2011秋跨文化交际备考宝典
跨文化交际复习资料
《跨文化交际》复习资料Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。
跨文化交际复习
跨文化交际复习1、A new broom sweeps clean、新官上任三把火。
2、Many hands make light work、人多好办事。
3、Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today、今日事，今日毕。
4、Kill two birds with one stone、一箭双雕/一石二鸟。
5、Haste makes waste、欲速则不达。
6、Where there’s smoke there’s fire、无风不起浪。
7、The grass is always greener on the other side of the stone、这山望着那山高。
8、Beauty is only skin deep、美貌就是肤浅得。
9、Spare the rod and spoil the child、玉不琢，不成器。
10、Give a person a dose of his own medicine、以其人之道还治其人之身。
11、Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take, but ultimately beneficial、良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。
12、Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor、一人得道，鸡犬升天。
13、You can’t have your cake and eat it too、鱼与熊掌不可兼得。
14、Speak the devil (and he will appear)、说曹操，曹操到。
15、The same knife cuts bread and fingers、水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
16、Teach fish to swim、班门弄斧。
17、Beat the dog before the lion、杀鸡儆猴。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨⽂化交际复习资料U1Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作⽤of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)The concept of culture:a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，⼼灵的products people produce.Behavior: what they doConcepts;beliefs,values,world views…what they think⽂化冰⼭（Cultural iceberg）P7Characteristics of cultural:Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes. Enculturation(⽂化习得):All the activi ties of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动⼒rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地changing and evolving进化；展开under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.Acculturation(⽂化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)Components of communication:Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characters of communication:Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual. Unit 2-4 verbal communicationPragmatics⽤学；语⽤论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation符号；表⽰；意义；指⽰: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—theexplicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning. Connotation暗⽰，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思behind the literal meaning.Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt⽣硬的, or offensive.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23)Addressing by names Name order:Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationshipChinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, professionAnother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indi cate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Unit 5 nonverbal communicationChronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use to space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.Polychromic tim e means being involved in many things at once.People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.Unit 6 cross-gender communicationHow is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymousSex: Biological; permanent; individual propertyGender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality.What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186A planetary cultur e: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )复习例题1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__.A.American parents like being told by their children what to do.B.American children have much power in the family.C.American parents take their children as an equal.D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)A.You must tired.B.Did you have a good trip.B.It is raining, isn?t it?C.Thank you for coming.3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57A.It is my duty to do so.B.It doesn?t matter at all.C.I quite understand i t.D.Don?t mention it.4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11A. It is shared.B. It is learned.C. It is static.D. It is ethnocentric.5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern.BA.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.C Put on more clothes.D Take medicine on time.6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13A.导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.园林⼯⼈7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? CA. Ask you for a favorB. Ask you to buy a carriageC. Ask you to go awayD. Ask you to join a party8. Which of the following does not have the sa me function that “副” fulfills in Chinese?D P73A. AssociateB. DeputyC. LieutenantD. Underline9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95A.PostureB. StanceC. Body distanceD. gesture10. Individualism has the following features except______. AA. strong family tiesB. Self-relianceC. FreedomD. Respect for individual rights11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97A. Cutting time into bitsB. Taking deadlines seriouslyC. Scheduling one thing at a timeD. More human-centered12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97A. Latin AmericanB. Northern AmericanC. Western EuropeanD. Northern European13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110A. AssertivenessB. ThoughtfulnessC. EnthusiasmD. Apathy14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideasB. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideasC. Using talk to establish one?s status and powerD. Avoiding personal disclosures15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7A. religious beliefsB. gesturesC. eating habitsD. Style of dress16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? BA.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible.B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented.C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25A.How are you gett ing on?B.How are things?C.Where have you been?D.How?s life?18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定)A.the price of an itemB. ReligionC. Marital statusD. Hobbies19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7A. Religious beliefsB. LiteratureC. ValuesD. Worldviews20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? CA. It is symbolicB. It is contextualC. It is staticD. It is systematic21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50A. greeting peopleB. starting a conversationC. criticizing peopleD. overcoming embarrassment22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120A. It is biologicalB.It is dynamicC.It is permanentD.It has an individual property23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13A. 导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.清洁⼯24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)A. A fashionable girlB. A graceful ladyC. A prostitudeD. An urban girl25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture?D P24A. Teacher SmithB. Mr.TomC. Director TomD.Professor Tom26. The word “dragon” is a word?A P70-71 ( 不确定)A. with different associated meanings in ChineseB. without a counterpart in ChineseC. with the same primary meaning in ChineseD. with many more terms in Chinese27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?D P29A. I?m coming to see you this afternoonB. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoonC. could you come directly to my house this afternoonD. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? DA. 躁动不安B.为⾮作⽍C.实事求是D.信⼝雌黄29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120A. It?s socially-constrictedB. It?s dynamicC. It?s permanentD. It has a relational quality30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101A. Arabian cultureB. American cultureC. British cultureD. Chinese culture31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95A. punctualityB. time orientationC. silenceD. promptness32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except BA. strong family tiesB. self-relianceC. harmonyD. group-orientation33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110A. passivityB. apathyC. wisdomD. hesitation34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? CA. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectibleB. They have a linear time concept and are future-orientedC. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiityD. They are quite individualistic35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented CA. How are you getting on?B. How are things?C. Where are you going?D. How?s life?Cultural Puzzles （3道）1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.P87This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .A.Clollectivism vs. IndividualismB. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientationC.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C .A. Don?t take it so seriously.B. It?s nothing.C. You are really clumsy.D. Such things can happen to any of us.3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer?A：Because he was being modest and polite.Case Introduction（2道）1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we …ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.2. Eric’s different attitude:Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”.Case Analysis1.“Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it.2.Collectivisim:A.great readiness to cooperation with in-group membersEg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.B.collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationshipsEg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivitywhile collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, butthe implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy.Eg: This procedure requires additional information.Q&A：1.How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?A.“Doing” orientatio n—seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it.B.Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group membersEg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.C.Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increaseproductivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.2.What should Eric do to meet his business goals?●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peace●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his network in Chinese society.。
跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)
跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化交际复习资料
第一章跨文化交际交际：往来应酬跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程第二章文化的定义与特性1.文化的定义：1)人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和2)考古学用语，指同一历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
3)所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。
4)历史上创造的所有的生活样式，包括显型的和隐型的，包括合理的、不合理的以及谈不上是合理的或是不合理的一切，他们在某一时期作为人们的潜在指南而存在。
2.文化的特性1)文化是人类所独有的，是区分人类和动物的主要标志。
文化是社会遗产，而不是生理的遗传。
2)文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得的。
3)文化中的大部分是不自觉的。
4)文化是人们行动的指南。
5)文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
第五章语言交际1.语言与文化的关系语言与文化有着密切的关系。
由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。
文化影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确而缜密。
语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。
2.词义与文化1)语言要素：语音、语法、词汇语音与文化关系最不密切，语法次之，而关系最密切关系最直接的是词汇。
2)有的学者将词汇分为一般词汇和文化词汇（判断区分两种词汇）3.语用规则与文化1)语用规则语用规则就是讲话规则，指根据一定的交际对象、交际场合、交际目的等，对言语形式进行正确选择的规则，是语言的外部规则。
2)语用原则［1］会话合作原则量的准则质的准则相关准则方式准则［2］会话礼貌原则得体准则慷慨准则赞誉准则谦逊准则一致准则同情准则第六章非语言交际1.非语言交际，包括在交际的环境中人为的和环境产生的对于传播者和受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激。
2.体态语，是非语言交际的重要组成成分。
