4潮汐_1

合集下载

高考一轮复习资料海水的运动课件高三上学期

高考一轮复习资料海水的运动课件高三上学期

三、洋流
(3)特殊海区
4.分布规律 北印度洋的季风洋流
1月份(北半球冬季):逆时针
东北季风
环流成因:冬季,东北季 风盛行时,洋流作逆时针方向 流动,加强了赤道逆流
索马里洋流:索马里暖流
三、洋流 4.影响
(1)洋流对沿岸气候的影响
影响全球热量平衡:从低纬度地 区向高纬度地区传输热量;从高纬度 地区向低纬度地区输送海冰和冷水。
②寒暖流交汇海区——海水受到扰 动,可以将下层营养盐类带到表层,有 利于浮游生物大量繁殖,为鱼类提供饵 料
三、洋流 4.影响
(4)洋流对海洋航行的影响
①顺洋流航行速度加快,逆洋流航行速度 减慢; ②寒暖流交汇处易形成海雾; ③洋流从北极携带冰山南下,对航行不利。
海冰、冰山——①高纬度南北极地 海域,有季节性海冰和多年海冰,航行 时需要破冰船协助。
应该避免落潮时段,因为落潮期间浪高较小 避开涨潮和落潮的时间段
涨潮时带来高盐度的外海海水,便于提取海水晒盐
利用潮间带养殖
典例 潮汐时刻表能够反映不同时刻的潮水高度,是船舶进出港的重要依 据。2020年6月20日某海洋运输船到达辽宁锦州港,该船是符合进港条件 的最大吨位船。下图表示锦州港当日的潮汐时刻表,据此完成下面小题。
2.成因 小潮时日地月相对位置
上弦日
农历初八
下弦日
农历二十三
日、地、月呈直角分布时,引潮力最小,出现小潮
二、潮汐
2.成因
潮水状况 时间(农历) 月相
大潮
初一
新(朔) 月
小潮 初七或初八 上弦月
大潮
十五
满(望) 月
小潮 廿二或廿三 下弦月
图片
日、地、月位 置关系
三者一条直线

潮汐表

潮汐表
43; + + _ + + + + + + + + + + +
灌河潮汐表(灌河口至义泽河)
灌 河 口 涨 初一、十六(大潮) 2:38 初二、十七(大潮) 3:26 初三、十八(大潮) 4:14 初四、十九(小潮) 3:50 初五、二十(小潮) 4:14 初六、廿一(小潮) 5:02 初七、廿二(小潮) 5:50 初八、廿三(小潮) 6:38 初九、廿四(小潮) 7:26 初十、廿五(升潮) 8:38 十一、廿六(升潮) 9:50 十二、廿七(升潮) 11:02 十三、廿八(大潮) 12:14 十四、廿九(大潮) 1:02 十五、三十(大潮) 1:50 满 7:08 7:56 8:44 8:50 9:14 10:12 10:50 11:38 12:26 1:38 2:50 3:32 4:44 5:32 6:20 陈 家 港 涨 3:06 3:54 4:42 4:18 4:42 5:30 6:18 7:06 7:54 9:06 10:18 11:30 12:42 1:30 2:18 满 7:36 8:24 9:12 9:18 9:42 10:30 11:18 12:06 12:54 2:06 3:18 4:00 5:12 6:00 6:48 五 涨 3:46 4:34 5:22 4:58 5:22 6:10 6:58 7:46 8:34 9:46 10:58 12:10 1:22 2:10 2:58 队 满 8:16 9:04 9:52 9:58 10:22 11:10 11:58 12:46 1:34 2:46 3:58 4:40 5:52 6:40 7:28 下午 下午 下午 上午 上午 上午 上午 上午 上午 上午 上午 上午 下午 下午 下午 响 涨 4:26 5:14 6:02 5:38 6:02 6:50 7:38 8:26 9:14 10:26 11:38 12:50 2:02 2:50 3:38 水 满 8:56 9:44 10:32 10:38 11:02 11:50 12:38 1:26 2:14 3:26 4:38 5:20 6:32 7:20 8:08 大 三 叉 涨 5:16 6:04 6:52 6:28 6:52 7:40 8:28 9:16 10:04 11:16 12:28 1:40 2:52 3:40 4:28 满 9:46 10:34 11:22 11:28 12:52 12:40 1:28 2:16 3:04 4:16 5:28 6:10 7:22 8:10 8:58 义 泽 河 推算 时间 涨 6:06 6:54 7:42 7:18 7:42 8:30 9:18 10:06 10:54 12:06 1:18 2:30 3:42 4:30 5:18 满 10:36 11:24 12:12 12:18 12:48 1:30 2:18 3:06 3:54 5:06 6:18 7:00 8:14 9:00 9:48 48分 48分 48分 24分 24分 48分 48分 48分 48分 72分 72分 72分 72分 48分 48分

四年级下册第一课的课堂笔记

四年级下册第一课的课堂笔记

四年级下册第一课的课堂笔记一、生字1. 潮(1)海水白天涨落叫做潮汐,人们通常把白天出现的海水涨落叫做潮,夜晚出现的海水涨落叫做汐。

(2)“潮”字可以分成“水”、“朝”,潮水的涨落与太阳有关,最早的“潮”字是写作“�”,指的是海水白天涨落,后来才写成“潮”。

(3)多音字:·称 chēng (称呼)·薄 bó(刻薄)· chèn(称心)· báo(薄饼)2. 据(1)“据”字的部首是“扌”,表示与动作有关。

“据”是一个形声字,左边是形旁,右边是声旁。

(2)“据”可以组成词语:依据、据说、证据、可靠等。

(3)多音字:· jù(据点)· quán(全神贯注)· jū(拮据)· quàn(劝告)3. 堤(1)“堤”字的部首是“土”,表示与土地有关。

“堤”是一个形声字,左边是形旁,右边是声旁。

(2)“堤”可以组成词语:河堤、堤坝、堤防等。

(3)多音字:· dī(堤岸)· zhuǎn(传记)· tí(提防)· zhuàn(自传)二、词语1. 潮水、海水、涨潮、退潮、俗称、盐官镇、据说、海塘、农历、隆起、堤坝、若隐若现、人山人海、漫天卷地。

2. 词语解释:(1)俗称:通俗的名称或称呼。

(2)海塘:沿海岸建造的挡潮堤坝。

(3)漫天卷地:形容声势浩大或影响极坏。

也形容弥漫天空或充满空间。

3. 近义词:(1)涨—升(2)顿时—立刻(3)浩浩荡荡—声势浩大4. 反义词:(1)涨—落(2)浩浩荡荡—零零星星5. 多义词:漫天卷地:漫天卷地涌来,形容水势极大,蔓延不断。

也形容声势浩大或影响极坏。

潮汐知识点

潮汐知识点

潮汐知识点汇总:1.中版潮汐表一共有六册,其中第1-3册是我国海区的,4-6册是国外海区的。

潮汐表中的潮时是当地标准时。

2.中版潮汐表的主要内容:主港潮汐预报表、潮流预报表、差比数和潮信表、格林尼治月中天时刻表、梯形图卡。

梯形图卡作用是求取任意潮时的潮高和任意潮高的潮时。

我国一些重要港口每小时潮高可以在主港潮汐预报表里面查找。

3.差比数是指主附港之间的潮时差、潮差比和改正值;潮差比是附港平均潮差与主港平均潮差之比(对于日潮港来说,潮差比是附港回归潮大的潮差与主港回归潮大的潮差之比);潮时差是主港和附港高(低)潮时之差,正号表示附港比主港发生的晚,负号表示早。

4.下面因素的急剧变化会导致潮汐变化的反常:台风(增水)、寒潮(减水)、春季气旋入海、降水、气压、结冰。

(注意:海啸不会导致潮汐变化的反常)5.中版潮汐表预报潮高的误差是20-30CM,预报潮时的误差是20-30分钟。

6.利用中版潮汐表查主港潮汐,可从目录查主港所在页码。

7.附港潮时的计算公式:附港潮时=主港潮时+潮时差附港潮高计算,对于中国海区的1-3册,可以利用下面公式:当主附港季节改正数较大时(SC>10CM):附港潮高=(主港潮高-(主港平均海面+主港平均海面季节改正))*潮差比+(附港平均海面+附港平均海面季节改正)当主附港季节改正不大时(SC<10CM):附港潮高=主港潮高*潮差比+改正值对于外国海区的4-6册,可以利用下面公式:附港潮高=主港潮高*潮差比+改正数+潮高季节改正数8.利用潮信资料算潮汐:潮信资料包括平均大(小)潮升,平均高(低)潮间隙,平均海面。

当地高(低)潮潮时=格林威治月上(下)中天时+当地高(低)潮间隙对于半日潮港,可用下列方法近似求月中天时间:上半月:月上中天时=(农历日期-1)*0.8+1200月下中天时=月上中天时±1225下半月:月上中天时=(农历日期-16)*0.8月下中天时=月上中天时±1225平均大潮高潮高(MHWS)=大潮升(SR)平均大潮低潮高MLWS=2*MSL-SR平均小潮高潮高(MHWN)=小潮升(SN)平均小潮低潮高MLWN=2*MSL-SN大潮日指的是初三、十八;小潮日是十一、二十五。

第四章潮汐概述(1)介绍

第四章潮汐概述(1)介绍

2018/10/21
附港潮汐推算(中版)

差比数表预报内容 公式 附港高(低)潮潮时=主港高(低)潮潮时+高(低)潮潮时差 附港高(低)潮潮高=[主港高(低)潮潮高-(主港MSL+主 港SC)]×潮差比+(附港MSL+附港SC)(SC>10cm) 或:附港高(低)潮潮高=主港高(低)潮潮高×潮差比+改 正值(SC<10cm) 步骤 实例1、实例2



2018/10/21
潮汐术语3




平均大潮高潮面 (Mean high water spring, MHWS) 平均大潮低潮面 (Mean low water spring, MLWS) 平均小潮高潮面 (Mean high water neap, MHWN) 平均小潮低潮面 (Mean low water neap, MLWN)



