ASTM-D2240-硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)

ASTMD2240硬度计硬度地实用标准试验方法(中文版)

ASTM D2240 硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版) ASTM 标准代号：D 2240-97ε美国国家标准1橡胶特性-(丢洛氏)硬度计测硬度-的标准试验方法本标准是以固定的标志编号D 2240；紧接在编号后面的数字表示最初采用的年份，或者若有修订版本的情况下数字表示最近修订的年份，括号内的数字表示最近批准的年份上标的ε表示最近修或批准而作了编辑上的改变ε1注：脚注从1999年2月的注5中消去。

1. 适用范围1.1 本试验方法涉及A、B、C、D、DO、E、M、O、OO、OOO、OOO-S和R等12种(丢洛氏)硬度计和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的压痕硬度的程序。

1.2 本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验。

1.3 以SI单位标注的值应视为标准值，括号中的值仅供参考。

1.4 本标准并不意味以表述了所有可能与使用有关的安全事宜。

本标准的使用者有责任建立相应的安全与健康操作规程，并在使用前确定规则对适用性的限制。

2 参考文献2.1 ASTM 标准D618 对被测塑料做空气调节处理的程序2D785 对塑料和电气绝缘材料的洛氏硬度的试验方法2D1349 橡胶的操作规程—试验时的标准温度3D4483 在橡胶与炭黑行业确定试验法标准精确度的操作规程33 试验方法的小结3.1 本试验方法允许在初始压痕时测定硬度，或者在印压一特定时间后进行硬度测定，可两者兼而有之。

注1：当使用最大指针读数时，被用作确定初始硬度值的具有最大读数的指针难以测准稍低的读数。

1本试验方法直接由ASTM“橡胶标准委员会”属下的《D11.10的物理试验委员会》负责最新版本于1997年2月10日通过批准，于1997年3月颁布。

最初是以D2240-64T的形式颁布，上一期的版本为 D2240-952 摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第08.01卷。

3 摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第09.01卷4. 意义与用途4.1 本试验方法是立足于特定条件下、（硬度试验）压头对材料施力而形成穿透深度的形式。

塑胶测试标准 (3)

巴氏硬度 GB/T 3854-1983 纤维增强塑料巴氏(巴柯尔)硬度试验方法
适用各种塑料
适用于回弹性小的硬质塑料适用于各种硬质和软质塑料尤其是纤维塑料
GB/T 3398-1982 塑料球压痕硬度试验方法
球压痕硬度 ISO 2039-1:2001 塑料硬度的测定第一部分:球压痕法
(N/mm2) DIN 53456 塑料检验球压痕硬度试验
载荷下挠曲温度
ASTM D648-06 弯曲载荷下塑料变形温度的测定 GB/T 1634.2-2004 塑料载荷下挠曲温度的测定第2部分:塑料和硬橡胶 ISO 75-2:2004 塑料载荷下挠曲温度的测定第2部分:塑料和硬橡胶 DIN 53461 塑料检验热变形温度的测定 DIN EN ISO 75-2:2004 塑料载荷下挠曲温度的测定第2部分:塑料和硬橡胶塑料
气味试验 (等级)
SAE J1351 GM 9130P GME 60276 通用标准气味测试 PV 3900-2000 大众标准气味测试 TSM0505G-2005 丰田标准 FLTM BO 131-01 ES-X 60250 MS 300-34 EDS-T-7603
甲醛含量 (mg/kg)
GME 60271 通用标准甲醛含量 PV3925 大众标准甲醛含量 SQR.04.096
ASTM D256-06a 测定塑料悬臂梁试样抗摆锤冲击性能方法
冲击
悬臂梁冲击 GB/T 1843-1996 塑料悬臂梁冲击试验方法
ISO 180:2001 塑料悬臂梁冲击性能的测定
试
验落锤冲击
落球冲击 (/)
GB/T 14485-1993 工程塑料硬质塑料板材及塑料件耐冲击性能试验方法:落球法 PV 3905:1972 大众标准有机材料落球试验

橡胶件硬度检测标准式样块

橡胶件硬度检测标准式样块
橡胶件的硬度检测通常使用硬度计进行测量，常见的标准式样块包括Shore A和Shore D硬度计的标准式样块。

这些标准式样块通常由金属或塑料制成，具有已知的硬度值，用于校准硬度计或验证其准确性。

在进行硬度检测时，首先需要将标准式样块放置在硬度计下方，然后通过硬度计的压头对标准式样块进行压缩，从而得出硬度值。

另外，关于橡胶件硬度检测的标准，国际上普遍采用ASTM
D2240标准，该标准规定了使用Shore A和Shore D硬度计进行橡胶硬度测试的方法和程序。

根据ASTM D2240标准，进行橡胶硬度测试时应该使用标准式样块进行校准，以确保测量结果的准确性和可靠性。

此外，对于特定行业或地区可能还有其他相关的标准和规范，例如欧洲的ISO 7619标准和日本的JIS K 6253标准等，这些标准也会对橡胶件硬度检测提供相应的指导和要求。

总的来说，橡胶件硬度检测的标准式样块是确保硬度测试准确
性的重要工具，而ASTM D2240等国际标准则提供了相应的测试方法和程序，以确保橡胶件硬度测试结果的可比性和可靠性。