3.非语言交际还包括副语言、对时间与空间的利用、味道、颜色等。
跨文化交际复习资料.docx
1 .monochronic time (M Time) : It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) : schedules several activities at the same time. In theseculture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.3.intercultural communication : is a face-to-face communication between people fromdifferent cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation tothe host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country^ cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentativesof business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9・ high-context culture : a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture : a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in theexplicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us/^the processby which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the externalworld” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert thephysical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each othe匚• IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression, and even privacy.13> ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from (hem•指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
跨文化交际复习资料
第一章跨文化交际概述第一节文化、交际和语言1.“文化”的定义这个概念的内涵、外延差异很大，所以文化有广义和狭义之分。
①广义文化的内部结构包括物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、心态文化四个层次。
物态文化层是人类的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和，是可触知的具有物质实体的文化事物。
饮食、服饰、建筑、交通、生产工具以及乡村、城市等。
制度文化层是人类在社会实践中组建的各种社会行为规范构成，行为文化层是人际交往中约定俗成的以礼俗、民俗、风俗等形态表现出来的行为模式。
以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。
心态文化是人类在社会意识活动中孕育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等主观因素，②狭义文化指意识形态所创造的精神财富，包括宗教、信仰、风俗习惯、道德情操、学术思想、文学艺术、科学技术、各种制度等。
专注于精神创造活动，所以又被称作“小文化”。
2.定势（文化定势）的定义、分类及成因（1）定义：定势指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象。
定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势。
文化定势指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的，简单的看法，或指一个群体对另一群体成员按某种先入为主的标准或尺度的概括的、形象化的认知。
这些标准或尺度带有较大的主观性，是一种思维方式，一种无视群体内部存在差异、无视普遍性还存在特殊性的思维方式。
（2）分类文化定势可分为“自定势”和“他定势”两类。
前者是指某一个社会和文化群体对本群体共同认可的价值和行为特征普遍性、概括性的表述，这些价值在跨文化交际研究中也常常被称为“自我图像”。
本群体成员往往会不加反思地对这些价值观和行为特征做出简单的认同。
后者是指某一社会和文化群体对另一社会和文化群体的价值观和行为特征的共同认定，也常常被称作“他者图像”。
（3）成因社会和个体。
从孩子出生开始便不断经历着各种各样的教育。
家庭教育,孩子关于世界的认知里就自然而然地打上了父母文化定势的烙印。
跨文化交际复习题和答案解析
跨文化交际复习题和答案解析(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。
然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes toa person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。
《跨文化交际》复习材料
《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。
下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料，供参考。
一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。
-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力，对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。
2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异：不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。
-语言障碍：不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。
-礼仪和习俗：不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗，不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。
二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。
-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。
2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念：不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。
-社会习俗：不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。
-沟通方式：不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。
-时间观念：不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。
三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识，尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。
-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象，保持开放的心态。
2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言，尽量使用对方语言进行交流。
-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式，如手势、面部表情等。
-长辈尊重：在跨文化交际中，尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。
3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点，根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。
-注意语言和行为的表达方式，避免因文化差异造成的误解。
4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性，积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。
-提高自身的文化敏感度，增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。
2011英语跨文化试题及其解析
Part 1: Questions 1--5 are based on Ibis part. (10 points)You are going to listen to an interview. Choose fhe best answer from A, B, C and D to answe each question. Write year answers on Ibc Answer Sheet.1. Who is Stanley Coren?A. a philosophy professorB, a Biology professorC. a psychology professorD. a physiology professor2, How long has Coren been studying canine behaviors?A. thirty monthsB. thirty yearsC. three yearsD. thirteen years3, Which statemem is right?.A. When it comes to communication, dogs are often smarter than their owners.B. The responsibility [or communicating lies with both the dogs and the humans.C. For the most part, people can understand dogs better than dogs understand hunans.D. Dogs are no doubt smarter than the humans in communication.4. Dogs areA. less intelligent than we give them credit for.13. the same intelligent as we give them credit for,C. much more intelligent than we give them credit for.D. None of the above.5. A dog has the intellect o[ a two-year-old child, and it canA. understand 250 words,B. understand a lot more than it says,C. do what a two-year-old baby does.D. understand the humana better than the two-year old baby.Part 2: Questions 6- 15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on how to get rid of your negative thoughts when applying fora job. As you listen, fill in the blanks to complete Sentences 6--15.Note: Only one word is necessary for each blank.6. Your recently passed away. You think you"re too old, fat or stupid to find a job,7. thinking and speaking can derail your job search.8. Most employers want to happy people not people who are down on tbamaelve and the world.9. Picture two job .i0. Maybe you wouldn"t complain about directions or the rain, but the way you viewyourself can ~ your job search.11. So how can you sound happy when you"re really feeling the ?12. Tell yourself out loud that you have a tendency to be pessimistic and that you are going tolook for the13. You don"t need to totally revise your personality, But you have to ~ that it"s nota lot of fun to be around someone who"s cranky and negative, ""14. Next, set up .~ daily goals and reward yourself when you accomplish them.15. Next, you have to tell yourself that job __ is a numbers game.This is the end of the Listening TestSection li: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions: There are altogether 15 statements below. You are offered four choices marked with A, B, C, and D for each statement. Choose the most appropriate one and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16. He"ll face the music when his parents find out.A. be in troubleB. listen to the musicC. go to a concertD. be beaten17. Peter and his friends decide to go out and enjoy themselves by drinkinga lot on the 2004,"s West Lake Beer Festival this weekend.A. paint the town eolourfulB. paint themselves redC. paint the town redD. paint the city red18. A: "Wow! Carl has done some really amazing Ihings!"B: "Don"t believe everything he tells you. He was probab!y pulling your leg."A. exaggeratingB. stopping youC. holding youD. teasing you19. The cake that Susan made tasted terrible, but I knew that she made it because she wantedto please me, so when she asked if I liked it, I said it was good so as not to hurt her.A. I told a white lie.B. I told a kind lie.C. I told a grey lie.D. I told a green lie.20. He"s a guy you don"t feel you can trust. You can never get a straight answer out of hirrA. as conning as a monkeyB. as slippery as an eelC. as slippery as a snakeD. as clever as a fox21. "Quit beating around the bush! If you don"t want to go with me, just tell me!"A. hitting around the treesB. cheating meC. telling a lieD. avoiding giving me the direct answer22. He decided to get out of the competition for success, and went to work on a farm.A. horse raceB. rat raceC. wolf raceD. human race23.If all of us try to do the same thing at the same time, chaos will .reign. So let"s ask Sarmantha to make thc plan first.A. Too many cooks spoil the dish.B. Too many cooks spoil the broth.C. Too many cooks spoil the soup.D. Too many cooks spoil thc meal.24. The Fnglish equivalent of the Chinese proverb "种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”isA, Grow a melon, you get a melons grow a bean, you get a bean.B. As you grow, so you get.C. As you sow, so you have.D. As you sow, so you reap.25. When Eliot came back home with his clothes soaking, his young Chinese wife who knew s little English laughed and said, "Look at you, you are just like a drowned chicken,t" Itscorrect English equivalent is:A. a drowned ratB, a drowned catC. a drowned dogD. a drowned mouse26. Oh, my God! I always think I"m a lucky dog. But this deal has turned out to be a complete failure.A. a dead ratB. a dead chickC. a dead duck.D. a dead goose27. "If l keep my nose to the grindstone, I should be finished by theend of the day. "A. continue to work hardB. watch the grindstoneC, keep moving the grindstoneD. slay awake25, Jim is a guy who is as strong asA. a bullB. a horseC. a tigerD, a lion29. We know that the dog is regarded as people"s best friend in the west,but sometimesdogs also have negative associations, such asA. a top dogB. get the dogC. he worked like a dogD. treat someone like a dog30. "! understand you have a job interview tomorrow. Break a leg !"A. Crossing fingers!B. Watch out !C. Be careful for your leg!D. Good luck!Section Ⅲ: Reading Cnmprehension [20 point s]Part 1: Questions 31--35 are based on this part. (10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 31--35 briefly. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.PassagePeople in Iow and high* context cultures tend to communicate differently with words. To Americans and Germans, words are very important, especially in contracts and negotiations.Peoplc in high--context cultures, on the other hand, place more emphasis on the surrounding context than on the words describing a negotiation. A Greek sees a contract as a formal statement announcing the intention to build a business for the future. The Japanese treat contracts as statements of intention, and they assume changes will be made as a project develops. The Mexican treat contracts as artistic exercises of what might be accomp/isbed in an ideal world. They do not expect contracts to apply consistently in the real world. AnArab may be insulted by merely mentioning a contract; a man"s word is more binding.Americans tend to take words literally, while Latins enjoy playing on wordst and Arabs sometimes speak with extravagant or poetic figures of speech that may be misinterpreted iftaken literally. Nigerians prefer a quiet, clear form of expression; and Germans tend to be direct but understated.In communication style, Americans value straightforwardness, are suspicious of evasiveness, and distrust people who might have a "hidden agenda" or who "play their cards too close to the chest." Amcricans also tend to be uncOmfortable with silence and impatient with delays. Some Asian businesSpcOple have learned that the longer they drag out negotiations, the more concessions impatient Americans are likely to make.Western cultures have developed languages that use letters describing the sounds of words. But Asian languages are based on pictographical characters representing the meanings of words. Asian language characters are much more complex than the Western alphabet; therefore, Asians are said to have a higher cOmpetence in thedise~minatiors of visual patterns.North Americans consider time a precious commodity to be cOnserved. They correlate time with productivity, efficiency, and money. Keeping people waiting for business appointments wastes time and is also rude.In other cultures time may be perceived as an unlimited and never-ending resource to be enjoyed. An American businesswoman, for example, was kept waiting two hours past a scheduled appointment time in South America. She wasn"t nffended, though, because she was familiar with Hispanics" more relaxed concept of time.Although Asians are punctual, their need for deliberation and contemplation sometimes clashes with our desire for speedy decisions. They do not like to rush. A Japanese husinessperson considering the purchase of American appliances, for example, asked for five minutes to consider the seller"s proposal. Thc potential buyer -- the Japanese, resumed his arms, sat back, and closed his eyes in concentration. A scant 18 seconds later, the American resumed his sales pitch to the obvious bewilderment of the Japancse buyer.31. Is American culture low context or high context?32. [Iow are words used differently by people in low and high-context cultures?33. What kind of communication style do people in !ow context culture value?34. What have some Asian businesspeople learned about their American negotiation partner?35. How do people in high-context culture treat time?Part 2: Questions 36-40 are based on this part. (10 points)Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36--40 are True or False according to theinformation given in the passage. Write "T" for true and "F" for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2There seems to be growing evidence to suggest that women and men do pursue different interactive style. In mixed-sex conversations this means that inert tend to interrupt women they use this strategy t9 control topics of conversation and their interruptions tend to induce silence in women. Women make greater use of minimal reposes to indicate support for the speaker. It also seems that women ask more questions, while men talk more, swear more and use imperative forms to Rea things done. Women use more linguistic forms associated with politeness.Underlying this felt sense o[ difference, and the growing body of evidence to support it, is a recurrent concern with power. Studies of language and gender have returned repeatedly to the question oif how the language used by men and women rein[orcea their respective positions in society. Women are maintained in a subordinate position, it has been argued, because they find themselves adopting powerless patterns ofspeech; and, conversely, men maintain their dominance by the use ofverbal slrategies associated with power, for example, the propensityof men to interrupt ,*"omen more than women interrupt men may be seenin these terms.However, an equally important theme that has emerged more recentlyis the focus on differences between men" s and women" s speech in two different sub-cultures with contrasting orientations towards relationships. In effect, women and men, it is claimed, grow up within different social world, as a result of which women are inclined to see relationships in them in terms of intimacy, connection and disclosure whereas men are inclined to see them in terms of hierarchy, status and independence. These sub-cultural differences are enacted incontrasting communicative styles. If the contrasting sub-cultures ofmen and women give rise to contrasting communicative styles, these very differences provide ample grounds for misunderstanding between men and women.36. Men interrupt women in order to contro| topics of conversation.37. Men support more and agree more when listening to others.38. Women are less direct and more polite in their speech than men.39. How men and women use language has nothing to do with their positionsin society.40. The contrasting sub-cuhural differences and different communicativestyles of men and women may lead to misunderstanding between them.Section IV: Communication Analysis [30 points]Instructions: The following are three different cases of cross-colturai communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improvedupon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding ia each case by answering Questions 41--43 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be about 1O0--15O words. Write your answers on the Answer ,Sheet. Note! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test. Case 1 (7 points)Jane, an American teacher, had just started teaching English to a group of Japanese students in the US. She wanted to get to know the students more itformally, so she invited them to her house for a party. The students arrived together at exactly 8:00 pm. They seemed to enjoy the party: they danced, sang, and ate moat of the food. At about 10:00 pm, one of the students said to the teacher, "1 think it"s time for me to leave. Thank you very much for the party. " Then all the students stoOd up and left at the same time. Jane decided she would never invite them again.Question 41 :Why did iii the students leave together? Why dM Jane decide never tn invite tihese students 1o her house again7Case 2 (1o points)Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, mote tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then ... until he was quite full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.Question 42: Why was Tom totally confused"?Case 3 (13 points)Li Na, a famous Chinese actress, married a German. One day when she was acting, her husband was watching there, saying again and again that she was the best actress.or.试卷代号：1028中央广播电视大学2004—2005学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准(供参考)Section !: Listening [-20 points]Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. )1 C 2. B 3. A 4, C 5. BPart 2. (I0 points, I point each. The exact words are required. )6. spouse7. Negative8. [lire9. applicsntslO. inf[uenee11, opposite12. positive13. recoguine14, reasonable15. huntingSection I1 : Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 pOints] (30 points, 2 points each. )16. A 17, C 18. D 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. B 23.B 24. D 2,5. A26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. DSectionⅢ : Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. O. S polot off for each grammar/spelling mistake, but at most i point can be deducted for each item for the grammar/spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same, )31. L,ow context.32. People in low context cultures think words are very important, especially in contracts and negotiations. People in high-context cultures, on the other hand, place more emphasis on the surrounding context than on the words describing a negotiation.33. A direct, straightforward style.34. The longer they drag out negotiations, the more concessions impatient Americans are likely to make..35. Time may be perceived as an unlimited and never-coding resource tobe enjoyed.Part 2. ( 10 points, 2 points each. )36. T 37. F 38. T 39. F 40. TSection Ⅳ Communication Analysis [30 points]Question 41.Case 1 (7 points, 5 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)Young people in Japan and many other countrics in Asia often arrive ina group at social events and leave in a group. This is a sign of collective cuhurc.2)Jane felt insulted, because they all left at once. In she US and other English-speaking countries, 10:00 pm is relatively early to leave a party.Question 42.Case 2 (10 points, 8 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)Tradiilional Chirnese custom requires that during the course of entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the gues! "s glass or cup, and always adds more food to the gues! "s plate or bowl without asking whether it"s wanted.2)Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the Ameclcsn guest in the case didn"t know this.3)He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it"s not good manners to leave food in one"s own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situstion.Question 43.Case 3 (15 pobtts, 1t points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language qality. )1) In either Western or Eastern culture, people compliment other people"s intelligence, talents, performance, manners, cio:bus, houses, furniture, cars, and good personal qualifies. However, cultural differences exist.2)The German was confused in the first situation because in Western culture it would be natural for family members to praise each other. And the one who is praised usually feelspleased. For example, it would not be unusual to hear a westerner talking about how hard his/her family members work and how much they have accomplished. But the Chinese rarely praise members of their family in public.3)In the second situation, Li Ns% husband was surprised because of the reason mentioned above, and also because in Western culture saying that someone (even a family member) is old is inappropriate. Complimenting the good looks of a friend"s wife by giving remarks as "You have s lovely wife" would be considered perfectly natural and even highly appreciated. But the same compliment would be regarded as indecent by many Chinese, especially by the older generation。
完整的跨文化交际试卷(2011-11-6)
浙江中医药大学2011-2012学年第一学期 英语专业本科2009年级《跨文化交际》考试试卷A考生姓名 学 号 专业 年级班级 考试日期 2011年 12 月 14 日考试时间13:30-15:00考试方式 闭卷说明：本试卷共5页，卷面100分，占总成绩20 %。