2018/10/21
附港潮汐推算实例1(中版)
例1:求铜沙94年2月1日高(低)潮潮时、潮高。
解:查1994年第一册《潮汐表》差比数表得:
附港铜沙: 编号 5012;MSL:260cm 铜沙主港:吴凇(编号5006;MSL:202cm)

高潮时差:-0157;低潮时差:-0221 潮差比:1.21; 铜沙、吴凇季节改正均为-025cm。

潮汐术语2

潮差(Tidal range):相邻高低潮潮高之差 回归潮(Tropic tide): max,周日不等现象最显著 分点潮(Equinoctial tide) min,周日不等现象最小 高高潮(Higher high water, HHW):1个太阴日中 高低潮(Higher low water, HLW) 低低潮(Lower low water, LLW) 低高潮(Lower high water, LHW)

人教版语文四年级上册字词表

人教版语文四年级上册字词表

人教版语文四年级上册字词一、第一单元(一)生字1.潮(cháo)-组词:潮水、涨潮、潮汐、潮汛-释义:海水因为受了日月的引力而定时涨落的现象;像潮水那样汹涌起伏的事物。

-造句:钱塘江大潮是天下奇观,每年都吸引着众多游客前来观赏。

2.据(jù)-组词:根据、依据、数据、证据-释义:凭依、倚仗;按照;可以用作证明的事物。

-造句:我们做任何事情都要有根据,不能凭空猜测。

3.堤(dī)-组词:堤坝、堤岸、河堤、海堤-释义:用土石等材料修筑的挡水的高岸。

-造句:为了防止洪水泛滥,人们修建了坚固的堤坝。

4.阔(kuò)-组词:宽阔、广阔、辽阔、阔别-释义:宽广,或指时间的长久;富有,豪奢;粗疏,不细密;离别,分离。

-造句:广阔的草原上,牛羊成群,绿草如茵。

5.盼(pàn)-组词:盼望、期盼、盼头、顾盼-释义:希望,想望;看,引申为看待;眼睛白黑分明。

-造句:孩子们盼望着春节的到来,因为可以收到压岁钱和礼物。

6.滚(gǔn)-组词:滚动、翻滚、滚落、滚热-释义:水流翻腾;旋转着移动;水煮开,沸腾;极,特,程度深。

-造句:石头从山上滚落下来,发出巨大的声响。

7.顿(dùn)-组词:顿时、停顿、顿号、顿悟-释义:很短时间的停止;忽然,立刻,一下子;叩,跺;处理,放置;疲乏。

-造句:听到这个消息,他顿时愣住了。

8.逐(zhú)-组词:追逐、逐步、逐渐、驱逐-释义:强迫离开;依照先后次序,一一挨着;追赶。

-造句:孩子们在操场上追逐嬉戏,玩得十分开心。

9.渐(jiàn)-组词:渐渐、渐变、渐进、渐次-释义:慢慢地,一点一点地;加剧。

-造句:太阳渐渐落山了,天空中出现了美丽的晚霞。

10.堵(dǔ)-组词:堵塞、堵住、堵车、堵截-释义:阻塞,挡;心中不畅快;墙。

-造句:早高峰的时候,路上经常堵车。

(二)词语1.奇观-释义:奇特而又少见的事物或难得看到的壮丽景象。

潮汐时间表

潮汐时间表
满潮:
1."2
4、"1
3."0
0。"干潮:
6."4
8、"1
9."1
2。"大活汛初五、"二十:
满潮:
2."1
2、"1
3."4
8。"干潮;
7."3
6、"2
0."0
0。"大活汛初六、"二十一:
满潮:
3."0
0、"1
4."2
6。"干潮:
8."2
4、"2
0."4
8。"中活汛初七、"二十二:
满潮:
3."4
8、"1
潮汐-相关计算
潮汐
据现代科学发现太阳和月球引力还可能对人体或生物体中的液体等会发生作用,形成神秘的“生物潮”和“人体潮”,有日本科学家正对此问题在作研究。中国古代有一句谚语“逃过初一,也逃不过十五”也是对这种神秘的生物潮和人体潮可能会引发人或其它生物的病
情加重,或精神上的变化的生动写照。
中国人民在千百年来总结经验出来许多的算潮方法(推潮汐时刻)如八分算潮法就是其中的一例:
简明公式为:
高潮时=
0."8h×[农历日期-1(或16)]高潮间隙
上式可算得一天中的一个高潮时,对于正规半日潮海区,将其数值加或减12时25分(或为了计算的方便可加或减12时24分)即可得出另一个高潮时。若将其数值加或减6时12分即可得低潮出现的时刻——低潮时
5."2
4。"干潮:
9."1
2、"2

2013潮汐表F版式-12月

2013潮汐表F版式-12月

20 178 157 139 127 127 142 168 200 229 246 249 241 222 191 158 21 198 178 155 135 123 124 142 173 208 238 253 251 237 215 186 22 209 193 171 147 125 113 117 139 175 213 242 254 246 226 201 23 211 198 180 157 131 108 98 106 132 172 211 238 246 234 210
农 初初初 腊大初十 十十十十 十十十十 二 历 五六七 八寒十一 二三四五 六七八九 十

9 24 0139 63
0247 60
廿 八三
0811 1146 1911
132 111 233
十 三

0935 120 1144 115 1948 209

0 1 2 3
215 190 163 139 118 102 206 190 167 143 120 101 183 180 165 144 123 103 144 157 154 141 124 107
48 58 77 98
45 51 69 92
46 47 62 87
54 47 58 80
69 52 56 74
89 64 58 71
11 26 0314 32
0339 47
三 十五
1007 1349 2055
141 105 253
十 五

