rhythm is slower than thatof most other Chinese cities。
Lijiang is full of natural beautiful sceneries， where numerous minority nationalities provide rich and varied cultures in order to give tourists a different experience。
Historically， Lijiang wasalso known as “ the city of love”。
Plenty of stories about living for love and dying for love have been spread among the natives。
Nowadays， the old town equals the paradise of love and romance in the eyes of Chinese and foreign tourists。
2018年12月大学英语四六级历年翻译真题-上传_看图王
2018年12月大学英语四六级翻译讲义（近五年翻译真题）2018年6月四级第一套过去，乘飞机出行对大多数中国人来说是难以想象的。
如今，随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高，越来越多的中国人包括许多农民和外出务工人员都能乘飞机出行。
他们可以乘飞机到达所有大城市，还有很多城市也在筹建机场。
航空服务不断改进，而且经常会有廉价机票。
近年来，节假日期间选择乘飞机外出旅游的人数在不断增加。
①In the past,traveling by plane was unimaginable for most Chinese people.Today,with the development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards,more and more Chinese people,including many farmers and migrant workers,can travel by air.They can fly to all major cities,and many other cities are also planning to build airports.Air services continue to improve,and there are often cheap flights.In recent years,the number of people choosing to travel by air during holidays has been increasing.②While air travel used to be unthinkable to most Chinese people,it is becoming more and more accessible to the Chinese people,including many farmers and migrant workers,as China’s economy grows and people’s living standards improve.All major Chinese cities can be reached by air,with many other cities also planning to build airports.In recent years,a growing number of Chinese people have chosen to travel by air during holidays as airlines become more affordable and passenger-friendly.2018年6月四级第二套公交车曾是中国人出行的主要交通工具。
2018年12月英语四级考试（第三套）真题与答案解析
2018年12月英语四级考试（第三套）真题与答案解析《2018年12月英语四级考试(第三套)真题与答案解析》由本网站小编整理而出，考完不妨来看看真题吧！希望您能有所收获！祝您考试取得好成绩哦！更多英语四级考试的消息，小编将及时为您更新，请关注！2018年12月英语四级考试(第三套)真题与答案解析【英语四级作文一真题原文】Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words。
【英语四级作文一参考范文】Recently the phenomenon of living in a big city has been brought into focus. With the population of dwelling in a big city increasing dramatically for its convenient infrastructure and higher wage level, the challenges have also aroused more and more concerns among the society.First of all, the most obvious problem is the issue of traffic. In a big cities, traffic jam is quite common everywhere, especially in the rush time. Consequently, a large number of people have to spend much time in commuting. In the second place, with the growth of cars and buses in big cities, air pollution has become another disadvantage, which may do harm to the health of people. Last but not least, people living in a big city tend to endure more pressure of work and life, which may, directly or indirectly, influence their mental health.So what will be the possible tendency of this situation in the following decades? From my perspective, the number of people living in a big city will keep increasing owing to the truth that people prefer to enjoy the advantage of big city, however,thedisadvantages of it should not be ignored.It would be advisable to prepare yourselves well to meet any challenges in the future.【英语四级参考范文译文】近年住在大城市的现象已经引起人们的广泛关注，越来越多得人选择住在大城市是因为大城市基础设施健全且工资水平较高，除了好处，住在大城市的挑战也成为人们关注话题。
2018年12月英语四级考试真题试卷+答案 (3套全含答案)
第一套Part I. Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II. Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) (我把听力音频MP3文件放在压缩包里了，请自己去找吧哈哈)Section A News ReportDirections：In this section，you will hear three news reports。
At the end of each news report，you will hear two or three questions。
Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C）and D）。
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre。
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) Land a space vehicle on the moon in 2019.B) Design a new generation of mobile phones.C) Set up a mobile phone network on the moon.D) Gather data from the moon with a tiny device.2. A) It is stable.B) It is durable.C) It is inexpensive.D) It is sophisticated.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) It lasted more than six hours.B) No injuries were yet reported.C) Nobody was in the building when it broke out.D) It had burned for 45 minutes by the time firefighters arrived.4. A) Recruit and train more firefighters.B) Pull down the deserted shopping mall.C) Turn the shopping mall into an amusement park.D) Find money to renovate the local neighborhood.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) Shrinking potato farming.B) Heavy reliance on import.C) Widespread plant disease.D) Insufficient potato supply.6. A) It intends to keep its traditional diet.B) It wants to expand its own farming.C) It is afraid of the spread of disease.D) It is worried about unfair competition.7. A) Global warming.B) Ever-rising prices.C) Government regulation.D) Diminishing investment.Section B ConversationDirections：In this section，you will hear two long conversations。
2018年12月四级真题解析
Part I Writing(30 minutes)The Challenges of Living in a Big City【1】With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people, they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being , I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it 【5】so crowded that you can't find a peaceful place unless staying at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cinemas and parks. parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources, thus decreasing residents' sense of happiness.【7】 As a result, although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answer is always no, definitely not, How about you话题词汇: unsatisfactory不满意的leisure娱乐opportunity机会fast pace快节奏pressure压力lifestyle生活方式environment环境urban城市的health健康Part III Reading ComprehensionSection A【词性分析】:名词: A) ability能力;才能; E) control控制;管制;F) damage伤害;损害; M) sources来源;根源;O) vehicles 交通工具,车辆动词:B) associated与…相关;联系;E) control管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对……有不良影响G) described 描绘,描述; H equals相当于;比得上;) innovated创新,革新;L) relates相联系;把…系起来;M) sources来自……;找出…的来源;N) undermine逐渐削弱形容词:D) constant持续不断的;始终如一的副词:C) consciously有意识地,自觉地; 1) exclusively仅仅,唯独;K) regularly经常;定期地Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of costs 27-associated with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.1.die v. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零n.骰子2.trillion[ˈtrɪljən]n. 万亿; 兆adj.万亿的3.welfare [ˈwelfeə(r)] n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁4.alone [əˈləʊn] adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有;The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking, has remaine d 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.5.source [sɔrs] n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因v. 来源; 起源; 寻求来源6.remain [rɪˈmen]n.剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体v.留下; 保持;依然; 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留7.constant [ˈkɒnstənt] adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的n.常量; 不变的事物The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain. 在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题试卷(三)(题后含答案及解析)