…………………………………………………………………………………………I. Multiple Choices (本大题共_15_题，每题_2_分，共_30_分)Direction: There are 15 statements in this section. Foreach statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose ONE that best completes the statement. 1. _________is any policy, practice, belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status toindividuals based on their race. A. SexismB. CollectivismC. RacismD. Individualism2. is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad)just because theperson is a member of a specific group. A. RacismB. PrejudiceC. SexismD. Stereotype3. 4 feet to 12 feet, the distance between salespeople and customers and between people whowork together, is called zone. A. intimateB. personalC. socialD. public4. The environment in which communication takes place and helps define the communication is___. A. channelB. contextC. feedbackD. message5. A characteristic typically associated with individualism is_____________:A. personal autonomyB. shared responsibilityC. restricted codeD. elaborate code6.Culture sometimes is viewed as an iceberg. Which of the following is below the water, i.e.,below the level of our consciousness?A. customsB. attitudesC. behaviorD. environment7.What is the feature of human communication?A. dynamicB. systemicC. consequentialD. all the above8. A characteristic closely associated with weak uncertainty avoidance culture is __.A. an emphasis that inequalities among people should be minimizedB. an emphasis that inequalities among people are both expected and desiredC. an emphasis where people are comfortable with ambiguitiesD. an emphasis where people fight ambiguity9.refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbolsystems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.A. Interethnic communicationB. Interracial communicationC. Intracultural communicationD. Intercultural communication10.refers to anything that distorts the message in communication.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context11.The United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants each year and hasreferred to as a melting-pot society. This trend can reflect the theory of .A. macrocultureB. microcultureC. globalizationD. modernization12.Which one in the following options is NOT the function of non-verbal communication?A. Repeating and complementingB. SubstitutingC. RegulatingD. Confusing13.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similarhabits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes.” This belief can reflect that .A. Human nature is evil but perfectible.B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil.C. Human nature is good but changeable.D. None of the above.14.is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source15.The term culture refers to _____.A. a population large enough to be self-supportingB. individuals consciously identifying with the groupC. social transmission over the course of generationsD. the totality of a group’s experience or the total sum of way of living分) Direction: fill in the blanks with suitable word/phrasewhose first letter has been identified.1. The weak version of S______________ indicates that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining the way of thought for its speakers.2. E is the tendency to place one's own group (cultural, ethnic, or religious) in a position of centrality and worth.3. V : Criteria for selecting and justifying behavior.Kluckhohn and Strodbeck’s value orientation consists of:4. H orientationMan-nature orientation5. T orientation6. A orientation7. R orientation14. C vs. Individualism15. U16. P17. M vs. femininity18. T________________E. T. Hall put forward his theory of communication influenced by culture by distinguishing two types of culture: one is 19. H____________, i.e., cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people; on the contrary, cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled 20. L .III. Short Answer Questions (本大题共_2_题，每题__5_分，共_10_分). Direction: Please answer the following twoquestions.1. What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?2. What are the characteristics of culture?VI. Case Study (本大题共_2_题，每题__10_分，共_20_分) Direction: There are two cases in this part. Each case isaccompanied with several questions for you to consider.Try to synthesize the IC theories covered in this semester to analyze the intercultural conflict in each case with no more than 100 words.Case 1Phil Greens, an eager young executive, was involved in the setting up of a branch of his company that was merging with an existing Japanese counterpart. He seemed to get along very well with the executive colleagues assigned to work with him, one of whom has recently been elected chairman of the board when his grandfather retired. Over several week s’ discussion, they had generally laid out some working policies and agreed on strategies that would bring new directions needed for development.Several days later, as they were going over some details, the young chairman ’s grandfather happened to drop in. he began to comment on how the company had been formed and had been built up by the traditional practices that the young executives had recently discarded. Phil expected the new chairman to explain some of the new innovative and developmental policies they had both agreed upon. However, the young man said nothing; instead, he just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. Phil was bewildered and frustrated over the days of work he had put into the development of those strategies, and he started to protest. The atmosphere in the room became immediately tense, but no one offered any further argument.A week later the Japanese company withdrew from the negotiations concerning a relationship with Phil ’s company.Questions:1. Why did the young chairman say nothing but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather?2. How would you behave if you found yourself in a similar situation as Phil?Case 2Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and depressed so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The Director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o’clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.\ On Thursday she arrived at the Director’s office at the exact time of their appointment when she found that Prof. Wang was talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled to gesture a seat and asked her to sit down. She got herself seated, and the professor excused himself and carried on the talk with the teacher. About five minutes later, he concluded his talk and made a profound apology before he began to talk with Katherine. The Director showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was about to tell the story, another Chinese teacher came in, with a form that apparently need signature of the Director. The Director smiled an apology to Katherine again and turned to talk with that teacher, also in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, wondering why their talk should be interrupted since they had already made an appointment. She was so upset and got choked by their talking in Chinese in front of her that she became angry. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Questions:1. How can you explain the Director’s behavior to Katherine?2. According to Katherine, what rules did the Director violate in their communication?。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
跨文化交际复习
题型：1、填空15个2、名词解释25分5个3、论述理论举例30分2个4、分析应用题30分3个小问题基本概念类：要求掌握定义;能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动;它是一个动态的编译码过程;当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时;就产生了交际;交际受制于文化心理等多种因素;不一定以主观意识为转移..2、文化一个群体可以是国家;也可以是民族、企业、家庭在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物;及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动;就是文化..3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程;是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际..从对外汉语专业的角度;“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中;具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言母语或目的语进行的口语交际..4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因;以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科..5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为..是一个说与听的互动过程;其成功与否;取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义..言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式..6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程..即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程;其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等..7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素..心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素;积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用;在交际中主体应当具备平等意识;双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用;消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设..环境因素包括因文化本身所造成的生理环境和心理环境、社会环境、自然环境、以及具体的语言环境..环境因素对于跨文化交际的影响无处不在..8、跨文化交际能力跨文化交际能力可分为交际能力和跨文化能力..交际能力包括：语言能力、语用能力和策略能力..三者相互联系;相互制约;协调工作..跨文化能力包括：对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性;文化差异的敏感性是指文化差异的识别能力；宽容性是指对异国文化的理解和尊重；处理文化的差异的灵活性涉及两个方面;一是交际者根据对方文化的背景灵活调整自己的交际行为;使交际取得预期效果的能力;二是处理由文化差异而引起交际冲突的能力..9、文化休克“文化休克”是1960年美国人类学家奥博格提出来的一个概念..文化休克又称文化震惊;是指生活在某一种文化环境中的人初次进入到另一种不熟悉的文化环境;因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段所产生的思想混乱与心理上的精神紧张综合症..即当生活在某一种文化环境中的人在试图理解或适应不同文化群体时;由于不同的文化价值观、信念和习惯..会出现不舒服、无助以及不知所措的感觉..10、培养跨文化交际能力的途径跨文化交际能力的培养途径就是按照一定的模式发展而来的..构成三分模式：这一模式的跨文化交际能力包括认知、情感、行为三个层面..认知层面包括目的语文化知识;以及对自身价值观念的意识；情感层面包括对不确定性的容忍度、灵活性、共情能力、悬置判断能力；行为层面包括解决问题的能力、建立关系的能力、在跨文化情境中完成任务的能力..这一模式为跨文化交际能力的培养确定了方向..行为中心模式：以跨文化交际能力培养实践为中心;其关注的焦点是交际行为或外部结果..该模式是以具体目标为基础的;在短期内可以获得成效..知识中心模式：以培养实践能力为关注中心的;在学校情景中比较受欢迎;这种模式强调文化知识的传授和测试..11、语言的理性意义;感性意义语言是交流思想和感情的工具;语义也就必然包含这两方面的内容;即一是思想;就是所谓的“理性意义”;二是情感;就是所谓的“非理性意义”..理性意义也叫逻辑意义或指称意义;是对主客观世界的认识..在词语平面上;它是与概念相联系的那一部分语义;在句子平面上它是与判断和推理相联系的那一部分语义..理性意义是语义的基本要素..非理性意义是说话人的主观情绪、态度以及语体风格等方面的内容;它一般总是附着在特定的理性意义之上..12、数字文化1-10常见数字文化词数字是观念和符号的结合;来自于人类对客观世界的观察以及对物质世界的认识..汉英数字词在使用上的区别主要有：1.人名称谓中的数字词2.反映宗教信仰和历史渊源的数字词3.反映思维方式和性格的数字词4.反映审美心理的数字词5.反映生活方式的数字词6反映一些巧合事件的数字词..一团和气、一品、一甲、一帆风顺;二龙戏珠、二泉映月、两情相悦;三皇、三甲、三教、三从;四德、四书、四大皆空;五金、五帝、五味、五色;六根、六腑、六欲;七宗罪、七情、七星;八卦、八仙、八股;九州、九流、九阴、九阳;十方、十恶、十问..13、言语行为言语行为理论;言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论..它最初是由英国哲学家约翰.奥斯汀在20世纪50年代提出的..根据言语行为理论;我们说话的同时是在实施某种行为..根据言语行为理论;说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为：言内行为;言外行为和言后行为..言内行为;指说话者陈述句子的表面意；言外行为;指表达语义时隐含的意图和目的；言外行为;指听话者听完话后产生的效果..14、一元时间;多元时间霍尔根据人们利用时间的不同方式;提出一元时间亦译为“单向记时制”和多元时间亦译为“多向记时制”两大系统..前者是一种强调日程、期限、讲究效率、倾向于做短期计划和一个时间只做一件事情的时间习惯;而后者讲究时间使用的灵活性;倾向于做长期计划和一个时间允许做多种事情的时间习惯..霍尔还指出包括美国、德国、瑞士等欧美国家属于一元时间国家;而包括非洲、阿拉伯和希腊等属于多元时间家..15、空间利用不同的群体有不同的空间观念;空间语言是跨文化交际中非语言交际的重要组成部分;它可以体现人际关系;显示社会地位;反映社会态度;具有鲜明的社会性、民族性和地域性;因而空间运用对跨文化交际产生了重要影响;主要表现在领域性、个人空间和体距、对拥挤的态度和位置安排和空间反应人们对隐私的态度等方面..合理的空间语言更能够思维的表达和情感的交流;也能使跨文化交际进行得更为顺畅..比如：西方人不喜欢拥挤的空间;不愿意在拥挤的小餐馆;而中国人就不同；西方人喜欢与人面对面的谈话;而中国人则觉得疏远和不自在;更喜欢坐在别人旁边..16、接触文化;非接触文化人们在交际过程中有时候会产生身体接触;即触摸对方的行为..根据交际过程中身体接触的多少;可以将文化划分为接触性文化和低接触性文化..接触性文化是指人们在日常交际中身体接触较多的文化;身体接触较少的或者甚至没有接触的是低接触文化..接触文化和非接触文化产生是受气候、范围、场合、对象、形式的影响的..比如：在西班牙;意大利葡萄牙等国家;见面习惯亲吻朋友;有很多亲密的身体接触..而在亚洲国家;比如日本;人们习惯见面鞠躬;很少去触摸朋友或者伙伴等;属于低接触文化的代表..17、文化超越文化的“超越”有三重含义：1.意识到文化差异或定型的存在;但不为所束缚2.能够以开放;灵活有效的方式进行跨文化交流..3.在跨文化交际中“生产性”地构建自我认同..高一虹认为;文化超越的一个主要理论是基础来源于人本主义心理学家fromm的“生产性倾向”和“生产性人格”;用以表达互动双方相互增强;相得益彰的关系..总的来说;“超越”是高于“跨越”的跨文化交际能力培养;在文化超越的概念中;文化是经验和自我认同建构的可能性;其疆界是“软的”“活的”;文化学习是整体的个人成长;并且以意识和态度作为中心简单应用..需要论述;先说明理论;然后根据理论用实例说明..1、中西方价值观的差异并根据价值观的差异来解释语言观上的差异价值观是人们对好与坏、美与丑、值与不值、干净与肮脏、正确与错误、善良与残酷、公正与不公正、得体与不得体所进行判断的标准..价值观寓于人的思想之中;是控制行为选择的心理活动;是人们对周围的世界进行思考并使自己与之适应的活动..中西方价值观差异的表现：一价值观核心之差异:个人主义与集体主义中国传统价值观是重集体轻个人..西方价值理是以个人为本位;强调个人大于集体;在两者关系中;个人高于一切.. 二价值观目标之差异：道义与功利中国人往往以道义为重;将个人荣辱得失放在次位;为了保全道义;必须压抑个体的自然欲求、功利欲望..西方人的价值目标是重功利;追求个人幸福;重视道德的功利性;把道德作为实现利益的工具;即道德只是手段;利益才是目的..三价值观实现之差异：求稳与求变中国人求稳;强调“天人合一”、“以和为贵”等..西方人具有强调“主客二分”;具有很强冒险精神、独立和竞争的意识..语言与文化是密不可分的;语言是一种社会文化现象;是社会文化的产物..价值观作为社会文化的重要组成因素之一;对语言的形成与发展影响颇大..语言观上的差异：由于价值观的核心的差异造成了中国崇尚和张扬“利他”价值与集体利益的语辞；而西方则语言是延伸自我;影响和改造他人的工具..由于价值观的目标的差异造成了中国的言语观是治世的旨在通过治世达到和合；而西方的语言观是创世的;旨在创造世界..由于价值观现实的差异造成了中国认为语言被视为是一种感情纽带;其作用是进行人际交流和表达感情；而西方则更为理性的将语言看做一种符号;一种媒介;是获得知识的手段;认识客观世界的工具;而非单纯影响人际关系的一种因素..2、文化休克的现象及解决的方法在跨文化交际中;文化休克现象主要表现在言语行为和非言语行为两大方面.. (一)言语行为中的文化休克在日常的言语行为中;不同文化背景的人因文化差异而导致的文化误解和冲突并不鲜见;例如大家都很熟悉的亲属称谓上中西就存在很大的差异:汉语中清晰地区分兄和弟、姐和妹;而英语中没有与之完全对等的词..二非言语行为中的文化休克非言语行为可能包括身势行为、手势行为、目光语行为、交谈时的身体距离、沉默语行为、声音、语调、音量、绘画、图像、衣着打扮和人体姿态实物标志等..在跨文化交往中;因文化差异而产生的非言语行为的冲突在世界各地时有发生;例如：看到OK这一手势;中国人首先想到的是零;日本人想到的是钱;美国人想到的是顺利、许可、不错等;而在希腊和巴西等国家则认为是一种卑鄙下流令人作呕的污秽行为..解决的方法：首先;通过跨文化培训的方式了解不同背景的文化..其次;通过自我调节来减轻文化休克给自己心理带来的压力..最后;实践互动;互相渗透..总之;通过主管和客观相结合的方法;可以从一定程度上缓和文化休克现象;甚至使文化休克产生促使人们主动了解不同文化、促进文化交流的积极作用..3、跨文化适应的两个W模式文化适应一词最初由赫斯考维斯在1948年提出;是指把个人培养成其文化或社会成员的过程..第一个W模式：Levin与Adelman的文化适应五段论;将文化适应过程分为五个阶段：蜜月阶段：对新事物的期待;到新的文化环境感到兴奋不已..文化休克阶段：生活上的事情开始开始成为困扰;尤其是语言困难造成严重的心理危机..初步适应阶段：上述的日常生活阶段的困难基本克服;语言虽还不流利;但基本的日常会话没问题..孤独阶段：久别故乡;孤独无助油然而生;为自己不能自如运用第二语言而沮丧;失去信心..很多人难跳出这一阶段..结合阶段：工作、生活和学习都已经走上正轨;已经适应或接受新文化生活习惯、风俗和人们的文化特征;语言也已习惯;与朋友同事之前也相处比较自然..