高考完形填空之说明文-教案

第6讲完形填空之说明文
课前热身
AlphaGo has struck again, defeating Ke Jie, the world’s number one Go player, 3-0. After his defeat, the young Chinese prodigy said AlphaGo sees the ___41___ of Go while he could only see a small area around him. This win, coupled with last year’s victory over Lee Se-dol, shines a light on the awe-inspiring ___42___ of technology and places AlphaGo among the greatest Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems created to date.
The AI industry is certainly making great advancements, constantly surprising the public with new and interesting tools and making life ___43___. Twenty years ago, just connecting to the Internet was a ___44___. Now, we can do just about anything on our phones, from online banking to ___45___ shows. The shifting sands of technology have placed so many paths in front of humanity that it is hard to ___46___ even the immediate future.
41. A. fun B. secret C. universe D. potential
42. A. intelligence B. advancements C. risks D. threats
43. A. easier B. slower C. harder D. faster
44. A. mess B. headache C. loss D. leisure
45. A. live B. instant C. immediate D. direct
46. A. tell B. frame C. predict D. encounter
参考答案：41--46: CBABAC
【考纲解读】
近五年上海英语高考对于完形填空的考查题量一直保持在15题，总分值为15分，每小题1分。

主要以语篇挖空的形式考查对于文章主旨大意的整体理解和把握、高中词汇的识记与理解，尤其是形近词的辨析、词汇在具体语境中的运用、句子之间以及段落之间的逻辑关系等。

要求考生在掌握一定词汇量的基础上，能对词在句子、段落乃至文章中的具体意思和运用有较为深刻的认识与理解，同时要求考生从文章的全局出发，把握文章的主旨大意和上下文的逻辑关系。

对于说明文的完形填空，首先要找准说明对象，把握说明对象的主要特征和具体特点。

从文章的全局出
发，联系上下文，把握上下句之间的逻辑关系，所选的每一个选项，都要紧紧围绕说明对象的主要特征和具体特点，抓住上下文中的关键词句，深入理解说明对象，才能选出正确答案。

【考点分析】
考点一：上下文逻辑
Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip. （2014年上海高考英语真题）
57.A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result
考点分析：正确理解空格之前not…because的意思，理解为“我们花费三分之二的时间去闲聊不是因为我们会说话”空格之后的句子意思是“我们闲聊是因为语言的发展”。

由此可见，上下文是对比关系，
因此C为正确选项，表示“相反地”。

考点二：同类词复现
Consider the picture painted by a UNICEF review of existing research into the effects of digital technology on children’s ___44___ comforts, including happiness, mental health and social life. Rather than stating that social media was harmful, it suggested a more ____45_____effect. （2018年黄浦二模）
44.A. domestic B. material C. physical D. psychological
考点分析：下文including之后的happiness, mental health等词都是和情感心理方面有关的，在四个选项中，psychological这个形容词是including后面词的概括归纳，属于同类词。

因此本题选D.
考点三：段落主旨
The ___60___Knows
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones—natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling ___61___to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as___62___as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.（2014年上海高考英语真题）
60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
考点分析：第60空所在短语是下段内容的小标题。

要选对，必须概括下段的段落大意。

根据段落中Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction.这句话可知，嗅觉在人类吸引力方面似乎起到
了作用，因此本题选A.
考点四：词汇、段落句子之间的对应
Start with the practical arguments. Most invasive species are neither terribly successful nor very__43__. Britons think themselves surrounded by foreign plants. __44__, Britain’s invasive plants are not widespread, not spreading especially quickly, and often less of a(n) __45__ than vigorous native plants. （2017年浦东一模）
45.A. attraction B. dominance C. annoyance D. substitute
考点分析：要选对45空，必须找准词汇、段落和句子之间的对应。

