英国文学史复习大纲Time of English literature

Time of English literature
1.The old English古英语(or Anglo-saxon盎格鲁–撒克逊) period(449-1066)
2.The middle English period（1066-1485）
杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer-坎特伯雷故事集-the father of English literature
3.The English Renaissance文艺复兴时期文学(1485-1 660)-the rebirth of learning/letters
威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare
四大悲剧The four great tragedies
哈姆雷特Hamlet/奥赛罗Othello/李尔王king lear麦克白Macbeth
四大喜剧The four comedies
威尼斯商人The Merchant of venice/仲夏夜之梦A Mi dsummer Night's Dream/皆大欢喜As You Like It/第十二夜Twelfth night
The beginning of the English Renaissance英国文艺复兴的开始(1485-1558)
The Elizabethan Age伊丽莎白时代(二世）(1558-1 603)
The 17th Century(1603-1660)Two representatives of t he puritan清教徒writers:Milton&Bunyan
约翰·弥尔顿John Milton-失乐园Paradise Lost (Epic 长篇叙事诗、史诗）-justify the ways of god to man 英雄双韵体Heroic Couplet(1五音步抑扬格iambic pe ntameter 2押尾韵对偶句3韵尾为AA BB CC DD...不重复4风格简洁)
约翰·班扬John Bunyan-天路历程The Pilgrim's Progr ess
Who use pen to defend the English commonwealth联邦——
约翰·邓恩John Donne-跳蚤the flea-（the great met aphysical poet）玄学诗歌
安德鲁·马维尔Andrew Marvell-致羞涩的情人To hi s coy Mistress
罗伯特·赫里克Robert Herrick采摘含苞的玫瑰要起早-cavalier poets骑士诗歌
约翰·德莱顿John Dryden-论戏剧诗An essay of Dr amatic poesy-try to build unvirsal rules for the constr uction of drama
4.The Restoration复辟and the eighteenth century(o r the neoclassical period新古典主义时期)(1660-1798) 丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe-鲁滨逊漂流记Robinson Crusoe现实主义
乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift-格列佛游记gulliver's travels
The Augustan Age奥古斯都的时代(1770 -1745)
The Neoclassical Decline新古典主义的衰落(1745-1798)
5.The Age of Romanticism浪漫主义时期(1 798-1832)
Romanticism is a movement of the eighteen th and nineteenth century, which marked
the reaction in literature, philosophy, art, religio n, and politics from the neoclassicism and formal orthodoxy 正统观念of the preceding peri od.
Features of Romanticism
ngs
2) The Creation of a world of Imagination
3) The Return to Nature for Material
4) Sympathy with the Humble and Glorificatio
n of the Commonplace
5) Emphasis Upon the Expression of Individua l Genius
6) The Return to Milton and Elizabethans for Lit erary Models
7) The Interest in Old Stories and Medieval Rom ances
8) A Sense of Melancholy and Loneliness
9) The Rebellious Spirit
威廉·布莱克William Blake--he is care about the slavery about their inner spirtual liberty than their political and social liberty.
纯真之歌song of innocence/经验之歌song of experience/擦烟囱的少年the chimney sweep er /病玫瑰The Sick Rose/天堂和地狱的婚姻t he marriage of heaven dand hell
Two Schools of Romanticists
a.The Passive Romanticists消极浪漫主义These were Romantic writers who reflected t he thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoi sie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. th e merry old England as their ideal, or frighte ned by the coming of industrialism. ( Cavali er Poets). They were represented bv William Words Worth. Coleridge, and Southey.
b.The Active Romanticists积极浪漫主义They were people who expressed the aspirati ons of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, oi a future society free from oppression and explo
itation. These were vounaer and sometimes called act ive romanticists
represented bv Byron. Shelley, and Keats
威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth-诗乃自发溢出的强烈情感Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powe rful feelings.
抒情歌谣集Lyrical Ballads
咏水仙I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
珀西·比希·雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley-
西风颂Ode to the West Wind
致云雀To a Skylark
奥兹曼迪斯Ozymandias
文学精神是政治和社会革命的诞生物Literary spirit as the accompaniment political and social revolution
浪漫主义是文学的革命形式Romanticism is the literar y form of the revolution
约翰·济慈John Keats-
夜莺颂Ode to a Nightingale
秋颂To Autumn
简·奥斯汀Jane Austen-outward(生活平静）-inward(故事跌宕起伏）
理智与情感Sense and Sensibility
傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice-It is a truth universall
y acknowledged that a single man in possession of a goo
d fortun
e must be in want o
f a wife. 凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的道理。

