自考现代语言学试卷
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
现代语言学自考题-23
现代语言学自考题-23(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：21，分数：21.00)1.Just as life continues in a process of change, all living languages change with time.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 正如生命要在变化中延续一样，所有活的语言也在随着时光的流转变化着。
除了那些在社会中不为大多数人所使用的语言之外，如拉丁语，语言的变化都是不可避免的。
2.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 大家都能接受英语被划分为古英语、中世纪英语和现代英语3个历史阶段的划分方法。
这种划分是随意的、约定俗成的。
历史语言学家们之所以把语言划分为不同的历史时期，是因为他们想有一个更方便的、更切合实际的研究语言变化的方法。
这绝不意味着古英语是在某一特定的时间阶段转化成中世纪英语的。
改正：The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.3.The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 古英语可以追溯到公元5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁-撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what______is and how it works.∙ ngue∙ B.linguist∙ nguage∙ D.learning正确答案：C本题解析：语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as______.∙ A.vowels∙ B.consonants∙ C.sounds∙ D.speech sounds正确答案：D本题解析：在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is______.∙ A.the internal structure∙ B.morpheme∙ C.the rules by which words are formed∙ D.word正确答案：B本题解析：正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are______in number.∙ rge∙ B.small∙ C.finite∙ D.infinite正确答案：C本题解析：对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
现代语言学自考题-5
现代语言学自考题-5(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.______ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.∙ A. Psycholinguistics∙ B. Applied linguistics∙ C. Sociolinguistics∙ D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。
它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。
2.In linguistics, ______ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.∙ A. acoustic phonetics∙ B. articulatory phonetics∙ C. auditory phonetics∙ D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。
其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。
3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.∙ A. speeches∙ B. utterances∙ C. events∙ D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。
现代语言学自考题-25_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-25(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ______ system of language.A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative2. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.3. Children follow a similar ______ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures.A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring4. In general, children's holophrastic sentences begin ______.A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year B. in the second half of the second year C. between two and three years old D. between four and five years old5. In general, the ______ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword6. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with **plex grammatical structures.A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word7. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes.A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word8. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be" B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words9. It is suggested that children begin to develop the articulatory movements needed to produce the phonemic distinctions of their language ______.A. after they master the phonemic contrasts B. before they master the phonemic contrasts C. long before they master the phonemic contrasts D. while they were mastering the phonemic contrasts10. Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that ______.A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learned to produce babbling sounds C. children's babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. children's babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring11. Children learning the Chinese language usually start to produce some of the tonal patterns typical of the language ______.A. before they utter any genuine words B. after they utter any genuine words C. while they are uttering any genuine wordsD. none of the above12. At the ______ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative meaning.A. prelinguistic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word13. Negative words occur at the beginning of expressions in child language acquisition ______.A. at some point during the late multiword stage B. at some point after the multiword stage C. when children's language develops towards the early multiword stage D. when children's language develops after the early multiword stage14. In children's utterances, "two feets", "goed", "corned", etc. occur although some children are aware of the irregular forms of them. These inflectional errors are the result of ______.A. children's carelessness B. improper instruction C. the wrong input D. children's overgeneralizing a constructed rule15. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. Acquisition B. Learning C. Studying D. Acquirement16. ______ transfer is a process that is **monly known as interference.A. Intentional B. Positive C. Negative D. Interrogative17. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners' ______.A. second language B. first language C. foreign languageD. interlanguage18. The Chinese sound /d/ in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to ______ error.A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization19. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on SLA show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writing C. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation20. ______ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. SocialPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The development of a first or native language is called first language a______.2. All normal human beings acquire their n______ language at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.3. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for **munication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.4. C______ speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.5. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i______ on the part of adults.6. R______ has been found to occur usually in children's pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness of utterances, rather than in the grammaticality of sentences.7. Imitation plays at best a very m______ role in the child's mastery of language.8. It is normally assumed that, by the age of f______, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children **pleted the greater part of the language acquistion process.9. The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce b______ sounds.10. The pre-school years are a c______ period for first language acquisition.11. