语言学第七章chapter-7-1Meaning ppt
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语言学-meaning(1)PPT课件
➢ Q1: What is Leech’s interpretation of meaning? ➢ Q2: What is the difference between semantic
meaning and pragmatic meaning?
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Course: An Introduction to Linguistics Part V: Meaning of Language
II. Structuralist Approach
III. T-G Approach
IV. Functional Approach
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Methodology of Linguistics Study
Prescriptive: Traditional Approach
Descriptive
Structuralism T- G Approach Functionalism
2.Meaning of language comes from concept, not the real object in real world.
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Problems
the first snow of 2008
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Problems of Conceptual Approach
the first snow of 2008
▪ Language and the thing it refers to in real world is directly related.
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Problems of Referential Approach
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Conceptual Approach
meaning and pragmatic meaning?
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Course: An Introduction to Linguistics Part V: Meaning of Language
II. Structuralist Approach
III. T-G Approach
IV. Functional Approach
-
3
Methodology of Linguistics Study
Prescriptive: Traditional Approach
Descriptive
Structuralism T- G Approach Functionalism
2.Meaning of language comes from concept, not the real object in real world.
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11
Problems
the first snow of 2008
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12
Problems of Conceptual Approach
the first snow of 2008
▪ Language and the thing it refers to in real world is directly related.
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8
Problems of Referential Approach
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9
Conceptual Approach
英语词汇学课件 Unit 7
7.1 Synonymy & synonym
7.1.1 Definition synonymy: the relation between two lexical units with a shared meaning. synonym: A word that is equivalent in sense to another word (in a particular context or contexts) E.g. select/choose • Will you help me choose a new suit? • I don’t choose to wait.
7.1.2 Classification
perfect/absolute synonyms Partial/relative synonyms
同义关系不仅存在于单个词之间，还可能存在于成语之间
decide to/make up one’s mind to/be determined to
7.1.3 Source of synonyms
7.1.4 Differentiation
denotative/conceptual meaning extend, increase, expand rich, wealthy; want, desire • • • • associative meaning answer / respond cop / policeman He is one of the greatest/biggest lyric poets in the world. Look at that lovely little/small/tiny boy.
E.g. rich/poor, big/small, husband/wife
chapter 7 英汉翻译中的词义引申
词义的任务是表达事物，而事物又有许多特点，这 些特点就往往反映在本义中。本义有了这些特点，就 能产生出不同的引申义。这好比一个车轮，轴心代表 本义，引申义就是辐条，向不同方向伸展出去。
另外还有一些引申义，并不都是一次从本义中同 时产生出来的，而是像人类的繁衍一样，父生子，子 生孙，孙又生子，子子孙孙绵延不断。例如“道”字， 本指实实在在的“路”，后引申为自然界中抽象的 “路”，即规律；又由此引申为治理国家的方针政策， 这是在“规律”一义的基础上进一步具体化后产生的 含义。 词义的引申表现了词义的发展变化，知道一个词 的本义、引申义的区别，理解e next four weeks was never distinct.
在接下来的四个星期里，消息时好时坏，两种 情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 （see-saw 在英文中本来是“玩跷跷板”之意， 但在这里如果直译，则译文就会不知所云，无 法同后面内容联系起来。因此，这里我们应该 透过原文的现象去抓住原文的精神实质。将 see-sawing 翻译成“不断交替出现”正是抓 住了精神实质。）
修辞引申（P66）
原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使 语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语 言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入 地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。因 此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格， 就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就 不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。
7.3 修辞引申——增加修辞色彩
翻 译
7.1逻辑引申
It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether.
简明英语语言学教程 Chapter 7
• Children's acquisition of language is quickly and effortlessly. It seems that their acquisition process is simple and straightforward . • In the learning of language , children's grammar is never exactly like that of the adult community . • Language has a lot of dialects and many individual styles.The features of these grammers may the merge(合并)----lead to certain rules of language may be simplified or overgeneralized.