爱玛Emma 德歌德法雨果俄普希金美朗费罗浪漫主义
6.The Victorian Age维多利亚时期(批判现实主义）(1832-1901)
Charles Dickens(查尔斯狄更斯）Charlotte Bro nte(夏洛特勃朗特）Emily Bronte(艾米
莉·勃朗特）Thomas Hardy(托马斯哈代）7.The Twentieth Century（现代主义）(1901 _ )
modernism is the main trend which involved a radical激进的and deliberate全面的break not only traditional forms pf art but with tr aditional aesthetic principles现代主义是20世纪文学的主流
萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw
弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙Virginia Woolf-
远航The Voyage Out
墙上的斑点The Mark on the Wall
达洛维夫人Mrs. Dalloway
到灯塔去To the Lighthouse
奥兰多Orlando: a Biography
一间自己的房间A Room of One's Own
詹姆斯·乔伊斯James Joyce
都柏林人Dubliners
一个青年艺术家的画像A Portrait of the Arti st as a Young Man
尤利西斯Ulysses
芬尼根守灵夜Finnegans Wake
戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯D·H·Lawrence-
恋父情节/伊利克特拉情结Ecectra complex
恋母情结/俄狄浦斯情结Oedipus complex
白孔雀The White Peacock
儿子与情人Sons and Lovers
虹The Rainbow
恋爱中的女人Women in love
查泰莱夫人的情人Lady Chatterley’s Lover
Special features:
1.character sketches人物刻画and exagg eration“Typical characters under typical circu mstances”
2.Broad humor and penetrating satire 广泛地幽默和精辟的讽刺“happy ending”
plicated and fascinating plot复杂和引人入胜的情节
4.The power of exposure
Main works:
1838雾都孤儿Oliver Twist
1841老古玩店The Old Curiosity Shop
1848董贝父子Dombey and Son
1850大卫·科波菲尔David Copperfield
1853荒凉山庄Bleak House
1854艰难时世Hard Times
1857小杜丽Little Dorrit
1859双城记A Tale of Two Cities
1861远大前程Great Expectations
雾都孤儿
人物
奥利弗·崔斯特Oliver Twist故事主人公/费金Fagin小偷的主人/南希Nancy小偷（比尔·赛克斯的妻子，良心发现后由坏变好）
情节plot
以伦敦London 为背景，一个孤儿Orphan悲惨的身世及遭遇。

Hero奥利弗在孤儿院长大，经历学徒Apprentice生涯，艰苦逃难，误入贼thief窝，又被迫与狠毒的凶徒为伍，最后在善良人的帮助下，查明身世story并获得了幸福。