ASTM D2240-2005 R2010

Designation:D2240–05(Reapproved2010)Standard Test Method forRubber Property—Durometer Hardness1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D2240;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1This test method covers twelve types of rubber hardness measurement devices known as durometers:Types A,B,C,D, DO,E,M,O,OO,OOO,OOO-S,and R.The procedure for determining indentation hardness of substances classiﬁed as thermoplastic elastomers,vulcanized(thermoset)rubber,elas-tomeric materials,cellular materials,gel-like materials,and some plastics is also described.1.2This test method is not equivalent to other indentation hardness methods and instrument types,speciﬁcally those described in Test Method D1415.1.3This test method is not applicable to the testing of coated fabrics.1.4All materials,instruments,or equipment used for the determination of mass,force,or dimension shall have trace-ability to the National Institute for Standards and Technology, or other internationally recognized organizations parallel in nature.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.Many of the stated dimensions in SI are direct conver-sions from the U.S.Customary System to accommodate the instrumentation,practices,and procedures that existed prior to the Metric Conversion Act of1975.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD785Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for TestingD1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International HardnessD4483Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing IndustriesF1957Test Method for Composite Foam Hardness-Durometer Hardness2.2ISO Standard:3ISO/IEC17025:1999General Requirements for the Com-petence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3.Summary of Test Method3.1This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or indentation after a speciﬁed period of time,or both.Durometers with maximum reading indicators used to determine maximum hardness values of a material may yield lower hardness when the maximum indi-cator is used.3.2The procedures for Type M,or micro hardness durom-eters,accommodate specimens that are,by their dimensions or conﬁguration,ordinarily unable to have their durometer hard-ness determined by the other durometer types described.Type M durometers are intended for the testing of specimens having a thickness or cross-sectional diameter of1.25mm(0.050in.) or greater,although specimens of lesser dimensions may be successfully accommodated under the conditions speciﬁed in Section6,and have a Type M durometer hardness range between20and90.Those specimens which have a durometer hardness range other than speciﬁed shall use another suitable procedure for determining durometer hardness.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1This test method is based on the penetration of a speciﬁc type of indentor when forced into the material under speciﬁed conditions.The indentation hardness is inversely related to the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Jan.1,2010.Published April2010.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2005as D2240–05.DOI: 10.1520/D2240-05R10.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1rue de Varembé,Case postale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.penetration and is dependent on the elastic modulus and viscoelastic behavior of the material.The geometry of the indentor and the applied force inﬂuence the measurements such that no simple relationship exists between the measure-ments obtained with one type of durometer and those obtained with another type of durometer or other instruments used for measuring hardness .This test method is an empirical test intended primarily for control purposes.No simple relationship exists between indentation hardness determined by this test method and any fundamental property of the material tested.For speciﬁcation purposes,it is recommended that Test Method D785be used for materials other than those described in 1.1.5.Apparatus5.1Hardness Measuring Apparatus,or Durometer,and an Operating Stand ,Type 1,Type 2,or Type 3(see 5.1.2)consisting of the following components:5.1.1Durometer :5.1.1.1Presser Foot ,the conﬁguration and the total area of a durometer presser foot may produce varying results when there are signiﬁcant differences between them.It is recom-mended that when comparing durometer hardness determina-tions of the same type (see 4.1),that the comparisons be between durometers of similar presser foot conﬁgurations and total area,and that the presser foot conﬁguration and size be noted in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4and 5.1.1.3).5.1.1.2Presser Foot ,Types A,B,C,D,DO,E,O,OO,OOO,and OOO-S,with an oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)having a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,f,and g),with the center a minimum of6.0mm (0.24in.)from any edge of the foot.When the presser foot is not of a ﬂat circular design,the area shall not be less than 500mm 2(19.7in.2).N OTE 1—The Type OOO and the Type OOO-S,designated herein,differ in their indentor conﬁguration,spring force,and the results obtained.See Table 1and Fig.1(e and g).5.1.1.3Presser Foot —ﬂat circular designs designated as Type xR ,where x is the standard durometer designation and R indicates the ﬂat circular press foot described herein,forexample,Type aR ,dR ,and the like.The presser foot,having a centrally located oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)of a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(a through g).The ﬂat circular presser foot shall be 1860.5mm (0.7160.02in.)in diameter.These durometer types shall be used in an operating stand (see 5.1.2).(a)Durometers having a presser foot conﬁguration other than that indicated in 5.1.1.3shall not use the Type xR designation,and it is recommended that their presser foot conﬁguration and size be stated in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4).5.1.1.4Presser Foot,Type M ,with a centrally located oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor),having a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(d),with the center a minimum of 1.60mm (0.063in.)from any edge of the ﬂat circular presser foot.The Type M durometer shall be used in a Type 3operating stand (see 5.1.2.4).5.1.1.5Indentor ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,or g),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 203magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).5.1.1.6Indentor,Type OOO-S ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10,shaped in accordance with Fig.1(f),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 203magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 5.0060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).5.1.1.7Indentor,Type M ,formed from steel rod and hard-ened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(d),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 503magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.).5.1.1.8Indentor Extension Indicator ,analog or digital elec-tronic,having a display that is an inverse function of the indentor extension so that:(1)The display shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentormovement,FIG.1(a)Type A and CIndentor--``,,```,``,,```,,,,`,,,``,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---(2)The display for Type OOO-S durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor movement,(3)The display for Type M durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor movement,and(4)In the case of analog dial indicators having a display of 360°,the points indicating 0and 100may be at the same point on the dial and indicate 0,100,or both.5.1.1.9Timing Device (optional),capable of being set to a desired elapsed time,signaling the operator or holding thehardness reading when the desired elapsed time has been reached.The timer shall be automatically activated when the presser foot is in contact with the specimen being tested,for example,the initial indentor travel has ceased.Digital elec-tronic durometers may be equipped with electronic timing devices that shall not affect the indicated reading or determi-nations attained by more than one-half of the calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.10Maximum Indicators (optional),maximum indicat-ing pointers are auxiliary analog indicating hands designed to remain at the maximum hardness value attained until resetbyFIG.1(b)Type B and D Indentor(continued)FIG.1(c)Type O,DO,and OO Indentor(continued)FIG.1(d)Type M Indentor(continued)the operator.Electronic maximum indicators are digital dis-plays electronically indicating and maintaining the maximum value hardness valued achieved until reset by the operator.5.1.1.11Analog maximum indicating pointers have been shown to have a nominal effect on the values attained,however,this effect is greater on durometers of lesser total mainspring loads;for example,the effect of a maximum indicating pointer on Type D durometer determinations will be less than those determinations achieved using a Type A durometer.Analog style durometers may be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.The effect of a maximum indicating pointer shall be noted at the time of calibration in the calibration report (see 10.1.5),and when reporting hardness determinations (see 10.2.4).Analog Type M,OO,OOO,and Type OOO-S durometers shall not be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.5.1.1.12Digital electronic durometers may be equipped with electronic maximum indicators that shall not affect the indicated reading or determinations attained by more than one half of the spring calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.13Calibrated Spring ,for applying force to the inden-tor,in accordance with Fig.1(a through g)and capable of applying the forces as speciﬁed in Table 1.5.1.2Operating Stand (Fig.2):5.1.2.1Type 1,Type 2,and Type 3shall be capable of supporting the durometer presser foot surface parallel to the specimen support table (Fig.3)throughout the travel of each.The durometer presser foot to specimen support table parallel-ism shall be veriﬁed each time the test specimen support table is adjusted to accommodate specimens of varying dimensions.This may be accomplished by applying the durometer presser foot to the point of contact with the specimen support table and making adjustments by way of the durometer mounting assem-bly or as speciﬁed by the manufacturer.5.1.2.2Operating Stand,Type 1(specimen to indentor type),shall be capable of applying the specimen to the indentor in a manner that minimizes shock.5.1.2.3Operating Stand,Type 2(indentor to specimen type),shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.20mm/s(0.125FIG.1(e)Type OOO Indentor(continued)FIG.1(f)Type OOO-S Indentor(continued)in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.5.1.2.4Operating Stand,Type 3(indentor to specimen type),hydraulic dampening,pneumatic dampening,or electro-mechanical (required for the operation of Type M durometers)shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.2mm/s (0.125in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.Manual application,Type 1or Type 2operating stands are not acceptable for Type M durometer operation.5.1.2.5The entire instrument should be plumb and level,and resting on a surface that will minimize vibration.Operating the instrument under adverse conditions will negatively affect the determinations attained.5.1.2.6Specimen Support Table ,(Fig.3)integral to the operating stand,and having a solid ﬂat surface.The specimen support platform may have oriﬁces designed to accept various inserts or support ﬁxtures (Fig.3)to provide for the support of irregularly conﬁgured specimens.When inserts are used to support test specimens,care must be taken to align the indentor to the center of the insert,or the point at which the indentor is to contact the specimen.Care should be exercised to assure thatthe indentor does not abruptly contact the specimen support table as damage to the indentor may result.6.Test Specimen6.1The test specimen,herein referred to as “specimen”or “test specimen”interchangeably,shall be at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)in thickness unless it is known that results equivalent to the 6.0-mm (0.24-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.1.1A specimen may be composed of plied pieces to obtain the necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens,as the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen shall be sufficient to permit measurements at least 12.0mm (0.48in.)from any edge,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at a lesser distance from an edge.6.1.2The surfaces of the specimen shall be ﬂat and parallel over an area to permit the presser foot to contact the specimen over an area having a radius of at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)from the indentor point.The specimen shall be suitably supported to provide for positioning and stability.A suitablehardnessFIG.1(g)Type E Indentor (continued)TABLE 1Durometer Spring Force Calibration AAll Values are in NIndicated Value Type A,B,E,O Type C,D,DO Type M Type OO,OOO Type OOO-S 00.5500.3240.2030.16710 1.3 4.4450.3680.2940.34320 2.058.890.4120.3850.52030 2.813.3350.4560.4760.69640 3.5517.780.50.5660.87350 4.322.2250.5440.657 1.04960 5.0526.670.5890.748 1.22670 5.831.1150.6330.839 1.40280 6.5535.560.6770.93 1.579907.340.0050.721 1.02 1.7551008.0544.450.765 1.111 1.932N/durometer unit 0.0750.44450.00440.009080.01765Spring Calibration Tolerance60.075N60.4445N60.0176N60.0182N60.0353NARefer to 5.1.1.3for the Type xRdesignation.determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2Type OOO,OOO-S,and M test specimens should be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in thickness,unless it is known thatresults equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.2.1A Type M specimen that is not of a conﬁguration described in 6.2.2may be composed of plied pieces toobtainFIG.2Durometer OperatingStandFIG.3Small Specimen SupportTable--``,,```,``,,```,,,,`,,,``,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---the necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens because the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen should be sufficient to permit measurements at least 2.50mm (0.10in.)from any edge unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at lesser distance from an edge.A suitable hardness determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2.2The Type M specimen,when conﬁgured as an o-ring,circular band,or other irregular shape shall be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in cross-sectional diameter,unless it is known that results equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.The specimen shall be suitably supported in a ﬁxture (Fig.3)to provide for positioning and stability.6.3The minimum requirement for the thickness of the specimen is dependent on the extent of penetration of the indentor into the specimen;for example,thinner specimens may be used for materials having higher hardness values.The minimum distance from the edge at which measurements may be made likewise decreases as the hardness increases.7.Calibration7.1Indentor Extension Adjustment Procedure :7.1.1Place precision ground dimensional blocks (Grade B or better)on the support table and beneath the durometer presser foot and indentor.Arrange the blocks so that the durometer presser foot contacts the larger block(s)and the indentor tip just contacts the smaller block (Fig.4).It is necessary to observe the arrangement of the blocks and the presser foot/indentor under a minimum of 203magniﬁcation to assure proper alignment.7.1.2Indentor extension and shape shall be in accordance with 5.1.1.5,5.1.1.6,or 5.1.1.7,respective to durometer type.See Fig.1(a through g).Examination of the indentor under 203magniﬁcation,503for Type M indentors,is required to examine the indentor condition.Misshapen or damaged inden-tors shall be replaced.7.1.3A combination of dimensional gage blocks shall be used to achieve a difference of 2.54+0.00/–0.0254mm (0.100+0.00/–0.001in.)between them.For Type OOO-S durometers,the gage block dimensions are 5.08+0.00/–0.0508mm (0.200+0.00/–0.002in.).For Type M durometers,the gage blockdimensions are 1.27+0.0/–0.0127mm (0.050+0.00/–0.0005in.)between them (Fig.4).7.1.4Carefully lower the durometer presser foot until it contacts the largest dimensional block(s),the indentor tip should just contact the smaller block,verifying full indentor extension.7.1.5Adjust the indentor extension to 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).For Type OOO-S durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 5.060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).For Type M durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.),following the manufacturer’s recommended procedure.7.1.5.1When performing the procedures in 7.1,care should be used so as not to cause damage to the indentor tip.Fig.4depicts a suitable arrangement for gaging indentor extension.7.1.6Parallelism of the durometer presser foot to the support surface,and hence the dimensional gage blocks,at the time of instrument calibration,may be in accordance with Test Methods D374,Machinist’s Micrometers,or otherwise accom-plished in accordance with the procedures speciﬁed by the manufacturer.7.2Indentor Display Adjustment :7.2.1After adjusting the indentor extension as indicated in 7.1,use a similar arrangement of dimensional gage blocks to verify the linear relationship between indentor travel and indicated display at two points:0and 100.Following the manufacturer’s recommendations,make adjustments so that:7.2.2The indicator displays a value equal to the indentor travel measured to within:–0.0+1.0durometer units measured at 0;60.50durometer units measured at 100;61durometer units at all other points delineated in 7.4.7.2.3Each durometer point indicated is equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel,except for:7.2.3.1Type M Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel;7.2.3.2Type OOO-S Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.7.2.4The indicator shall not display a value greater than 100or less than 0at the time of calibration.7.2.5Other means of determining indentor extension or indentor travel,such as optical or laser measurement methods,are acceptable.The instrumentation used shall have traceability as described in 1.4.7.2.6The durometer shall be supported in a suitable fashion when performing the procedures described in 7.1and 7.2.7.3Calibration Device :7.3.1The durometer spring shall be calibrated by support-ing the durometer in a calibrating device,see Fig.5,in a vertical position and applying a measurable force to the indentor tip.The force may be measured by means of a balance as depicted in Fig.5,or an electronic force cell.The calibrating device shall be capable of measuring applied force to within 0.5%of the maximum spring force necessary to achieve 100durometer units.7.3.2Care should be taken to ensure that the force is applied vertically to the indentor tip,as lateral force will cause errors in calibration.See 7.1.5.1and 7.1.6.FIG.4Detail of Indentor Extension and DisplayAdjustment7.4Spring Calibration —The durometer spring shall be calibrated at displayed readings of 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,and 90.The measured force (9.83mass in kilograms)shall be within the spring calibration tolerance speciﬁed in Table 1.Table 1identiﬁes the measured force applied to the indentor for the entire range of the instrument,although it is necessary only to verify the spring calibration at points listed herein.7.5Spring Calibration Procedure :7.5.1Ensure that the indentor extension has been adjusted in accordance with 7.1,and the linear relationship between indentor travel and display is as speciﬁed in 7.2.7.5.2Place the durometer in the calibration device as depicted in Fig.5.Apply the forces indicated in Table 1so that forces applied are aligned with the centerline of the indentor in a fashion that eliminates shock or vibration and adjust the durometer according to manufacturers’recommendations so that:7.5.3At the points enumerated in 7.4,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel.For Type OOO-S durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.05mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.For Type M durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel within the spring calibration tolerances speciﬁed in 7.6.7.6Spring calibration tolerances are 61.0durometer units for Types A,B,C,D,E,O,and DO,62.0durometer units for Types OO,OOO,and OOO-S,and 64.0durometer units for Type M,while not indicating below 0or above 100at the time of calibration (see Table 1).7.7Spring Force Combinations :7.7.1For Type A,B,E,and O durometers:Force,N =0.55+0.075HAWhere HA =hardness reading on Type A,B,E,and O durometers.7.7.2For Type C,D,and DO durometers:Force,N =0.4445HDWhere HD =hardness reading on Type C,D,and DO durometers.7.7.3For Type M durometers:Force,N =0.324+0.0044HMWhere HM =hardness reading on Type M durometers.7.7.4For Type OO and OOO durometers:Force,N =0.203+0.00908HOOWhere HOO =hardness reading on Type OO durometers.7.7.5For Type OOO-S durometers:Force,N =0.167+0.01765HOOO-SWhere HOOO-S =hardness reading on Type OOO-S durometers.7.8The rubber reference block(s)provided for verifying durometer operation and state of calibration are not to be relied upon as calibration standards.The calibration procedures outlined in Section 7are the only valid calibration procedures.7.8.1The use of metal reference blocks is no longer recommended (see Note 2).7.9Verifying the state of durometer calibration,during routine use ,may be accomplished by:7.9.1Verifying that the zero reading is no more than 1indicated point above zero,and not below zero (on durometers so equipped),when the durometer is positioned so that no external force is placed upon the indentor.7.9.2Verifying that the 100reading is no more than 100and no less than 99when the durometer is positioned on a ﬂat surface of a non-metallic material so that the presser foot is in complete contact,causing the indentor to be fully retracted.7.9.2.1It is important that when performing the veriﬁcation of 100,as described in 7.9.2,that extreme care be taken so as to not cause damage to the indentor.Veriﬁcation of the 100value is not recommended for durometers having a spring force greater than 10N (Types C,D,and DO).7.9.2.2When performing the veriﬁcation of 100,as de-scribed in 7.9.2,the non-metallic material shall be of a hardness value greater than 100of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.Tempered glass of a thickness greater than 6.35mm (0.25in.)has been found satisfactory for this application.7.9.3Verifying the displayed reading at any other point using commercially available rubber reference blocks which are certiﬁed to a stated value of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.The displayed value of the durom-eter should be within 62durometer points of the reference block’s stated value.7.9.4Veriﬁcation of the zero and 100readings of a durom-eter provide reasonable assurance that the linear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.7.9.5Veriﬁcation of points between zero and 100provide reasonable assurance that the curvilinear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.7.9.6This is not a calibration procedure,it is a means by which a user may routinely verify that the durometer may be functioning correctly.(See Note 2.)boratory Atmosphere and Test Specimen Conditioning8.1Tests shall be conducted in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as deﬁned in Practice D618,Section 4.2.8.2The instrument shall be maintained in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as deﬁned in Practice D618,Section 4.1,for 12h prior to performing atest.FIG.5Example of Durometer CalibrationApparatus8.3The specimen shall be conditioned in accordance with condition40/23exclusive of humidity control,as described in Practice D618,Section8.1,Procedure A and tested under the same conditions,exclusive of humidity control.8.4These procedures may be modiﬁed if agreed upon between laboratories or between supplier and user and are in accordance with alternative procedures identiﬁed in Practice D618.8.5No conclusive evaluation has been made on durometers at temperatures other than23.06 2.0°C(73.46 3.6°F). Conditioning at temperatures other than the above may show changes in calibration.Durometer use at temperatures other than the above should be decided locally(see Practice D1349).9.Procedure9.1Operating Stand Operation(Type3Operating Stand Required for Type M):9.1.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.9.1.2Adjust the presser foot to support table parallelism as described in5.1.2.1.It is necessary to make this adjustment each time the support table is moved to accommodate speci-mens of varying dimensions.9.1.3Prior to conducting a test,adjust the vertical distance from the presser foot to the contact surface of the test specimen to25.462.5mm(1.0060.100in.),unless it is known that identical results are obtained with presser foot at a greater or lesser vertical distance from the test specimen contact surface, or if otherwise stipulated by the manufacturer.9.1.4Place the specimen on the specimen support table,ina manner that the contact point of the indentor is in accordance with Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance from the edge of the test specimen.9.1.5Actuate the release lever(Fig.2)of the operating stand or activate the electromechanical device,allowing the durometer to descend at a controlled rate and apply the presser foot to the specimen in accordance with5.1.2.In the case of “specimen to indentor”type operating stands,operate the lever or other mechanism to apply the specimen to the indentor in a manner that assures parallel contact of the specimen to the durometer presser foot without shock and with just sufficient force to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.9.1.6An operating stand that applies the mass at a con-trolled rate of descent,without shock is mandatory for Type M durometers.Hand-held application or the use of a Type1or Type2operating stand for the Type M durometer is not an acceptable practice,see5.1.2.4.9.1.7For any material covered in1.1,once the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,for example,when the initial indentor travel has ceased,the maximum indicated reading shall be recorded.The time interval of1s,between initial indentor travel cessation and the recording of the indicated reading,shall be considered standard.Other time intervals, when agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user,may be used and reported accordingly.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.9.1.7.1If the durometer is equipped with an electronic maximum indicator or timing device(refer to5.1.1.9)the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.3s of the cessation of indentor travel and reported(refer to10.2.9for reporting protocols),unless otherwise noted.9.1.7.2If the durometer is equipped with an analog type maximum indicator(refer to5.1.1.10),the maximum indicated reading may be recorded and shall be reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.9.1.7.3If the durometer is not equipped with the devices described in5.1.1.9or5.1.1.10,the indicated reading shall be recorded within1s as is possible and reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.9.1.8Makeﬁve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart,0.80 mm(0.030in.)apart for Type M;and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to 10.2.89.2Manual(Hand Held)Operation of Durometer:9.2.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.9.2.2Place the specimen on aﬂat,hard,horizontal surface. Hold the durometer in a vertical position with the indentor tip at a distance from any edge of the specimen as described in Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance.9.2.3Apply the presser foot to the specimen,maintaining it in a vertical position keeping the presser foot parallel to the specimen,with aﬁrm smooth downward action that will avoid shock,rolling of the presser foot over the specimen,or the application of lateral force.Apply sufficient pressure to assure ﬁrm contact between the presser foot and the specimen.9.2.4For any material covered in1.1,after the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s,or after any period of time agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user.If the durometer is equipped with a maximum indicator,the maxi-mum indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s of the cessation of initial indentor travel.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.9.2.5Makeﬁve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to10.2.8.9.3It is acknowledged that durometer readings below20or above90are not considered reliable.It is suggested that readings in these ranges not be recorded.9.4Manual operation(handheld)of a durometer will cause variations in the results attained.Improved repeatability may be obtained by using a mass,securely affixed to the durometer and centered on the axis of the indentor.Recommendedmasses。

