细胞、组织与器官英文课件
中考生物细胞,组织,器官,系统的概念
中考生物细胞，组织，器官，系统的概念（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的教育资料，如语文资料、数学资料、英语资料、物理资料、化学资料、地理资料、政治资料、历史资料、艺术资料、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of educational materials for everyone, such as language materials, mathematics materials, English materials, physical materials, chemical materials, geographic materials, political materials, historical materials, art materials, other materials, etc. Please pay attention to the data format and writing method!中考生物细胞，组织，器官，系统的概念细胞细胞 (英文名：cell)并没有统一的定义，比较普遍的提法是：细胞是生物体基本的结构和功能单位。
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞培训课件
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
32
一、B 淋巴细胞
B细胞又称骨髓依赖的淋巴细胞，简称B细胞。 膜表面带有免疫球蛋白（mIg）。
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
34
1 来源
B细胞系的前体来源于胚肝（胎儿）和骨 髓淋巴干细胞（成人）。 2 B细胞的发育 骨髓是B细胞产生和发育的场所，随着细 胞的发育相应的膜抗体也随之形成。
进行应答的场所，另外，通过巨噬细胞
的吞噬可以对血液中的抗原物质进行清 除。
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
19
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
20
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
21
功能：
（1） Ｔ细胞和Ｂ细胞定居的场所 （2） 产生免疫应答的场所:脾脏是针对来自血液中抗原
的免疫应答场所，也是体内产生抗体的主要器官。 （3）合成某些生物活性物质 （４）过滤血液作用 （5）调节血量（胚胎期有造血功能）
17
功能
（1）Ｔ细胞和Ｂ细胞定居的场所 （2）免疫应答的场所：
淋巴结是针对淋巴液中抗原的免疫应答场所 （３）参与淋巴细胞再循环 （４）过滤作用
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
18
2 脾脏（spleen）
• 最大的免疫淋巴器官。腹腔左上方，包 括皮质和髓质两部分，皮质外侧为B细胞 的定居处，内侧为T细胞的定居处，中间 的髓质充满了血成为血窦。脾脏是抗原
2、胸腺（Thymus）
• 胸腺胸骨柄的后方，分左、右两叶，各 呈长扁条状，两叶借结缔组织相连。幼 儿时期特别发达、至青春期达到顶点， 以后逐渐萎缩并被脂肪组织代替。
免疫免疫系统的组织器官和细胞
细胞组织和器官
Cells，tissues and organsThe cell is the basic structure of all living things. All body parts are made up of thousands of cells that group together to perform specific function.The nucleus is the control center of the sell. It contains the genes that are the repositories of hereditary traits. All the cell’s chemical activity is controlled by the nucleus，where two substances，DNA （deoxyribonucleic acid）and RNA（ribonucleic acid），control cellular reproduction and transmit instruction to the rest of the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by a thick liquid called protoplasm（first group）. Cytoplasm，the protoplasm within a cell，contains two types of structures：inclusions and organelles，which are nonliving particles and living structures respectively.Mitochondria，Golgi apparatus，fibrils，vacuoles and tubules are some of the important structure found in cytoplasm.Cell membrane. This is a porous membrane surrounding the cell and continuing within the cell as a series of folds called endoplasmic reticulum（network）. Attached to it are small granular substances called ribosomes ，which contain RNA and the centers in which proteins are synthesized（called anabolism）.Substances enter and leave the cells by passive and active transports. In passive transport substances pass from a solution of a higherconcentration to that of a lower concentration by either dissolving in the cell membrane，such as oxygen and carbon dioxide（called simple diffusion），or by attaching to a carrier，such as glucose or through channels in the cell membrane，such as ions（called facilitied diffusion）. In active transport substances are transported against the concentration gradient from lower concentration to higher concentration by ion pumps in the cell membrane. Some cells can engulf entire particles in a process called phagocytosis. A cell can also draw in water by the process known as pinocytosis.Cell division begins in the nucleus，which divides by a process called mitosis. Next，the cytoplasm divides（called cytokinesis）. In