0951 131 1343 107 2103 219
8 9 10 11
初 六

0646 72 1414 168 1856 114

2015年潮汐表

2015年潮汐表

高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E1月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 1968590104120133140145144138129119114117131156 210880677188108126139144144139132124120123139 31319163525980106128141145143139133126121126 41581147448415481112136146146142138132125121 5184140955837375892125145149145140135129122 62041661207746334270108138152151143137131125 72191861441006239355489126150156150140134127 82282001641238353394673109141157157147138131 92312081781431057250466395129153161156146136 102262101861561249367546184117145160161155145 1121320518716413811186696579106135156164162156 1219219318216514512510486768199126149163168166 13168175171160147133118103918897117141160171174 1414315215515114313512711810799100112132152169180 15120126133136135133132128121112108112124142162181 16102101106114121126131134132126119116120131149173 1796828087100113125135140137130124121124135156 181037560607291113131143146141133126122123136 19126855339436391120141150150143134124118119 20160111663423346399132151156152143131119110 21197148954920153573115146160160152141126111 22226185134803714174691134160167161151138120 232452121691197032162966114152170170162151135 242492251921521076435295092137167177173164152 2523622319917113710066464976117155177181176167 2620520719317315212698736373102138168183185180 27162177176164151138121102868396123152176187190 28119137148147141136130121109100102115136160180192 2992101113122125126128129125118114116126143165185 3084778294105114122128131129126123124131146168 31957263688198113125132134134131127125130147时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E2月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 11168259526079102121133137137136132126122129 21421016747456087115134141141138135128120117 31661248453404670103132146148143137130121112 41871471046743395588124149156151141132122112 52021671268554394774112145162161150137125113 62121821451057047446499136162169161147132117 72161921601248962495988126157173171159142126 821319516813810779616080115150172177170155138 920319117014612197776978105140168180178167152 10186182167148129111938283100129159178183177166 111641681601461321201089793100120148172184185178 12139148147140131124118111105106116137160179189189 13113123129129126125124122118115118129146166184195 1491961041121171211261301301261241261351491691901581737788100113125134139137132128128133147171 16866355607697118135145147142134127123126143 171097045384974104131149155152143132120112115 1814496553129488212014916316415514212510797 19182133834323285810114316817516915513711493 202111691207136233878127167184183171153130102 2122819515410764363359106155187195186171150122 222302051751389863455387136179200200187170147 2321720218015512695706279117162194206200187169 24189187173156138119978284106142178201206199186 2515016115714713712911710598106129159185200203197 26112129135132128127126121115115124143165184197200 278798109115117121126129128127128135147163180193 2879778595105113123130135136135135137145158176时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E3月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 18671687690105120131138141141138135133138154 21047763627494116133142145144141136128124132 31259167566281109133148152149144137127117116 41471107858546998130153161158149139127114105 51671309366536187122153170170159145130114101 618314911279595777112149174181172156137118100 719316413096705970101141174189186170149126105 819817414411385686992131169192196184164140115 9197178153127101817487119159190202195178156131 10190176156135115978588110147182203203191171148 111771701551391241109996107134169197207200185165 12159160150138129121113107111127154184203206197181 13135144142135129126124120119125143167190203204196 14108121128128127129131131129129136151170189202205 158495107116122128135140139137136140150166185202 1671718297112125137146149146140136135141157181 177459607394117138152159157149138128122127146 189564495272102133157169170162148130114104110 1912887554252811201561781841771631421179483 201631207950436110114718219819518116013210175 211901531117350528112917620621220118115412084 22204175140103725870108160203223219202178146108 2320418315812999777294139188222230220199172139 241931791621431221018793122166207229229215193167 25171168156144134121107102115146184214227222207187 26142149145138134130124118119135162191211217211199 27111126131129128131133131129135149169188201205201 2888102113119123128135139139140144153165178190195 29788495107117126136143146146146146149156167180 3081768193109125138147151152149145140139145159 319277738299121140153158157153146137128126136时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E4月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 110885737489113139159167165158149137123114116 212798787181105135162177177168155139122106100 31451158974769612816218519118316614612410490 416013110382768911915718820219818215913310786 517214611895818510914818620921219817614811790 61781561321099186101136178210221213193166134102 71781611411221049498123164203225224208183154121 8174162146131117106103116148188220230220198172142 9165158147136127118112116136170206227227212189163 10151151144137133128124122131153185213226221203181 11130140139136135135134132133143164190212220214198 12104121130132135139142142139140149166186204212209 138198115126134142149152149144142146158175194206 14677694113130144155161160153143136134142160183 1568637495121144162172173166152136122115122144 168566627610513816618318818216814712310292102 17114836565861231631922042011881651361057970 181441108267741041491922172212101881591228557 1916613710783749012917921923623121218514910767 20176155130105878711215820723924623320917713793 2117616114412510695104136184228249247228202168126 22169158147136123110107123160204237248239218191157 23156152144138133125118122142177213235238225205180 24137142138135135134130128136157186211224222210192 25114128132132133137139138139147164184201208206196 2694111123129133138144146145146152163176186192191 278296111123133141148151151150149150154162172179 28808699115131145153158157154149144140141149161 29848290107127147161167166160152142132125127138 3095858699121146167178178170158144128115109115时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E5月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 11099286931131411691871921841691501301109795 212410491901061341681942052011861641381129079 313811710092991241611952162172041821531219272 4149130111999711414918922023022220117313910373 515714012310910110713417521523723621919316012285 6160147133120109107122156200234245234212182146107 7159149139129120114118139178219244245227201170133 8153148141135130123120130156194229245238217190158 9143145141138136133128129141168203230238227206180 10127138139139141141138134135148173201222227216196 11105125135140144148148144138138148168191209214205 1284108127139147154158156148139135140154175193200 137088112134151162169169162149135125124135155176 14697595122149169181184179165146124108102113136 15827483106139170192201198186165137109867991 16104868193123162196216218208189160125896457 1712710690891071441882222352302131871511096943 18143125107959912516821424224823521218013992521915113812310810111214519223425525223320617012477 20152142133122111109127165212246257247225195156111 21150142136130122115119143183223248250235212181142 22146141135133130125122131157193225240236219196166 23137139136134134133129130142167196218225218201179 24122134136135136138137135138150170191205208199184 25106124134138140142143141140143152166180189190182 2694113128139145148150148145142143148156166173174 2787103121137149157159157151145139136137142151159 288697113133151164170169162151140130123122127138 299094107127150170182184176163147130115106105114 309895102120145172191199194180160137115978890 31109100100112136168196211212199179152122957771时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E6月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 11211091021061241571932192272192001731401057558 21321191091051141411802172382372211961631248556 314012811811011012516020423825024021818815010767 414613612711711111613917922325125423721117713590 5148141134126118114123152196237256251230200164121 6147143139134127119118132164207241253242218188152 7142144142139136128121122138171209237242228204175 8133143144144144140131123125141171203224226212190 9117138146149152151145134125125138162188206207195 1099126145155160163160151136124120127146168184187 1184110136156169175176170155137119109110125146163 1280961221501731871921891781581331099290102124 13879110813616819320720820018315712594736881 1410396100120153189215225221207184151113775349 15119107102109133172210234239229210181141985937 161301201101061171491922292482462312071721288244 1713512812011111012816520924325424622719815911267 1813713212711911211614018022224825223921618414397 19140134130125118114123152193229246244227201167126 20143137132129124118118133164200228237229210182149 21143142136132129125121125142172202220223211190163 22137144142137134131126125131149174196207204191170 23127142146145142138133129129136151170184190184171 24117136147151151148142136131130136147159169171165 25109129145156161160155147138131128129136145152153 26103122141157168173170162150137126119118122129136 27101115134155173184186180166150132116105102106114 28102110126148172192201199187168146122101878490 29108108117137165193212217208191167137107826867 30116111112124149184215231229215192161125896249时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E7月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 1124117112114131164204235246238218189152109704321331241161111161401802242512562412161821399252 314113212311410911915019623926225923921017212576 4147140131121110108123159208248264255232199159110 5152147140131118107107127167214248257244218185145 6154153148142131117106108131170212239243227201169 7153159156152145133117106110131166202222221205182 8144160164163160151136119108109127156184199196182 9129154169173173169159141122108105116138161173171 1011314116517918518618016714712410596101117136147 1110412515217619320019919117415012297838396113 1210411413516319020821421120017915011686686577 13112112121144176205223227221206180145106725250 14122116115126153189220236236226206176135935839 151291231161161311642032332452412262021651217845 1613312812111411713817621624224823922019015010463 1713613112511711112014818922624624623220817413288 18142135129121113111126159200231244238219191155113 19151141133125117111114135170207231235223200170135 20158150140131123114111121145178208223220204179150 21160159150140130121114115128152181202209200182158 22157163160151141130121117120134155177189189178161 23152164167163154144132123119123135151166172168157 24145162170172168159148135125120122130142151153149 25136156171179181176166152138125117115119127134136 26128147166182191192185173156138120108102104111118 2712213615517719520520519517915813411193868796 2812112714116419121222121820418415712696766771 29123122128145174207230238230212186152113795750 30129122120126149186224248251239216184143986140 311371271171131231541982402612612432161781318345时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E8月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 114713512210910612115921025126926324120916711769 215814713211510099121166218256269257232197153104 31701591461281089396123170220253259243216181139 41801721611461251039096125170214240239221195163 51861841761641471241029097124165201218213195173 61831921881801691511271059398121153180191184170 71711901961941871761571331109696112136155162158 8153178195202201196184165140115979199116131137 913715918220020921020519317314511693828597110 1013014216218620621721921420117814711386717182 11130132142164192215226227221205178142105766061 12135129129142168200224235234224204172132946552 131391321241251431752102332412372221971601188055 1414313512511812314818522024024423521418314310267 1514713812811611212515719722924424222620016512586 16155143131119109111132168207234242233212182145107 17167152137123111105114141179214233233217192161126 18179164147131116106106122152187214224217197171141 1918717716114312611210511113016018920720919517415120191187174158140123111108117137163184193188173154 21191193185173156139123113112122139159173175166153 22187196194186173157140125116115122136150157156148 23177193199197189177161144128117112116126136140139 24164183197204203196183167147128113105105112121126 25151167186203213214206192173150125104929197108 2614215116719021322622721820217814911791767585 27138137145166196225241241230210181144106766162 28139130127137165203238255254239214179136936249 291471311181141291652122492662612422121721258151 3016014011910310112316721925727026223820416111371 311771561321068992120170223258266253226191148103时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E9月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 1194176152123957986120171221250253235208175136 2211195175148116897586121170213234230211187159 3223212195174146114887789121163197210202186168 4225223212196175147117938392119152176182175163 52142242212111981791531241008994113136153156152 61932122202192122021851611331089392104120132137 7171190207217219215207192168139112948894106118 815516718420321622122021319717214111290828698 9149150160180202218225225217200172138106847682 10149142142155179205223230229218196164128977773 111521401311341531832122302352302141871521168772 1215514212812113015719122123623722620517313710379 1316014512811511413216520122823923421719015612192 14169151132115106113138175210232236224201172139108 15183162139119104101116147185216230225208182154125 1619917715212810898102123157192215220209188163139 1721219216814211910297108132165193207203188168148 18221205185160135113101101115140168187192184169153 19225216199178154131112103106120143165176175165154 20224222210194174152130114106109122140156162158152 21214223219208193174154133116107108118132144148147 22197213221219210196179158136117105102110122132139 23177194211222223217204186164139115989399112125 24159169187209226231227214195169138109898390106 25148147157180209232242238224201170134101797485 26145132129143174211240251247231204168128937270 271521291121101301702142462582512312011621208668 28169140111929412116821724925824822519215311383 29191160125937582116167216246251237212180144109 30215186151112796576114166212236235218195167137时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E10月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 1236211181143103726176115164203219213197178157 22512322071751381007365811161581881971891761643255244225202172137103797387117150170174167160 4244245234219199172141111898292115139153155153 5221233233225213197175148120989096111128139144 61952092192222182111991801541271059496107121133 71731831972092152152112011831571291079595105120 81601611711872032122152132031831561271059395108 