• The reasons for some changes are relatively obvious. For example, the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words.Such as bullet train ,laser printer,CD-ROM , laptop computer, iphone. • Social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with a great number of new words and expressions: shuttle diplomacy,mini-summit,jungle war,Scientific Outlook on Development • Some other words have also changed as women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men .
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics
1) the relationships between linguistic forms; 2) the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
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Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference
语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)
2
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语 言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和 家庭结构。
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Ethnography of communication
The study of the place of language in culture and society. Language is not studied in isolation but within a social and/ or cultural setting. Ethnography of communication studies, for example, how people in a particular group or community communicate with each other and how the social relationships between these people affect the type of language they use.
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Speech act theory
Language is a mode of action This view of language is the basis for the generation of the speech act theory.
9
Contribution by Malinowski
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语 言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和 家庭结构。
14
Ethnography of communication
The study of the place of language in culture and society. Language is not studied in isolation but within a social and/ or cultural setting. Ethnography of communication studies, for example, how people in a particular group or community communicate with each other and how the social relationships between these people affect the type of language they use.
8
Speech act theory
Language is a mode of action This view of language is the basis for the generation of the speech act theory.
9
Contribution by Malinowski
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
语言学第七单元
(1) the definition of deixis Definition: Deixis, a word originally from Greek, means pointing via language.An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called a deictic expression or indexical. (2) the types of deixis(5种) Types (according to different referential content): Person deixis: personal pronouns---you/they/we Place deixis: locations---here/there Time deixis: time---then/now/yesterday/tomorrow Discourse deixis: an expression that has its reference within the discourse or text---in the previous section/in the next chapter Social deixis: the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors(对话者). e.g: honorifics(敬语)、您
区别a程度变动语):是根据实际情况对原话语意义做出某种程度修正的词语，从 而避免武断。 E.g : to some extent, really, kind of , a little bit, somewhat, sort of
语言学导论PPT课件
Voiced fricative
z
alveolar
voiced
fricative
f fricative
voiceless obstruent labiodentals
w
glide
approximant
sonorant
voiced
labiovelars
.
18
Vowels
1.The height of the tongue
study of the production of the sound. (2) accustic phonetics (声学语音学）：concerned with
physical properties of these sounds.
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(3) Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学）:concerned with the reception/ perception of the hearer.
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3
※ linguistic study: primary synchronic study
※ 研究语言难在： ① language is always changing ② people in the same speech community do not say the same language ③ features of a language, can’t be replaced quickly and completely.
↓
a. Actual spoken b. Specific (concrete) c. situational d. the use of the rules or
conventions
z
alveolar
voiced
fricative
f fricative
voiceless obstruent labiodentals
w
glide
approximant
sonorant
voiced
labiovelars
.
18
Vowels
1.The height of the tongue
study of the production of the sound. (2) accustic phonetics (声学语音学）：concerned with
physical properties of these sounds.
.
14
(3) Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学）:concerned with the reception/ perception of the hearer.
.
3
※ linguistic study: primary synchronic study
※ 研究语言难在： ① language is always changing ② people in the same speech community do not say the same language ③ features of a language, can’t be replaced quickly and completely.
↓
a. Actual spoken b. Specific (concrete) c. situational d. the use of the rules or
conventions
英语语言学概论 Chapter 7 Semantics
3 objects, characteristics and state of affairs in the real world. 4 the speaker and the specific situational context(情景语境)
(4) Theories of meaning
Conceptual meaning: the meaning given in the dictionary: Associative meaning(联想意义):the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning: connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings.
Basic concepts
Reference(所指 指称 the relation between 所指,指称 所指 指称): the linguistic expression and the object in extra-linguistic reality to which the expression refers to. Denotation: the objects or state of affairs in the real world that linguistic expressions stand for. Denotation is invariant and utteranceindependent while reference is variable and utterance dependent, could be specific.