mitosis or karyokinesis，as it is sometimes called，the genetic material is formed into 23 pairs of rod-like structures called chromosomes. Before cell division is completed，the chromosomes are duplicated and a groove called a cleavage furrow develops. This cleavage furrow eventually passes through the entire cell，resulting in two separate cells.Cells having a similar structure and function group together to form tissues. Histology is the study of normal tissue. There are four classes of tissues：epithelial，connective，muscle，and nervous. Epithelial tissue covers the entire exterior of the body and lines all body cavities and vessels. There are several varieties of epithelial tissue：simple squamous，cuboidal or columnar epithelium，and stratified squamous epithelium.Connective tissue is of two types：solid and fluid. Fibrous tissue，bone，cartilage，ligament，and tendon are solid while blood and lymph are fluid connective tissue. Muscle tissue is capable of contraction that results in movement. Skeletal，smooth，and cardiac are the three types of muscle tissue. Nervous tissue is specialized tissue that can respond to stimuli and conduct impulses.Two or more tissues combine to form organs. Organs are structures that have a specific function. The heart，stomach，and brain are all organs. The organs，in turn，group together to form systems that perform specific functions. In anatomy several body systems are recognized，including the skin；the musculoskeletal system；the nervous system；the cardiovascular system；the respiratory system；the digestive system；the urinary system；the reproductive system and the endocrine system.Common medical termsBecause the following terms are used so frequently in medicine，they are presented to you now，at the outset of your study of medical terminology，so that you can become familiar with them.A disease ia a disorder of the body（or mind）in which body structures and functions are affected. An organic disease is an illness arising from a body structure，such as a tissue or organ.Clinical is a term used to describe what is observable，capable ofbeing examined and treatable. Pathology is the study of disease. The causes of disease，their effects on the body，and their diagnosis form the basis of pathology. Physiology is the study of the normal functions of cells，tissues，organs，and systems. Etiology is the examination of the causes of a disease.Symptoms are the indication of a disease or disorder noticed by the patient himself. Signs are the indications of a particular disorder observed by a physician but is not apparent to the patient. A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that occur in a specific pattern and indicate a particular disease. Asymptomatic disease occurs without any symptoms. Atypical refers to a condition that is unusual，not representive or characteristic.A diagnosis is the process of determining the nature of a disorder by considering the patient’s signs and symptoms，complaints and history，and the results of laboratory tests and other specific examinations. A prognosis is the determination of the course and outcome of a disease and the patient’s chance for recovery. Treatment is the application of some form of therapy their to cure the disease or to relieve its symptoms.A complication is a secondary disease or disorder following the first condition. The second condition occurs as a result of the first condition or because of the body’s weakened state from the first condition.Vital signs are the indications of those processes necessary to sustainthe life of an organism. They are