工厂检验、测试和试验所遵循的技术标准的名称及标准代号 -回复

工厂检验、测试和试验所遵循的技术标准的名称及标准代号-回复在工厂检验、测试和试验中，遵循的技术标准有很多。

这些标准的名称及标准代号涵盖了各个行业和领域的要求，确保产品的质量和安全性。

下面将一步一步回答这个问题，详细介绍其中一些常见的技术标准。

一、ISO 9001:2015 系统的质量管理标准ISO 9001:2015 是一个用于质量管理系统的国际标准。

它规定了一系列要求，以确保组织能够提供符合客户和法规要求的产品和服务。

这个标准涵盖了质量管理的各个方面，包括顾客满意度、持续改进、领导承诺等。

通过遵循ISO 9001:2015，企业能够建立一个有效的质量管理体系，提高产品质量和服务质量，满足客户的需求。

二、IEC 60068-2 环境试验标准IEC 60068-2 是一个用于环境试验的国际标准系列。

这个系列标准规定了一系列试验方法，以评估产品在不同环境条件下的适应性和可靠性。

这些环境条件包括温度、湿度、振动、冲击等。

通过进行这些试验，可以确保产品在各种环境条件下正常工作，并且能够满足客户的需求。

三、ASTM D2240 橡胶和橡胶制品的硬度测试标准ASTM D2240 是一个用于橡胶和橡胶制品硬度测试的国际标准。

这个标准规定了一种硬度测试方法，即杜氏硬度测试。

该测试方法通过测量橡胶材料的表面硬度来评估其性能和质量。

通过按照这个标准进行测试，可以确保橡胶和橡胶制品的硬度符合相关的要求，以适应各种应用场景。

四、GB/T 17625.1 EMC试验和测量技术标准GB/T 17625.1 是一个用于电磁兼容性（EMC）试验和测量技术的国家标准。

这个标准规定了电子和电气设备在电磁环境下的试验和测量方法。

电磁兼容性是指电子设备在电磁环境下能够正常工作而不干扰其他设备，以及不被其他设备所干扰。

通过遵循这个标准，可以评估产品的电磁兼容性，确保其能够在各种电磁环境中工作正常。

五、GB/T 2423.1 环境试验标准GB/T 2423.1 是一个用于环境试验的国家标准。

ASTMD硬度计硬度的标准试验方法中文

ASTM-D-硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ASTM D2240 硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)ASTM 标准代号：D 2240-97ε美国国家标准1橡胶特性-(丢洛氏)硬度计测硬度-的标准试验方法本标准是以固定的标志编号D 2240；紧接在编号后面的数字表示最初采用的年份，或者若有修订版本的情况下数字表示最近修订的年份，括号内的数字表示最近批准的年份上标的ε表示最近修或批准而作了编辑上的改变ε1注：脚注从1999年2月的注5中消去。

1. 适用范围1.1 本试验方法涉及A、B、C、D、DO、E、M、O、OO、OOO、OOO-S和R等12种(丢洛氏)硬度计和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的压痕硬度的程序。

1.2 本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验。

1.3 以SI单位标注的值应视为标准值，括号中的值仅供参考。

1.4 本标准并不意味以表述了所有可能与使用有关的安全事宜。

本标准的使用者有责任建立相应的安全与健康操作规程，并在使用前确定规则对适用性的限制。

2 参考文献2.1 ASTM 标准D618 对被测塑料做空气调节处理的程序2D785 对塑料和电气绝缘材料的洛氏硬度的试验方法2D1349 橡胶的操作规程—试验时的标准温度3D4483 在橡胶与炭黑行业确定试验法标准精确度的操作规程33 试验方法的小结3.1 本试验方法允许在初始压痕时测定硬度，或者在印压一特定时间后进行硬度测定，可两者兼而有之。

注1：当使用最大指针读数时，被用作确定初始硬度值的具有最大读数的指针难以测准稍低的读数。

1本试验方法直接由ASTM“橡胶标准委员会”属下的《D11.10的物理试验委员会》负责最新版本于1997年2月10日通过批准，于1997年3月颁布。

邵氏硬度

试样
⒈试样应厚度均匀，表面光滑、平整、无气泡、无机械损伤及杂质等。 ⒉用 A 型硬度计测定硬度，试样厚度应不小于 5 毫米。用 D 型硬度计测定硬度，试样厚度应不小于 3 毫米。除非产品标准另有规定时。 ⒊试样大小应保证每个测量点与试样边缘距离不小于 12 毫米，各测量点之间的距离不小于 6 毫米。 ⒋每组试样测量点数不少于 5 个，可在一个或几个试样上进行。
GB 主要内容和适用范围本方法是使用邵氏硬度计，将规定形状的压针，在标准的弹簧压力下压入试样，把压针压入试样的深度转换为硬度值来表示塑料的邵氏硬度。邵氏硬度分为邵氏 A 和邵氏 D。邵氏 A 适用于较软的塑料，邵氏 D 适用于较硬的塑料，本方法不适用于泡沫塑料。
ASTM ⑴本试验方法涉及 A、B、C、 D、DO、E、M、O、OO、 OOO、 OOO-S 和 R 等 12 种(丢洛氏)硬度计和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的压痕硬度的程序； ⑵本方法不同于其他压痕硬度测试方法和仪器类型，特别是 D1415 中描述的； ⑶本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验。 ⑴除非已经知道用薄的试样能够得到厚 6mm 试样等效的值，被测试样的厚度至少应为 6mm（0.25in）； ①试样可以由叠层件构成以具有必需的厚度，但是在此类试样上所得的测定值可能与整体试样不一样，这是因为叠层间的表面不可能完全接触的缘故。除非确知在离侧边更近的距离上进行测量可以获得相同的结果，试样侧面应有足够的尺寸以使能在任意边至少 12mm(0.5in.)处进行测量。 ②试样的表面应有足够的面积保持平直与水平以使压机支座在从压头点算起的至少 6mm(0.25in)半径划定的区域内与试样接触。在一个修圆、不平或粗糙的面上不能测定

ASTMD汽车橡胶产品分类系统标准中文

ASTM D2000 – 98C(出版日期1999-11-24,汽车工程师学会同意,SAE推荐J200)汽车橡胶产品分类系统标准*11.范围1.1本分类系统把用于汽车的橡胶产品(但不限于此)列表示出硫化橡胶（天然胶，再生胶,合成胶,单一或混合胶）的特性.注1.本分类系统可用于其他工业的需要,就象SAE的钢号一样.但必须记住:本系统服务于汽车工业.使用时请用最新版本.1.2本分类系统的前提是:所有橡胶制品的性质可以划分入特有的材料牌号.这些牌号被由基于耐热老化的TYPE(类别)和基于耐油溶胀CLASSES(等级),结合描述附加要求的值,从而建立基本的LEVELS(水平),这些值允许全面描述所有弹性材料的质量.1.3对于一件特殊产品,如果本分类系统的早先版本与具体规范有抵触,则以新版本为准.注2.当橡胶产品用于未被本分类系统描述的非常特殊用途,采购方应首先与供方磋商,建立适宜的特性,试验方法和规范试验界限.1.4在S1(译者注:国际单位)单元中陈述的值被视为标准.2.参考文件.2.1ASTM标准D395 橡胶性能试验方法----压缩变形;*2D412 硫化橡胶,热塑橡胶和热塑性弹性体试验方法—拉伸;*2D429 橡胶性能试验方法----与硬底层黏结;*2D430 橡胶老化试验方法-----动态寿命;*2D471 橡胶性能试验方法----液体效应; *2D573 橡胶试验方法----空气炉中老化; *2D575 橡胶压缩特性试验方法; *2D624 常规硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体的撕裂强度试验方法; *2D865 橡胶试验方法----空气中热老化; *2D925 橡胶性能试验方法----表面瑕疵(接触,移动和扩散); *2D945 压缩或剪切中橡胶性能的试验方法(机械示波器); *2D1053 橡胶性能试验方法----低温硬化：柔性的聚合物和涂织物; *2D1171 橡胶老化试验方法----表面臭氧裂纹,室内和室外(三角试样) *2D1329 评价橡胶性能的试验方法---- 低温回弹(TR试验); *2D1349 橡胶实践----试验温度标准; *2D1418 橡胶和橡胶乳液的实践----术语; *2D2137 橡胶性能试验方法----柔性聚合物和涂织物的脆性点; *2D2240 橡胶性能试验方法----硬度; *2D3183 橡胶实践----用产品上取样的试样准备; *2D5964 橡胶实践----IRM902和IRM903替代ASTM 2号油和ASTM 3号油. *23.目的3.1本分类目录的目的是给工程师选择实际的,可行的橡胶材料,并进一步提供一个简单的”Line—Call—Out”规定材料牌号的方法.3.2本分类系统被发展成允许未来的橡胶材料增加叙述值,而不必完全重组分类系统,且方便结合未来的新试验方法,以保持与工业需求的改进同步.4.类别(Type)和等级(Class)4.1前缀字符“M”用于表示分类系统基于国际单位制(SI).注3“Call –out”不用字符”M”,他参考早先出版与1980年的”英寸—磅”制.4.2橡胶材料以类别(耐热)和等级(耐液)为基础进行设计.类别和等级用字母表示,见表1,表2和9.1中的图.4.3类别(Type)基于拉伸强度变化不大于±30%，伸长率变化不大于-50%，在相应的温度下保持70h，硬度（变化）不超过15点. 在该温度下决定这些材料的类型.按表1.4.4等级(Class)基于材料耐液性,是在ASTM 3号油中浸润70h,保持表1规定的温度,除非所有最高温度是150℃(稳定性上限),每个等级溶账的极限见表2.4.4.1在实践D5964 中ASTM 2号和3号油已分别被IRM902和IRM903油代替.这些油与ASTM 2号和3号油相似,但不相同.4.4.2由于其溶胀性不同,且可能影响化合物分类,IRM 902和IRM 903 代用ASTM 2号和3号油尚未确认. 表1表24.4.3择被理解为由等级建立的一些商务化合物可以期望的值.事实上,材料的类型和等级列表于表 6.在基本要求下,指示商业上可用的材料符合耐热和耐液的要求.4.5牌号字符后面总规定有一个3位数,规定其硬度和拉伸强度,例如505,其中第一位数表示硬度,例如5表示50±5,6表示60±5,后2位数表示最小拉伸强度,例如05表示5Mpa,14表示14Mpa.可用材料所要的硬度和拉伸强度的相对关系可从7.2节表6中获得.5.品级(Grade)号,后缀字符和数字5.1 品级(Grade)号因为基本要求并不能充分描述全部必要的要求,规定设立一个系列的前缀—品级号,描述偏离或附加要求. 品级号1,规定仅表示基本要求.除1以外的品级号表示偏离或附加要求,并列于”可用的前缀品级”,在表6中基本要求下的最后一列. 品级号A作为材料前缀写在类别和等级的前面(见9.1).5.2 后缀字符后缀字符可以和他们的含义一起使用.见表3.5.3验方法的一部分见表4.如果有第二位数,他表示试验温度,见表5.如果要用3位数,它们要用一个短划分开,例如-10;B4-10;F1-11等.b D1171的耐气候试验,历时6周.试验地区和季节由采购方和供方协商;c 用D1171的暴露于臭氧室的试验方法B;—0806 Tredon 邮政信箱5806分配.e 应该用蒸馏水.除非取消酒精,应该用加水的方法增加体积.当确定拉伸强度,延伸率和硬度变化时,在样品被浸润后,实验室充3/4水,30分钟后确定.在蒸馏水中冷却,取消丙酮.f 等量的蒸馏水和Reagant牌乙烯乙二醇.除非取消酒精,用增加水的方法配制.在确定改变拉伸强度,延伸率和硬度变化时,在样品被浸润后,试验管充3/4水.30分钟后确定. 在蒸馏水中冷却,取消丙酮g 规定的试验方法.表5 后缀b 室外试验情况下的环境温度.6．合成和制造。