根据上下文，“英国侵入性植物并不是广泛波及，其速度也不是特别快”，再结合上文对侵入性物种的实际描述可知，其扰人的程度未
必比得上那些有活力的当地植物。

从这种对应关系判断，填入45空的应该是一个贬义词，由此
推断此题选C.
知识精讲
2015年上海高考英语真题
If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect a deep interest in romance among the artists. ___ 51____, you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.
In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more ___ 52____to people’s lives. The___ 53____is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.
Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be ___ 54____. They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that ___ 55____attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.
First Impression
To help determine the ___ 56____ of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to ___ 57____what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.
As it turned out, their___ 58____judgments often held true. Students seemed to___ 59____at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
The ___60____Knows
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones—natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling ___ 61____to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as___62____as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Face Value
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for ___ 63____. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet
somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we ___ 64____ attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic.
When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to ___ 65____words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】观察空格前后的句式结构，前面用的是you would not detect … , 后面用的是you would see。

原文前后两句是替代关系，故选instead。

52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. beneficial
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】根据句意，当代人物质生活的富足之后，对精神层面的追求就成为了中心。

Central 与前文center相对应。

原文Life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting......In modern times, finding
love is more central to people’s lives.
53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】对上下文逻辑关系的理解
【试题解析】根据后面两句话，结合语境、句意。

原文译为要列举出现代与爱有关的故事很容易。

所以此处为Proof 证据。

54. A. tested B. imposed C. changed D. created
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】词义辨析
【试题解析】根据本段的最后一句话“One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone，再结合理解。

此处译为：研究人员正在研究爱这种被高度重视的情感状态是否能被人为创造。

55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passion
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】对上下文逻辑关系的理解
【试题解析】根据前文的opposites以及but逻辑关系词。

代入原文中Similarities attract 与opposites attract 对应。

56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intensions
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】词义辨析
【试题解析】根据第一个小标题以及后文可知。

illustrations 插图; implications 含义；暗示；ingredients 要
素；intensions强度；烈度。

D项符合题意。

题意为吸引力有哪些要素。

57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】词义辨析
【试题解析】根据后文的After nine weeks………。

由后文after nine weeks,可知，之前是预测结果，故填predict.
58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】根据上文以及本句句意，表示最初的判断。

Initial最初的。

本句意为：结果他们最初的判断往往是正确的。

59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】动词词义辨析
【试题解析】根据上下文或者语意复现可知，“学生似乎能够在早期区别适合他们的生活的人”。

Memorize 记住；distinguish 辨别；negotiate谈判；question质疑。

本句意为：学生似乎在很早的阶段就
能辨别谁会是他们生命中最合适的人。

60.A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】根据下面文章出现的smell。

根据下文指出的smell在人际交往中的重要性可知这里填nose。

61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】根据前面的either… or…，表明此处是一个反义表达。

前面使用的是fight后面应该是与之相反的意思。

Either...or...中连接的Open与前文fight构成两个相反的状态。

62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】根据前文的in contrast知道前后句的逻辑关系，或者是根据后文的Although we may not be aware of……。

此处为转折。

本句意为：然而，在察觉这种化学品方面，人类似乎并不像其他动
物那样有天赋。

63. A. emotions B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】对本段主旨的把握
【试题解析】根据上一句话最后一个单词attractive，结合上下文可知。

本段的高频词为attractiveness.根据上
下文意思可知此空为填attractiveness
64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】动词词义辨析
【试题解析】前文说的是研究者做的吸引力实验，最后得出的结论就是我们评估吸引力的方式方法是自动的。

Assess评估。

根据上文那些只有0.013秒的人和那些有更多时间来研究同样的脸的人脑海
中的形象一般是一样的。

可知此处为评估脸的吸引力。

Enhance提高；possess拥有；maintain
维持均不符合题意。

65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. insulting
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】对上下文的理解
【试题解析】familiar意为熟悉，plain 意为普通的，positive意为积极的，irritating 意为无礼的。

根据最后一句的表达“Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking. 看一些有吸引力的事
情似乎能够导致快乐的思考。

”能得出答案应该是一种快乐思考，所以答案为positive积极的。

2016年上海高考英语真题
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively __51__ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the __52__, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, __53__, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from __54__ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of __55__ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to __56__ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general __57__. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional __58__ managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without __59__ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: __60__ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be __61__ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has __62__ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to __63__ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or __64__ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work
on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the __65__ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】考查上下文串联。