blood pressure，body temperature，respiration，and heart rate.Congenital refers to a condition present at birth. A congenital anomaly ia a birth defect. Genetic refers to any condition，developing from an normal or abnormal genes. For example，a genetic disease is an abnormality developing from an abnormal gene. Neonatal refers to the newborn child or the first four weeks after birth. Acquired refers to a condition that has occurred after the birth of an individual.Infection is the invasion of the body or part of the body by disease-causing microorganisms. Inflammation is the reaction of body tissues to injury. The symptoms are heat，redness，swelling，pain，and disrupted function. Purulent and suppurative are two commonly used words to indicate pus producing.Degeneration refers to the deterioration of cells or tissues，possibly leading to their destruction. Degeneration is reversible either by regeneration，the repair of the original cells or tissue，or by replacement the growth of new cells or tissues.Acute describes a disease of rapid onset，severe symptoms，and brief duration. Chronic describes a disease of long duration involving very slow changes. Such disease is often of gradual（insidious）onset. The term does not imply anything about the severity of a disease.Atrophy is the decrease in tissue size resulting from the reduction inthe number or the size of cells，or both. Hypertrophy is an increase of cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. An enlargement is the abnormal increase in the size of an organ. Edema is the swelling of body tissue caused by an accumulation of fluid.Dilatation or distension is the stretching of an organ. A prolapse is the falling or slipping downward of an organ from its normal place. Displacement is the movement of a structure to a place or position different from its original place or position.An occlusion is the obstruction of a passageway. To occlude means to obstruct or block（block also means interrupt）. A trauma is a wound to tissue caused by an external agent.Thermometer n. instrument of measure heatDermis n. true skinThorax n. chestGastritis n. inflammation of stomachHepatitis n. 肝炎Leucocyte n. white blood cellEnteradenitis inflammation of intestinal（肠的）glands（腺的）Submicroscopic adj.Dysmenorrhea n. 痛经。
第一节 细胞、组织、器官和系统PPT课件
精品课件
50
1. 疏松结缔组织
• 特点：细胞数量少但种类多，纤维排列疏松，基质丰富。 • 作用：连接、营养、防御、保护、支持和修复。
精品课件
51
精品课件
52
精品课件
53
精品课件
54
2. 致密结缔组织
精品课件
55
精品课件
56
人 皮 肤 切 片
精品课件
57
致密结缔组织的特点和作用
• 特点：纤维多而致密，细胞种类和数量少。 • 作用：支持和连接
感谢亲观看此幻灯片，此课件部分内容来源于网络， 如有侵权请及时联系我们删除，谢谢配合！
精品课件
26
（二）细胞质（cytoplasm）
• 填充于细胞膜和细胞核之间的半透明胶状物质。 • 基质、细胞器和包含物组成。 • 基质：细胞质的液态部分。 • 细胞器：内质网、高尔基复合体、溶酶体、核糖
体、中心体、微丝、微管、线粒体。 • 包含物：贮存在细胞内的糖原脂滴。
精品课件
27
精品课件
28
12
①载体介导的易化扩散
载体carrier：膜蛋白质，有一个或数个结合位点 或功能性AA残基，能选择性的与底物结合，发生构 象变化，实现物质的转运。
精品课件
13
②通道介导的易化扩散
通道channel：膜蛋白质，结构可 在相应理化因子的作用下迅速的生变 化，被称为激活，随后迅速的失活。
电压门控通道 voltage-gated channel 化学/配体门控通道 chemically/ ligandgated channel 机械门控通道 mechanically-gated channel
• 结缔组织的定义、分布、特点、功能、类型。 • 固有结缔组织
生物专业英语第一章细胞与细胞器讲课文档
第十页，共110页。
cell Classification 细胞分类
Biological world
细胞质：动力工厂
Glossary of part1 • cytoplasm ：n.[生]细胞质 • cytoplasmic : adj.[生]细胞质的
• organelle: n.[生]细胞器 • cytoskeleton : n.细胞骨架
第二十一页，共110页。
external of cell
• Cell Membrane
第八页，共110页。
Cell Theory 细胞学说
• 19世纪中期，德国动物学家施旺
（Theodor Schwann）进一步发现动物细胞里 有细胞核，核的周围有液状物质，在外圈还 有一层膜，却没有细胞壁，他认为细胞的主 要部分是细胞核而非外圈的细胞壁.
• 同一时期，德国植物学家施莱登 （Matthias Schleiden）以植物为材料，
溶胶（cytosol），细胞器和包含物，在生活状
态下为透明的胶状物。（除细胞核以外）. 细胞器是分布于细胞质内,包括：线粒体、内质
网、内网器、溶酶体、微丝、微管、中心粒等.
第二十三页，共110页。
Text Analysis
• Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.