ASTM D2240 硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)

ASTM 标准代号：D 2240-97ε美国国家标准橡胶特性-(丢洛氏)硬度计测硬度1-的标准试验方法本标准是以固定的标志编号D 2240；紧接在编号后面的数字表示最初采用的年份，或者若有修订版本的情况下数字表示最近修订的年份，括号内的数字表示最近批准的年份上标的ε表示最近修或批准而作了编辑上的改变ε1注：脚注从1999年2月的注5中消去。

1. 适用范围1.1 本试验方法涉及A、B、C、D、DO、E、M、O、OO、OOO、OOO-S和R等12种(丢洛氏)硬度计和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的压痕硬度的程序。

1.2本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验。

1.3以SI单位标注的值应视为标准值，括号中的值仅供参考。

1.4本标准并不意味以表述了所有可能与使用有关的安全事宜。

本标准的使用者有责任建立相应的安全与健康操作规程，并在使用前确定规则对适用性的限制。

2 参考文献2.1 ASTM 标准D618 对被测塑料做空气调节处理的程序2D785 对塑料和电气绝缘材料的洛氏硬度的试验方法2D1349 橡胶的操作规程—试验时的标准温度3D4483 在橡胶与炭黑行业确定试验法标准精确度的操作规程33 试验方法的小结3.1 本试验方法允许在初始压痕时测定硬度，或者在印压一特定时间后进行硬度测定，可两者兼而有之。

注1：当使用最大指针读数时，被用作确定初始硬度值的具有最大读数的指针难以测准稍低的读数。

1 本试验方法直接由ASTM“D-11橡胶标准委员会”属下的《D11.10的物理试验委员会》负责最新版本于1997年2月10日通过批准，于1997年3月颁布。

最初是以D2240-64T的形式颁布，上一期的版本为D2240-952摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第08.01卷。

3摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第09.01卷4. 意义与用途4.1 本试验方法是立足于特定条件下、（硬度试验）压头对材料施力而形成穿透深度的形式。