根据后半句“....will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。

故D项正确。

52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】短语to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。

在文章首段中提及X理论认为大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，没有什么雄心壮志。

而Y理论的观
点是每个人都有潜力在工作中找到满足感。

因此，这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两
种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。

故A正确。

53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】上下文逻辑关联的判断
【试题解析】本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。

这属于X理论的举例说明。

故B正确。

54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】根据后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。

故D项“above上面的”正确。

55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】文章大意的把握
【试题解析】根据第二段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，选择C选项“manage管理”，即不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。

而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。

故C正确。

56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】动词词组辨析
【试题解析】短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；
亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。

故B
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】名词agreement一致意见；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。

句意：亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学
习这样的管理方法。

定语从句的先行词为such Asian ways, 故A选项agreement正确。

58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】根据前半句“....women will become more effective managers than men....”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。

因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理者更容易与别人达成一致的
目标。

故D正确。

59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】根据前句“... encourage employees to use their own initiative...鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。

故A项正确。

60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。

故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文逻辑。

61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】短语动词辨析
【试题解析】动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与..相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管
理人。

省略了很多中央管理的环节，提高了管理的效益。

故B正确。

62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
【参考答案】B
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】考查副词辨析。

副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；
occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of
management...”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。

故B正
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
【参考答案】D
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】考查动词辨析。

动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；
授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。

64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
【参考答案】A
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】形容词virtual虚拟的，ineffective低效的，day-to-day日常的，on-the-scene现场的。

根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own
houses.”可知：在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明另一种趋
势即通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法，故A选项正确。

65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【参考答案】C
【考查内容】上下文文意理解
【试题解析】名词opinion观点，risk冒险，performance表现，attractiveness魅力。

根据后半句“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.”可知：
评价他们表现的依据是他们为项目创造了什么，而不是他们花在工作上的时间。