Extension(外延 the class of entities to 外延): 外延 which a linguistic expression is correctly applied. Intension(内涵 内涵):the set of defining 内涵 properties which determine the applicability of a linguistic expression. Extension and intension are two aspects of denotation, which are complementary to each other.
语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)
2
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语 言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和 家庭结构。
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Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
10
His influence
Under his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use, Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语 言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和 家庭结构。
22
Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
10
His influence
Under his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use, Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed
语言学教程Chapter Seven
We pay our attention to:
language and culture, Language and society,
and language and cross-cultural communication.
2
7.1 language and culture What is culture? Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs. 7.1.1 The relationship between L & C There exists a close relationship between language and culture, generally, a relation of part to whole, for L is part of C. Language is an indispensible carrier of culture. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in L. Culture finds a better representation through language use. Language and culture correlate with each other at different levels of linguistic structure.
language and culture, Language and society,
and language and cross-cultural communication.
2
7.1 language and culture What is culture? Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs. 7.1.1 The relationship between L & C There exists a close relationship between language and culture, generally, a relation of part to whole, for L is part of C. Language is an indispensible carrier of culture. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in L. Culture finds a better representation through language use. Language and culture correlate with each other at different levels of linguistic structure.
语言学教程 胡壮麟Chapter7
Users of the same language in a sense all
speak differently. What each of them chooses
to use is in part determined by his social
background. When we speak we cannot avoid giving our listeners clues about our origin and our background.
people who claim to be users of the same
language do not speak the language in the
same manner.
Varieties related to the user are normally
known as dialects and varieties related to use
around.
Time in Hopi language ---a ―timeless language‖ An example from the Dani language: evolutionary stages of basic color words
Hale Waihona Puke English: horseshoe
Anthropological study of linguistics: study of language in a socio-cultural context. Bronislaw Malinowski:
The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given context. Language functions as a link in human activity, a mode of action.
英语语言学课件Chapter 7 Words and Word-formation Processes
• Alcohol (Arabic), boss (Dutch), croissant (French), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), robot (Czech), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish), zebra (Bantu)
Derivation
• The most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words.
• By means of a large number of small ‘bits’ of the English language: affixes
Words and Word-formation Processes
• Spangler – spanglering – spanglered – spanglerish – spanglerism
• Hoovering (not spanglering) in Britain today
• Can quickly understand a new word in our language (a neologism) and accept the use of different forms of that new word.
Blending
• The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term
• Gasohol: gasoline + alcohol • Smog: smoke + fog • Smaze: smoke + haze • Bit: binary + digit • Sitcom: situation + comedy • Simulcast: simultaneous + broadcast
Chapter 7 Ethnography of Speaking
• Hymes suggests: • any communicative use of language or speech event is constituted by the following distinct factors, each associated with a different function: • What factors can they be? • 1. the speaker-writer/ the hearer-reader; • 2. the message form passed between S/L(W/R) (how something is said) which is drawn from the resources of 3; • 3. the speech code (L variety); • 4. the topic expressed by the message form, • 5. the propositional content which is passed by • 6, some physical means, • 7. some channel, visual in the case of writing or sign language or aural in the case of speech. • 8. the setting where the speech event is located (physical and psychological)
• Dell Hymes (1927 - ) • American social anthropologist and linguist, commonly acknowledged “father” of this field of linguistic study. Before retirement, he taught Linguistic Anthropology, Native American Mythology, Ethno-poetics, Native American Poetry (in Anthropology/ English)
语言学课件 Chapter 7 Language Culture and Society
native language spoken in Arizona; the other is taken from a language spoken in the central highlands of Irian Jaya (伊里安 岛，太平洋). • The first example serves to show how languages may differ from each other. • The second example serves to challenge the hypothesis.
• There are only two basic color words in this language: modla for light, bright, hence, white, and mili for dark, dull, hence, black.
• What will native Irian language speaker do if he/she wants to designate colors other than black and white Or do white and black always mean white and black crosslinguistically
Therefore, the contrast between modla and mili in fact is a contrast between
“whitewarmness” versus “blackcoldness”.