第二个W模式：重归适应过程结合阶段：已经适应新的文化回归惶恐：不少人对即将离开已经长期旅居的文化感到惶恐;为即将失去已经交上的朋友感到痛苦;现在要回国;心中惶恐不安..这两个阶段是返回祖国之前的心情回归蜜月：刚回到阔别的祖国感到兴奋不已..重归休克：发现祖国和故乡发生了意料不到的变化;亲朋好友对自己的国外经历难以理解和认同;自己颇有“落后于时代”之感..重归结合：与家庭和亲友的重新熟悉;刚到又重新融入祖国社会..许多人在这一阶段认识到自己的国家和曾经旅居的国家各有长处和短处;对自己两种文化的经历产生了心里平衡的感觉..4、一元时间和多元时间的表现及根源表现：一元时间：一段时间做一件事情;按自己需要把时间分为各个日程;已定日程不会轻易改变;工作时间和社交时间泾渭分明;各不相扰;重视效率;重视个人隐私;日程安排和约会;例如;美国人邀请需要提前预约..多元时间：没有严格的计划性;同一时间做几件事情;讲究水到渠成;工作时间和社交时间没严格区分;重视人际关系;重视时间安排的随意性和灵活性;例如埃及人..根源：、时间期限：期限在不同的文化中;人们会表现出不同的反应;一元时间国家具有期限的概念;是时间的奴隶;会对每日、每周和每月的活动进行周密的安排;制订时间表;并针对事情的重要性作好精确的打算..而多元时间国家则没具有期限的概念;希望有多余的时间完成事情..、钟点时间与合适时间：一元时间国家人们认为时间是有始有终;并且能够用时钟和日历来衡量;人们普遍有一种时间的紧迫感和对时间流逝的紧张心理;他们的时间就是钟点时间..多元时间国家一般采用合适时间;按照事情发生的合理时间进行;比较注重做事的合适时机;但对时间的要求不像钟点时间那样苛刻;需要精确到每分每秒..、效率上：一元时间国家喜欢作短期的计划;人际关系变化快;重视短期的目标;追求立竿见影的效果..而多元时间国家们倾向于制订长期的计划;希冀维护长期的人际关系;把坚持和耐心作为一种美德..、思维方式：一元时间国家的思维方式是线性思维;用一元一维思维处理各种问题..而多元时间国家的思维方式是整体思维..、一元时间多产生于工业化程度较高的文化区域;多元时间多产生于工业化程度较低的国家..5、邀请言语行为的中外差异“邀请”这一言语行为是各社会;各群体所共有的普遍性言语行为..然而如何发出“邀请”;对其如何解释;如何反应等却因文化不同而不同..汉语文化模式：开端—身份确认—发出邀请—推迟—一再邀请—再推迟—邀请结果—结尾美国文化模式：开端—身份确认—寒暄问候—前置邀请—发出邀请—邀请结果—结尾在美国社会;相互邀请是重要的社会活动;其目的是为了开展社交;利用别人;广交朋友;主要是一种工具性的目的行为..邀请可以在各种不同类型的人们之间进行;从亲朋好友到完全不相识的人;不分等级、地位、职业、性别..中国人际间的邀请则一般在相对小的圈子中进行;多在亲朋好友之间;而且多数场合采取聚餐形式..在很大程度上;可以讲;中国人相互间邀请是为了达到叙旧或重温友谊目的;是以情感为中心..因为习惯不同;邀请的方法也不同..在实施邀请的过程中;中国人不太考虑受邀请者有怎样的不方便或者难言之隐;反而认为;推辞是期待你的执着;反复邀请有如诚意之举..而美国人则认为尽管邀请是一种礼貌行为;但是还是多少影响了受邀请者的支配时间的自由..在美国文化中;正式的邀请必须明确地点;时间和活动方式或内容;而且必须得到对方的认可;通常以书面形式为妥;提前一周时间;给对方充足的时间考虑..而中国;很多正式邀请并没有如此复杂的礼节和步骤;经常是电话口头进行邀请;甚至使临时邀请;导致我们在很多情况下;无法分辨正式邀请和非正式邀请..5、中英句法层面的差异◆英语是形态语;汉语是非形态语..所谓形态;是指在一些语言中同一个词与不同的词组合时的不同的变化聚合..英语的形态变化丰富;很多动词可以有五种形式变化;如“take”有“take;takes、took、taken、taking”;而汉语这没有多少形态变化;主要依靠语序和虚词来表达语法意义..◆英语是形合语言;汉语是意合语言..形合—借助语言形式手段来实现词语或句子的连接—是英语组织法的主要手段..这种“显性”的特点使得英语从构词、构语、构句到语段中的连接都偏重于使用形式或形态因素..汉语更多的是让语义本身来体现句法关系;意合—借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接—成汉语组织法的主要手段..◆英汉两种语言在句法时空顺序处理上存在差异..语言中有两种语序：自然语序和特异语序..自然语序是依照事件发生顺序叙事；特异语序不依靠时间顺序组句;而是负载着说话人的语义重点;兴趣所在;语气轻重等信息..英语中两种语序兼有;汉语则往往是自然语序..◆从叙事和说明事物的顺序看;英语习惯从小到大;从特殊到一般;从个体到整体；汉语则与此相反..这种差异反映了两种文化从个体入手和从整体入手的不同思维方式..◆英汉句法差异除了以上四种;还有英汉被动结构的比较;英汉定语状语的位置比较;英汉假设条件句的比较;英汉进行体比较;英汉形态比较;语法范畴的比较等等..7、通过中英文俗语、谚语解释两种文化的差异所在首先;从不同地域带来的文化差异看;以中国和英国为例;英国作为一个岛国;航海业发达;其谚语中就有许多和航海有关的内容..例如：togowiththestream随波逐流中国作为一个内陆国家;千百来以农业为主;滋生了许多与农业有关的谚语;例如：庄稼一枝花;全靠肥当家..其次;从历史文化的差异来看;对比中日两国可以发现;不同国家的历史中蕴涵的文化也尽不相同;这种差异主要表现在历史典故、寓言或者是具有特殊意义的专有名词上..再次;从民俗文化的差异来看;中西民俗文化之间存在着巨大的差异;最典型的莫过于对狗的态度狗在汉语中是卑微的动物;大多数具有贬义;例如：狐朋狗友..而在西方国家;狗被认为是人类忠诚的朋友;大部分具有褒义;如：everydoghashisday人皆有出头之日最后;从宗教信仰带来的文化差异来看;以中德两国为例;中国信奉佛教;有“善有善报;恶有恶报;不是不报;时辰未到”；德国信奉基督教;圣经被尊奉为经典;很多谚语就直接取材于圣经8、跨文化交际中的词汇差异的具体表现1理性意义相同;联想意义不同或截然相反..如在汉语中“龙”一词;在汉语中表示高贵、神圣权力的象征;中国人都自豪的称自己为“龙的传人”;而在英语中dragon却表示邪恶;令人感到恐怖..（2）理性意义相同;联想意义部分相同..如"羊"一词在汉语和英语中都有弱小的意思;但各自又有其他的意义..“羊”在汉语中还有吉祥的意思;如“三羊开泰”；在英语中则又有懦弱的意思..（3）理性意义相同;在一种语言里具有丰富的联想意义;而在另一种语言里却没有..如玫瑰在汉文中没有太多的联想意义;但在英美国家却有丰富的玫瑰文化;是爱情象征..（4）词汇并行;即对于同一客观事物或思想;两种语言可能使用不同的方式来表达..如“blacktea”不是黑茶而是红茶..还有很多表示亲属和动物的词;两种语言在词汇的选取上差异很大..如“aunt”则对应汉语的阿姨、姑妈、姨妈、婶婶等..汉语里的表示动物“鸡”;在英语中有“chicken”“hen”“cock”等..（5）词汇空缺..一种文化里所表达的意思在另一种文化里找不到对应的词;这就是词汇空缺..一般来说;这些空缺主要是由地理环境和生活经验差异、历史社会风俗和民俗习惯差异、历史文化和价值观念差异、思维方式和民族心理差异引起的..如汉语中的“旗袍、功夫”等词;在英语中找不到相对应的词汇..通常一种语言中的典故是其独有的;如英语中的“Helen”指美貌女子；汉语中“诸葛亮”指智慧超群者..。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料跨文化交际复习资料随着全球化的推进，跨文化交际的重要性也逐渐凸显出来。
在不同的文化背景下进行交流和合作，需要我们具备一定的跨文化交际能力。
本文将从跨文化交际的定义、重要性以及跨文化交际的技巧等方面进行探讨。
跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和合作的过程。
在这个过程中，我们需要理解和尊重不同文化的价值观、信仰、习俗等，避免因为文化差异而产生误解和冲突。
跨文化交际不仅仅是语言交流，更是一种跨越文化差异的能力。
跨文化交际的重要性不言而喻。
首先，跨文化交际可以促进不同文化间的相互了解和尊重。
通过交流和合作，我们可以更好地理解他人的文化背景，增进友谊和合作关系。
其次，跨文化交际有助于拓宽我们的视野。
通过与不同文化的人交流，我们可以了解到不同的思维方式、价值观和行为习惯，从而拓宽我们的思维方式，提高我们的创造力和创新能力。
最后，跨文化交际对于个人的成长和发展也有积极的影响。
通过与不同文化的人交流，我们可以更好地了解自己，认识到自己的优点和不足，从而不断提升自己。
在跨文化交际中，我们需要掌握一些技巧。
首先，要保持开放的心态。
不同的文化有不同的价值观和行为习惯，我们需要以开放的心态去接受和理解这些差异，避免产生偏见和歧视。
其次，要学会倾听和观察。
在跨文化交际中，语言不同可能会成为障碍，因此我们需要通过倾听和观察来获取信息。
通过观察对方的表情、肢体语言等，我们可以更好地理解对方的意思。
同时，要注意自己的非语言表达，确保自己的表达清晰易懂。
此外，要学会适应和调整。
在不同的文化环境下，我们可能需要调整自己的行为方式和沟通方式，以适应对方的文化背景。
最后，要学会尊重和包容。
不同的文化有不同的习俗和信仰，我们需要尊重对方的文化差异，不要将自己的价值观强加于人。
除了以上的技巧，还有一些常见的文化差异需要我们注意。
例如，不同文化对待时间的态度不同。
在一些文化中，时间被看作是一种资源，需要合理利用；而在另一些文化中，时间被看作是一种流逝的现象，更注重人际关系。
跨文化商务交际复习资料.doc
跨文化商务交际复习资料Unitl一、匹配1 .culture: The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.munication: A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols,signs,or behavior,or the exchange of thoughts,messages,or information,as by speech,signals,writing,or behavior.3.ethnocentrism： The belief that your own cultural background including ways of an analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal.communication, is superior.4.horizontal communication: The communication at the same level in an organization.5.intercultural communication：The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.6.business communication：The communication is within business and administration,aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.二、判断T：1.Culture is all men's medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.2.The terms of intercultural communication and international communication can be used interchangeably.3.Culture cannot be known without a study of communication, and communication can only be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.4.Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products of limited, lazy, and misguided perceptions.F：1 .When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as "'life way of a population,, in its broad sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.The culture shown in an onion consists of two levels: a level of norms and values, or an invisible level, and a visible level of resultant behavior or artifacts of some form.3.With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.4.1n the global village, neighbors communicate free of troubles and difficulties.三、SummaryCulture and Communication%1Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.%1Only the outward symbols of a culture, 10 percent, are easily visible. The most important aspects ofculture, 90 percent, its norms and values, are far more difficult to grasp. These more profound cultural differences can cause problems when communicating with someone from another culture.(3)Culture has six major characteristics: shared, learned, symbolic, integrated,dynamic, and ethnocentric.%1Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing,or behavior.%1There are three business communication patterns in terms of direction: upward communication, downward communication, and lateral communication%1Culture and communication are inseparably linked. Culture gives meaning and provides the context for communication. Besides, meaning is in the person, not in the word.Intercultural Communication%1Intercultural communication is the communication between persons of different cultures, or different cultural backgrounds.%1There are five barriers in intercultural communication: language differences,nonverbal communication, stereotypes, cultural bias on judgments, and high level of stress.(3)Technology has broken down cultural boundaries, and the world is becoming a global village, in which neighbors speak different languages, have different values and different lifestyles Understanding is a measure of communicative success in the global village.四、重点1 .culture文化的广义和侠义in the broad sense:It is estimated that there are more than 164 definitions of culture.In the narrow sense:meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.metaphors of culture 文化的比喻(1)the culture iceberg (文化冰山)① Culture above the waterline. ② Culture below the waterline.(2)the culture onion (文化洋葱)%1Culture in the outer layer.%1Culture in the middle layer.(3)Culture in the inner nucleus layer.3.characteristics of culture (文化的特点)%1Culture is shared. ② Culture is learned. (3)Culture is symbolic.%1Culture is integrated. ⑤ Culture is dynamic. ⑥ Culture is ethnocentric.munication (交际的4个特点)① dynamic ② symbolic (3)transactional ④ contextual5 .patterns of communication (沟通方式)%1Upward communication.Upward communication is the communication flowing from subordinates to superiors usually concerning employees5 comments about themselves, their reactions about others,their reactions to practices and policies,and their thoughts about their work.%1Downward communication.Downward communication is the communication flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy,telling people in the organization what is important(mission) and what is valued(policy).(3)Lateral communication (or horizontal communication).Lateral,communication or horizontal communication refers to the communication at the same level in an organization.6.barriers in intercultural communication (跨文化交际障碍)%1Language differences.%1Nonverbal communication.(3)Stereotypes .Stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.%1Cultural bias on judgments.%1High level of stress.Unit 2一、匹配1 .pragmatics： It is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.nguage： It is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols and rules that are used and understood by a large community of people.3.Semantics： It is the study of the meaning of words,a system that relates words to meaning.4.Verbal communication： It is carried out either in oral or in written form with use of words.5.memo： It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization,usually short.二、判断T：1 .Language is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge and information as well as to transmit experience and so on.nguage and culture are closely related, reflecting, influencing and shaping each other.3.Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols,either printed or handwritten.F：1 .Verbal communication is the transferring of thoughts between individuals only via spoken messages.2.Verbal communication is not as clarified and efficient as other ways of communication, e.g. written communication.三、SummaryVerbal Communication%1Verbal communication includes oral communication and written communication.%1Verbal communication can express all kinds of ideas we want to express. It can keep and disseminate information, and can be clearer and more efficient than other ways.(3)Semantics is a system that relates words to meaning,It is the study of the meaning of words. Frequently the same word can be misunderstood by i people.from two countries because of their different cultural backgrounds.%1Pragmatics is the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers use the language to effect successful communication.%1Language is the cornerstone of a culture. Language is part of culture. Language.and culture interact and interplay.Oral and Written Communication%1Generally.y there are three basic communication goals for giving oral presentations in business communication:to inform, to persuade,and to build goodwill.%1Making calls is efficient and convenient for business people to send and receive information in their intercultural communication Most foreign business people have a habit of using telephones for what they are going to do before or after business, most frequently for making appointments.(3)Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols,either printed or handwritten. Letters, memorandums, and reports are the primary means of exchanging written information in business.%1Letter writing is a very important activity in day-to-day business and personal life. A good business letter is brief, straightforward and polite.