英文学术论文写作方法
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名词解释
P1 模糊限制语: hedges, 指一些单词或者短语,使 得本来很确定的意思变得不太肯定,例如: I bit of like him. The journalist seems to doubt the credibility of Putin's commitment
P2 矛盾统一体:既是现有体系之一部分,又发展、 改进或者推翻了现有知识体系 ; 与现有体系又相 似,又有不同,是继承和创新的关系。
P6 第一个方面(已知信息) 是声明研究领域的中心地位(新信息)。中 心地位的声明(已知信息)意在表明…(新信息)
由此例看出,名词化使得原来松散的信息被打包成一个短语,增加了句 子所包含的命题的数量,因而使得学术论文变得抽象、难懂。
矛盾,是因为有创新;统一,是因为脱胎于旧有体 系。
P3 作者的隐身:指在叙述研究方法、结果等 时不用人称代词“我”“我们”,而是用被 动语态,用客体(受事)作句子的主语。例 如
200 students were invited to participate in this survey.
Result shows… , it is found that …
2. the tense and voice of each section or chapter (e.g. P27,P52, P83, etc)
Why reading, translation, and writing?
The purpose of reading practice is to digest the lecture; while the purpose of translation is to make you become alert with the different sentence structures of the Chinese and English languages; and the so-called writing practice is for you to have a chance to translate the sections of your own article into English.
Introduction to the Course
Chapter 1 Week 9
Our learning focus will be on the following two points:
1. The macro-structure (moves and steps ) of each section or chapter (the second section of chapters in this book, e.g. P10-16, P31-40, etc)
例如可以分为表达性文体、说理性文体、文学性文体、指示 性文体。
Persuasive, argumentative (to persuade, to argue),
Rather than expository, or informative (to tell, to inform)
It is a combination of informing and persuasion . Informing + persuasion
Informing is the means , while persuasion is the end. 要想让人相信你的 主观看法(结 论),必须对客观事物 (研究过程和结果 )做出 最精准、为同行所接受的 客观描述。
学术论文属于说理性文体,或 说理性语类。
但其中有很大部分是说明性的,这种informative 和 persuasive 相结合的特点贯穿于论文全文。例如,在方 法和结果部分,主要是说明性(告诉事实)的,尽量客观 地叙述采用了什么方法,得出了什么结果;但到了讨论、 结论部分,就得参杂作者的主观色彩了,即对研究结果进 行解释,并得出结论。
Genre :语类,语体,体裁,即根据写作目的把天下文章归 类划分的行为。
Swales (1990) : A class of communicative events, thewk.baidu.commembers of which share some set of communicative purposes .
Bhatia(1993) :A recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative purposes identified and mutually understood by the members of the professional academic community in which it regularly occurs. Most often it is highly structured and conventionalized .
P5: Nominalization 名物化,名词化。
根词: Nominal( 名词)。意思是把原来不是名词的词当作名词来使用的 现象。这一现象在学术写作中非常普遍。它是把动词短语、形容词短 语等压缩之后形成一个名词短语,把 过程(动词)或性质(形容词) 变成现象(名词),使得信息密度加大,并且使这个名词放在主语位 置,以便让新的信息有机会被介绍进来。例如:
在对某个genre 进行分析时,两人都把它细化为两个概念, moves, steps 。Move is a functional component , as basic element of a genre, which contributes to fulfilling the overall purpose of the genre. Step is regarded as a lower level unit of genre chosen to realize move .