91561481491621832022142182142011781491211009299 101561411331391581842062192212131961701401139695 1115814012512113315918921222322120818615812910696 12164142122110113133165196217224216198173145119103 1317615012510699110138172203219219206184159134114 141921631331089394113145180206215209191169147126 15209180148117958695119154186204206194176156139 162251981671341058785100128161187197192178162148 17237214186155123978588107135164182184176164154 18246227203175145116958693113139162173171163157 19248237217194168140114969097116139156162160156 20239240228210189165139115989299116135149154155 212182312322232071891671431181009298113130144152 221902082222272212091931721471211009195109128144 23164176195214224223214200178151122998892108131 24145144158182207224227221206183152121978692113 25139123122139170203225231225209183151119958697 26146118991001231612002262332262071801481179591 2716712995768111115519822523122120017314311698 28194154111755868104152196220222209189165140117 2922218514095614863102151192211208194177158138 3024621417512984544664104151185197190178166153 3126123620516512181555171109150175181173165159时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E11月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 126624822419415811883626181115146164165161158 225624923321218615411990737391118142154155155 323323823121820117915312498848599120138148152 42052162192152061931761541281059393104121137148 51791891992042031981891751551311109999109125142 6161164174185193196195188175154131112102103115133 7151146149162177189194194187172151129112104109125 8148134130137154173188196195185167145125111108118 9149129116116129152174191197193180160139121111115 10155129109100106126153178194197188172152133119115 111681371099088101128158183195193180162144128119 12187151117907781102133164186192185170154139127 1320717213398756980107141170185185175161148136 1422619415611684666684115148172180175165154145 1524121217914010274626891124154170172166158152 1625222819916512893706374100131155165164159156 1725724021518615412090716781107135154160159158 1824824422720417814811891747388113137152157159 1922423523121519617314711994797994117139153161 2018920821921820719117314912399848599121144161211551701902042072021901751531271039090105128154 221301321481711902001991911771561301089596112140 23122106107126154179194198192178157132111100103124 24131998184107141172191197191176156133115105113 2515411176586593133168189194186171153134118112 261851399256425386130167186187178165150134121 272161731237643334987132167181178168158147134 282402051601096436325393137165173168159153145 292552271901469959373964104142163165159154150 302602382101751349360455279115145158158153152时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高栏2015年潮汐表21°53′N113°14′E12月每日逐时潮日0123456789101112131415 12522402191931611269165566793124146154154153 223223121819917715112193747083106130147154155 320621220919818316514412097838396116136150158 41781881921901821721581411201029395107125143157 5156162170175175172165155140122107101105117135154 6141140145154162166167163153139123111107113127148 7132123123130142154162165162152137123114113122141 8131113104107119136152163166161149135123117119133 9136110928795113135154166167159146133123119126 1015011689747489113138159168165155142131123123 111721329569596688117145163168162151139130124 121961551127553496493126153165165157147137129 132181811379359424668102136158164160152144136 142372051651207848384978114145160161156149143 152502231891491066844405891126151160158153149 162562352071741369664464870104136155159157155 172472392181911611279365536085117144158161161 182192282192001771521239471637499128152164168 1917919920619918416714812499817688111138160174 201381571751831811721611471271069189100122149173 21110115132151163167165159148131113101100111133163 221018891108130148159162159149135120110108120146 2311280656889116140155161158149137124115114129 241389460455176109138156160156148138127118119 251721237642304273111142157159153146137126119 262031581066030244278119148158156149143135125 27226189141904825255191130153157152145140132 282402101701237742273667108142157155148143138 292452211891511086842365287124150157153146142 302402231991681339765485073106137154157152146 312252182001761501209168596994123146157157153时区:-800潮高基准面:在平均海面下146c m高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时1862112242262202041771431138572614512121141844 1692022272382362252031712156782714513141191919 1481832192422482412241973065290514514081211954 1311591992342522532402183514192814714531212030 1211381732142452572512334303595214915331202106 11912414818722625125524350633102015316091192142 12111913116120023425024653934105215616431182218 12411912214017320923424161038112615917141192252 12812212012815018221122764145120116117471202325 13612812312413615818420571154123716218231222358 1471381301261291401601807426513181641909126 160151141133128131140155311948147614081682011 1731671571451351291281331081758478715101742138 1851831751631481351241181541559239816111852318 19419819518416814912911331413610051081702198 1962112142071931721461194010070913410571161747 1862142302312192001721381417980714012051211831 1652022342492452292031692305885014613211211916 1371742192532642562342033163992615114241172001 1141401852342672742602343592395715615171102047 10211014319524527427625744214102616116071022133 103951091482012492712675231210561671656952219 11597921101512022432596031611291721745912304 13411295921121511962286432812051771838912349 1541361149795113146182723441247181193694 17316014011810298110135352098026313391852045 187180167147125106981031251788428214501902207 197195189176155130107932241489239916141972338 19920520519818316013110463712910101141724206 1922082152142061881601271027780613111211231820 1742012182242212101871542086391013412561251907高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时1511832122282322252081802575293413713581221948 1301591952232362362242013374492514214441172025 1141341702072332412342164123993614815241112100 1061151431832192392402274423895915615591062135 10410412115519522623823251139102616316311022208 105991061301672042262305384310541691703992240 111100991131411762062196054911221741736982311 1211071001041211501802006335811501771812992341 1351181061021091281531767006912181801853102 151135119108106113130149121877288012511831945 168153137122111107112124451687569213341862055 18317315814212511110410512614982810414341902225 1981921811661471261089523013090711515481982354 20521020519317515212599722131100212416572101982192252192051831531191077380913911331281759 1732092342412332151881512045584214713121231856 1381782202482542442211882523890715614171111949 104135183230258262247220336279311651511972040 8396134188237262261242418219551751600832127 7972911361922372562504582310231851649722213 937067911371902292415363110531951738652257 117876868931371832126144411282021829652340 14511688717396133169650621205206192569 17014712094787997125241907268012492062029 1871721521271038683941101618009813432032144 197189177159135110918320613583511414572002310 199199194184166141114921626200 19220120319918917014211237771749203高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时1761962062092051921681371456892614112541331852 1541812022142152071891612336091714513531241938 1301581892112212182051813105685815214371152017 1101331672002202252171973405390816115131052051 97110141178209225223208408539291711547962125 8993115151189215223214435559531811619892157 8883951241621962142145015910171901651832228 9481831011341701972065276610411971725802258 1068779871101431731915547411052021801792328 1231008582931171461696218411322051842812359 14311998868698120144647961203207193185 1621411191008989991173416171410712422072032 18116414412210390879411814474411813352052149 19918617015012810689811448205231281 210206195179158133105837241409401361611210 204217217207190166135102277075414911391351729 1782092272292181991711341295881615913101221838 1361772142352382262031702204883517114111031938 94129177219241242227200306428551841504832032 6683125178221240237219347429191991553652120 585377124177218232225427479472131641522206 724848761241752082165055710182241730452249 100654650791251681925417110522311821442332 1339766515784123156616861129232191450 16213299736066881181517265010212092272012 1821601341068271749010114972211712562172118 1921791621391139178781357205223377 19418917916514411996821521196235178 189192189182168146120971656192 176188193192184168144116587683815212461381819 1551761911971951851651371487382015813421261916高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时1321571811972021971821572257181816714231131959 1091321631892032041941732567183217914581002036 89107137170195205201185324738521911532882111 7785110145178199202192352769152021605772145 727086117154183196193419809382131639692216 776469911261601831884488610022211715632248 89686172991331631775169310272271753612319 1108164637810613715954410210562301835612354 133103786567831101366131121130230192364 157129101796770861093315364312212112262020 1781551301048270718512514072213113032202125 19617915913410885717061914382013914112132236 207198184165141113877065615295114215352082345 2022082031911731471168772016211441341701208 174199210209198178149116476373817413031151820 130167198213212201179148142617551881403921928 84119163197213212198174229628162051455692024 5171113160195210206189313678432221545502113 413965110158191201193353749132361634362159 53313564111156183187432849462471723292241 82473038701141521715089510222511812302323 11778483647771161455431061059248190236 1481137854465885116715661711811382391954 17014311283635869915514265012812222252049 181163140114897268771313208214868 1841731591401179479751421193225075 1811781701581401189783731152100414915481812350 1711761761701581391179772715812181401723177 154168176177170157136114428272016713191251839 1311511681781781701531311248473017914021091933高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时106129153172180178166146200867501921439942017 83102130157175181174158232898122061515792056 6677103135162177177167304928362191550662133 575876108141165174170336969002301627552207 584755801141461651684081019272391705472242 71484357861211491614411079572451745422317 94614343629312614851411310312471829412355 12286574347681001285501201109245191742 15011683574653751033914563012711542382008 172145115846152598044314172213312462272104 1891691451178866576453514982913713502142203 19618416814712193726360915895913515072012304 189190182170151125987763417011361231634191 16217918518217115212710136965418412521021805 11915017318218117015212859747152011353791921 73106142168180178167149150807402191448562020 406198138166176172160237878102351539382109392127571001381591604001019202561715202234 66332132651071401534391089582571802212314 99603427437711413951511510362521847272357 1309159393857891195521221116240193236 1521208861485272994414062712811572252017 16414111487665865841242208210258 1701541341118973697755014375914013341902148 16916014713111191797855715092314214401742235 1621601541441291119485559159111913616081622323 1481541561521431281109661617112401211750156 12714115115515214112611089063918413331041905 10312113915115515113912351957041991416871959 7897120140153156148135132997302131455702043高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时5771951231451551541452131027582271534552123 424768981281491551512531058272401614422201 403243711051351511523321089002501655312238 52292644781141401504131119362561737252315 77422427518712214245411410152571820232354 1106837253462981285391171058253190525 14110265393145741084014462712011452431952 16413399664542588732414472412212362282040 1771551301007254547142815283112313352082130 17916615012910379666850816395412014431882223 1691661591471301088877540176112310816071692318 143154157155146131112966081921240891758157 10512914515215214413111615876382091345681926 6492121141150149142131111957112251442482024 3554871191411491461392031027462391534332109 252852891231431471422511068232491622232148 33192858981301441433351099022541706192223 55272036711101361444161119412531748192300 83472728518712214145511410202481827242338 11073443342691031315321171059237190532 1329968474359871172014460912011382241941 146119916754587710410814464812412182072017 154133111887165749420814673512812591902053 1551411251078978789032415284013013451712130 150143134122107938690423161101012714461542209 1391401371311211089895507173114411716381402250 123130135136132122111103543186125510218431362335 1021151271361381331231136172011349841947138 7794113130140140134124261076492171434662035 5369931171351441421341211117242321517492117高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时272440721071351471483071118412571641232229 37172045831201431503551099222631723162303 63291525579913315044310710062641805152338 9956272038751161445311051051258184719 1329154323256941311715562310511382441929 155123885843507711310315971910512272242012 164143118906759709720516482410613192002056 1611501361179679768933017494210414201732142 149146141133119103929243418611089615441492232 12713413713713212211110452420012298118321372328 961141271341361331261186082141339641953136 6487110127135137134128351116502271438492044 4058871141321381371341391147312381528372116 303762961241391411372331148112451612302140 352842741111371461423191138512491651272207 51313255921281471494011119302481727292237 734433447511314315443911010082441800332311 97644343649813215351511010442361831402346 11785605059861201475501111120224190250 132105806363801091382316162711411552091932 1411209981728010212910316370911712301912003 1431291139886869812114916780411913061722034 1411331241121019610011524617291712013491532107 134132129124115108106113346181104611514571362144 123127130131127120115115439192121110218421312227 10611612613413613112512152620613178519461362325 841001181321411411351286112221409672031142 5978103126142148145137431226552381455502107 3752811131381521531471551197412521538362138 273155921291521601572531138262641620262206高每 日高低 潮1617181920212223潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时潮高潮时342134681111471651663441059122701701212235 5930254688133164174434989582691741232306 93543337681131541775239210432591821312340 1278857455894138172615891129242190045 14811989676383119157191877119012152191940 1551381179581851071391061928149313041912020 150142133119105981051262061969289414011622101 13713713713312511611412132320210539115311382146 12012713213613613112612543921012178219231372245 981131261351401401371335442191330702030140 7596117132141144143140161306382281428592109 57771041281431481471441321287252351514512114 4860881201441541531482261238062411552472121 4950721071401591621563101178442441626472142 584961921301601711663481129202451656492208 745557811181541751774241089552421725532237 9369617410614417318445710510292351753612306 1128671749813416718653110411022241821702335。