%1 A memo is a hard-copy document. It is used for communicating inside an organization, usually short. A memo contains To," "From," Date." Subject Heading and Message" sections.@ In a report, we re supposed to report, not embroider or influence. Just state the facts, nothing but the facts. The best reports are written in a style that is clear with a logical structure which is easy to follow, and is concise and comes to the point.四、重点1 .verbal communication's attributes:(言语交际的特点)%1Verbal communication can express all kinds of ideas we want to express.%1Verbal communication can keep and disseminate information.(3)Verbal communication can be clearer and more efficient than other ways.2.skillful and effective verbal communication (有效的言语交际的四个因素)① logical and emotional effects ② objective and subjective factors(3)the needs of the message sender ④ cultural factors3.Words have two major dimensions of meaning, their denotation and connotation.4.(中美文化交际的不同点)① How to address people. ② Different perceptions of titles.(3) How to show gratitude. ④ Conversation topics. ⑤ Being modest.5.Generally, there are three basic communication goals fou giving oral presentations business communication: to inform-to provide others with new information, to persuade-to modify attitudes and behaviors or to reinforce already-existing attitudes and behaviors, and to build goodwill.① Informative Presentations. ② Persuasive Presentations. ③ Goodwill Presentations.6.how to make an effective oral presentation%1Analyze your audience.%1Reduce your residual message.(3)Restrict your main points to three.%1Design your introduction.%1Your pattern of organization must be absolutely clear to your audience.%1Conclude the business presentation with a call to action.%1Deliver your presentation confidently from beginning to end.7.(打电话目的)Most foreign business people have a habit of using telephones for what they are going to do before or after business. Most frequently for making appointments.8.written communication （书面交际方式）① business letters ② business memos ③ business report9.Memos should have the following sections and content：① A "To" ② A "From" ③ A "Date" ④ Subject heading. ⑤ The message.Unit 3一、匹配1 .nonverbal communication: The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.2.kinesics： The nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.3 .complementing: It means that nonverbal behavior can support, but could not replace the verbal message in communication4.proxemics： The study of peoples perception and use of space.5.personal territory： It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.二、判断T：1 .Nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.2.As many movements are carried out at a subconscious or at least low-awareness level, kinesic movements carry a significant risk of being misinterpreted in an intercultural communication situation.3. A simple eye gesture might be interpreted in a diversity of meanings across cultures.4.Personal territory can be large or small, which is much related to certain elements such as place, sex, age and character.F：1 .Nonverbal codes play an important part in communication or intercultural communication. But it is not as important as verbal codes.2.We put the index finger and mid finger apart with palm against the receiver to mean "OK," which was first used by Winston Churchill.3.Postures send same messages to all people,e,g. when you stand in an upright position, you impress others as being energetic.4.The British, like Americans, believe that looking someone directly in the eye is a mark of rudeness until a more intimate relationship is established.5.Eyes looking sideways can show one's coldness and superciliousness.lt is impolite to move your head side to side while you are communicating with people, e.g. in India or Pakistan.6.How closely people position themselves to one another during a discussion or talk cannot communicate what type of relationship exists between them.三、Summary1 .Nonverbal Communication%1Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used. Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words.%1Nonverbal communication plays an important part in intercultural communication, even more important than verbal communication.(3)There are six functions of nonverbal communication in generakaccenting, complementing, contradicting,regulating,repeating and substituting.2.Kinesics%1Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or of the body as a whole.%1Facial expressions are important in human communication; the meanings people attach to the same expression differ from culture to culture.(3) The same gesture may send different messages to those who have different cultural backgrounds.④ Posture often goes unnoticed to many people, because it follows one' s natural habits, and therefore, it is subconscious in nature.3.Space and Distance%1There are four types of distances. They are intimate distance, personal distance, social distance and public distance.%1Private space refers to the space that people have for their own activities. The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.(3)The Chinese value togetherness in their nonverbal communication, while people from English-speaking countries value apartness.四、重点1.(非言语交际的功能)There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general. They are accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating and substituting.2.(体距) Generally speaking, there are four categories of distances.intimate distance 0-45cm personal distance 45-120cmsocial distance 1.3meters to 3 meters work together or doing business together 1.3-2 meters public distance beyond 3 metersUnit 4一、匹配1 .power distance： The degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.2.values： A learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.3.uncertainty avoidance： The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.4.masculinity： The degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.5.individualism：The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.二、判断T：1 .Where power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-defined order of inequality in which everyone has a rightful place.2.1ndividualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to their interdependent roles and obligations to the group.3.In high masculinity societies, sex roles are clearly differentiated and men are dominant.4.1n high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege, etc. are related to ability.② Differences in time consciousness. ④ Differences in5. Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree of uncertainty and is open to the unknown.6. Where uncertainty avoidance is high, the society is concerned with certainty and security. F ：1 .Large power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland,and Denmark hold that inequality in society should be minimized.2. Where individualism is high, the society emphasizes the role of the group.3. Asian, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high in individualism but low in collectivism.4.1n feminine societies, men and women are considered socially unequal.三、 Summary1 .Cultural Values%1 A value system represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden.lt is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.%1 Cultural differences between the West and the East can be highlighted in cognition, relationship with nature, and the concept of truth.%1 The Chinese are collectivist., placing high value on group cooperation and individual modesty. Americans are individualist placing high value on self-reliance and freedom from externally imposed constraints.2. Cultural Dimensions%1 Power distance is the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society. %1 Individualism is the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.(3) Masculinity is the degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.%1 Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.四、 重点1 .Comparison Between Chinese Values and American Values (中美价值观比较)① Differences in friendship.(3) Differences in conception of the self.%1 Differences in social relationships.2.cultural dimensions (文化维度)① power distance② individualism/collectivism (3) masculinity/femininity ④ uncertainty avoidance Unit 5一、匹配1. culture shock ： This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.2. reverse culture shock ： It refers to the "shock" one experiences upon returning to one's homeculture after growing used to a new one.3.recovery shock： A stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.4.low-context culture： It refers to groups of cultures that value individual orientation and overt communication codes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.5.repression： A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we pretend that everything is acceptable and nothing bothers us.6.honeymoon stage： A stage of culture shock, in which the new arrivals may feel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.7.rejection： A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we don't need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.8.high-context culture： It refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covert communication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with high cultural demand characteristics.二、判断T：1 .People of different cultural backgrounds usually behave and respond in different ways in the same context.2.The term, culture shock, was introduced to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment, especially when a person arrives in a new country where he is confronted with a new cultural environment.3.For some multinational firms, they can alleviate culture shock by selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal and professional qualifications.4.1n high-context communication the listener is already "contexted" and so does not need to be given much background information.5.The French culture is a high-context culture; American culture is a low-context one.F：1.The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the easier it is to readjust to home culture.2.1n high-context culture, that of North America, for example, a large portion of the message is left unspecified and accessed through the context.3.In low-context cultures, people judge what someone is talking about not only by what he is saying but also by the context in which the message occurs.三、Summary1 .Culture Shock%1Culture shock expresses the lack of direction,the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.%1Five stages of culture shock can be identified as: honeymoon stage, hostility stage, recovery stage, adjustment stage and biculturality stage.(3) The symptoms of culture shock include two aspects: physical and psychological.%1People can suffer from the symptoms of culture shock in a new place and in their own country as well.%1There are some mechanisms against culture shock, such as repression, regression, isolation andrejection. Culture shock can be alleviated, or minimized.2.High-context Culture and Low-context Culture① Members of high-context cultures use the context to communicate the message, as both senders and receivers understand the context of the message well.② Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They tend to think that if thoughts are not solidified in words, they will not be understood correctly or completely.