2018年12月大学英语四级真题试卷（三）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.正确答案：The Challenges of Studying Abroad With the development of society and economy, the number of overseas students continues to grow. This is good for both the country and the students in terms of promoting mutual understanding and reciprocal learning. Nevertheless, some difficult challenges come along with this trend. The first problem overseas students would encounter is language barrier, which is obviously the major source of stress. They have to spend much energy mastering a foreign language. Even if they’ ve already learned it, it is still challenging to fully understand what foreigners talk about due to the unfamiliarity of cultural background and social conventions. Second, another problem faced by overseas students is security accident. In recent years, news about overseas students being murdered, robbed and kidnapped can often be seen on the Internet. In some developed countries, natives barely hide their prejudice against foreigners and some right-wing extremists or racists even bear grudge against Asian people. Last but not least, students have to undertake all the housework by themselves, while it is usually done by their parents when they are at home. They have to face the challenge of living independently. As for me, I believe studying abroad is beneficial despite its hardships. Because in this way students can broaden their horizons and improve their ability to be independent.解析：这是一篇议论文写作。
2018年12月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷及参考答案第三套
2018 年 12 月英语四级真题第三套Part I Writing (30minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on The challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least120 words butno more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words inthe bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold which ended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different 26 I tried, I still couldn’t get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and 28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders.I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn’t sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping（刮）treatment known as “Gua Sha”.I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didn’t feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!A)DeepenB)ExperiencesC)HesitantD)InconvenienceE)LessenF)licensesG)PressuredH)HrecommendedI)RemediesJ)ScaredK)SensitiveL)SinkM)TemporaryN)TrembleO)worseSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information isderived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraphis marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floorA)When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won’t have much of a chance to contaminate it. Researc h in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we’ve done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B)While the “five-second rule” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it’s still worth in vestigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C)So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold（门槛）that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It’s a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D)Wondering if food is still OK to eat after it’s dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it’s probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb onthe floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E)In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, “But you can always pick it up and if you’re alone in the kitchen, who’s going to see it?” But the misremembered story persists. It’s harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F)So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the University of Illinois. Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles（瓷砖）and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cook ies within five seconds, but didn’t report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H)We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn’t depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what’s at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I)We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 45-70% of bacteria were.J)Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters（参数）to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor.K)Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a smallnumber to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L)And it’s not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various “media”, which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing（打喷嚏）. Hands, foods and utensils（器皿）can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers（清洁剂）and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M)So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N)Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean.36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37.Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39.Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated.40.The author’s research ce nters around how food gets contaminated.41.Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey（猎物）using both their ears and an inborn（天生的）understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a team member shook. Some containers rattled（发出响声）；others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn’t.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected.“Cats us e a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects,” lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers conclude that cats’ hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in what’s called “preferential looking”—looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceive as normal.When babies’ expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends. Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America’s most important researc h universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they’ve shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46. What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to understand the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47. What may account for the cats’ response to the noise from the containe rs?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.B) Their unusual sense of direction.C) Their special ability to perceive.