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age s______ is around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.12. Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and t______ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.13. In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t______.14. According to the Contrastive Analysis approach, L2 errors were predominantly the result of n______ transfer.15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i______ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning **municative strategies of the learner.16. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.17. When learners take a second language in order to integrate themselves with the second**munity, their motivation in the second language learning is called i______ motivation.Ⅲ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false1. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.A. 正确B. 错误2. There is no biological basis for humans to prefer one particular language over any other. Our language faculty permits us to acquire any human language to which we are exposed.A. 正确B. 错误3. Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.A. 正确B. 错误4. The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.A. 正确B. 错误5. The acquisition of case and gender forms of nouns in French seems more difficult than those in English, so French is more challenging to be acquired as a native language.A. 正确B. 错误6. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.A. 正确B. 错误7. Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, and this is sufficient for language development.A. 正确B. 错误8. Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.A. 正确B. 错误9. In natural settings, parents always correct young children's utterances that violate the rules of the grammar.A. 正确B. 错误10. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.A. 正确B. 错误11. According to the coursebook, conscious instruction on the part of adults is altogether futile in child language development from the stage of a babbler to that of a fluent speaker.A. 正确B. 错误12. According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of **munity when their "bad" speech gets corrected and when their "good" speech gets positively reinforced.A. 正确B. 错误13. Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them.A. 正确B. 错误14. The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language.A. 正确B. 错误15. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or underextension of reference.A. 正确B. 错误16. During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.A. 正确B. 错误17. Children make virtually no word order errors at the multiword stage.A. 正确B. 错误18. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.A. 正确B. 错误19. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar.A. 正确B. 错误20. Positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.A. 正确B. 错误21. The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.A. 正确B. 错误22. Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.A. 正确B. 错误23. Now the exact causes of fossilization and the ways to unfossilize the fossilized language are well-known.A. 正确B. 错误24. By researches of language acquisition, significant relationship has been found between talkativeness on the one hand and overall proficiency in a L2 on the other.A. 正确B. 错误Ⅳ.Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary.1. language acquisition2. input3. caretaker speech4. over-extension5. telegraphic speech6. interference7. language transfer8. error analysis9. interlanguage10. fossilization11. formal instruction12. acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.1. Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.2. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.。
现代语言学自考题-3
现代语言学自考题-3(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.∙ A. langue∙ B. linguist∙ C. language∙ D. learning（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.∙ A. vowels∙ B. consonants∙ C. sounds∙ D. speech sounds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.∙ A. the internal structure∙ B. morpheme∙ C. the rules by which words are formed∙ D. word（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
现代语言学自考题-27
现代语言学自考题-27(总分：58.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety ofa language.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候，就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。
改正：When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He don't know nothing. He don't like nobody. He don't got none.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。
现代语言学自考题-26_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-26(总分42,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations.A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational2. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ______, and kin term.A. title+first name B. title+title C. title alone D. first name+last name+title3. Different functional speech varieties known as ______ are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registers B. styles C. dialects D. accents4. In a **munity people have something in common ______—a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically5. In normal situations, ______ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ______ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old6. When referred to as ______, slang does not carry any negative connotations.A. vernacular B. colloquialism C. both A and B D. neither A nor B7. A ______ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language8. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tends to speak withlanguage features which derive from one's constant use of the ______ language.A. written B. spoken C. literal D. colloquial9. In a narrower sense, an individual speaker's idiolect is made up of such factors as ______.A. voice and rhythm B. voice, pitch and rhythm C. pitch and rhythm D. voice quality and pitch10. ______ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication.A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation D. Speech change11. It is the ______ differences that have often been used to illustrate the "illogic" of Black English.A. phonological B. morphological C. syntactic D. all of the above12. Notable examples of creoles that have become first languages from previously pidginized languages are ______.A. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana B. French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone C. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti, Louisiana, and French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone D. English-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone and French-based ones spoken in Haiti and Louisiana13. No two speakers of the same language or ______ use their language or ______ in exactly the same way.A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect14. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across ______ boundaries.A. social B. regional C. cultural D. political15. The original Lingua Franca is believed to be ______.A. Proto Germanic B. an Italian-based pidgin C. a Dutch-based pidgin D. Chinese pidgin English16. There is a gradation of ______ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.A. dialect B. register C. variation D. slang17. In English-language **munities, the most obvious taboo words are related to ______.A. religion, sex, sex organs B. religion, sex, excrement C. sex, sex organs, excrement D. religion, sex organs, excrement18. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes ______.A. creole, pidgin B. pidgin, creole C. regional dialect, lingua franca D. lingua franca, regional dialect19. The variety of ______ diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.A. formal B. informal C. high D. low20. Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar ______ variety of theEnglish language.A. regional B. ethnic C. social D. lower class21. The differences between standard and non-standard, are different language varieties in a ______ situation, and are parallel but not identical.A. diglossic B. bilingual C. linguistic D. sociolinguistic22. The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of **munities and in different social situations.A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics23. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ______ relationship with the L-variety.A. genetic B. social C. direct D. close24. A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by all the following except ______.A. having a number of distinctive words B. using words or phrases in a particular way C. showing special social identities D. using such special grammatical constructions as scientific or legal language, etc.PART TWOⅠ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.25. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and "straightforward" grammatical rules. Such a m______ language is called pidgin.26. A s______ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at leasta single language variety.27. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g______ and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.28. A e______ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.29. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d______ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.30. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of group s______.31. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of f______.32. Speakers of an ethnic dialect usually regard the language they speak as the major s______ of their socio-cultural identity.33. A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. As a c______ language, a pidgin may contain significant grammatical features oftwo or more languages.34. R______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.35. In Black English, the double negation structure provides a very effective means of emphasizing the n______ part of a message.36. S______ are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.37. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (h e+is→he's), Black English can d______ the form of "be".38. B______ refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.39. A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties **bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s______ variation, in one form or another.40. The avoidance of using t______ language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.41. One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of s______ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.42. The use of s______ language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitudes connoted in the language that is sexist.。
现代语言学自考题-14_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-14(总分90, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are v______.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:voiced[解析] 辅音要不就是清音要不就是浊音，而所有的元音都是浊音。
2.Of all the speech organs, the t______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:tongue[解析] 在所有口腔的器官中，舌头是最灵活的，它比其他任何发声器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。
3.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d______ are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:diacritics[解析] 鉴于人类所发出的语音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同，国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号，它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充，以标示仅靠字母本身所不能解决的那些微妙的语音差别。
因此，我们现在有了两套标示语音的方法。
现代语言学自考题-2
现代语言学自考题-2(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A scientific study of language is conducted with reference to some ______ of language structure.∙ A. data∙ B. general theory∙ C. facts∙ D. hypotheses（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 对语言进行科学的研究最根本的，是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究，并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。
2.______ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearer's point of view and studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.∙ A. Articulatory∙ B. Auditory∙ C. Acoustic∙ D. Oral（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象，其中从听话者的角度来观察语音，研究声音是采用什么样的方式被听话者所接收的，叫做听觉语音学。
3."Words are further analyzable" means ______.∙ A. words can be broken down into 26 letters of English alphabet∙ B. words can be broken down into the components at the lowest level of word∙ C. words can be broken down into the smallest meaningful components∙ D. words can be broken down into smaller components（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 鉴于句子总是包含着并且经常被分析成单词的形式，所以单词一般被认为是语言中最小的单位。