主题theme
《济贫法poor law》允许穷人依赖接受公共援助，却要求他们进行必要的劳动。

为了阻止穷人依赖公共援助，逼迫他们忍受难以想象的痛苦。

《济贫法》没有提高穷人阶级的生活水平，却对最无助和无奈的下层阶级施以惩罚。

The poor law did not improve the li ving standards of the poor, but punish the helpless l
ower class
感悟
1.仁爱思想goodness thought 对资产阶级bourgeoisie 存有一丝幻想
2.种族歧视Racial discrimination 费金Fagin犹太人Jew
Charlotte Bronte(夏洛特勃朗特）
1847简爱Jane Eyre
1849谢利Shirley
1853维莱特Villette
1857教师The Professor
简爱Jane Eyre
Mrs.Reed aunt
Mr. Rochester hero
情节plot
A frank and passionate love story between a governe ss and her master, a married man. The plot of the n ovel is constructed through five distinct stages of Jan e Eyre’s development from a rebellious girl into an i ndependent woman.
主题theme Bourgeois attitudes towards woman,to her pla ce in the society, to her role in love, marria ge and family are all challenged and put to criticism.
感悟
“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plai n, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You thi nk wrong! ust as if both had passed through the g rave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal, as we ar e!”This dialogue, shocking and powerful,present s the sublime and loftiness of independent person ality. Jane Eyre calls for women’s independent self-esteem. no matter how sufferin g and unpleasant the life is, we cannot forget th e fullness of our soul and the profusion of our in ward world. Only in this way can we really gain l ove of freedom and belief.
Emily Bronte(艾米莉·勃朗特）
凯瑟琳·恩肖Catherine Earnshaw
埃德加·林顿Edgar Linton
凯茜Cathy Linton
伊莎贝拉·林顿Isabella Linton
林顿·希斯克利夫Linton Heathcliff
亨德利·恩肖Hindley Earnshaw
哈里顿·恩肖Hareton Earnshaw
The story of love in this novel is mordid bu t it mounts a powerful attact on the marriage system where social status weighs and inno cent love is prohibited by class prejudice,
主题theme
Nature and culture,outsider and insider,person al love and social prejudice,affection and rev enge.Their love is able to cross the boundary of life and death, but is unable to overcom e the gap between classes.
托马斯哈代Thomas Hardy
The main features of Hardy’s works
1.mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings mis fortune to human life.
2.attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion i nto the country and destruction of English pe aantry towards the end of the country.批判资本主义虚伪的道德，和其对农村的入侵，使农民阶级分崩离析，进入穷途末路。

3.Man was a part of nature, a guardian of nature and should always remain true to thei r closeness with nature.(naturelism自然主义）
4.His novels have for their setting the agricultural r egion of the southern countries of England.
5.In his writings, strong elements of naturalism as well as a tendency towards symbolism appeared.
1.性格与环境小说novels of characters and environm ent (威塞克斯wessex novels)
1872绿林荫下Under the Greenwood Tree
1874远离尘嚣Far from the Madding Crowd
1878还乡The Return of the Native
1886卡斯特桥市长The Mayor of Casterbridge
1891德伯家的苔丝Tess of the D'Urbervilles
1896无名的裘德Jude the obscure
2.浪漫与幻想小说novels of romances and fantasies 1873一双蓝眼睛A Pair of Blue Eyes
1880号兵长The trumpet-major
1882塔里的两个人Two on a Tower
1897 心爱的人The Well-Beloved
3.爱情与阴谋小说love and scheme fiction
机巧与实验小说novels of ingenuity
1876埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻The Hand of Ethelberta 1881 冷漠的人A Laodicean
1871铤而走险Desperate Remedies
德伯家的苔丝Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Tess d'Urbervilles (a peasant girl of the decayed arist ocratic stock)
Alec d'Urbervilles(a seducer,
Angle Clare(a son of parson,considered T as a pure and chaste woman
情节plot
1)Tess’s family drives her to seek help from the d’Urbervilles, where she is seduced and dishonored. 2) Tess’s child died and she left home again to be a milkmaid, where she met Angel and married him. 3) Angel discovered her earlier seduction by Alec and decides to leave her, going off to Brazil and not ans wering her letters, and bringing Tess to despair. 4) T ess decided to be with Alec, who claims to love her; Angel’s return from Brazil to discover Tess marriag
e to her former seducer, and his meeting with Tess;
5) Tess’s murder of Alec and short-lived escape with Angel before being apprehended and executed.
主题theme
Injustice of human existence,social classes and social status of women in Victorian England.It is an attac k on the hypocritical虚伪的morality of the society a nd the political status quo现状in England.
感悟
The reasons of Tess’s tragedy, tess’s personal charact eristics, social reasons, man made reasons.
The tragic fate of Tess and her family was not that of an individual family,but it was symbolic of the di sintegration瓦解of the English peasantry -a process
a process which had reached its final and tragic stage a t the end of 19th century。