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48.What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A)They depend on their instincts.B)They rely mainly on their hearing.C) They wait some time before attack.D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.B) They view the world as normal.C) They do what they prefer to do.D) They are curious about everything.50. What can we conclude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They interact with the physical world much like humans.C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator padals（踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. “The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?” You say “yes” and you are on your way. The car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modern society in radical ways. There’s no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels anddependency on non-renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what’s happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New technologies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can’t be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.51.What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A)People would be driving in a more civilized way.B)It would save local governments a lot of money.C)More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D)Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.52.How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A)They could enjoy greater mobility.B)They would suffer no road accidents.C)They would have no trouble driving.D)They could go anywhere they want.53.What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A)The conflict between labor and management would intensify.B)The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C)Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D)Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54.What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A)Political dissatisfaction.B)Retraining of employees.C)Fossil fuel conservation.D)Business restructuring.55.What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A)Keep pace with technological developments.B)Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C)Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D)Popularize the use of new technologies and devices.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
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2018年12月大学英语四级翻译三套真题试卷解析（新东方版）Part IV Translation （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer sheet 2.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
他们中的许多人，包括老年人，都使用手机应用程序保持联系并拓宽朋友圈。
他们也用手机购物，查找信息，因为手机便于携带。
此外，使用手机应用程序通信比传统电话便宜。
然而，这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机，事实上，一些年轻人已经变得十分上瘾，以至于忽略了与家人和朋友面对面的交流。
【译文】More and more Chinese people can't separate from mobile phones. Many of them, including old people, use the mobile apps to stay/keep in touch and broaden their circle of friends. They also use their mobile phones to shop and find information because they are easy to carry(portable). In addition, communication using mobile apps is cheaper than traditional phones. However, this new trend has led people to rely too much on mobile phones when they socialize. In fact, some young people have become so addicted that they neglect face-to-face communication with family and friends.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
离不开= 不能分开，分离，can't separate from越来越多的More and more/ An increasing number ofMore and more Chinese people can't separate from mobile phones.他们中的许多人，包括老年人，都使用手机应用程序保持联系并拓宽朋友圈。
主干：人用手机应用程序保持联系并拓宽朋友圈。
短语手机应用程序mobile apps /applications保持联系stay/keep in touch拓宽朋友圈broaden their circle of friendsMany of them use the mobile apps to stay/keep in touch and broaden their circle of friends.包括老年人including old people 放句中Many of them, including old people, use the mobile apps to stay/keep in touch and broaden their circle of friends.他们也用手机购物，查找信息，因为手机便于携带。
两句话主谓完整，且有“因为”连接，可翻译成原因状语从句，两个单句分别翻译他们也用手机购物，查找信息They also use mobile phones to shop and find information因为手机便于携带because they are easy to carry或处理成便携的、方便的进行同意替换portable、convenientbecause they are portable/convenientThey also use their mobile phones to shop and find information because they are easy to carry(portable)此外，使用手机应用程序通信比传统电话便宜.比较句式In addition, communication using mobile apps is cheaper than traditional phones.或添加形式主语I t’s cheaper to communicate by mobile apps than traditional phones.然而，这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机短语依赖rely on/ depend on人们在社交时when they socialize.或对社交进行解释，和别人交流交往when they communicate/ chat with others. However, this new trend has led people to rely too much on mobile phones when they socialize.6.事实上，一些年轻人已经变得十分上瘾，以至于忽略了与家人和朋友面对面的交流。
如此..以至于so ...that事实上In fact上瘾addicted忽略neglect忽略了与家人和朋友面对面的交流。
they neglect face-to-face communication with family and friends.或理解成他们很少和家人交流They seldom communicate with family and friends face-to-faceIn fact, some young people have become so addicted that they neglect face-to-face communication with family and friends.In fact, some young people have become so addicted that they seldom communicate with family and friends face-to-face2018年12月四级翻译试卷三套Part IV Translation （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展，随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。
18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体。
由于现在用手机付款极容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡。
为了鼓励人们多消费，许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折。
专家预测，中国移动支付市场未来仍有很大发展潜力。
【译文】In the past few years, the mobile payment market has flourished in China. With the advent of the mobile Internet, mobile shopping has gradually become a trend. Young people between the ages of 18 and 30 constitute the largest group in the mobile payment market. (Young people between the ages of 18 and 30 make up the largest segment of the mobile payment market. ) Since it is extremely easy to pay by mobile phone now, many consumers prefer to pay by mobile phone when shopping, rather than cash or credit cards. （Because it is so easy to pay by mobile now, many consumers would rather pay by mobile phone than by cash or credit card when shopping. ）To encourage people to spend more, many stores offer discounts to customers who use mobile payments. Experts predict that China's mobile payment market still has great potentials for development in the future.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展，过去几年里 In the past few years移动支付市场 the mobile payment market蓬勃发展 flourish，prosper， boom，develop（rapidly进行修饰）时态上最好用现在完成时In the past few years, the mobile payment market has flourished in China.随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。
随着移动互联网的出现 With the advent of the mobile Internet“with”表随着移动互联网的出现名词修饰名词前后倒置翻译 the advent of the mobile Internet, （出现可用emergence, appearance替换）手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势趋势 trend n. mobile shopping has gradually become a trend.用“popular”进行同义替换mobile shopping has gradually become more and more popular。