潮汐

潮汐

上海海事大学航海教研室制作
退出
二、潮汐推算
主港潮汐推算 2 附港潮汐推算 3 过浅滩最小潮高计算
1
上海海事大学航海教研室制作
退出
1 主港潮汐推算(中版)

主港潮汐预报表主要内容: 站名、经纬度、日期、时区、TD、 资料格式: 潮时 潮高 高(低)潮潮时与潮高 时分 cm 查询方法: 0529 104 例如:求北海1990年3月3日潮汐 1118 213 1421 196 解(1)查目录资料所在页码; 2215 434 (2)主港北海潮汐中版查资料所 在页 END
上海海事大学航海教研室制作
退出
附港潮汐推算实例1



解:查1990年《潮汐表》中差比数表得: 查主港预报表得北海当日潮汐:0009 174cm;0640 365cm;1335 189cm;1847 289cm。 求高(低)潮潮时、高(低)潮潮高(END) 例1:求广西珍珠港 1990年3月27日高 (低)潮潮时、潮高。
上海海事大学航海教研室制作 退出
主港潮汐推算(英版)



Port name-Geographical Index Page number; or: Port name-Index to standard port Page number; Date-relative pageTimes and heights of high and low waters. 例
12h 15h11m 0 201 64 1 cos( h m 180 ) h m 15 11 9 13 3.183333 0 201 64 1 cos( 180 ) 5.966667
201 64 1 cos(960 0335 )