• The color word system in the Irian language is still in its first stage of evolution and by means of using this whitewarmness and blackcoldness contrast and other types of color words derived from object names, animals, plants and so on, the speakers from this culture can successfully express any colors labelled by distinct color words in another culture.
• There are only two basic color words in this language: modla for light, bright, hence, white, and mili for dark, dull, hence, black.
• What will native Irian language speaker do if he/she wants to designate colors other than black and white Or do white and black always mean white and black crosslinguistically
Therefore, the contrast between modla and mili in fact is a contrast between
“whitewarmness” versus “blackcoldness”.
• The color word system in the Irian language is still in its first stage of evolution and by means of using this whitewarmness and blackcoldness contrast and other types of color words derived from object names, animals, plants and so on, the speakers from this culture can successfully express any colors labelled by distinct color words in another culture.
语言学MeaningPPT课件
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第21页/共98页
• domicile 住宅 : very formal, official • residence: formal • abode [ə'bəud] : poetic • home: general
• steed: poetic • horse: general • nag: slang • gee-gee: baby language
• 社会、阶级、阶层和个人都可以给一个词附加一个内涵意义。
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第15页/共98页
• Involving the ‘real world’ experience, one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it. • Unstable: they vary considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
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第13页/共98页
(2) Connotative meaning 内涵意义
• What is communicated by virtue of(依靠 ; 由于 ; 借助 ) what language refers to.
• 指附加在概念意义上的，通过语言所指事物传递的意义；表示概念意义的属性。
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第28页/共98页
(7) Thematic meaning 主位意义、主题意义
• What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
第21页/共98页
• domicile 住宅 : very formal, official • residence: formal • abode [ə'bəud] : poetic • home: general
• steed: poetic • horse: general • nag: slang • gee-gee: baby language
• 社会、阶级、阶层和个人都可以给一个词附加一个内涵意义。
15
第15页/共98页
• Involving the ‘real world’ experience, one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it. • Unstable: they vary considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
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第13页/共98页
(2) Connotative meaning 内涵意义
• What is communicated by virtue of(依靠 ; 由于 ; 借助 ) what language refers to.
• 指附加在概念意义上的，通过语言所指事物传递的意义；表示概念意义的属性。
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第28页/共98页
(7) Thematic meaning 主位意义、主题意义
• What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
语言学教程课件7 Language, Culture, and Society
In Hopi, an American Native language, there seems to be no concept of time, and there is no words about speed.
He runs fast can be interpreted literarily as He very runs.
what end”
Hymes: Ethnography of communication 1. Speech situation. 2. Situation, event, and act. 3. SPEAKING: situation, participants, ends,
act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genres
Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Terms of address Greetings Thanks and compliments Privacy and taboos Color words
English: horseshoe French: fer a cheval —— iron for horse German: hufeisen—— hoof iron The Eskimos have countless words for snow.
Extreme opposition to universalism. Universalists argue that we can say whatever we want to say in any language, and that whatever we say in one language can always be translated into another.
语言学课件7
Define “culture” in your own words
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ ……
more that 500 versions no consensus reached up to present
4
Some well-known definitions…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(2) Social life such as lifestyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation;
(3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.
Liang Shuming, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of
culture in his book Culture & Philosophy:
(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival;
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London School:
Halliday(1925- )
1. Study language from a social semiotic or interactional perspective
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ ……
more that 500 versions no consensus reached up to present
4
Some well-known definitions…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(2) Social life such as lifestyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation;
(3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.
Liang Shuming, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of
culture in his book Culture & Philosophy:
(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival;
11
London School:
Halliday(1925- )
1. Study language from a social semiotic or interactional perspective
简明语言学教程 Chapter_7_Change ppt
Addition of affixes Loss of affixes Change of word order Change in negation rule Change in “agreement” rule Process of simplification
Add现代英语 (1500-present)
Introduction
It is a fact that all languages change through
time, though they do so rather slowly.
沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王，至 鸿门，谢曰：“臣与将军戮力而攻秦， 将军战河北，臣战河南，然不自意能 先入关破秦，得复见将军于此。今者 有小人之言，令将军与臣有郤（xì ） （同“隙”，隔阂。）。”项王曰： “此沛公左司马曹无伤言之；不然， 籍何以至此?”项王即日因留沛公与饮。 《史记》
Sound Change
The Great Vowel Shift
i: ai au u:
əu
ei e Mice [mi:s] [mais]
ɔ
a:
Mouse [mu:s] [maus]
b) Sound loss Some sounds in English have simply disappeared from the general pronunciation of English. -----the voiceless velar fricative / x /, "nicht" /nixt/ night sorh /sorx/ sorrow ----- /k/ sound in /kn - / clusters in the word initial position "knight“ "knee" -----Another sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment, a phenomenon called apocope.词尾脱落 /na:mə / / neim/ /l Q və/ /l Q v/
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• woman: [human], [female], [adult]
connotative meaning: 内涵意义
• Connotative refers to some additional, especially emotive meaning. • Woman: housewife, cry, fragile…… • Pig: fat, lazy, dirty, greedy……. • The difference between politician and statesman, for example, is connotative in that the former is derogatory while the latter is favorable.
The Conceptual Theory
• Meaning of a word – the concept it provokes in the mind. • This theory holds that words and things are related through the mediation of concepts of the mind.
affective meaning: 感情意义
• What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker / writer. • The emotive component of meaning
• Appreciative / commendatory meaning • Prerogative / derogatory meaning
• Homogragh（同形异义） ---- when two words are identical in spelliБайду номын сангаасg, e.g. tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.), …
• 1. What color is the wind？ • Blue． • (The wind blew )
collocative meaning: 搭配意义
What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
Color terms 绿色食品，绿色通道，白色恋歌，红色旅游 猫步，秋波，
Chapter-7 Meaning
LOGO
Semantics
• A man will pay $2 for a $1 item he wants. A woman will pay $1 for a $2 item that she doesn't want.
• A woman worries about the future until she gets a husband. A man never worries about the future until he gets a wife. • A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend. A successful woman is one who can find such a man.
How are word meanings related?
• Homonymy(同音同形异义）---- the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, e.g. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
• 2. Why is Sunday the strongest day in a week ？ • The rest of the days are weak days． • (weekdays)
Polysemy
• 1. What’s the difference between a woman and an umbrella？(一词多义) • You can shut up an umbrella．
thematic meaning: 主位意义
• What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in term of order and emphasis.
• I went to the Great Wall last year. • Last year I went to the Great Wall
What is meaning?
• Semantics----the study of language meaning. • C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards. 1923. 《The Meaning of Meaning》.
• They summarized 16major categories and 22 subcategories of definitions.
Connotation and denotation
• Emotive or evaluative meanings resulted from personal experience are called CONNOTATIONS. （内涵）
• Straightforward and literal meaning is called DENOTATION. （指示） • magpie & sparrow
reflected meaning: 反射意义
• What is communicated through association with an other sense of the same expression.
• Comforter ( 圣灵，安慰者) [comfort] • Intercourse, cock • Bottom up
• Word – thing
• Many words in the language have no referents in the real world. • Abstract entities • Imagined entities • Entities not at now and here
• Married men live longer than single men. But married men are a lot more willing to die. • Any married man should forget his mistakes. There's no use in two people remembering the same thing. • A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesn't. A man marries a woman expecting that she won't change and she does.
• Polysemy（一词多义）----the same one word may have more than one meaning.
Homonymy
• Homophone（同音异义） ---- when two words are identical in sound, e.g. rainreign, night/knight, …
social meaning:社会意义
• What is communicated of the social circumstances of language. • Stylistic meaning
• Policeman / cop • Steed / horse / nag / gee
• (formal, poetic / common / slang / child language )
Meaning of Flowers
• daisy---innocent • 雏菊-天真烂漫 • white lily---purity • 白百合-纯洁 • early lilac---first love • 紫丁香-初恋 • wild lily---happiness • 野百合-幸福
The Referential theory
Examples of “Meaning”
• What is the meaning of the word “desk”? • I didn’t quite catch your meaning, could you explain it again? • What do you mean by saying that? • What does “Konbanwa”/ “Merci” mean in English?