四、重点1 .feelings of culture shock （文化休克的感受）%1Familiar signs and symbols are lost.%1Familiar cues are removed.（3） All cultures are not exactly the same.2.stages of culture shock （文化休克的阶段）%1the honeymoon stage%1the hostility stage（3）the recovery stage%1the adjustment stage%1the biculturality stage3.two aspects of culture shock （文化休克的两个方面）%1Physical symptoms of culture shock. Some of the physical symptoms of culture shock include: too much sleep or too little sleep, eating too much or having no appetite, frequent minor illnesses, upset stomachaches or headaches, and a general feelings of uneasiness.%1Psychological symptoms of culture shock. Some of the psychological symptoms of culture shock include: loneliness or boredom, homesickness, idealizing home, feeling helpless and dependent, irritability and even hostility, social withdrawal, excessive concern for health or security, rebellion against rules and authority, feeling like you have no control over your life, feeling unimportant and being a foreigner, crying, negative stereotyping of people in the host country.4.1t may be that an inverse relationship exists between ease of adjustment to an unfamiliar culture and degree of reverse culture shock: The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the harder it is to readjust to home culture.5.defense mechanisms against culture shock （文化休克的防御机制）%1Repression. The first coping mechanism is called "repression."This happens when we pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers us.%1Regression. The second one is called “regression."This occurs when we start to act as if we are younger than we actually are. We act like a child. We forget everything and sometimes we become careless and irresponsible.%1I solation. The third kind of defense mechanism is called "isolation." We would rather be home alone, and we don't want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, we try to avoid the effects of culture shock. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms we can use because it separates us from those things that could really help us.%1Rejection. The last type of defense mechanism is called "rejection." With this coping mechanism, we think we don't need anybody. We feel we are coping fine alone, so we don't try to ask for help.6.alleviating culture shock （减缓文化休克）① Learning throughout your stay. （3）Master simple tasks.⑤ Learn to live with ambiguity.⑦ Be flexible and resourceful. ② Get involved.④ Try to understand. @ Be empathetic. （§） Be humorous.Unit 6一、匹配1 .introduction： The formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know each other and establish relationships with each other.2.etiquette： It refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.3.supers titions： Beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.4.customs： They are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.5.taboos： Practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable.二、判断T：1 .Shaking hands at different time will leave different impressions upon the person you are addressing.2.1n Europe and North America, business cards are far less formalized and are used merely to keep track of who*s who during a hectic meeting schedule.3.It is rude to season without tasting and this may actually reflect negatively on your character by implying that you are prone to making hasty decisions before checking out the facts.4.1n Europe, people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand throughout a meal.5.In the United States, a businessman who is invited for dinner to the private home of a business contact is expected to write a thank-you note shortly after the event.6.Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.F：1 .Nonverbal greetings include shaking hands, kissing, bowing and making introductions.2.Clothes make the man or the woman and the reality is that how you look goes a long way toward leaving a great first impression.3.The goal at a cocktail party is to meet as many people as possible. Everyone expects to get into deep discussions.4.Some businesspersons maintain that American humor is helpful to export and appreciate.三、Summary1 .Introductions and Greetings%1An introduction is the formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know each other and establish relationships with each other.%1Proper greetings can make you appear polite and sociable in intercultural business communication.2.Handshaking and Exchanging Business Cards①Shaking hands is an expression of mutual trust and respect, and it is a way to send greetings in business situation.② Presenting a card with two hands conveys respect and an appreciation of the importance of the ritual in most Asian cultures.3.Dressing and Dining%1People communicate through what they wear, their hair style, and the polish of their shoes and even the look of their fingernails.%1Though each culture has its own peculiarities when it comes to dining customs,some basic dining etiquette tips are workable in most countries.4.Social Customs%1Customs are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.%1Attitudes toward time and punctuality vary in different cultures.(3) The way people from different cultures send invitations and express appreciation for hospitality differs.5.Gift Giving and ReceivingIn many cultures it is appropriate to bring smalll gifs when one is invited to enjoy hospitality, though what kind of gifts is suitable and when to open gifts varies across cultures.6.Humor, Superstition and Taboos%1While humor is a universal human characteristic, what is perceived as humorous varies from culture to culture.%1Superstitions are beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.(3)Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.四、重点1 .social customs (社会习俗的不同点)Customs vary not only country but also by region or location within a country.%1punctuality%1invitations(3) meeting people at a cocktail in the U.S.2.An invitation specifies a time, a date, and a place.。
《跨文化交际》复习材料
1.文化的内涵和特点?内涵:狭义的文化着眼于精神方面,指社会的意识形态，风俗习惯，语用规范以及与之相适应的社会制度和社会组织。
广义的文化包括精神和物质两个方面，即指人类在历史发展中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
特点：1)交际的符号性：文化不是与生俱来的，而是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识，任何文化都表现为一种象征符号的系统,也表现为人在创造和使用这些符号过程中的思维和行为方式。
在文化创造中,人类不断把对世界的认识、对事物和现象的意义及价值的理解转化为―定的具体可感的形式或行为方式，从而使这些特定的形式或中必须遵循的习俗或法则。
如古代服装颜色为身份的象征符号。
文化的符号性导致文化和交际具有同一性。
只有当交际双方对同一符号的解释完全一致或在很大程度上接近时，交际才能有效进行,否则误解、冲突在所难免。
2)民族的选择性:文化根植于人类社会,而人类社会总是以相对集中聚居并有共同生活历史的民族为区分单位的，一定的文化总是在一定的民族机体上生长起来的。
人类可供选择的行为规则是无限的，然而每一种特定文化所选择的规则是有限的,每个文化只选择对自己文化有意义的规则。
文化的这种集体无意识不可避免的产物是群体或民族中心主义，无意识地以自己的文化作为解释和评价别人行为的标准，习惯把自己的文化当做观察别人行为的窗口,其结果是自己的行为会被无意识地认为是正确的或有道理的。
这样可能会导致交际失误，到达一定程度会带来文化冲突.3)观念的整合性：文化是群体行为规则的集合，可以被理想化地推定可能出现在某一社会或群体的所有成员的行为之中.这样，我们就有了诸如中国文化美国文化东方文化西方文化等整齐划一的提法，而某一主流文化中又存在诸如亚文化或群体文化、地域文化、职业文化、性别文化等.这意味着社会组织、社会结构、社会关系、社会地位等都属于文化范畴。
文化内核发挥着整合文化的作用，使整个文化产生一种保守性、内聚性、排异性和对外来文化要素的同化力。
跨文化交际考试宝典
“跨文化交际”考前复习宝典Part I: General Information:This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:Section I: Listening Test (20 points, 25 minutes)Section II: Communicative Competence (30 points, 25 minutes)Section III: Reading Comprehension (30 points, 40 minutes)Section IV: Communication Analysis (20 points, 30 minutes)Pat II: Focal points:Section I Listening Test (20 points)Part 1 Multiple choices (5 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1.Task2, Activity4, Unit52.Task1, Activity4, Unit43.Task4, Activity5, Unit2Part 2 Spot dictation. (10 items, 1 point for each, 0.5 point off for each misspelling.)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1.Task2&3, Activity2, Unit52.Task2, Activity3, Unit3Section II Communicative Competence (30 points)Multiple choices (15 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from the following focal points:1. Basics of communication (P14-16, Task1&2, Activity2, Unit1 )communication models (model1&2)2. Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)hospitalitypoliteness (addressing, making invitation/request/apology)privacy and autonomyintimacyassertiveness/harmony (directness/indirectness)s (P100, Task1, Activity1, Unit3; P104, Task1, Activity2, Unit3;)Naming nameRoot4. Invitation and reply (P141-144, Task3&4, Activity1, Unit4)5. Sub-theories (P202, Task4, Activity3, Unit5)sub-culture theory (man/woman)power theory6. Non-verbal communication (P230, Task4, Activity1, Unit6)7. Categories of distance ( P255-256, Task1, Activity5, Unit6)Intimate => personal => social => public8.Idioms, proverbs and euphemismsmeaning of the idioms: have a big mouth, a piece of cake, take a French leave etc.animal idioms (P282-284, Task3, Activity2, Unit7; Task4, Activity3, Unit7; )meaning of euphemisms: in the family way (P318, Task5, Activity5, Unit7)rhyming slang (P313, Task3, Activity5, Unit7)例题：1. When two people coming from the same culture are communicating with eachother, we can say this is a ________.A. cultural communicationB. mono-cultural communicationC. bi-cultural communicationD. multi-cultural communication2. In face-to-face communication, ________signals are just as important as verbalmessage. Sometimes they play a more decisive role than verbal message in determine communicative effects.A. culturalB. non-verbalC. bodyD. hand3. When people first arrive in a new cultural environment, they seem to go through aculture shock made up of four stages. They may experience an exciting honeymoon period at the beginning. This is referred to as a stage of ________.A. euphoriaB. euphoricC. euphemismD. optimism4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Surnames were used to indicate family relationships.B. Surnames were used to indicate occupations.C. Surnames were used to indicate year of birth.D. Surnames were used to indicate location.5. Which of the following is NOT theoretically true of English female names?A. They tend to have more syllables.B. They tend to have longer names.C. They tend to have only one syllable.D. They tend to make more use of the /i/ sound.6. In Chinese families, ________ is the primary relationship.A. parent-and-children relationshipB. husband-and-wife relationshipC. family-and-society relationshipD. family-and-relatives relationship7. If something is taken “at its face value” it means ________.A. at its dollar valueB. it is taken literallyC. it is worthlessD. it is worth considering8. An artificial language is one which ________.A. is used for talking to babiesB. is created for blind people by computersC. is impossible for humans to understandD. is created by humans for special purposes9. Women tend to ask directions more than men because ________.A. they are more talkativeB. they are more friendlyC. they are inferior in societyD. they are superior in society10. A private goal in Cross Cultural Communication means ________ and may getacross or may not sometimes in the communication.A. an important goalB. a personal goalC. an implied meaningD. a received meaning11. That was “a white lie” which means ________.A. a harmless lieB. a shameless lieC. a worthless lieD. an interesting lie12. “Sidewalk” in American English means ________ in British English.A. subwayB. pavementC. tower blockD. snack13. “Kinesics ” means ________.A. Facial expressionB. Eye contactC. GestureD. all of the above14. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Shorter-than-average eye contact can indicate shyness, disinterest, orpreoccupation.B. Longer-than-average eye contact indicates a high level of interest in the U.S.C. The average length of eye contact varies in different cultures.D. A study shows that a person will change his patterns of eye contact when hegrows up.15. Spatial language is study of the way that people use _________ to conveymessagesA. literary wordsB. body languageC. signalsD. physical space参考答案：1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. B11. A 12. B 13. D 14 A 15. DSection III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Part 1 True or false questions. (5 items, 2 points for each)You should w rite “T” for true, “F” for false, and “NM” for not mentioned.Part 2 Multiple choices (5 items, 2 points for each)Part 3 Answer questions (5 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1. Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)2.Child-rearing (P178-180, Task1, Activity1, Unit5)Section IV Communication Analysis (20 points, 2 items, 10 points for each)The cases will involve the following topics:1.Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)2.Showing hospitality in different way (P153-154, Task1, Activity4, Unit4)3.Avoid western taboos (P66-67, Task2, Activity3, Unit2)4.Gifts (P151-152, Task1, Activity3, Unit4)例题：Case 1Meng Jiao works in an American toy company. She has an Australian boss--Mr. Jones. Recently the company got a big order and most people had to work overtime this weekend to meet the production deadline. Unfortunately, this Saturday is the birthday for Meng Jiao’s son and she has promised her son to stay at home. Below is the conversation between Meng Jiao and Mr. Jones.Mr. Jones:It looks like we’re going to have to keep the production line running on Saturday.Meng Jiao:I see.Mr. Jones:Can you come in on Saturday?Meng Jiao:Em…Yes… I …think… so.Mr. Jones:That’ll be a great help.Meng Jiao:Yes…but Saturday’s a special day, do you know?Mr. Jones:What do you mean?Meng Jiao:It’s my son’s birthday.Mr. Jones:How nice. I hope you all enjoy it very much.Meng Jiao: Thank you!!! I appreciate your understanding!!!(Meng Jiao did not come to work this Saturday and Mr. Jones was furious.)Case 2Jay comes from Seattle, Washington State and works at a language school as an English teacher in Beijing. Wu is a Chinese teacher who teaches Intercultural Communication in BFSU. They have been friends for a few years. Wu often talks with Jay about his life in Beijing. Jay says he has had a wonderful life except for one thing. He has been asked hundreds of times about how much money he makes every month by people he knows and even by people he doesn’t know. He was e mbarrassedevery time when he was asked such a question and didn’t know how to handle the situation.Do you know what has caused the problem and have you got any suggestions for Jay?Case 3Li Na has invited a foreign friend, Lisa, to her home for a meal. Unfortunately, the occasion gets off to a rather bumpy start.Li Na:Hi! Lisa, welcome! Come in, come in.Lisa:Thank you for your invitation. It’s a lovely room and very warm in here.Li Na:My room is very small and untidy. Please sit down and have a cup of tea. You must be tired after the long walk here.Lisa:What a strange thing to say -- your room is perfectly clean and tidy! And as for the walk, I’m very strong, you know. I usually walk for at least half an hour every day. Don’t you think walking is a good way to keep fit?Case 4Ronnie, a rather boisterous but well-liked British student, shared a flat in an international residence hall with a Chinese student, Wu Wei. They seemed to get on fairly well and Ronnie remarked to one of his British friends how easy Wu Wei was to live with compared with some of his previous housemates, as they seemed to have similar routines and interests. However, halfway through the semester Wu Wei suddenly announced he had asked for an apartment transfer and would be moving out next week. Ronnie was quite upset and puzzled and asked Wu Wei why. At first he was reticent about saying anything, but after persistent questioning he told Ronnie that he could not tolerate Ronnie’s habits -- he was always playing loud music, had friends visiting at all hours, and was very untidy. Ronnie asked him why he had not told him before as he had not realized he was disturbing him in any way. Wu Wei said nothing.。
跨文化交际复习资料.docx
跨文化交际复习资料.docx1 .monochronic time (M Time) : It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) : schedules several activities at the same time. In theseculture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.3.intercultural communication : is a face-to-face communication between people fromdifferent cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation tothe host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country^ cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentativesof business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9? high-context culture : a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-contextculture : a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in theexplicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us/^the processby which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the externalworld” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert thephysical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each othe匚IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression, and even privacy.13> ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from (hem?指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
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2011年秋季学期“跨文化交际”考前复习宝典Part I: General Information:This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:Section I: Listening Test (20 points, 25 minutes)Section II: Communicative Competence (30 points, 25 minutes)Section III: Reading Comprehension (30 points, 40 minutes)Section IV: Communication Analysis (20 points, 30 minutes)Pat II: Focal points:Section I Listening T est (20 points)Part 1 Multiple choices (5 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1.Task2, Activity4, Unit52.Task1, Activity4, Unit43.Task4, Activity5, Unit2Part 2 Spot dictation. (10 items, 1 point for each, 0.5 point off for each misspelling.)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1.Task2&3, Activity2, Unit52.Task2, Activity3, Unit3Section II Communicative Competence (30 points)Multiple choices (15 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from the following focal points:1. Basics of communication (P14-16, Task1&2, Activity2, Unit1 )communication models (model1&2)2. Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)hospitalitypoliteness (addressing, making invitation/request/apology)privacy and autonomyintimacyassertiveness/harmony (directness/indirectness)s (P100, Task1, Activity1, Unit3; P104, Task1, Activity2, Unit3;)Naming nameRoot4. Invitation and reply (P141-144, Task3&4, Activity1, Unit4)5. Sub-theories (P202, Task4, Activity3, Unit5)sub-culture theory (man/woman)power theory6. Non-verbal communication (P230, Task4, Activity1, Unit6)7. Categories of distance ( P255-256, Task1, Activity5, Unit6)Intimate => personal => social => public8.Idioms, proverbs and euphemismsmeaning of the idioms: have a big mouth, a piece of cake, take a French leave etc.animal idioms (P282-284, Task3, Activity2, Unit7; Task4, Activity3, Unit7; )meaning of euphemisms: in the family way (P318, Task5, Activity5, Unit7)rhyming slang (P313, Task3, Activity5, Unit7)例题：1. When two people coming from the same culture are communicating with eachother, we can say this is a ________.A. cultural communicationB. mono-cultural communicationC. bi-cultural communicationD. multi-cultural communication2. In face-to-face communication, ________signals are just as important as verbalmessage. Sometimes they play a more decisive role than verbal message in determine communicative effects.A. culturalB. non-verbalC. bodyD. hand3. When people first arrive in a new cultural environment, they seem to go through aculture shock made up of four stages. They may experience an exciting honeymoon period at the beginning. This is referred to as a stage of ________.A. euphoriaB. euphoricC. euphemismD. optimism4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Surnames were used to indicate family relationships.B. Surnames were used to indicate occupations.C. Surnames were used to indicate year of birth.D. Surnames were used to indicate location.5. Which of the following is NOT theoretically true of English female names?A. They tend to have more syllables.B. They tend to have longer names.C. They tend to have only one syllable.D. They tend to make more use of the /i/ sound.6. In Chinese families, ________ is the primary relationship.A. parent-and-children relationshipB. husband-and-wife relationshipC. family-and-society relationshipD. family-and-relatives relationship7. If something is taken “at its face value” it means ________.A. at its dollar valueB. it is taken literallyC. it is worthlessD. it is worth considering8. An artificial language is one which ________.A. is used for talking to babiesB. is created for blind people by computersC. is impossible for humans to understandD. is created by humans for special purposes9. Women tend to ask directions more than men because ________.A. they are more talkativeB. they are more friendlyC. they are inferior in societyD. they are superior in society10. A private goal in Cross Cultural Communication means ________ and may getacross or may not sometimes in the communication.A. an important goalB. a personal goalC. an implied meaningD. a received meaning11. That was “a white lie” which means ________.A. a harmless lieB. a shameless lieC. a worthless lieD. an interesting lie12. “Sidewalk” in American English means ________ in British English.A. subwayB. pavementC. tower blockD. snack13. “Kinesics ” means ________.A. Facial expressionB. Eye contactC. GestureD. all of the above14. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Shorter-than-average eye contact can indicate shyness, disinterest, orpreoccupation.B. Longer-than-average eye contact indicates a high level of interest in the U.S.C. The average length of eye contact varies in different cultures.D. A study shows that a person will change his patterns of eye contact when hegrows up.15. Spatial language is study of the way that people use _________ to conveymessagesA. literary wordsB. body languageC. signalsD. physical space参考答案：1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. B11. A 12. B 13. D 14 A 15. DSection III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Part 1 True or false questions. (5 items, 2 points for each)Y ou should w rite “T” for true, “F” for false, and “NM” for not mentioned.Part 2 Multiple choices (5 items, 2 points for each)Part 3 Answer questions (5 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1. Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)2.Child-rearing (P178-180, Task1, Activity1, Unit5)Section IV Communication Analysis (20 points, 2 items, 10 points for each)The cases will involve the following topics:1.Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)2.Showing hospitality in different way (P153-154, Task1, Activity4, Unit4)3.Avoid western taboos (P66-67, Task2, Activity3, Unit2)4.Gifts (P151-152, Task1, Activity3, Unit4)。