潮汐4智能家居智能门锁用户指南说明书

潮汐4智能家居智能门锁用户指南说明书

Point level switch with intrinsically safe signal circuit for connection to capacitance sensorsApplication •Point level detection in liquid tanks and bulk solids silos, also in hazardous areas •For sensors in Zone 0 or Zone 20•Liquid detection in pipes for dry-running protection of pumps•Overfill prevention in tanks with flammable or non-flammable water-polluting liquids•Two-point control (Δs with 3-WIRE) and point level detection with a switching unit •International explosion protection certificates, overfill prevention, WHG Your benefits•Intrinsically safe signal circuit [Ex ia] for use of sensors in hazardous areas •Compact housing for simple side-by-side installation on standard DIN rails in cabinet•Calibration at the touch of a button•High degree of functional safety thanks to fail-safe PFM or 3-WIRE technology of the verifiable relay function•Easy wiring thanks to plug-in terminal blocks •Limit value and fault-signaling relayProducts Solutions ServicesTechnical Information Nivotester FTC325CapacitanceTI00380F/00/EN/14.18714133392018-04-27Nivotester FTC3252Endress+HauserTable of contentsAbout this document ........................3Document conventions (3)Function and system design (3)Function ...................................3Signal transmission ............................3Signal evaluation ..............................3Fail-safe mode ...............................3Function monitoring ...........................5Calibration button (red).........................5Test button/correction button (green) only for FTC325PFM ......................................5Additional switch functions .......................5Measuring system .............................6Input (8)Measured variable .............................8Measuring range ..............................8Input signal (8)Output ...................................9Output signal ................................9Overvoltage category according to EN 61010...........9Protection class ..............................9Signal on alarm ...............................9Galvanic isolation .............................9Power supply (9)Electrical connection ...........................9Supply voltage ..............................10Power consumption (10)Performance characteristics (10)Switch-on behavior ...........................10Installation (10)Mounting location ............................10Orientation .. (10)Environment (12)Ambient temperature range .....................12Climate and mechanical application class ............12Degree of protection ..........................12Shock resistance .............................12Vibration resistance ...........................12Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)...............12Mechanical construction (12)Design, dimensions ...........................12Weight ...................................12Materials ..................................12Terminals .................................13Operability (14)Operating concept ............................14Display elements .. (14)Operating elements (14)Ordering information .......................15Certificates and approvals ...................15CE mark ...................................15RCM-Tick mark ..............................15Ex approval ................................15Type of protection ............................15Overfill prevention ............................15Other standards and guidelines . (15)Accessories (15)Protective housing (15)Supplementary documentation (16)Operating Instructions .........................16Technical Information .........................16Certificate .................................16Nivotester FTC325Endress+Hauser 3About this documentDocument conventionsSymbols for certain types of informationSymbols for graphicsFunction and system designFunctionThe probe and vessel (or ground tube/counterpotential) form a capacitor whose capacitance is influenced by the level.PFM (pulse-frequency modulation)The FEI57 electronic insert converts the change in capacitance to a change in frequency, which switches the output relay in the Nivotester FTC325 PFM.3-WIREThe FEI53 electronic insert converts the change in capacitance to a voltage signal, which switches the output relay in the Nivotester FTC325 3-WIRE.Signal transmissionThe signal input of the Nivotester is galvanically isolated from the mains and the output.PFMThe Nivotester supplies intrinsically safe direct current to the capacitance sensor via a two-wirecable. From the sensor, it receives a frequency which signals whether or not the point level has been reached. The sensor superimposes current pulses (PFM signals) with a pulse width of approx. 200 µs and a current strength of approx. 10 mA on the supply current. The measuring capacitance is in the range from 5 to 500 pF or 5 to 1 600 pF. This corresponds to a transmission frequency of 185 to 60 Hz.3-WIREThe Nivotester supplies direct current to the capacitance sensor via a two-wire cable. Via a third wire,the Nivotester receives a voltage signal, which signals whether or not the point level has beenreached. The measuring capacitance is in the range from 10 to 350 pF. This corresponds to a voltage of 3 to 12 V.Signal evaluationThe Nivotester evaluates the frequency or the voltage signal, and switches the output relay for the level alarm. The switching state of the relay (energized or de-energized) is indicated by two yellow light emitting diodes on the front panel of the Nivotester.Fail-safe modeThe choice of fail-safe mode ensures that the relay always works with quiescent current safety.Nivotester FTC3254Endress+Hauser•MAX = maximum safety: the relay de-energizes when the level exceeds the switch point (probe is covered), a fault occurs or the power supply fails. Used for overfill prevention, for instance.•MIN = minimum safety: the relay de-energizes when the level falls below the switch point (probe is free), a fault occurs or the power supply fails. Used for dry running protection or pump protection, for instance.PFMPoint level detection depending on the level and fail-safe modeA Level indication: probe is freeB Level indication: probe is coveredC MAX fail-safe modeD MIN fail-safe modeNivotester FTC325Endress+Hauser 53-WIREPoint level detection depending on the level and fail-safe modeA Level indication: probe is freeB Level indication: probe is coveredC MAX fail-safe modeD MIN fail-safe modeFunction monitoringTo increase operational safety, the Nivotester is equipped with a function monitoring system. A fault causes the relay for the level alarm and the alarm relay to de-energize and is indicated by the red light emitting diode (LED).A fault is reported if the Nivotester no longer receives a measuring signal. This can occur, for example, if:•A short circuit occurs•The signal line to the sensor is interrupted •The sensor electronics are defective•The input circuit of the Nivotester is defectiveAfter calibration, every additional change to the device configuration causes the relay to de-energize.A fault message is indicated by the red LED.Calibration button (red)Calibration is carried out automatically by pressing the calibration button. Settings do not need to be made via the rotary switch.Test button/correction button (green) only for FTC325 PFM•Function checking of the output relay and fault-signaling relay•Confirms a change in the operating mode, e.g. if the switching delay changes after initialcalibration. This corrects the operating mode without the need to perform a recalibration. The modified settings are saved by pressing the button.Additional switch functions•Adjustable switching delay 0 to 45 s: allows the delayed switching of the relay when the probe is covered or uncovered. In the opposite direction, each switching delay is 0.2 s.•Two-point control (Δs, 3-WIRE)) → 6•Potentiometer (rotary switch) for shifting the switch point: enables the safe operation of the system, even with media that are prone to form buildup.Nivotester FTC3256Endress+HauserMeasuring systemA simple measuring system consists of a capacitance sensor, a Nivotester FTC325 and a control or signal unit. The following electronic inserts (FEIx) can be used in conjunction with the sensors listed:Probe designNivotester FTC325 PFMThe measuring system consists of the following components:•Sensor–Capacitance probe–Electronic insert FEI57S •Nivotester FTC325 PFM •Control or signal units1Partially or fully insulated probeNivotester FTC325 3-WIREThe measuring systems consist of the following components:Nivotester FTC325Endress+Hauser 7•Sensor–1 to 2 capacitance probes –Electronic insert FEI53•Nivotester FTC325 3-WIRE •Control or signal units2Partially or fully insulated probe3Two-point control with fully insulated probeNivotester FTC3258Endress+Hauser4Two-point control with two fully insulated or partially insulated probes (A, B) and an electronic insert FEI53. The probes are connected by a coaxial cable (C).InputMeasured variable The point level signal is triggered at MIN level or MAX level, depending on the setting.Measuring range The measuring range depends on the installation location of the sensors.Input signalFTC325 PFM•Galvanically isolated from power supply and output •Type of protection: intrinsic safety [Ex ia] IIC•Connectable sensors and electronic insert FEI57S:–Liquicap M FTI51, FTI52–Solicap M FTI55, FTI56–Solicap S FTI77•Sensors powered by Nivotester FTC325 PFM •Connection cable: two-wireShielding not required, except in the event of strong electromagnetic interference (see also "Electromagnetic compatibility" (→ 12•Cable length/cable resistance: 1 000 m (3 281 ft)/max. 25 Ω per wire •Signal transmission: pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)FTC325 3-WIRE•Galvanically isolated from power supply and output •Type of protection: version for non-hazardous area •Connectable sensors and electronic insert FEI53:–Liquicap M FTI51, FTI52–Solicap M FTI55, FTI56–Solicap S FTI77•Sensors powered by Nivotester FTC325 3-WIRE •Connection cable: three-wireShielding not required, except in the event of strong electromagnetic interference (see also "Electromagnetic compatibility" → 12)•Cable length/cable resistance: 1 000 m (3 281 ft)/max. 25 Ω per wire •Signal transmission: voltage change is transmitted via a separate wirePlease refer to the relevant certificates for additional information on the use of the sensors in the hazardous area → 16.Nivotester FTC325Endress+Hauser 9OutputOutput signal•Relay output: a potential-free changeover contact for the level alarm•Quiescent current fail-safe mode: MIN/MAX safety can be selected with DIL switch•Fault-signaling relay: potential-free changeover contact for fault signaling; only two contacts are available with the PFM version (specify NC (normally closed contact) or NO (normally open contact) when ordering a PFM device)•Switching delay: approx. 0 to 45 sDepending on the setting, the relay switches when the probe is covered or uncovered •Relay contact switching capacity:Alternating voltage (AC)U ~ maximum 250 V I ~ maximum 2 AP ~ maximum 500 VA at cos φ ≥ 0.7Direct current (DC)U = maximum 40 V I = maximum 2 A P = maximum 80 W•Operating life: at least 105 switching operations with maximum contact load •Function indicators: LEDs for operation, level alarm and fault Is lit as long as the probe is covered.Overvoltage category according to EN 61010IIProtection class II (double or reinforced insulation)Signal on alarm Level relay per channel dropped out; fault signaled by red LEDs, fault-signaling relay dropped out Galvanic isolationAll input and output channels and relay contacts are galvanically isolated from each other. If the power supply circuit or the fault-signaling relay contacts is/are simultaneously connected to functional extra-low voltage, safe galvanic isolation is guaranteed up to a voltage of 150 V AC .Power supplyElectrical connectionSensor operation in the hazardous areaObserve all national explosion protection regulations concerning the type and installation of intrinsically safe signal cabling.Please refer to the Safety Instructions for the maximum permissible values for capacitance and inductance → 16.Connecting the sensorsThe removable terminal blocks are color-coded into intrinsically safe and non-intrinsically safe terminals. This difference helps to ensure safe wiring.Blue terminal blocks at top for hazardous areaTwo-wire connection cable between the Nivotester and sensor, e.g. commercially available instrument cable or cores in a multi-core cable for measurement purposes.Use a shielded cable in the event of strong electromagnetic interference, e.g. from machines or radio equipment. Only connect the shield to the grounding terminal in the sensor. Do not connect it to the Nivotester.Nivotester FTC32510Endress+HauserConnecting the signal and control unitsGray terminal blocks at bottom for the non-hazardous areaThe relay function depends on the level and fail-safe mode. If a device with high inductance is connected (e.g. contactor or solenoid valve), a spark arrester must be provided to protect the relay contact.Connecting the supply voltage Green terminal block at bottomA fuse is integrated into the power supply circuit. An additional fine-wire fuse is not necessary. The Nivotester is equipped with reverse polarity protection.Supply voltageAlternating current versionVoltage range: 85 to 253 V AC , 50/60 Hz Low voltage versions•Voltage range: 20 to 30 V AC / 20 to 60 V DC •D/C power supply: maximum 100 mA•Permissible residual ripple within tolerance: U ss = maximum 2 VPower consumptionACMaximum 6.0 VADCMaximum 2.0 W (with U min 20 V)Performance characteristicsSwitch-on behaviorCorrect switch state after power-up: 10 to 40 s, depends on the connected sensor.InstallationMounting location•The device must be housed in a cabinet or protective housing outside the hazardous area.•Mount the devices so that they are protected against weather and impact. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight.•A protective housing (IP66) for up to 4 Nivotester FTC325 3-WIRE or 2 FTC325 PFM devices is available for outdoor installation → 15.OrientationHorizontal orientationHorizontal installation ensures better dissipation of heat and is therefore the preferred orientation.Dimensions mm (in)A Connection of another device typeB DIN rail in accordance with EN 60715 TH35-7.5/15Vertical orientationDimensions mm (in)A Connection of another device typeEndress+Hauser1112Endress+HauserEnvironmentAmbient temperature range•For single installation: –20 to +60 °C (–4 to 140 °F)•For side-by-side installation without lateral spacing: –20 to +50 °C (–4 to +122 °F)•For installation in protective housing: –20 to +40 °C (–4 to +104 °F)A maximum of 4 FTC325 3-WIRE or 2 FTC325 PFM devices may be installed in a protective housing.•Storage temperature: –25 to +85 °C (–13 to 185), preferably at 20 °C (68 °F)Climate and mechanical application class 3K3 and 3M2 in accordance with IEC/EN 60721-3-3Degree of protection•IP20 (as per IEC/EN 60529)•IK06 (as per IEC/EN 62262)Shock resistance DIN EN 60068-2-27:2008: a = 150 m/s 2 t = 11 ms, 3 axes x 2 directions x 3 shocks Vibration resistance DIN EN 60068-2-64:2009: a(RMS) = 28 m/s 2, f = 5 to 2000 Hz, t = 3 axes x 2 h Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)•Interference emission according to EN 61326, Class A equipment.•Interference immunity according to EN 61326; Annex A (Industrial) and NAMUR Recommendation NE21 (EMC)Mechanical constructionDesign, dimensionsDimensionsExact dimensions are available in the Product Configurator on the Endress+Hauser website: → Product finder → On the product page, click the "Configure" button to the right of the product photo.Dimensions mm (in)A Nivotester FTC325 PFM BNivotester FTC325 3-WIREWeight•PFM: approx. 250 g (8.81 oz)•3-WIRE: approx. 148 g (5.22 oz)Materials•Housing: polycarbonate PC •Front cover: polypropylene PP•Fixing slide to secure to DIN rail: polyamide PA6Terminals PFM•2 screw terminals: sensor power supply•3 screw terminals: level relay•2 screw terminals: fault-signaling relay•2 screw terminals: power supply3-WIRE•3 screw terminals: sensor power supply + signal•4 screw terminals:–3 limit relays–1 for contact 3 of the fault-signaling relay•4 screw terminals:–2 AC/DC power supply–2 fault-signaling relaysConnection cross-sectionMaximum 1 x 2.5 mm2 (14 AWG) or 2 x 1.5 mm2 (16 AWG)Terminal assignmentA PFMB3-WIRE1Sensor power supply2Level relay3Power supply / fault-signaling relayEndress+Hauser13OperabilityOperating concept Onsite configuration with DIL switches behind fold-down front panel Display elements Light emitting diodes (LEDs)•Green LED: ready for operation•Red LED: fault signalling•Yellow LED (left): level relay energized•Yellow LED (right): probe free or coveredEndress+Hauser 15Ordering informationDetailed ordering information is available from the following sources:•In the Product Configurator on the Endress+Hauser website: -> Click "Corporate"-> Select your country -> Click "Products" -> Select the product using the filters and search field ->Open product page -> The "Configure" button to the right of the product image opens the Product Configurator.•From your Endress+Hauser Sales Center:Product Configurator - the tool for individual product configuration •Up-to-the-minute configuration data•Depending on the device: Direct input of measuring point-specific information such as measuring range or operating language •Automatic verification of exclusion criteria•Automatic creation of the order code and its breakdown in PDF or Excel output format •Ability to order directly in the Endress+Hauser Online ShopCertificates and approvalsCurrently available certificates and approvals can be called up via the product configurator.CE markThe measuring device meets the legal requirements of the applicable EU Directives. These are listed in the corresponding EU Declaration of Conformity along with the standards applied.Endress+Hauser confirms successful testing of the device by affixing to it the CE mark.RCM-Tick markThe measuring device complies with the EMC requirements of the "Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)".Ex approvalThe Endress+Hauser sales center can provide information on the hazardous area versions currently available. All the data that are relevant for explosion protection are provided in separate documents which can be supplied on request Type of protectionApplies for PFM •II(1)G [Ex ia Ga] IIC •II(1)D [Ex ia Da] IIIC Overfill prevention WHG (FTC325 PFM only)Other standards and guidelinesThe applicable European guidelines and standards can be found in the relevant EU Declarations of Conformity.•IEC/EN 60721-3-3: Classification of environmental conditions•IEC/EN 60529: Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)•IEC/EN 61010: Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use•IEC/EN 61326: Interference emission (class A equipment), interference immunity (Appendix A -Industrial)AccessoriesProtective housingThe protective housing with IP66 protection is fitted with an integrated DIN rail. The protective housing can be closed with a transparent cover and lead-sealed.•Dimensions in mm (in) B/H/D: 180/182/165 (7.1/7.2/6.5)•Part number: 52010132Supplementary documentationThe following document types are also available in the Download Area of the Endress+Hauser website: → DownloadCertificateDepending on the approval, Safety Instructions are also supplied with the device. They are an integral part of the Operating Instructions. The options in question can be selected in the product structure, "Approval" order code.*71413339*71413339。