现代语言学自考题-7
现代语言学自考题-7(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a ______ point of view.∙ A. sociological∙ B. synchronic∙ C. diachronic∙ D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。
其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。
人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。
2.If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.∙ A. glottis∙ B. windpipe∙ C. larynx∙ D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。
声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。
横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。
声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。
英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如[b]，[z]，[m]等都是浊音。
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best pletes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous ation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal munication2.Of the following sound binations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( ) A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
( )A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical4.It is the _______ on Case assig____ent that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to mit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )A.misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.parativeD.historical parativeA.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neuralprerequisites for language and language useⅡ.Blank FillingDirections:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.In the course of time， the study of language has e to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear [1] and dark[]are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound binations， thus they are said to be inc________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word，but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other.Ⅲ.True of False questionDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. I (2%×10=20%)21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.( )23.A pound is the bination of only two words.( )24.“The student” in the sentence “Thestuden t liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition，unlike entailment，is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( )27.The division of English into Old English，Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as wellas attitudes about social taboos or racism.( )29.If a child is deprived of linguisticenviro____ent， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.Ⅳ.DefinitionDirections: Explain the following terms, using one or two exles if necessary.(3%×10=30%)31.cultural transmission (as a design feature of human language)32.phonic medium of language33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemesn35.reference36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship amonglinguistic elements Support your statement with exles.42.Describe the process of language perception，prehension and production.参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D 10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分)11.social12.plementary13.root14.plex15.plementary1 6.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer三、判断题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)21.F 22.T 23.F 24.T 25.F 26.T 27.F 28.T 29.T 30 F四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分)31.One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not geically transmitted，rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language munication， i.e.the speech sounds. Voicing is a phoic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-(e)s ，-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers toin the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For exle ，if we say，“The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。
自考语言学试题及答案
自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征？A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案：C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案：D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学研究方法中，不包括以下哪一项？B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案：D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。
答案：描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。
答案：规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。
答案：创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。
答案：社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。
答案：抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。
答案：具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。
答案：情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。
现代语言学自考题-17_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-17(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. ______ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics2. A sentence is considered ______ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical3. A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences4. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite5. The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is ______.A. one is subordinate to the other B. they hold unequal status C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence D. they are incorporated6. "We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met" is a ______ sentence.A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D. simple7. The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is normally called ______ clause.A. an embedded B. a main C. a matrix D. a major8. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula S ______ "NP VP".A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical9. Language is a highly ______ system of communication.A. well-formed B. ill-formed C. structured D. distructured10. A ______ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator11. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic12. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence.A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic13. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical ______, commonly known as parts of speech.A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories14. The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called ______ relations.A. linear B. hierarchical C. semantic D. grammatical15. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as ______.A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates16. The rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences are called ______ rules.A. lexical B. structural C. coordinate D. combinational17. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for ______ **plements in phrases.A. heads B. specifiers C. lexical items D. obligatory words18. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ______.A. phase structure rules B. syntactic rules C. lexical rules D. transformational rules19. With the ______ theory, linguists are able to describe and explain explicitly some universal properties of natural languages.A. prescriptive B. X-bar C. descriptive D. structuralist20. When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in passive transformation in English, we are ______ the noun phrase to the left.A. rewriting B. postposing C. maintaining D. preposing21. "She gave the book to John." can be changed to "To whom did she give the book?" This involves ______.A. NP-movement B. WH-movement C. AUX-movement D. post-verb adjective movement22. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ______ theory.A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme23. Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and parameters are **ponents in the well-known theory of ______.A. traditional grammar B. functional grammar C. universal grammar D. phrase structure grammar24. The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.A. Case Condition B. Adjacent Condition C. parameter D. Adjacent parameters25. It is the ______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case Condition B. parameter C. Adjacent Condition D. Adjacent Parameter26. Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ______ set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent Condition B. parameters C. Case Condition D. Case requirementPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.27. Morphology studies how words are formed, while s______ studies how words **bined to form sentences.28. For any natural language, a set of s______ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.29. A f______ verb, informally called the main verb of a sentence, expresses existence, action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, case.30. The subject in a sentence is the r______ expression which refers to some entity, such as a person, a place, a thing, an idea, or an event. It may be a noun or a noun phrase.31. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that **prises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.32. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic **prise a speaker's system of i______ linguistic knowledge known as **petence.33. A f______ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.34. A simple sentence consists of a single c______ which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.35. A c______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".36. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m______ clause.37. A c______ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.38. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s______ the other.39. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l______.40. In addition to the use of structural tree diagram, linguists may show the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets and subscript labels, and more formally, the structures of sentences are represented with both opening and c______ csubscript labels.41. Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c______ they belong to.42. The g______ relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb.43. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s______, N the head and S **plement.44. A______ is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position, such as "be", "have", "do" etc.45. G______ questions in English may motivate syntactic movement with AUX-movement.46. The application of syntactic movement rules t______ a sentence from the level of D-structure to that of S-structure.。
现代语言学自考题-4
现代语言学自考题-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called ______ linguistics.∙ A. particular∙ B. general∙ C. ordinary∙ D. generative（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.∙ A. oral∙ B. mental∙ C. physical∙ D. recorded（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语音学研究中，有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段——音波，来研究声音传导的方式，它叫做声学语音学。
3.In the word suitable, "______ able" is a morpheme.∙ A. derivational∙ B. inflectional∙ C. root∙ D. stem（分数：2.00）A. √B.D.解析：[解析] 英语中黏着词素分为词根和词缀。
词根有较清晰、确切的意思。
词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)。
屈折词缀表示诸如数、时态等的语法关系。
很显然题干中-able并没有语法范畴含义，它只是加到suit后使其改变为形容词，所以它是派生词素。
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is posed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasA. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refersto in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intent ion; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech munity is thus defined as a group of people who form a munity (which may have few membersas a family or as many members as a country), andshare the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful munication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups ofpeople from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between petence and performance?petence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in t he late 1950’s. Chomsky defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?四、阐述题(每题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with exles.。
全国自考(现代语言学)模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题单项选择题1．The study of language as a whole is often called________linguistics．( )A．particularB．generalC．ordinaryD．generative正确答案：B解析：本题主要考查普通语言学的定义。
把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般被称为普通语言学。
2．________can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language．( )A．PhonesB．SoundsC．PhonemesD．Speech sounds正确答案：A解析：本题主要考查语音的定义。
我们可以简单地把语音定义为我们在说一种语言时所使用的声音。
3．The two clauses in a ________sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence．( )A．simpleB．completeC．complexD．coordinate正确答案：D解析：本题主要考查并列句中各个成分的特点。
并列句中的两个句子在结构上是相同的。
4．What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a ________system of grammatical knowledge．( )A．phraseB．sentenceD．symbol正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查人们在本族语习得中大脑内化的特点。
讲本族语的大脑中所内化的是一套有关语法知识的规则系统。
5．“I like this shirt very much．”has ________arguments．( ) A．oneB．twoC．threeD．four正确答案：B解析：本题主要考查有关论元(arguments)的知识。