ASTM D2240-05橡胶邵氏硬度

Designation:D2240–05Standard Test Method forRubber Property—Durometer Hardness1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D2240;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1This test method covers twelve types of rubber hardness measurement devices known as durometers:Types A,B,C,D, DO,E,M,O,OO,OOO,OOO-S,and R.The procedure for determining indentation hardness of substances classiﬁed as thermoplastic elastomers,vulcanized(thermoset)rubber,elas-tomeric materials,cellular materials,gel-like materials,and some plastics is also described.1.2This test method is not equivalent to other indentation hardness methods and instrument types,speciﬁcally those described in Test Method D1415.1.3This test method is not applicable to the testing of coated fabrics.1.4All materials,instruments,or equipment used for the determination of mass,force,or dimension shall have trace-ability to the National Institute for Standards and Technology, or other internationally recognized organizations parallel in nature.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.Many of the stated dimensions in SI are direct conver-sions from the U.S.Customary System to accommodate the instrumentation,practices,and procedures that existed prior to the Metric Conversion Act of1975.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD785Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for TestingD1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International HardnessD4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black IndustriesF1957Test Method for Composite Foam Hardness-Durometer Hardness2.2ISO Standard:3ISO/IEC17025:1999General Requirements for the Com-petence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3.Summary of Test Method3.1This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or indentation after a speciﬁed period of time,or both.Durometers with maximum reading indicators used to determine maximum hardness values of a material may yield lower hardness when the maximum indi-cator is used.3.2The procedures for Type M,or micro hardness durom-eters,accommodate specimens that are,by their dimensions or conﬁguration,ordinarily unable to have their durometer hard-ness determined by the other durometer types described.Type M durometers are intended for the testing of specimens having a thickness or cross-sectional diameter of1.25mm(0.050in.) or greater,although specimens of lesser dimensions may be successfully accommodated under the conditions speciﬁed in Section6,and have a Type M durometer hardness range between20and90.Those specimens which have a durometer hardness range other than speciﬁed shall use another suitable procedure for determining durometer hardness.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1This test method is based on the penetration of a speciﬁc type of indentor when forced into the material under speciﬁed conditions.The indentation hardness is inversely related to the penetration and is dependent on the elastic modulus and viscoelastic behavior of the material.The geometry of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Aug.15,2005.Published September2005.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2004as D2240–04e1.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1rue de Varembé,Case postale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.indentor and the applied force inﬂuence the measurements such that no simple relationship exists between the measure-ments obtained with one type of durometer and those obtained with another type of durometer or other instruments used for measuring hardness .This test method is an empirical test intended primarily for control purposes.No simple relationship exists between indentation hardness determined by this test method and any fundamental property of the material tested.For speciﬁcation purposes,it is recommended that Test Method D 785be used for materials other than those described in 1.1.5.Apparatus5.1Hardness Measuring Apparatus,or Durometer,and an Operating Stand ,Type 1,Type 2,or Type 3(see 5.1.2)consisting of the following components:5.1.1Durometer :5.1.1.1Presser Foot ,the conﬁguration and the total area of a durometer presser foot may produce varying results when there are signiﬁcant differences between them.It is recom-mended that when comparing durometer hardness determina-tions of the same type (see 4.1),that the comparisons be between durometers of similar presser foot conﬁgurations and total area,and that the presser foot conﬁguration and size be noted in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4and 5.1.1.3).5.1.1.2Presser Foot ,Types A,B,C,D,DO,E,O,OO,OOO,and OOO-S,with an oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)having a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,f,and g),with the center a minimum of6.0mm (0.24in.)from any edge of the foot.When the presser foot is not of a ﬂat circular design,the area shall not be less than 500mm 2(19.7in.2).N OTE 1—The Type OOO and the Type OOO-S,designated herein,differ in their indentor conﬁguration,spring force,and the results obtained.See Table 1and Fig.1(e and g).5.1.1.3Presser Foot —ﬂat circular designs designated as Type xR ,where x is the standard durometer designation and R indicates the ﬂat circular press foot described herein,for example,Type aR ,dR ,and the like.The presser foot,having acentrally located oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)of a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(a through g).The ﬂat circular presser foot shall be 1860.5mm (0.7160.02in.)in diameter.These durometer types shall be used in an operating stand (see 5.1.2).(a)Durometers having a presser foot conﬁguration other than that indicated in 5.1.1.3shall not use the Type xR designation,and it is recommended that their presser foot conﬁguration and size be stated in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4).5.1.1.4Presser Foot,Type M ,with a centrally located oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor),having a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(d),with the center a minimum of 1.60mm (0.063in.)from any edge of the ﬂat circular presser foot.The Type M durometer shall be used in a Type 3operating stand (see 5.1.2.4).5.1.1.5Indentor ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,or g),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 203magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).5.1.1.6Indentor,Type OOO-S ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10,shaped in accordance with Fig.1(f),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 203magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 5.0060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).5.1.1.7Indentor,Type M ,formed from steel rod and hard-ened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(d),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 503magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.).5.1.1.8Indentor Extension Indicator ,analog or digital elec-tronic,having a display that is an inverse function of the indentor extension so that:(1)The display shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentormovement,FIG.1(a)Type A and CIndentor(2)The display for Type OOO-S durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor movement,(3)The display for Type M durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor movement,and(4)In the case of analog dial indicators having a display of 360°,the points indicating 0and 100may be at the same point on the dial and indicate 0,100,or both.5.1.1.9Timing Device (optional),capable of being set to a desired elapsed time,signaling the operator or holding thehardness reading when the desired elapsed time has been reached.The timer shall be automatically activated when the presser foot is in contact with the specimen being tested,for example,the initial indentor travel has ceased.Digital elec-tronic durometers may be equipped with electronic timing devices that shall not affect the indicated reading or determi-nations attained by more than one-half of the calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.10Maximum Indicators (optional),maximum indicat-ing pointers are auxiliary analog indicating hands designed to remain at the maximum hardness value attained until resetbyFIG.1(b)Type B and D Indentor(continued)FIG.1(c)Type O,DO,and OO Indentor(continued)FIG.1(d)Type M Indentor(continued)the operator.Electronic maximum indicators are digital dis-plays electronically indicating and maintaining the maximum value hardness valued achieved until reset by the operator.5.1.1.11Analog maximum indicating pointers have been shown to have a nominal effect on the values attained,however,this effect is greater on durometers of lesser total mainspring loads;for example,the effect of a maximum indicating pointer on Type D durometer determinations will be less than those determinations achieved using a Type A durometer.Analog style durometers may be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.The effect of a maximum indicating pointer shall be noted at the time of calibration in the calibration report (see 10.1.5),and when reporting hardness determinations (see 10.2.4).Analog Type M,OO,OOO,and Type OOO-S durometers shall not be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.5.1.1.12Digital electronic durometers may be equipped with electronic maximum indicators that shall not affect the indicated reading or determinations attained by more than one half of the spring calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.13Calibrated Spring ,for applying force to the inden-tor,in accordance with Fig.1(a through g)and capable of applying the forces as speciﬁed in Table 1.5.1.2Operating Stand (Fig.2):5.1.2.1Type 1,Type 2,and Type 3shall be capable of supporting the durometer presser foot surface parallel to the specimen support table (Fig.3)throughout the travel of each.The durometer presser foot to specimen support table parallel-ism shall be veriﬁed each time the test specimen support table is adjusted to accommodate specimens of varying dimensions.This may be accomplished by applying the durometer presser foot to the point of contact with the specimen support table and making adjustments by way of the durometer mounting assem-bly or as speciﬁed by the manufacturer.5.1.2.2Operating Stand,Type 1(specimen to indentor type),shall be capable of applying the specimen to the indentor in a manner that minimizes shock.5.1.2.3Operating Stand,Type 2(indentor to specimen type),shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.20mm/s(0.125FIG.1(e)Type OOO Indentor(continued)FIG.1(f)Type OOO-S Indentor(continued)in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.5.1.2.4Operating Stand,Type 3(indentor to specimen type),hydraulic dampening,pneumatic dampening,or electro-mechanical (required for the operation of Type M durometers)shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.2mm/s (0.125in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.Manual application,Type 1or Type 2operating stands are not acceptable for Type M durometer operation.5.1.2.5The entire instrument should be plumb and level,and resting on a surface that will minimize vibration.Operating the instrument under adverse conditions will negatively affect the determinations attained.5.1.2.6Specimen Support Table ,(Fig.3)integral to the operating stand,and having a solid ﬂat surface.The specimen support platform may have oriﬁces designed to accept various inserts or support ﬁxtures (Fig.3)to provide for the support of irregularly conﬁgured specimens.When inserts are used to support test specimens,care must be taken to align the indentor to the center of the insert,or the point at which the indentor is to contact the specimen.Care should be exercised to assure thatthe indentor does not abruptly contact the specimen support table as damage to the indentor may result.6.Test Specimen6.1The test specimen,herein referred to as “specimen”or “test specimen”interchangeably,shall be at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)in thickness unless it is known that results equivalent to the 6.0-mm (0.24-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.1.1A specimen may be composed of plied pieces to obtain the necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens,as the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen shall be sufficient to permit measurements at least 12.0mm (0.48in.)from any edge,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at a lesser distance from an edge.6.1.2The surfaces of the specimen shall be ﬂat and parallel over an area to permit the presser foot to contact the specimen over an area having a radius of at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)from the indentor point.The specimen shall be suitably supported to provide for positioning and stability.A suitablehardnessFIG.1(g)Type E Indentor (continued)TABLE 1Durometer Spring Force Calibration AAll Values are in NIndicated Value Type A,B,E,O Type C,D,DO Type M Type OO,OOO Type OOO-S 00.5500.3240.2030.16710 1.3 4.4450.3680.2940.34320 2.058.890.4120.3850.52030 2.813.3350.4560.4760.69640 3.5517.780.50.5660.87350 4.322.2250.5440.657 1.04960 5.0526.670.5890.748 1.22670 5.831.1150.6330.839 1.40280 6.5535.560.6770.93 1.579907.340.0050.721 1.02 1.7551008.0544.450.765 1.111 1.932N/durometer unit 0.0750.44450.00440.009080.01765Spring Calibration Tolerance60.075N60.4445N60.0176N60.0182N60.0353NARefer to 5.1.1.3for the Type xRdesignation.determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2Type OOO,OOO-S,and M test specimens should be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in thickness,unless it is known thatresults equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.2.1A Type M specimen that is not of a conﬁguration described in 6.2.2may be composed of plied pieces toobtainFIG.2Durometer OperatingStandFIG.3Small Specimen SupportTablethe necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens because the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen should be sufficient to permit measurements at least 2.50mm (0.10in.)from any edge unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at lesser distance from an edge.A suitable hardness determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2.2The Type M specimen,when conﬁgured as an o-ring,circular band,or other irregular shape shall be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in cross-sectional diameter,unless it is known that results equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.The specimen shall be suitably supported in a ﬁxture (Fig.3)to provide for positioning and stability.6.3The minimum requirement for the thickness of the specimen is dependent on the extent of penetration of the indentor into the specimen;for example,thinner specimens may be used for materials having higher hardness values.The minimum distance from the edge at which measurements may be made likewise decreases as the hardness increases.7.Calibration7.1Indentor Extension Adjustment Procedure :7.1.1Place precision ground dimensional blocks (Grade B or better)on the support table and beneath the durometer presser foot and indentor.Arrange the blocks so that the durometer presser foot contacts the larger block(s)and the indentor tip just contacts the smaller block (Fig.4).It is necessary to observe the arrangement of the blocks and the presser foot/indentor under a minimum of 203magniﬁcation to assure proper alignment.7.1.2Indentor extension and shape shall be in accordance with 5.1.1.5,5.1.1.6,or 5.1.1.7,respective to durometer type.See Fig.1(a through g).Examination of the indentor under 203magniﬁcation,503for Type M indentors,is required to examine the indentor condition.Misshapen or damaged inden-tors shall be replaced.7.1.3A combination of dimensional gage blocks shall be used to achieve a difference of 2.54+0.00/–0.0254mm (0.100+0.00/–0.001in.)between them.For Type OOO-S durometers,the gage block dimensions are 5.08+0.00/–0.0508mm (0.200+0.00/–0.002in.).For Type M durometers,the gage blockdimensions are 1.27+0.0/–0.0127mm (0.050+0.00/–0.0005in.)between them (Fig.4).7.1.4Carefully lower the durometer presser foot until it contacts the largest dimensional block(s),the indentor tip should just contact the smaller block,verifying full indentor extension.7.1.5Adjust the indentor extension to 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).For Type OOO-S durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 5.060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).For Type M durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.),following the manufacturer’s recommended procedure.7.1.5.1When performing the procedures in 7.1,care should be used so as not to cause damage to the indentor tip.Fig.4depicts a suitable arrangement for gaging indentor extension.7.1.6Parallelism of the durometer presser foot to the support surface,and hence the dimensional gage blocks,at the time of instrument calibration,may be in accordance with Test Methods D 374,Machinist’s Micrometers,or otherwise ac-complished in accordance with the procedures speciﬁed by the manufacturer.7.2Indentor Display Adjustment :7.2.1After adjusting the indentor extension as indicated in 7.1,use a similar arrangement of dimensional gage blocks to verify the linear relationship between indentor travel and indicated display at two points:0and 100.Following the manufacturer’s recommendations,make adjustments so that:7.2.2The indicator displays a value equal to the indentor travel measured to within:–0.0+1.0durometer units measured at 0;60.50durometer units measured at 100;61durometer units at all other points delineated in 7.4.7.2.3Each durometer point indicated is equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel,except for:7.2.3.1Type M Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel;7.2.3.2Type OOO-S Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.7.2.4The indicator shall not display a value greater than 100or less than 0at the time of calibration.7.2.5Other means of determining indentor extension or indentor travel,such as optical or laser measurement methods,are acceptable.The instrumentation used shall have traceability as described in 1.4.7.2.6The durometer shall be supported in a suitable fashion when performing the procedures described in 7.1and 7.2.7.3Calibration Device :7.3.1The durometer spring shall be calibrated by support-ing the durometer in a calibrating device,see Fig.5,in a vertical position and applying a measurable force to the indentor tip.The force may be measured by means of a balance as depicted in Fig.5,or an electronic force cell.The calibrating device shall be capable of measuring applied force to within 0.5%of the maximum spring force necessary to achieve 100durometer units.7.3.2Care should be taken to ensure that the force is applied vertically to the indentor tip,as lateral force will cause errors in calibration.See 7.1.5.1and 7.1.6.FIG.4Detail of Indentor Extension and DisplayAdjustment7.4Spring Calibration —The durometer spring shall be calibrated at displayed readings of 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,and 90.The measured force (9.83mass in kilograms)shall be within the spring calibration tolerance speciﬁed in Table 1.Table 1identiﬁes the measured force applied to the indentor for the entire range of the instrument,although it is necessary only to verify the spring calibration at points listed herein.7.5Spring Calibration Procedure :7.5.1Ensure that the indentor extension has been adjusted in accordance with 7.1,and the linear relationship between indentor travel and display is as speciﬁed in 7.2.7.5.2Place the durometer in the calibration device as depicted in Fig.5.Apply the forces indicated in Table 1so that forces applied are aligned with the centerline of the indentor in a fashion that eliminates shock or vibration and adjust the durometer according to manufacturers’recommendations so that:7.5.3At the points enumerated in 7.4,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel.For Type OOO-S durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.05mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.For Type M durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel within the spring calibration tolerances speciﬁed in 7.6.7.6Spring calibration tolerances are 61.0durometer units for Types A,B,C,D,E,O,and DO,62.0durometer units for Types OO,OOO,and OOO-S,and 64.0durometer units for Type M,while not indicating below 0or above 100at the time of calibration (see Table 1).7.7Spring Force Combinations :7.7.1For Type A,B,E,and O durometers:Force,N =0.55+0.075HAWhere HA =hardness reading on Type A,B,E,and O durometers.7.7.2For Type C,D,and DO durometers:Force,N =0.4445HDWhere HD =hardness reading on Type C,D,and DO durometers.7.7.3For Type M durometers:Force,N =0.324+0.0044HMWhere HM =hardness reading on Type M durometers.7.7.4For Type OO and OOO durometers:Force,N =0.203+0.00908HOOWhere HOO =hardness reading on Type OO durometers.7.7.5For Type OOO-S durometers:Force,N =0.167+0.01765HOOO-SWhere HOOO-S =hardness reading on Type OOO-S durometers.7.8The rubber reference block(s)provided for verifying durometer operation and state of calibration are not to be relied upon as calibration standards.The calibration procedures outlined in Section 7are the only valid calibration procedures.7.8.1The use of metal reference blocks is no longer recommended (see Note 2).7.9Verifying the state of durometer calibration,during routine use ,may be accomplished by:7.9.1Verifying that the zero reading is no more than 1indicated point above zero,and not below zero (on durometers so equipped),when the durometer is positioned so that no external force is placed upon the indentor.7.9.2Verifying that the 100reading is no more than 100and no less than 99when the durometer is positioned on a ﬂat surface of a non-metallic material so that the presser foot is in complete contact,causing the indentor to be fully retracted.7.9.2.1It is important that when performing the veriﬁcation of 100,as described in 7.9.2,that extreme care be taken so as to not cause damage to the indentor.Veriﬁcation of the 100value is not recommended for durometers having a spring force greater than 10N (Types C,D,and DO).7.9.2.2When performing the veriﬁcation of 100,as de-scribed in 7.9.2,the non-metallic material shall be of a hardness value greater than 100of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.Tempered glass of a thickness greater than 6.35mm (0.25in.)has been found satisfactory for this application.7.9.3Verifying the displayed reading at any other point using commercially available rubber reference blocks which are certiﬁed to a stated value of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.The displayed value of the durom-eter should be within 62durometer points of the reference block’s stated value.7.9.4Veriﬁcation of the zero and 100readings of a durom-eter provide reasonable assurance that the linear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.7.9.5Veriﬁcation of points between zero and 100provide reasonable assurance that the curvilinear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.7.9.6This is not a calibration procedure,it is a means by which a user may routinely verify that the durometer may be functioning correctly.(See Note 2.)boratory Atmosphere and Test Specimen Conditioning8.1Tests shall be conducted in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as deﬁned in Practice D 618,Section 4.2.8.2The instrument shall be maintained in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as deﬁned in Practice D 618,Section 4.1,for 12h prior to performing atest.FIG.5Example of Durometer CalibrationApparatus8.3The specimen shall be conditioned in accordance with condition40/23exclusive of humidity control,as described in Practice D618,Section8.1,Procedure A and tested under the same conditions,exclusive of humidity control.8.4These procedures may be modiﬁed if agreed upon between laboratories or between supplier and user and are in accordance with alternative procedures identiﬁed in Practice D618.8.5No conclusive evaluation has been made on durometers at temperatures other than23.06 2.0°C(73.46 3.6°F). Conditioning at temperatures other than the above may show changes in calibration.Durometer use at temperatures other than the above should be decided locally(see Practice D1349).9.Procedure9.1Operating Stand Operation(Type3Operating Stand Required for Type M):9.1.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.9.1.2Adjust the presser foot to support table parallelism as described in5.1.2.1.It is necessary to make this adjustment each time the support table is moved to accommodate speci-mens of varying dimensions.9.1.3Prior to conducting a test,adjust the vertical distance from the presser foot to the contact surface of the test specimen to25.462.5mm(1.0060.100in.),unless it is known that identical results are obtained with presser foot at a greater or lesser vertical distance from the test specimen contact surface, or if otherwise stipulated by the manufacturer.9.1.4Place the specimen on the specimen support table,ina manner that the contact point of the indentor is in accordance with Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance from the edge of the test specimen.9.1.5Actuate the release lever(Fig.2)of the operating stand or activate the electromechanical device,allowing the durometer to descend at a controlled rate and apply the presser foot to the specimen in accordance with5.1.2.In the case of “specimen to indentor”type operating stands,operate the lever or other mechanism to apply the specimen to the indentor in a manner that assures parallel contact of the specimen to the durometer presser foot without shock and with just sufficient force to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.9.1.6An operating stand that applies the mass at a con-trolled rate of descent,without shock is mandatory for Type M durometers.Hand-held application or the use of a Type1or Type2operating stand for the Type M durometer is not an acceptable practice,see5.1.2.4.9.1.7For any material covered in1.1,once the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,for example,when the initial indentor travel has ceased,the maximum indicated reading shall be recorded.The time interval of1s,between initial indentor travel cessation and the recording of the indicated reading,shall be considered standard.Other time intervals, when agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user,may be used and reported accordingly.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.9.1.7.1If the durometer is equipped with an electronic maximum indicator or timing device(refer to5.1.1.9)the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.3s of the cessation of indentor travel and reported(refer to10.2.9for reporting protocols),unless otherwise noted.9.1.7.2If the durometer is equipped with an analog type maximum indicator(refer to5.1.1.10),the maximum indicated reading may be recorded and shall be reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.9.1.7.3If the durometer is not equipped with the devices described in5.1.1.9or5.1.1.10,the indicated reading shall be recorded within1s as is possible and reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.9.1.8Makeﬁve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart,0.80 mm(0.030in.)apart for Type M;and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to 10.2.89.2Manual(Hand Held)Operation of Durometer:9.2.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.9.2.2Place the specimen on aﬂat,hard,horizontal surface. Hold the durometer in a vertical position with the indentor tip at a distance from any edge of the specimen as described in Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance.9.2.3Apply the presser foot to the specimen,maintaining it in a vertical position keeping the presser foot parallel to the specimen,with aﬁrm smooth downward action that will avoid shock,rolling of the presser foot over the specimen,or the application of lateral force.Apply sufficient pressure to assure ﬁrm contact between the presser foot and the specimen.9.2.4For any material covered in1.1,after the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s,or after any period of time agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user.If the durometer is equipped with a maximum indicator,the maxi-mum indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s of the cessation of initial indentor travel.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.9.2.5Makeﬁve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to10.2.8.9.3It is acknowledged that durometer readings below20or above90are not considered reliable.It is suggested that readings in these ranges not be recorded.9.4Manual operation(handheld)of a durometer will cause variations in the results attained.Improved repeatability may be obtained by using a mass,securely affixed to the durometer and centered on the axis of the indentor.Recommendedmasses。