Semantic triangle
• The symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements (words and phrases); • The referent refers to the object in the world of experience; • Thought or reference refers to concept. • The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.
connotative meaning: 内涵意义
• Connotative refers to some additional, especially emotive meaning. • Woman: housewife, cry, fragile…… • Pig: fat, lazy, dirty, greedy……. • The difference between politician and statesman, for example, is connotative in that the former is derogatory while the latter is favorable.
The Conceptual Theory
• Meaning of a word – the concept it provokes in the mind. • This theory holds that words and things are related through the mediation of concepts of the mind.
affective meaning: 感情意义
• What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker / writer. • The emotive component of meaning
• Appreciative / commendatory meaning • Prerogative / derogatory meaning
• Homogragh（同形异义） ---- when two words are identical in spelliБайду номын сангаасg, e.g. tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.), …
• 1. What color is the wind？ • Blue． • (The wind blew )
collocative meaning: 搭配意义
What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
Color terms 绿色食品，绿色通道，白色恋歌，红色旅游 猫步，秋波，
Chapter-7 Meaning
LOGO
Semantics
• A man will pay $2 for a $1 item he wants. A woman will pay $1 for a $2 item that she doesn't want.
• A woman worries about the future until she gets a husband. A man never worries about the future until he gets a wife. • A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend. A successful woman is one who can find such a man.
How are word meanings related?
• Homonymy(同音同形异义）---- the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, e.g. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
• 2. Why is Sunday the strongest day in a week ？ • The rest of the days are weak days． • (weekdays)
Polysemy
• 1. What’s the difference between a woman and an umbrella？(一词多义) • You can shut up an umbrella．
thematic meaning: 主位意义
• What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in term of order and emphasis.
• I went to the Great Wall last year. • Last year I went to the Great Wall
What is meaning?
• Semantics----the study of language meaning. • C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards. 1923. 《The Meaning of Meaning》.
• They summarized 16major categories and 22 subcategories of definitions.
Connotation and denotation
• Emotive or evaluative meanings resulted from personal experience are called CONNOTATIONS. （内涵）
• Straightforward and literal meaning is called DENOTATION. （指示） • magpie & sparrow
reflected meaning: 反射意义
• What is communicated through association with an other sense of the same expression.
• Comforter ( 圣灵，安慰者) [comfort] • Intercourse, cock • Bottom up
• Word – thing
• Many words in the language have no referents in the real world. • Abstract entities • Imagined entities • Entities not at now and here
• Married men live longer than single men. But married men are a lot more willing to die. • Any married man should forget his mistakes. There's no use in two people remembering the same thing. • A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesn't. A man marries a woman expecting that she won't change and she does.
• Polysemy（一词多义）----the same one word may have more than one meaning.
Homonymy
• Homophone（同音异义） ---- when two words are identical in sound, e.g. rainreign, night/knight, …
social meaning:社会意义
• What is communicated of the social circumstances of language. • Stylistic meaning
• Policeman / cop • Steed / horse / nag / gee
• (formal, poetic / common / slang / child language )
Meaning of Flowers
• daisy---innocent • 雏菊-天真烂漫 • white lily---purity • 白百合-纯洁 • early lilac---first love • 紫丁香-初恋 • wild lily---happiness • 野百合-幸福
The Referential theory
Examples of “Meaning”
• What is the meaning of the word “desk”? • I didn’t quite catch your meaning, could you explain it again? • What do you mean by saying that? • What does “Konbanwa”/ “Merci” mean in English?
Semantic triangle
• The symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements (words and phrases); • The referent refers to the object in the world of experience; • Thought or reference refers to concept. • The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.