四年级上册语文第一课观潮生字组词

四年级上册语文第一课观潮生字组词

部编版四年级上册语文第一课《观潮》的生字组词一、生字及组词1. 潮(cháo):潮水、涨潮、潮汐。

-解析:与水有关,指海水受日月引力而定时涨落的现象。

2. 据(jù):根据、依据、占据。

-解析:依靠、凭借的意思,也有占有之意。

3. 堤(dī):堤坝、堤岸、河堤。

-解析:用于防水的建筑物。

4. 阔(kuò):宽阔、广阔、辽阔。

-解析:面积大,范围广。

5. 盼(pàn):盼望、期盼、左顾右盼。

-解析:期望、渴望的心情。

6. 滚(gǔn):滚动、翻滚、滚雪球。

-解析:旋转着移动。

7. 顿(dùn):顿时、停顿、顿悟。

-解析:很短时间的停止;立刻,忽然。

8. 逐(zhú):追逐、逐步、逐个。

-解析:追赶;依照先后次序,一一挨着。

9. 渐(jiàn):渐渐、逐渐、渐变。

-解析:慢慢地,一点一点地。

10. 堵(dǔ):堵塞、堵车、堵截。

-解析:阻塞,挡。

11. 犹(yóu):犹如、犹豫、记忆犹新。

-解析:如同;迟疑不决。

12. 崩(bēng):崩塌、崩溃、山崩地裂。

-解析:倒塌,破裂。

13. 震(zhèn):震动、地震、震撼。

-解析:剧烈地颤动。

14. 余(yú):剩余、余波、业余。

-解析:剩下的;整数后的零数部分。

二、生字结构分类1. 左右结构:潮、据、堤、盼、滚、顿、渐、堵、犹。

2. 上下结构:震。

3. 独体字:余。

三、生字书写要点1. “潮”:左中右结构,书写时要注意各部分的比例协调,中间部分稍窄。

2. “据”:左右结构,左窄右宽,右边的“居”要写得舒展。

3. “堤”:左右结构,左窄右宽,右边的“是”要注意笔画的正确书写。

4. “阔”:门字框要写得方正,里面的“活”要写得紧凑。

5. “盼”:左右结构,左窄右宽,右边的“分”要写得舒展。

6. “滚”:左右结构,左窄右宽,右边的“衮”笔画较多,要注意书写顺序。

东山港1-4月潮汐表

东山港1-4月潮汐表

⒓ 〓 B
毗 ⒔ ⒙ α m B ⒚ 谚 田 ⒕ ⒛
夕 笱 ⒗ 锕
0 乙


a75 128 嘟 ⒉ ⑺ 必 瑚 妫 ⒛ 钙 弛 臼 弼 口
⒕ 5 ⒗
⒛ E ⒊
1 4 5 1 6
¢ 佻 ⒕ ⒛ 够 ⒆ ⒖ 犭
⒕ 弱 狃 夕
⒚ “ “ 矽 歹 ∝ △ “
, 邛ω
0 9 0 ⌒ 0 0
" " ⒕ ⒚ 够 硼 ⒕ ⒛
盂 23 : 103 313
o4 13 1103 16鹎 23 17 饼 " n 矽 % 甾
102 317 87 319
8
9 s
8;缪 3箔 24
1437 21 18 玑 叼 “ ⒛ 狁 豹 ω ⒚ 161 341 勹 乙 5 ∞ ⒓ ⒘ B ∞ 分 显 ⒆
11 55 ⒚ l, I2 胡 230‘ ⒙ ⒛ 够 胡 夕 貌 ’ 缌 笱
4
ηm e

cm
APr
潮 时 潮 高 △ me cm o5 13 298 100, 1⒚ I647 284 259 70 田 叼 m 弘
潮时 潮高
潮时 潮高
1 钻
2 3 Σ ω ⒅ ⒗ ⒉ ∞ ⒆ ⒗ 力 研 夕 田 夕 ⒌ 贷 ” 犭
15 30 2054
8 ; : : 3 ; 8 1 363 160● , 3狁 160‘ 159 2236 121 2】 sO
I 5 5 2 1757 21 30 6
5 紧 ; 2 釜⒛ 豳 g ?:哆 郇 21 ; 嚣 1 拐
320 338 】 1916
~ D 6
⑹ 獭
8古:: 142‘ 2032
3I扌 21 153 300

四年级上册第一课观潮的笔记摘抄

四年级上册第一课观潮的笔记摘抄

四年级上册第一课观潮的笔记摘抄一、生字词。

1. 潮(cháo):潮汐、潮水。

2. 据(jù):根据、依据。

3. 堤(dī):堤岸、堤坝。

4. 阔(kuò):宽阔、辽阔。

5. 盼(pàn):盼望、期盼。

6. 滚(gǔn):滚动、翻滚。

7. 顿(dùn):顿时、停顿。

8. 逐(zhú):追逐、逐步。

9. 渐(jiàn):渐渐、逐渐。

10. 堵(dǔ):堵塞、堵车。

11. 犹(yóu):犹如、犹豫。

12. 崩(bēng):崩塌、崩裂。

13. 震(zhèn):震动、地震。

14. 霎(s hà):霎时、一霎。

15. 余(yú):剩余、余数。

二、词语解释。

1. 奇观:雄伟美丽而又罕见的景象或出奇少见的事情。

2. 笼罩:像笼子似地罩在上面。

3. 屹立:像山峰一样高耸而稳固地立着,常用来比喻坚定不可动摇。

4. 人声鼎沸:人群发出的声音像水在锅里沸腾一样,形容人声嘈杂喧闹。

5. 山崩地裂:山岳倒塌,大地裂开。

形容响声巨大或变化剧烈。

三、句子赏析。

1. “浪潮越来越近,犹如千万匹白色战马齐头并进,浩浩荡荡地飞奔而来;那声音如同山崩地裂,好像大地都被震得颤动起来。

”- 这句话运用了比喻的修辞手法,把浪潮比作千万匹白色战马,形象地写出了浪潮的形状和气势;又运用夸张的手法,“山崩地裂”“大地都被震得颤动起来”突出了浪潮声音之大。

2. “再近些,只见白浪翻滚,形成一堵两丈多高的水墙。

”- 把白浪比作水墙,形象地写出了浪潮的高。

四、课文结构。

1. 第一部分(第 1 自然段):总写钱塘江大潮是“天下奇观”。

2. 第二部分(第 2 自然段):写潮来前,钱塘江的平静。

3. 第三部分(第 3、4 自然段):写潮来时,钱塘江大潮的壮观景象。

4. 第四部分(第 5 自然段):写潮过后,钱塘江恢复了平静。

五、主题归纳。

本文通过描写作者耳闻目睹钱塘江大潮潮来前、潮来时、潮头过后的景象,赞美了大潮的奇特、雄伟、壮观,抒发了作者热爱祖国大好河山的真挚感情。

DWYDH-7-2-4附港潮汐计算——差比数法(一)(精)

DWYDH-7-2-4附港潮汐计算——差比数法(一)(精)
职业教育航海技术专业教学资源库
项目七:潮汐计算 任务二:中版潮汐表及潮汐计算
知识点4 附港潮汐计算——差比数法(一)
潮汐计算
差比数法
差比数法 附港潮汐计算 差比数和潮信表 (附表)
潮信资料法
潮汐计算
差算
差比数法
潮汐计算
差比数法
前三册 当平均海面季节改正较大时 附港高(低)潮高=[主港高(低)潮高-(主港平均海面+主港平均海面 季节改正)]×潮差比+(附港平均海面+附港平均海面季节改正) 当平均海面季节改正较小时 附港高(低)潮高=主港高(低)潮高×潮差比+改正值
潮汐计算
差比数法
潮汐表第四卷、第五卷、第六卷计算方法
附港高(低)潮高=主港高(低)潮高×潮差比+改正数+潮高季节改正数

潮汐影响范围

潮汐影响范围

潮汐影响范围
潮汐的影响范围主要取决于潮汐的强度和当地的地形、水深等因素。

一般来说,潮汐的影响主要集中在沿海地区,特别是那些靠近海洋、河口、河湖等水体的地方。

在这些地区,潮汐会导致水位的变化,从而影响航道、港口、桥梁等基础设施的正常运行,也可能对生态系统和人类生活造成一定的影响。

此外,潮汐也会对海洋生态系统产生影响,例如影响海洋生物的繁殖、迁徙和觅食行为等。

同时,潮汐也会对海洋环境造成影响,例如影响海水的温度、盐度、溶解氧等。

总之,潮汐的影响范围是广泛的,不仅涉及到沿海地区的经济和社会发展,也涉及到整个地球的生态系统。

因此,需要深入研究和了解潮汐的影响,以便更好地保护环境和促进可持续发展。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