D 2240 硬度

名稱： D 2240-02橡膠屬性的標准測試方法—硬度1.范圍1.1此測試方法描述所知的橡膠硬度測量裝置的八種方法：方式A,B,C,D,DO,O,OO 和M。

決定區別物質硬度的分類如熱塑性聚合物，硫化(熱固性)橡膠，彈性體(合成)原料，多孔(發泡)原料，和一些塑料的程序也有描述。

1.2 此測試方法不等同於其它鋸齒狀硬度方法和儀器類型，特別是測試方法D1415中描述的那些。

1.3 此測試方法不適用於測試含有纖維織物的產品。

1.4 標有SI的值被認為是標准值。

括弧內的值僅供參考。

很多標有SI的說明尺寸是直接從美國習俗系統轉換過來的，以方便在“1975的計量轉換法令”之前已存在的使用儀器，操作和程序。

1.5 所有用於測定體積、強度或尺寸的原料、儀器或裝置，應被國家標准及技術協會或其它國際上認可的與其平行的組織描繪的。

1.6 此標准目的不是用來處理所有安全事宜，如果有，與其用途相關。

此標准的使用者有責任在使用之前，建立適當安全和健康的操作並決定適用的管理限制。

2.參考書籍2.1ASTM標准：D 374 實心電子絕緣體厚度的測試方法D 168 調整(改性)塑料測試的常規D 785 塑料及電子絕緣材料Rockwell硬度的測試D 1349 橡膠標准溫度測試常規D 1415 橡膠屬性----國際硬度的測試D 4483 橡膠及黑碳工業測試方法標准的決定精度常規D 1957 混合發泡硬度測試方法3.測試方法總結3.1 此測試方法允許硬度測量基於最初或指定一段時間後或基於兩者。

使用有最大讀數顯示器的硬度表可決定一原料的最大硬度值，表明此原料在使用此儀器時可能產生稍低的硬度。

3.2 此程序用於M類,或微小硬度，適用於那些尺寸或形狀，通常它們的硬度無法用其它類型的硬度計描述的產品。

有一個M類硬度計，硬度范圍在20-90，用於測試厚度或交叉部分直徑為1.25mm或更大的試樣，雖然樣板較小的尺寸可能成功地適合6節中描述的情況。

ASTM D 2240

ASTM 标准代号：D 2240-05ε美国国家标准橡胶特性的标准试验方法-硬度计硬度本标准是以固定的标志编号D 2240；紧接在编号后面的数字表示最初采用的年份，或者若有修订版本的情况下数字表示最近修订的年份，括号内的数字表示最近批准的年份上标的ε表示最近修或批准而作了编辑上的改变1. 适用范围1.1 本试验方法涉及已知的硬度:类型A、B、C、D、DO、E、M、O、OO、OOO、OOO-S和R等12种橡胶硬度测量装置.和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的硬度试验压头硬度的程序。

1.2本试验方法不等同于硬度试验压头硬度方法,工具类型和特别是其它在测试方法D 1415中描述的。

1.3本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验1.4使用为质量,力,或尺寸的所有的材料，工具应对为标准与技术国际协会，或其他国际公认的实际上类似的组织有可追溯性。

1.5以SI单位标注的值应视为标准值，括号中的值仅供参考。

许多在SI中规定的尺寸是直接由美国习惯系统转换来的以适应仪器,规程,和先于1975年公制转换法存在的程序.1.6本标准并不意味以表述了所有可能与使用有关的安全事宜。

本标准的使用者有责任建立相应的安全与健康操作规程，并在使用前确定规则对适用性的限制。

2 参考文献2.1 ASTM 标准D374 固体电绝缘材料厚度的标准试验方法D618 对被测塑料做空气调节处理的程序D785 对塑料和电气绝缘材料的洛氏硬度的试验方法D1349 橡胶的操作规程—试验时的标准温度D1415 橡胶特性的测试方法.国际硬度D4483 在橡胶与炭黑行业确定试验法标准精确度的操作规程F1957 复合泡沫材料硬度测定器硬度的标准试验方法.ISO/IEC 17025:1999检验和校准实验室的能力的通用要求3 试验方法的概述3.1 该测试方法基于任一的最初缩进或一个指定时间后的缩进,或两者的硬度测量.硬度最大读数用来确定材料的最大硬度值可能会产生低硬度当最高指标被使用时。