故C项
正确。

当堂一测
（2018-2019学年交大附中高三英语第一学期摸底考试卷）
The beauty, majesty, and timelessness of a primary rainforest are indescribable. It is impossible to __51___on film, to describe in words, or to explain to those who have never had the awe-inspiring experience of standing in the heart of a primary rainforest.
Rainforests have ___52___over millions of years to turn into the incredibly complex environments they are today. Rainforests represent a store of living and___53____ renewable natural resources that for eons, by virtue of their richness in both animal and plant species, have___54____a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of humankind. These resources have included basic food supplies, clothing, shelter, fuel, spices, industrial raw materials, and medicine for all those who have lived in the majesty of the forest. ___55____ , the inner dynamics of a tropical rainforest is an intricate and fragile system. Everything is so___56____ that upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole. Sadly, it has taken only a century of human intervention to destroy what nature designed to ___57____ forever.
The scale of human ___58____ on ecosystems everywhere has increased enormously in the last few decades. Since 1980 the global economy has tripled in size and the world population has increased by 30 percent. Consumption
of everything on the planet has risen——at a cost to our ___59____ . In 2001, The World Resources Institute estimated that the demand for rice, wheat, and corn is expected to grow by 40% by 2020, increasing irrigation water demands by 50% or more. They further reported that the demand for wood could double by the year 2050; ___60____ , it is still the tropical forests of the world that supply the bulk of the world's demand for wood.
In 1950, about 15 percent of the Earth's land surface was covered by rainforest. Today, more than half has already gone up in ___61____ . In fewer than fifty years, more than half of the world's tropical rainforests have fallen ___62____ to fire and the chain saw, and the rate of destruction is still accelerating. Unbelievably, more than 200,000 acres of rainforest are burned every day. That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day, and 78 million acres lost every year! More than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone, and much more is severely threatened as the destruction continues. It is estimated that the Amazon alone is vanishing at a rate of 20,000 square miles a year. If nothing is done to curb this ___63____ , the entire Amazon could well be gone within fifty years.
Massive ___64____ brings with it many ugly consequences-air and water pollution, soil erosion, malaria epidemics, the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the ___65___ of biodiversity through extinction of plants and animals. Fewer rainforests mean less rain, less oxygen for us to breathe, and an increased threat from global warming.
51. A. present B. capture C. claim D. prove
52. A. changed B. evolved C. expanded D. existed
53. A. energizing B. healing C. isolating D. breathing
54. A. contributed B. stored C. reduced D. affected
55. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Otherwise
56. A. active B. sensitive C. interdependent D. delicate
57. A. restore B. support C. revive D. last
58. A. pressure B. power C. concern D. strength
59. A. existence B. ecosystem C. planet D. survival
60. A. unfortunately B. consequently C. naturally D. similarly
61. A. store B. food C. smoke D. wealth
62. A. subject B. down C. apart D. victim
63. A. trend B. practice C. decrease D. attitude
64. A. destruction B. industrialization C. modernization D. deforestation
65. A. appearance B. explosion C. loss D. increase
【参考答案】51-55 BBDAA56-60 CDABA 61-65 CDADC
（2018-2019学年上海市浦东新区川沙中学学校高三年级英语学科第一学期第一次月考试卷）Communications is a collective term for the many methods of sharing information. Written language allows people to communicate with one another across___41___ and through time because a written document communicates the same information to different people. Spoken information is often __42___from person to person, and the message may get distorted in the process.
The first innovation in what might be thought of as modern communications took place in the mid-1400s when Johannes Gutenberg printed a Bible on his movable-type printing press. __43___ Gutenberg’s innovation,many copies of a text could be quickly distributed across large areas. The cost of the information and the difficulty of acquiring it were__44___ . During the four centuries that followed this breakthrough, __45___ , the only improvements in the technology were minor changes in the machines and materials. Moreover, as for the speed, communications and the person or vehicle delivering the message remained __46___ .
Beginning in 1837, __47___ in the form of electromagnetic impulses could be sent through wires using the code of “dits” and “dashs” devised by Samuel F.B. Morse. Then, in 1876, only decades after the birth of the telegraph, Alexander Graham Bell summoned his assistant from another room by saying “Waston, come here. I want you” into a machine. His telephone was introduced to the public just two months later. The next year Thomas Edison__48___ the words “Mary had a little lamb” and invented the phonograph(留声机), on which the recording could be __49___ .
By the end of the century, communications had become __50___ . Guglielmo Marconi patented his “black box”-an early radio- in 1896. In the 1930s television technology added pictures to sound; as a result, by the 1950s, TV sets were __51___ in American homes. In the 1960s, satellites orbiting Earth made it possible to transmit radio and TV signals around the world in an instant.
The next __52___ in communications would prove to be a monumental one—the computer. An invention __53___ by the needs of the military during World WarⅡ, the first computer was a huge machine. In 1971, the microprocessor chip ushered in the ear of small computers. ARPANET, a network of government and university researchers, evolved into the Internet, now __54___ by people of all ages and backgrounds. By the 21st century, what had once been a rugged of __55___ had become a well-paved information superhighway.
41. A. generations B. departments C. distances D. roads
42. A. repeated B. required C. sought D. gathered
43. A. In addition to B. Rather than C. in contrast with D. As a result of
44. A. calculated B. reduced C. estimated D. presented
45. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. otherwise
46. A. stable B. unknown C. equal D. mysterious
47. A. codes B. pictures C. messages D. sounds
48. A. wrote B. recorded C. invented D. pronounced
49. A. played B. performed C. copied D. devised
50. A. regular B. direct C. effective D. wireless
51. A. unfamiliar B. valuable C. rare D. common
52. A. milestone B. signal C. substitute D. commitment
53. A. avoided B. sped C. removed D. overlooked
54. A. maintained B. launched C. accessed D. developed
55. A. communications B. multimedia C. inventions D. technology
【参考答案】41-45 CADBB 46-50 CCBAD 51-55 DABCA
【要点总结】
1.词汇量的积累。