第4章潮汐潮汐:海面周期性的升降。

例如,来自海滨的水体在海岸上周期性地前进、后退。

在潮差(高潮位与低潮位之差)大的地方,如Fudy海湾,它会显露、淹没海滨上的滩地。

潮差大的河口,如英国Severn河口、中国的钱塘江河口和Amazon河口潮汐以海啸的形式在河口作周期性的运动。

自从牛顿于1687年建立了重力理论,潮汐现象就成了可以进行理论分析的首要地球物理问题之一。

之后,一些著名的科学家如Bernoulli, Laplace, Kelvin, Munk和Catwright对潮汐理论进行过研究。

继牛顿解释了半日潮的基本理论,半个世纪后,Daniel, Bernoulli 通过平衡潮理论分析,试图将潮汐定量化。

约一个世纪后,Marquis de Laplace研究了把潮汐划分为不同种类的分解形式和潮汐运动水动力学控制方程,为潮汐学的现代研究打下了坚实的基础。

又近一个世纪后,Lord Kelvin开创了潮汐调和分析理论,使得基于观测进行潮汐预报成为可能。

在现代,Walter Mank, Darid Cartwright和他们的合作者对潮汐科学研究作出了重要的贡献,具有比较突出的地位。

4.1潮汐的成因、平衡潮理论潮汐是由两种力引起的:第一是月亮和太阳的引力,第二是惯性离心力。

潮汐的形成可用简单的平衡潮理论来解释。

首先我们了解一下月球引力对大洋的影响。

图4.1为从地球北极上方观测的地球和月球。

假设地球被海水均匀地覆盖,想象我们离开地球向下观测地球和月球。

假设没有月球,那么海洋以相等的水深覆盖地球。

然后,月球产生引力,作用于地球水体上,导致水体在月球作用下抬升。

图4.1 潮汐形成示意图从北极上方看,地球绕轴作逆时针旋转。

同样地,地球和月球绕它们的轴心作反时针旋转。

地球和月球大约相距400,000km。

因为地球质量大约为月球的80倍,所以质心处于地球内1,600km处或约4分之1地球半径处。

图4.2表示地球和月球都绕质心旋转。

当月球绕质心运动时,地球也绕质心作圆周运动,半径为地球质量中心到月球和地球质量中心的距离。

图4.2:(a)地球和月球绕共同质心相互旋转。

通过点“A”以及“C”的曲线表示在地球上代表性点跟踪的曲线;(b)由(a)中所示代表性点的圆型路径以及要保持质点做圆形运动的向心力的方向。

地球上每个点作相似半径的圆运动。

也即在地球上连接任意两点的连线,当地球绕地球和月球质心旋转时保持平行。

因为地球上所有质点以同样的加速度和以同样相同半径的圆旋转,所以对地球上每个质点之间具有相同的惯性离心力。

对地球上所有质点它们相互平行,方向背离月球。

如图4.3所示。

图4.3 月球引力和离心力示意图月球对地球的引力使地球上的水体趋向月球。

两个物体间的引力正比例于它们的质量,反比例于他们之间距离的平方。

月球对地球上任意点引力的方向指向月球,处于月球和地球上某点的连线上(见4.3)。

牵引地球的月球引力随着距离月球距离的增加而减小。

地球上面对月球一面的质点比背向月球一面的质点经受了更大的引力作用。

作用于地球上所有质点的平均引力处于地球中心,并且一定等于惯性离心力,但对于地球上其它点(除地心)则处于不平衡中。

这个不平衡由图4.3中引力和惯性离心力的合成矢量所示,以及图4.4中相对月球的净力所示。

图4.4地球上矢量代表由于月球引力和离心力不平衡产生的净力,它能导致在地球两侧“潮汐膨胀”。

月球处于相隔一天的两个位置,用来说明处于“O”的观测者看到的每天大约50分钟的潮汐滞后。

沿着与地球和月球垂直的中线(过地心),作用于每个质点上的引力恰好提供了所需的惯性离心力。

在靠近月球的一边,引力大于离心力,它导致海洋朝月球方向堆积。

在背离月球方向一面,引力不足以提供离心力来保持质点做圆周运动,质点趋向于背离月球运动。

这个过程导致了地球两侧的潮汐膨胀。

所以,处于点“O”的观测者将观测到由于地球自身的旋转每天有两个高潮和两个低潮。

月球绕地球旋转,以一个朔望月大约29.5天旋转一周。

在点“O”的观测者旋转一天,月球已在自己的轨道上向前运动了12度,到了标上“明天”的位置上(见图4.4)。

今天观测到的高潮,在明天观测时将滞后。

由于地球每4分钟旋转一度,高潮将每天滞后约50分钟。

月球不是经常处于和前面图示的与地球赤道平行的平面上。

在月球位于赤道北侧25度处,如果我们从侧面看地球,而不是前面从北极顶部观测,潮汐膨胀最大值不再位于赤道处。

从图4.5可见,潮汐膨胀位于月球下方的赤道北侧,而另一个位于地球赤道南侧的另一侧。

在点“O”的观测者现在注意到每天有两个高潮和两个低潮,但高潮具有不同的高度,类似的低潮也具有不同的高度。

这个差别叫“日不等性”。

图4.5从侧面观测,月球在赤道北侧,相对赤道潮汐膨胀不对称,导致高低潮高度的日不等现象。

所有前面讨论的是基于地球完全被水覆盖的平衡潮理论。

这个简单的平衡模式确实解释了潮汐的一些主要特征,如日变化、潮汐高度的日不等、高低潮每日推迟约50分钟。

然而,这个理论不能用来预报任意个别地点的潮汐。

太阳的作用太阳引力也对海洋产生潮汐,太阳引起的潮汐成因十分类似于月球引起的潮汐成因。

因为太阳更加远离地球,所以太阳引起的潮汐膨胀只有月球产生的潮汐膨胀的46%。

当太阳和月球与地球正好处于一线时,太阳的影响特别重要。

两个天体的共同引力吸收在近海产生十分显著的潮汐,称大潮(spring tide)。

大潮在新月和满月时发生,大约每14天一次(见图4.6)。

当太阳和月球与地球形成直角时,合成的引力将产生弱的潮汐,称为小潮(neap tide)。

它也大约14天发生一次,在上弦和下弦时刻。

潮差(tidal range)定义为高潮时最大水位与低潮时最小水位之差。

月球和地球轨迹不完全是一个圆,而是一个椭圆。

这引起了它们间距离的变化。

有时它们靠近,有时它们远离。

在某种条件下,这会引起极端的潮汐条件。

图4.6大潮和小潮循环示意图4.2潮流由于潮汐引起的周期性的水体运动称之为潮流。

在开阔大洋中的潮流相对较弱。

然而,在近岸它们可达到每小时几公里的速度。

在浅海和河口潮流在地貌上十分重要。

它们可移动大量泥沙,最终淤积或阻断港口。

在一些河口大潮区,大波形成并向上游传播。

这个大波称之为涌潮。

涌潮可以达到3.0米高度或更大,速度可超过每小时15公里。

在世界范围内取平均值,潮差大约为1至3米。

在一些地方,如芬地湾和加利福尼亚湾,潮差可达到20米。

这些极端的潮汐是由一个地方的地貌产生的。

面向潮汐进入方向的典型的V型和U型海湾,有利于形成大的潮汐。

涨潮和落潮流当潮汐上升时向岸流动的流,称为涨潮流,当潮汐下降时向海流动的流,称为落潮流。

半日潮大部分地区每天有两个高潮和两个低潮。

当两个高潮和两个低潮有大致相同的振幅时,这种形态的潮汐称为半日潮。

全日潮一些地区,如墨西哥湾,每天只有一个高潮和低潮。

当高潮和低潮振幅接近时,这种形态潮汐称为全日潮。

混合潮如果高潮的高度以及低潮的高度不同,这个形态潮汐称为混合潮。

美国西海岸主要为混合潮,东海岸主要为半日潮为主。

3种潮型见图4.7。

图4.7 在New orleans 、New York 和Long Angeles处全日潮、半日潮和混合潮例子在狭长的水道中一般的潮流形态是当涨潮时涨潮流朝一个方向,而当落潮时落潮流朝反方向流动。

然而,在较开阔的大陆架和浅海,潮流具有变化的流速和旋转的方向的特征。

这样流可用流矢量潮流图表示。

即用流矢量端点来跟踪,代表一个潮周期内每隔1小时潮流位置。

在潮汐为半日潮或全日潮的地方,潮流图为一个椭圆,对混合潮,则复杂一点。

图4.8给出了一个典型的例子。

图4.8 潮流图形成(a)半日规则潮(b)半日不规则潮。

矢量代表从高潮起每太阴时流速(为避免流矢过密,b中画偶数时刻流矢)。

4.3典型海洋区域的潮汐在世界海洋中,潮汐包含许多主要分潮。

表4.1展示了一些主要分潮的特征。

主要分潮分为三个主要类型:(1)周期大约为12小时的半日朝;(2)周期大约为24小时的全日潮;(3)周期远大于24小时的长周期潮。

在大洋的许多地区有5个主要分潮所控制。

它们是三个半日潮:(1)M2分潮,太阴半日潮,周期为12.42 小时;(2)S2分潮,太阳半日潮,周期为12小时;(3)N2分潮,较大的太阴椭圆潮,周期为12.66小时,以及两个全日潮,K1分潮(太阴太阳日潮)和O1 分潮(主要太阴日潮)。

表4.1 主要分潮的特征4.3.1开阔大洋中潮汐 开阔大洋中只有少量的潮汐观测站。

我们目前对开阔大洋潮汐的了解主要基于Laplace 动力理论和数值模式结果。

为了更好地了解潮汐,我们首先引入了一些潮汐参量的概念。

第一个是无潮点(amphidrome or node )。

无潮点是零潮位降升的地方,同潮时线在北半球一般反时针方向旋转,在南半球顺时针方向旋转。

第二个是同潮(co-tidal)和同位相(co-phase)线。

同潮和同位相线为任一时刻等振幅和等位相的连线。

波沿水渠传播,它们是与传播方向垂直的直线。

而对绕一个点旋转的潮波无潮点系统,它们看起来像轮辐。

第三个是同潮差线,它们是连接同潮差点的连线。

4.3.2近岸潮汐当潮波向大陆架传播时,它们正是表面惯性重力波,它们受底形折射后平行于局地等深线,随后朝海岸运动。

在近海岸,科氏力是潮汐运动的一个重要特征,在北半球它的作用是推动水体向右转,从而引起波的振幅朝海岸增加,也解释了Kelvin 波沿岸捕捉的机理。

这样捕捉的Kelvin 波引起水体平行海岸往复运动。

在一些海岸地区,潮汐主要有半日分潮控制。

然而,在其它地方,它们被全日潮控制(如墨西哥湾)。

一个更系统的潮汐类型分类为形态比(form ratio ),即)()(2211S M O K F ++= 两个主要全日分潮振幅之和与两个主要半日分潮振幅之和之比。

对实际应用,我们经常用下列数值来分类潮汐:F=0到0.25:半日潮,每天高潮和低潮均有大致相同的高度,平均大潮潮差=2(M2+S2)。

F=0.25到1.5:主要以半日潮为主的混合潮,每天在高潮和低潮之间的差值有大的不相等现象,平均大潮潮差=(M2+S2)。

F=1.5到3.0:主要以日潮为主的混合潮,每天只有一个高潮, 平均大潮潮差=2(K1+O1)。

F>3.0: 日潮,一般每天只有一个高潮,平均大潮潮差=2(K1+O1)。

以形态比分类的四个类型潮汐曲线例子可从图4.9所示。

图4.9 以形态比分类的四个类型潮汐曲线(资料取自Admiralty 潮汐表)4.3.3 河口潮因为河口宽度、深度的变化、摩擦的增加和向海的河流,向河口上游传播的潮波将发生变化。

如果向河口上游地形变窄、变浅,潮差将向上游增加。

在一些河口,可清楚地看到两层流系统。

当通过落潮流淡水向海移动时,底层将出现由海向河口的上朔流。

相关文档
最新文档