ASTM D 2240-2005

Designation:D2240–05Standard Test Method forRubber Property—Durometer Hardness1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D2240;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1This test method covers twelve types of rubber hardness measurement devices known as durometers:Types A,B,C,D, DO,E,M,O,OO,OOO,OOO-S,and R.The procedure for determining indentation hardness of substances classiﬁed as thermoplastic elastomers,vulcanized(thermoset)rubber,elas-tomeric materials,cellular materials,gel-like materials,and some plastics is also described.1.2This test method is not equivalent to other indentation hardness methods and instrument types,speciﬁcally those described in Test Method D1415.1.3This test method is not applicable to the testing of coated fabrics.1.4All materials,instruments,or equipment used for the determination of mass,force,or dimension shall have trace-ability to the National Institute for Standards and Technology, or other internationally recognized organizations parallel in nature.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.Many of the stated dimensions in SI are direct conver-sions from the U.S.Customary System to accommodate the instrumentation,practices,and procedures that existed prior to the Metric Conversion Act of1975.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD785Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for TestingD1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International HardnessD4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black IndustriesF1957Test Method for Composite Foam Hardness-Durometer Hardness2.2ISO Standard:3ISO/IEC17025:1999General Requirements for the Com-petence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3.Summary of Test Method3.1This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or indentation after a speciﬁed period of time,or both.Durometers with maximum reading indicators used to determine maximum hardness values of a material may yield lower hardness when the maximum indi-cator is used.3.2The procedures for Type M,or micro hardness durom-eters,accommodate specimens that are,by their dimensions or conﬁguration,ordinarily unable to have their durometer hard-ness determined by the other durometer types described.Type M durometers are intended for the testing of specimens having a thickness or cross-sectional diameter of1.25mm(0.050in.) or greater,although specimens of lesser dimensions may be successfully accommodated under the conditions speciﬁed in Section6,and have a Type M durometer hardness range between20and90.Those specimens which have a durometer hardness range other than speciﬁed shall use another suitable procedure for determining durometer hardness.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1This test method is based on the penetration of a speciﬁc type of indentor when forced into the material under speciﬁed conditions.The indentation hardness is inversely related to the penetration and is dependent on the elastic modulus and viscoelastic behavior of the material.The geometry of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Aug.15,2005.Published September2005.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2004as D2240–04e1.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1rue de Varembé,Case postale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.indentor and the applied force inﬂuence the measurements such that no simple relationship exists between the measure-ments obtained with one type of durometer and those obtained with another type of durometer or other instruments used for measuring hardness .This test method is an empirical test intended primarily for control purposes.No simple relationship exists between indentation hardness determined by this test method and any fundamental property of the material tested.For speciﬁcation purposes,it is recommended that Test Method D 785be used for materials other than those described in 1.1.5.Apparatus5.1Hardness Measuring Apparatus,or Durometer,and an Operating Stand ,Type 1,Type 2,or Type 3(see 5.1.2)consisting of the following components:5.1.1Durometer :5.1.1.1Presser Foot ,the conﬁguration and the total area of a durometer presser foot may produce varying results when there are signiﬁcant differences between them.It is recom-mended that when comparing durometer hardness determina-tions of the same type (see 4.1),that the comparisons be between durometers of similar presser foot conﬁgurations and total area,and that the presser foot conﬁguration and size be noted in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4and 5.1.1.3).5.1.1.2Presser Foot ,Types A,B,C,D,DO,E,O,OO,OOO,and OOO-S,with an oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)having a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,f,and g),with the center a minimum of6.0mm (0.24in.)from any edge of the foot.When the presser foot is not of a ﬂat circular design,the area shall not be less than 500mm 2(19.7in.2).N OTE 1—The Type OOO and the Type OOO-S,designated herein,differ in their indentor conﬁguration,spring force,and the results obtained.See Table 1and Fig.1(e and g).5.1.1.3Presser Foot —ﬂat circular designs designated as Type xR ,where x is the standard durometer designation and R indicates the ﬂat circular press foot described herein,for example,Type aR ,dR ,and the like.The presser foot,having acentrally located oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)of a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(a through g).The ﬂat circular presser foot shall be 1860.5mm (0.7160.02in.)in diameter.These durometer types shall be used in an operating stand (see 5.1.2).(a)Durometers having a presser foot conﬁguration other than that indicated in 5.1.1.3shall not use the Type xR designation,and it is recommended that their presser foot conﬁguration and size be stated in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4).5.1.1.4Presser Foot,Type M ,with a centrally located oriﬁce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor),having a diameter as speciﬁed in Fig.1(d),with the center a minimum of 1.60mm (0.063in.)from any edge of the ﬂat circular presser foot.The Type M durometer shall be used in a Type 3operating stand (see 5.1.2.4).5.1.1.5Indentor ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,or g),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 203magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).5.1.1.6Indentor,Type OOO-S ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10,shaped in accordance with Fig.1(f),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 203magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 5.0060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).5.1.1.7Indentor,Type M ,formed from steel rod and hard-ened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(d),polished over the contact area so that no ﬂaws are visible under 503magniﬁcation,with an indentor extension of 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.).5.1.1.8Indentor Extension Indicator ,analog or digital elec-tronic,having a display that is an inverse function of the indentor extension so that:(1)The display shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentormovement,FIG.1(a)Type A and CIndentor(2)The display for Type OOO-S durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor movement,(3)The display for Type M durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor movement,and(4)In the case of analog dial indicators having a display of 360°,the points indicating 0and 100may be at the same point on the dial and indicate 0,100,or both.5.1.1.9Timing Device (optional),capable of being set to a desired elapsed time,signaling the operator or holding thehardness reading when the desired elapsed time has been reached.The timer shall be automatically activated when the presser foot is in contact with the specimen being tested,for example,the initial indentor travel has ceased.Digital elec-tronic durometers may be equipped with electronic timing devices that shall not affect the indicated reading or determi-nations attained by more than one-half of the calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.10Maximum Indicators (optional),maximum indicat-ing pointers are auxiliary analog indicating hands designed to remain at the maximum hardness value attained until resetbyFIG.1(b)Type B and D Indentor(continued)FIG.1(c)Type O,DO,and OO Indentor(continued)FIG.1(d)Type M Indentor(continued)the operator.Electronic maximum indicators are digital dis-plays electronically indicating and maintaining the maximum value hardness valued achieved until reset by the operator.5.1.1.11Analog maximum indicating pointers have been shown to have a nominal effect on the values attained,however,this effect is greater on durometers of lesser total mainspring loads;for example,the effect of a maximum indicating pointer on Type D durometer determinations will be less than those determinations achieved using a Type A durometer.Analog style durometers may be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.The effect of a maximum indicating pointer shall be noted at the time of calibration in the calibration report (see 10.1.5),and when reporting hardness determinations (see 10.2.4).Analog Type M,OO,OOO,and Type OOO-S durometers shall not be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.5.1.1.12Digital electronic durometers may be equipped with electronic maximum indicators that shall not affect the indicated reading or determinations attained by more than one half of the spring calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.13Calibrated Spring ,for applying force to the inden-tor,in accordance with Fig.1(a through g)and capable of applying the forces as speciﬁed in Table 1.5.1.2Operating Stand (Fig.2):5.1.2.1Type 1,Type 2,and Type 3shall be capable of supporting the durometer presser foot surface parallel to the specimen support table (Fig.3)throughout the travel of each.The durometer presser foot to specimen support table parallel-ism shall be veriﬁed each time the test specimen support table is adjusted to accommodate specimens of varying dimensions.This may be accomplished by applying the durometer presser foot to the point of contact with the specimen support table and making adjustments by way of the durometer mounting assem-bly or as speciﬁed by the manufacturer.5.1.2.2Operating Stand,Type 1(specimen to indentor type),shall be capable of applying the specimen to the indentor in a manner that minimizes shock.5.1.2.3Operating Stand,Type 2(indentor to specimen type),shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.20mm/s(0.125FIG.1(e)Type OOO Indentor(continued)FIG.1(f)Type OOO-S Indentor(continued)in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.5.1.2.4Operating Stand,Type 3(indentor to specimen type),hydraulic dampening,pneumatic dampening,or electro-mechanical (required for the operation of Type M durometers)shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.2mm/s (0.125in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.Manual application,Type 1or Type 2operating stands are not acceptable for Type M durometer operation.5.1.2.5The entire instrument should be plumb and level,and resting on a surface that will minimize vibration.Operating the instrument under adverse conditions will negatively affect the determinations attained.5.1.2.6Specimen Support Table ,(Fig.3)integral to the operating stand,and having a solid ﬂat surface.The specimen support platform may have oriﬁces designed to accept various inserts or support ﬁxtures (Fig.3)to provide for the support of irregularly conﬁgured specimens.When inserts are used to support test specimens,care must be taken to align the indentor to the center of the insert,or the point at which the indentor is to contact the specimen.Care should be exercised to assure thatthe indentor does not abruptly contact the specimen support table as damage to the indentor may result.6.Test Specimen6.1The test specimen,herein referred to as “specimen”or “test specimen”interchangeably,shall be at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)in thickness unless it is known that results equivalent to the 6.0-mm (0.24-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.1.1A specimen may be composed of plied pieces to obtain the necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens,as the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen shall be sufficient to permit measurements at least 12.0mm (0.48in.)from any edge,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at a lesser distance from an edge.6.1.2The surfaces of the specimen shall be ﬂat and parallel over an area to permit the presser foot to contact the specimen over an area having a radius of at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)from the indentor point.The specimen shall be suitably supported to provide for positioning and stability.A suitablehardnessFIG.1(g)Type E Indentor (continued)TABLE 1Durometer Spring Force Calibration AAll Values are in NIndicated Value Type A,B,E,O Type C,D,DO Type M Type OO,OOO Type OOO-S 00.5500.3240.2030.16710 1.3 4.4450.3680.2940.34320 2.058.890.4120.3850.52030 2.813.3350.4560.4760.69640 3.5517.780.50.5660.87350 4.322.2250.5440.657 1.04960 5.0526.670.5890.748 1.22670 5.831.1150.6330.839 1.40280 6.5535.560.6770.93 1.579907.340.0050.721 1.02 1.7551008.0544.450.765 1.111 1.932N/durometer unit 0.0750.44450.00440.009080.01765Spring Calibration Tolerance60.075N60.4445N60.0176N60.0182N60.0353NARefer to 5.1.1.3for the Type xRdesignation.determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2Type OOO,OOO-S,and M test specimens should be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in thickness,unless it is known thatresults equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.2.1A Type M specimen that is not of a conﬁguration described in 6.2.2may be composed of plied pieces toobtainFIG.2Durometer OperatingStandFIG.3Small Specimen SupportTablethe necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens because the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen should be sufficient to permit measurements at least 2.50mm (0.10in.)from any edge unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at lesser distance from an edge.A suitable hardness determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2.2The Type M specimen,when conﬁgured as an o-ring,circular band,or other irregular shape shall be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in cross-sectional diameter,unless it is known that results equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.The specimen shall be suitably supported in a ﬁxture (Fig.3)to provide for positioning and stability.6.3The minimum requirement for the thickness of the specimen is dependent on the extent of penetration of the indentor into the specimen;for example,thinner specimens may be used for materials having higher hardness values.The minimum distance from the edge at which measurements may be made likewise decreases as the hardness increases.7.Calibration7.1Indentor Extension Adjustment Procedure :7.1.1Place precision ground dimensional blocks (Grade B or better)on the support table and beneath the durometer presser foot and indentor.Arrange the blocks so that the durometer presser foot contacts the larger block(s)and the indentor tip just contacts the smaller block (Fig.4).It is necessary to observe the arrangement of the blocks and the presser foot/indentor under a minimum of 203magniﬁcation to assure proper alignment.7.1.2Indentor extension and shape shall be in accordance with 5.1.1.5,5.1.1.6,or 5.1.1.7,respective to durometer type.See Fig.1(a through g).Examination of the indentor under 203magniﬁcation,503for Type M indentors,is required to examine the indentor condition.Misshapen or damaged inden-tors shall be replaced.7.1.3A combination of dimensional gage blocks shall be used to achieve a difference of 2.54+0.00/–0.0254mm (0.100+0.00/–0.001in.)between them.For Type OOO-S durometers,the gage block dimensions are 5.08+0.00/–0.0508mm (0.200+0.00/–0.002in.).For Type M durometers,the gage blockdimensions are 1.27+0.0/–0.0127mm (0.050+0.00/–0.0005in.)between them (Fig.4).7.1.4Carefully lower the durometer presser foot until it contacts the largest dimensional block(s),the indentor tip should just contact the smaller block,verifying full indentor extension.7.1.5Adjust the indentor extension to 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).For Type OOO-S durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 5.060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).For Type M durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.),following the manufacturer’s recommended procedure.7.1.5.1When performing the procedures in 7.1,care should be used so as not to cause damage to the indentor tip.Fig.4depicts a suitable arrangement for gaging indentor extension.7.1.6Parallelism of the durometer presser foot to the support surface,and hence the dimensional gage blocks,at the time of instrument calibration,may be in accordance with Test Methods D 374,Machinist’s Micrometers,or otherwise ac-complished in accordance with the procedures speciﬁed by the manufacturer.7.2Indentor Display Adjustment :7.2.1After adjusting the indentor extension as indicated in 7.1,use a similar arrangement of dimensional gage blocks to verify the linear relationship between indentor travel and indicated display at two points:0and 100.Following the manufacturer’s recommendations,make adjustments so that:7.2.2The indicator displays a value equal to the indentor travel measured to within:–0.0+1.0durometer units measured at 0;60.50durometer units measured at 100;61durometer units at all other points delineated in 7.4.7.2.3Each durometer point indicated is equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel,except for:7.2.3.1Type M Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel;7.2.3.2Type OOO-S Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.7.2.4The indicator shall not display a value greater than 100or less than 0at the time of calibration.7.2.5Other means of determining indentor extension or indentor travel,such as optical or laser measurement methods,are acceptable.The instrumentation used shall have traceability as described in 1.4.7.2.6The durometer shall be supported in a suitable fashion when performing the procedures described in 7.1and 7.2.7.3Calibration Device :7.3.1The durometer spring shall be calibrated by support-ing the durometer in a calibrating device,see Fig.5,in a vertical position and applying a measurable force to the indentor tip.The force may be measured by means of a balance as depicted in Fig.5,or an electronic force cell.The calibrating device shall be capable of measuring applied force to within 0.5%of the maximum spring force necessary to achieve 100durometer units.7.3.2Care should be taken to ensure that the force is applied vertically to the indentor tip,as lateral force will cause errors in calibration.See 7.1.5.1and 7.1.6.FIG.4Detail of Indentor Extension and DisplayAdjustment7.4Spring Calibration —The durometer spring shall be calibrated at displayed readings of 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,and 90.The measured force (9.83mass in kilograms)shall be within the spring calibration tolerance speciﬁed in Table 1.Table 1identiﬁes the measured force applied to the indentor for the entire range of the instrument,although it is necessary only to verify the spring calibration at points listed herein.7.5Spring Calibration Procedure :7.5.1Ensure that the indentor extension has been adjusted in accordance with 7.1,and the linear relationship between indentor travel and display is as speciﬁed in 7.2.7.5.2Place the durometer in the calibration device as depicted in Fig.5.Apply the forces indicated in Table 1so that forces applied are aligned with the centerline of the indentor in a fashion that eliminates shock or vibration and adjust the durometer according to manufacturers’recommendations so that:7.5.3At the points enumerated in 7.4,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel.For Type OOO-S durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.05mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.For Type M durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel within the spring calibration tolerances speciﬁed in 7.6.7.6Spring calibration tolerances are 61.0durometer units for Types A,B,C,D,E,O,and DO,62.0durometer units for Types OO,OOO,and OOO-S,and 64.0durometer units for Type M,while not indicating below 0or above 100at the time of calibration (see Table 1).7.7Spring Force Combinations :7.7.1For Type A,B,E,and O durometers:Force,N =0.55+0.075HAWhere HA =hardness reading on Type A,B,E,and O durometers.7.7.2For Type C,D,and DO durometers:Force,N =0.4445HDWhere HD =hardness reading on Type C,D,and DO durometers.7.7.3For Type M durometers:Force,N =0.324+0.0044HMWhere HM =hardness reading on Type M durometers.7.7.4For Type OO and OOO durometers:Force,N =0.203+0.00908HOOWhere HOO =hardness reading on Type OO durometers.7.7.5For Type OOO-S durometers:Force,N =0.167+0.01765HOOO-SWhere HOOO-S =hardness reading on Type OOO-S durometers.7.8The rubber reference block(s)provided for verifying durometer operation and state of calibration are not to be relied upon as calibration standards.The calibration procedures outlined in Section 7are the only valid calibration procedures.7.8.1The use of metal reference blocks is no longer recommended (see Note 2).7.9Verifying the state of durometer calibration,during routine use ,may be accomplished by:7.9.1Verifying that the zero reading is no more than 1indicated point above zero,and not below zero (on durometers so equipped),when the durometer is positioned so that no external force is placed upon the indentor.7.9.2Verifying that the 100reading is no more than 100and no less than 99when the durometer is positioned on a ﬂat surface of a non-metallic material so that the presser foot is in complete contact,causing the indentor to be fully retracted.7.9.2.1It is important that when performing the veriﬁcation of 100,as described in 7.9.2,that extreme care be taken so as to not cause damage to the indentor.Veriﬁcation of the 100value is not recommended for durometers having a spring force greater than 10N (Types C,D,and DO).7.9.2.2When performing the veriﬁcation of 100,as de-scribed in 7.9.2,the non-metallic material shall be of a hardness value greater than 100of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.Tempered glass of a thickness greater than 6.35mm (0.25in.)has been found satisfactory for this application.7.9.3Verifying the displayed reading at any other point using commercially available rubber reference blocks which are certiﬁed to a stated value of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.The displayed value of the durom-eter should be within 62durometer points of the reference block’s stated value.7.9.4Veriﬁcation of the zero and 100readings of a durom-eter provide reasonable assurance that the linear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.7.9.5Veriﬁcation of points between zero and 100provide reasonable assurance that the curvilinear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.7.9.6This is not a calibration procedure,it is a means by which a user may routinely verify that the durometer may be functioning correctly.(See Note 2.)boratory Atmosphere and Test Specimen Conditioning8.1Tests shall be conducted in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as deﬁned in Practice D 618,Section 4.2.8.2The instrument shall be maintained in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as deﬁned in Practice D 618,Section 4.1,for 12h prior to performing atest.FIG.5Example of Durometer CalibrationApparatus8.3The specimen shall be conditioned in accordance with condition40/23exclusive of humidity control,as described in Practice D618,Section8.1,Procedure A and tested under the same conditions,exclusive of humidity control.8.4These procedures may be modiﬁed if agreed upon between laboratories or between supplier and user and are in accordance with alternative procedures identiﬁed in Practice D618.8.5No conclusive evaluation has been made on durometers at temperatures other than23.06 2.0°C(73.46 3.6°F). Conditioning at temperatures other than the above may show changes in calibration.Durometer use at temperatures other than the above should be decided locally(see Practice D1349).9.Procedure9.1Operating Stand Operation(Type3Operating Stand Required for Type M):9.1.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.9.1.2Adjust the presser foot to support table parallelism as described in5.1.2.1.It is necessary to make this adjustment each time the support table is moved to accommodate speci-mens of varying dimensions.9.1.3Prior to conducting a test,adjust the vertical distance from the presser foot to the contact surface of the test specimen to25.462.5mm(1.0060.100in.),unless it is known that identical results are obtained with presser foot at a greater or lesser vertical distance from the test specimen contact surface, or if otherwise stipulated by the manufacturer.9.1.4Place the specimen on the specimen support table,ina manner that the contact point of the indentor is in accordance with Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance from the edge of the test specimen.9.1.5Actuate the release lever(Fig.2)of the operating stand or activate the electromechanical device,allowing the durometer to descend at a controlled rate and apply the presser foot to the specimen in accordance with5.1.2.In the case of “specimen to indentor”type operating stands,operate the lever or other mechanism to apply the specimen to the indentor in a manner that assures parallel contact of the specimen to the durometer presser foot without shock and with just sufficient force to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.9.1.6An operating stand that applies the mass at a con-trolled rate of descent,without shock is mandatory for Type M durometers.Hand-held application or the use of a Type1or Type2operating stand for the Type M durometer is not an acceptable practice,see5.1.2.4.9.1.7For any material covered in1.1,once the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,for example,when the initial indentor travel has ceased,the maximum indicated reading shall be recorded.The time interval of1s,between initial indentor travel cessation and the recording of the indicated reading,shall be considered standard.Other time intervals, when agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user,may be used and reported accordingly.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.9.1.7.1If the durometer is equipped with an electronic maximum indicator or timing device(refer to5.1.1.9)the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.3s of the cessation of indentor travel and reported(refer to10.2.9for reporting protocols),unless otherwise noted.9.1.7.2If the durometer is equipped with an analog type maximum indicator(refer to5.1.1.10),the maximum indicated reading may be recorded and shall be reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.9.1.7.3If the durometer is not equipped with the devices described in5.1.1.9or5.1.1.10,the indicated reading shall be recorded within1s as is possible and reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.9.1.8Makeﬁve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart,0.80 mm(0.030in.)apart for Type M;and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to 10.2.89.2Manual(Hand Held)Operation of Durometer:9.2.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.9.2.2Place the specimen on aﬂat,hard,horizontal surface. Hold the durometer in a vertical position with the indentor tip at a distance from any edge of the specimen as described in Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance.9.2.3Apply the presser foot to the specimen,maintaining it in a vertical position keeping the presser foot parallel to the specimen,with aﬁrm smooth downward action that will avoid shock,rolling of the presser foot over the specimen,or the application of lateral force.Apply sufficient pressure to assure ﬁrm contact between the presser foot and the specimen.9.2.4For any material covered in1.1,after the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s,or after any period of time agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user.If the durometer is equipped with a maximum indicator,the maxi-mum indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s of the cessation of initial indentor travel.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.9.2.5Makeﬁve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to10.2.8.9.3It is acknowledged that durometer readings below20or above90are not considered reliable.It is suggested that readings in these ranges not be recorded.9.4Manual operation(handheld)of a durometer will cause variations in the results attained.Improved repeatability may be obtained by using a mass,securely affixed to the durometer and centered on the axis of the indentor.Recommendedmasses。