全国自考(现代语言学)模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题单项选择题1．According to F．de Saussure，________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community．( ) A．paroleB．performanceC．langueD．language正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查索绪尔关于语言的定义。
根据索绪尔的观点，语言指的是某一特定的语言社区中的所有成员所共有的那种抽象的语言系统。
2．In general，the ________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year．( )A．babbingB．one-wordC．two-wordD．multiword正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查双词句阶段。
一般说来，双词句阶段大概开始于儿童一岁半到两岁期间。
3．Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ________ set on UG principles to particular values．( )A．principlesB．rulesC．parametersD．theories正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查普遍语法原则上的参数值对语言变化的影响。
我们可以认为，自然语言是按照设定在普遍语法原则上的参数值而变化的。
4．In the following four choices，________ is a pair of homophone．( ) A．sight and siteB．lead(n．)and lead(v．)C．wind(n．)and wind(v．)D．blue and blown正确答案：A解析：本题主要考查同音异形异义词的定义及其辨认。
2024年4月高等教育自学考试《00541语言学概论》试题附参考答案
2024年4月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码:005411.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后,用2B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不能在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1.方言之间的差异主要体现在A.语法方面B.语音方面C.语汇方面D.语义方面2认为不同的语言就有不同的思维方式的观点被称作A.语言相关论B.语言能力论C.语言反应论D.语言认知论3.下面各项属于传统“小学”的是A.音韵学B.音响学C.音位学D.音律学4.下面各词中借自佛经的是A.苜蓿B.罗汉C.蛮夷D.大戎5.语言本质上是一种A.个人现象B.社会现象C.物理现象D.天然现象6.掌管人的语言和抽象思维活动的是大脑的A.脑桥B.右半球C.左半球D.右半球的某些部位7.“三好”“环保”属于A.惯用语B.专有名词C.成语D.简缩词语8.下面各项中具有排他性特征的是A.隐语B.隐含C.隐喻D.影射9.“书包”这个词的能指是A.“书包”这两个字B.“书包”的意思C.“书包”的声音D.“书包”的用法10.把“You are a lucky dog”译为“你是一条幸运狗”属于A.语汇平面翻译B.句法平面翻译C.语义平面翻译D.语境平面翻译11.“犬子”是一种A.自称B.面称C.厌称D.谦称12.下面各项中属于礼貌原则的是A.质量和数量B.相关和负责C.得体和慷慨D.理解和赞同13.下面语言属于孤立语的是A.日语B.汉语C.英语D.维吾尔语14.不同行业的“行话”属于A.地域方言B.社会方言C.亲属语言D.混合语言15.汉族过年时“福”字倒贴，称“福倒(到)了”，这是一种A.反说话B.避讳话C.吉祥话D.惯用话16.下面方言属于北方方言的是A.长沙话B.武汉话C.南昌话D.上海话17.用概念、判断和推理等复杂逻辑形式进行的思维活动是A.发散思维B.表象思维C.抽象思维D.感性思维18.下面辅音中属于擦音的是A.[f]B.[t]C.[b]D.[m]19.一个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫A.语言混合B.语言转用C.克里奥尔D.双语现象20.能听懂别人说话但基本不能看懂文字表达的意思，这样的语言障碍是A.失忆症B.失写症C.失话症D.失读症非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。
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全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( )A. sounds unitsB. sound featuresC. phonemesD. allophones2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( ) A. writing B. orthographyC. transcriptionD. phonology3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( )A. BoundB. FreeC. InflectionalD. Derivational4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )A. LexicalB. PhrasalC. SemanticD. Logical5. In semantic analysis of a sentence，a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication，largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( )A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. attribute6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking，linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )A. performativeB. constative浙00830# 现代语言学试题第1 页（共12 页）C. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest，Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )A. vocabularyB. pronunciationC. morphologyD. syntax8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )A. bilingualismB. multilingualismC. diglossiaD. code-switching9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )A. Wernicke’sB. Broca’sC. Gage’sD. Genie’s10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )A. planned speechB. writingC. career-oriented examD. casual and spontaneous conversationII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第2 页（共12 页）14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called ane clause.15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ·17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflectss in society.19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％) 21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle，they do not always observe these maxims strictly.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第3 页（共12 页）27. ( )The Great V owel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety. 29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human，except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisitionV. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table.3) I think that you are from the South.42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第4 页（共12 页）全国2009年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2% × 10=20% ) 1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. ()A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e.,nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()浙00830# 现代语言学试题第5 页（共12 页）A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of theinflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not, it is said to be p .12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations orcategories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of asentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible forthe speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages iscalled the comparative method.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第6 页（共12 页）18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and valuejudgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in worldlanguages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1b I k/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate aninfinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are notverifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory”results ina reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children andadults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第7 页（共12 页）29. () Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in asingle area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all beexplained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks], and children’s speech showsa number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explainsound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第8 页（共12 页）全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaning浙00830# 现代语言学试题第9 页（共12 页）C. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)浙00830# 现代语言学试题第10 页（共12 页）21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect浙00830# 现代语言学试题第11 页（共12 页）39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第12 页（共12 页）。