对于一般完型填空常考的词，尤其是动词和名词要熟记于心，平时要注意多积累。

2.注意结合上下文语境，上下文的逻辑关系是判断正确选项的重要依据。

把握文章的说明对象，通过上
下文信息的暗示，反复推敲，从而推理所给空的答案。

3. 利用词汇复现和对比关系得出正确答案，因此上下文经常出现的单词也是推出正确答案的重要依据。

近5年上海高三英语一二模完形填空150个词组（一）
1.apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请; apply for申请; apply to 适用.
2.apply to 与…有关;适用
3.allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考虑到, 估计到
4.amount to (=to be equal to) 总计, 等于.
5.answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 对…负责
6.accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告
7.arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起.
8.at large(=at liberty, free) 在逃, 逍遥法外at large(=in general) 一般来说, 大体上at large(=at full length;
in detail)详细地arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方);
9.be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以… 为羞耻
10.assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证, 使…确信.
11.attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚, 系,结
12.attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍
候,照料
13.in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据on one’s own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人
自己的利益2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责3) (=by oneself)依靠自己on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.
14.take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明.
15.on account of (=because of) 由于,因为.
16.be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.
17.act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于
18.adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)
19.in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之
20.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外
21.adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应;
22.have an advantage over 胜过. have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件have the advantage of sb.知
道某人所不知道的事
23.take advantage of (=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.
24.attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果
25.begin with 以…开始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)
26.on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义
27.believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth.sb. to be true) 相信,依赖,信仰.
28.get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败, 胜过.
29.by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统at birth 在出生时; give birth to 出生
30.blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人. blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上
31.in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作)
32.take the floor 起立发言
33.be capable of 能够, 有能力be capable of being +过去分词是能够被…的
pare…with … 把…与…比较
pare…to… 把…比作…
plain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情; complain to sb. about sth. (or sb.)
向某人抱怨…; complain (抱怨); complement (补充); compliment (恭维)
37.delight in(=take great pleasure in doing sth.)喜欢, 取乐take (a) delight in 喜欢干…, 以…为乐
38.demand sth. from sb. 向某人要求(物质的)东西
39.deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物
40.on a diet 吃某种特殊饮食, 节食
41.differ from…in 与…的区别在于…
42.dispose of (=get rid of ,throw away)处理掉
43.beyond dispute不容争议的,无可争议
44.in dispute 在争议中
45.(be) distinct from ( = be different from) 与…截然不同
46.distinguish between (=make or recognize differences) 辨别
47.distinguish…from 把…与…区别开
48.do away with(=get rid of; abolish; discard eliminate) 除去,废除,取消; do away with (=kill) 杀掉, 镇压
e off duty 下班
50.be in sympathy with 赞同,同情
51.in terms of (=with regard to; respectively) 按照, 根据, 在…方面
52.behind the times (思想,看法)落后于时代
53.behind time (=late) 迟到, 晚点
54.for the time being (=temporarily)暂时
55.be in touch with 与…有接触, 有联系be out of touch with 与…没有联系或接触
56.in view of (=considering) 考虑到… in the view of 按…的意思
57.as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论
58.on the whole (=generally, for the most part) 大体上说
59.against one’s will 违心地, 违背意愿地at will 随心所欲; with a will 有决心地
60.be aware of (=be conscious of )意识到,知道in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any
cost whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何
61.in case (=for fear that) 万一;
62.in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
63.in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)
64.be cautious of 谨防
65.center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上
66.in charge of (=responsible for) 负责(某事) in the charge of …由…管
67.take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾)
68.charge…for 因…索取(费用) , charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有…
69.keep company with (=be friendly and go out together) 和…要好.
70.in contrast towith 和…形成对比by contrast 对比之下
71.contribute to 有助于
72.under control (被)控制住out of control无法控制
73.at one’s convenience(=where and when it suits one) 在方便的时间或地点.be convenient to for 对…方便
74.convince sb. of (=cause sb. to believe or feel certain; to persuade sb.) 使某人确信,try to persuade sb. to do
sth.劝说某人做…
75.cope with(=deal with, try to find a solution to)应付, 处理。