中文橡胶材料分类系统

标准燃料A，
70小时
D 471，
标准燃料B，
70小时
D 471，
标准燃料C，
70小时
D 471，
标准燃料D，
70小时
D 471，
85%体积标准燃料D+15%体积改性无水乙醇，（7）70小时
D 471，
85%体积标准燃料C+15%体积无水乙乙醇，（7）
70小时
D 471，
85%体积标准燃料C+15%体积无水甲醇
4．1等级数值
由于差不多技术要求并非总能充分地描述材料所必须具备的全部质量要求，因此要通过一系列前缀等级数字、后缀字母和后缀数字为差异或增加技术要求做好预备。等级数字1表示只有差不多技术要求是必需的，而且不承诺有后缀技术要求。除数字1以外的各等级数字都用来表示差异或附加技术要求。等级数字要作为材料的前缀数字书写在类型及类别字母的前面（见第8．1）。等级数字1总是一个有效的后缀等级数字，因而在每个差不多技术要求表的最后一列中没有注明。
表1——由温度确定类型的差不多技术要求
类型
试验温度，℃
A
70
B
100
C
125
D
150
E
175
F
200
G
225
H
250
J
275
K
300
表2——由体积膨胀确定类别的差不多技术要求
类别
体积膨胀，最大%
A
不要求
B
140
C
120
D
100
E
80
F
60
G
40
H
30
J
20
K
10
3．3类型所依据的基准是，通过在相应温度下加热老化70小时之后，拉伸强度变化不超过±30%，伸长率不超过-50%，而且硬度变化不超过±15度。表1中列出了为确定这些材料的类型所应进行的试验的温度。

ASTM-D2240-硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)

ASTM-D2240-硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)ASTM D2240 硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)ASTM 标准代号：D 2240-97ε美国国家标准1橡胶特性-(丢洛氏)硬度计测硬度-的标准试验方法本标准是以固定的标志编号D 2240；紧接在编号后面的数字表示最初采用的年份，或者若有修订版本的情况下数字表示最近修订的年份，括号内的数字表示最近批准的年份上标的ε表示最近修或批准而作了编辑上的改变ε1注：脚注从1999年2月的注5中消去。

1. 适用范围1.1 本试验方法涉及A、B、C、D、DO、E、M、O、OO、OOO、OOO-S和R等12种(丢洛氏)硬度计和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的压痕硬度的程序。

1.2 本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验。

1.3 以SI单位标注的值应视为标准值，括号中的值仅供参考。

1.4 本标准并不意味以表述了所有可能与使用有关的安全事宜。

本标准的使用者有责任建立相应的安全与健康操作规程，并在使用前确定规则对适用性的限制。

2 参考文献2.1 ASTM 标准D618 对被测塑料做空气调节处理的程序2D785 对塑料和电气绝缘材料的洛氏硬度的试验方法2D1349 橡胶的操作规程—试验时的标准温度3D4483 在橡胶与炭黑行业确定试验法标准精确度的操作规程33 试验方法的小结3.1 本试验方法允许在初始压痕时测定硬度，或者在印压一特定时间后进行硬度测定，可两者兼而有之。

注1：当使用最大指针读数时，被用作确定初始硬度值的具有最大读数的指针难以测准稍低的读数。

1本试验方法直接由ASTM“橡胶标准委员会”属下的《D11.10的物理试验委员会》负责最新版本于1997年2月10日通过批准，于1997年3月颁布。

最初是以D2240-64T的形式颁布，上一期的版本为 D2240-952 摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第08.01卷。

3 摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第09.01卷4. 意义与用途4.1 本试验方法是立足于特定条件下、（硬度试验）压头对材料施力而形成穿透深度的形式。

各种材料硬度测试方法汇总(塑料、橡胶、金属、漆)

——D标尺，适用于高硬度范围，采用D标尺的硬度计称邵氏D型硬度计； ——AO标尺，适用于低硬度橡胶和海绵，采用AO标尺的硬度计称邵氏AO型硬度计； ——AM标尺，适用于普通硬度范围的薄样品，采用AM标尺的硬度计称邵氏AM型硬度
计。
/ /
色漆、清漆的光滑表面，可用于单层或多层的上层表面测试
塑料和硬橡胶使用硬度计测定压痕硬度（邵氏硬度)GB/T 2411-2008
塑料和硬质胶.用硬度计测定压痕硬度（邵氏硬度）ISO 868:2003
硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶压入硬度试验方法第1部分：邵氏硬度计法（邵尔硬度）GB/T 531.1-2008
硫化或热塑性橡胶压痕硬度的测定第1部分：硬度计法(邵氏硬度)ISO 7619-1: 2010 塑料硬度测定第2部分：洛氏硬度 GB/T 3398.2-2008 塑料硬度测定第2部分：洛氏硬度ISO 2039-2:1987 塑料和电绝缘材料的洛氏硬度试验方法ASTM D785-08 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶硬度的测定(10～100IRHD)GB/T 6031-1998 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶硬度的测定(10～100IRHD)ISO 48:2010 橡胶特性-国际硬度的测试方法ASTM D1415-06(2012) 色漆和清漆铅笔法测定漆膜硬度GB/T 6739-2006 色漆和清漆--铅笔试验法测定漆膜硬度ISO 15184-2012 涂膜铅笔硬度测试方法ASTM D3363-05(2011)e2 金属材料洛氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法（A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K 、N、T标尺）GB/T 230.1-2009 金属材料.洛氏硬度试验.第1部分:试验方法(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K、N 、T标尺)ISO 6508-1:2005 金属材料洛氏硬度试验方法 ASTM E18-14 洛氏硬度试验方法 JIS Z2245-2011 金属材料布氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法 GB/T 231.1-2009 金属材料布氏硬度试验第1部分:试验方法 DIN EN ISO 6506-1：2006 金属材料布氏硬度试验方法 ASTM E10-12 布氏硬度试验方法 JIS Z 2243-2008 金属材料维氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法 GB/T 4340.1-2009 金属材料维氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法 ISO 6507-1:2005 金属材料维氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法 EN ISO 6507-1:2005 金属材料维氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法 BS EN ISO 6507-1:2005 维氏硬度试验方法 JIS Z 2244-2009 材料努氏和维氏硬度试验方法 ASTM E384-11e1 金属材料努氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法 GB/T 18449.1-2009 铝合金韦氏硬度试验方法YS/T 420-2000 铝合金韦氏硬度试验方法ASTM B647-10 金属里氏硬度试验方法 GB/T 17394-1998

ASTM-D2240-硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)

ASTM-D2240-硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)ASTM D2240 硬度计硬度的标准试验方法(中文版)ASTM 标准代号：D 2240-97ε美国国家标准1橡胶特性-(丢洛氏)硬度计测硬度-的标准试验方法本标准是以固定的标志编号D 2240；紧接在编号后面的数字表示最初采用的年份，或者若有修订版本的情况下数字表示最近修订的年份，括号内的数字表示最近批准的年份上标的ε表示最近修或批准而作了编辑上的改变ε1注：脚注从1999年2月的注5中消去。

1. 适用范围1.1 本试验方法涉及A、B、C、D、DO、E、M、O、OO、OOO、OOO-S和R等12种(丢洛氏)硬度计和按橡胶、网状材料、弹性材料、热塑材料和某些硬塑料的分类来确定物质的压痕硬度的程序。

1.2 本试验方法不适用于对纤维织物的试验。

1.3 以SI单位标注的值应视为标准值，括号中的值仅供参考。

1.4 本标准并不意味以表述了所有可能与使用有关的安全事宜。

本标准的使用者有责任建立相应的安全与健康操作规程，并在使用前确定规则对适用性的限制。

2 参考文献2.1 ASTM 标准D618 对被测塑料做空气调节处理的程序2D785 对塑料和电气绝缘材料的洛氏硬度的试验方法2D1349 橡胶的操作规程—试验时的标准温度3D4483 在橡胶与炭黑行业确定试验法标准精确度的操作规程33 试验方法的小结3.1 本试验方法允许在初始压痕时测定硬度，或者在印压一特定时间后进行硬度测定，可两者兼而有之。

注1：当使用最大指针读数时，被用作确定初始硬度值的具有最大读数的指针难以测准稍低的读数。

1本试验方法直接由ASTM“橡胶标准委员会”属下的《D11.10的物理试验委员会》负责最新版本于1997年2月10日通过批准，于1997年3月颁布。

最初是以D2240-64T的形式颁布，上一期的版本为 D2240-952 摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第08.01卷。

3 摘自《ASTM标准年签》，第09.01卷4. 意义与用途4.1 本试验方法是立足于特定条件下、（硬度试验）压头对材料施力而形成穿透深度的形式。