生物界由两大类细胞构成：
composed by twe types
细胞结构英文版27张幻灯片
NAD+
cytoplasm
fermentation
Electron carrier produced in glycolysis
fermentation lactate
when oxygen is available
Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles
Endomembrane System
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Structure
Cilia and Flagella
Function(s)
• Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes
• Cell movement in sperm
Connections Between Cells
Citric acid cycle
Electron Transport chain
oxygen Outside cell
mitochondrion
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP
Energy Yield from Glucose
Without Oxygen, Fermentation Occurs
Structure
Mitochondrion
Function
Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP
动物解剖学ppt课件
5
按功能不同将家畜（禽） 有机体分为：
运动系统 被皮系统 消化系统 生殖系统 心血管系统 淋巴系统 神经系统
呼吸系统
6
泌尿系统
感觉器官
3.细胞、组织、器官、系统的概念
细胞（Cell）：畜（禽）有机体形态结构的基本
单位。细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核。
组织（Tissue）：由来源相同、形态和功能相似
与矢状面、横断面垂直的切面，有无数个。 可将畜体分为背侧和腹侧两部分。
7.方 位 术 语
前(头侧）/后（尾侧):靠近畜体头端/尾端
背侧/腹侧：靠近脊柱/远离脊柱的一侧。
23
内侧/外侧：靠近/远离正中矢状面的一侧。
浅层/深层：靠近/远离皮肤表面。
近端/远端: 在四肢上靠近/远离躯干的一端。 背侧：前肢和后肢的前面都称为背侧。 掌侧：前肢的后面。 跖侧：后肢的后面。 桡侧/尺侧：前肢的内侧/前肢的后外侧。 胫侧/腓侧：后肢的内侧/后肢的后外侧。 轴侧/远轴侧：用于偶蹄动物（牛、羊、猪），指
正常（健康）动物有机体的微细结构及其与功能之间
的关系的科学。
人眼：分辨率＞0.1mm。
光学显微镜：0.2 μm ＜分辨率＜0.1mm。
10
电子显微镜：
胚胎学（Embryology）
研究畜禽个体发生规律的科学，即研究从受精 卵开始到个体形成，胚胎发育过程中的形态、功能变 化规律及其与环境条件的关系。胎儿发育简图:
《家畜（禽）解剖学》
The Anatomy of Domestic Animals
CAI课件
1
2
绪 论
家畜解剖学的概念 家畜解剖学的划分 细胞、组织、器官、系统的概念 组织学、胚胎学简介 家畜解剖学常用方位名称和术语
医学英语课件cells
chromotin n. 染色质
endoplasmic reticulum
• n. 内质网 endo- 内 endocardial a.心内（膜）的 endocellular a.细胞内的 endochrome n.胞内染色质 endocrine a. 内分泌的
extra- 外
mitochondria
phospholipid
• n. 磷脂
phosphate n.磷酸盐，磷肥 phosphorus n.磷 lipid an important constituent of membranes
cholesterol
• n. 胆固醇
chole- pref. 胆，胆汁
-sterol n. -甾醇 固醇
Virchow is credited with multiple important discoveries. Virchow's most widely known scientific contribution is his cell theory, which built on the work of Theodor Schwann. He is cited as the first to recognize leukemia cells.
Rudolph Virchow 鲁道夫 . 魏尔肖 (1821 –1902)
A German doctor, pathologist, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health. Referred to as "the father of modern pathology," he is considered one of the founders of social medicine.
《组织、器官和系统》PPT课件
第三十一页，共63页。
细胞：数量少，种类多 成纤维细胞：扁平多突起
产生纤维、基质；愈合伤口 外膜细胞（分布血管外壁）
未分化细胞 成纤维细胞、其他细胞 肥大细胞：分泌物 ─ 防止血凝 巨噬细胞：免疫系统重要成员
吞噬细菌、异物、衰老和死亡细胞 浆细胞：体液免疫系统重要成员
炎症时很多 ─ 产生抗体
第十八页，共63页。
（二）动物组织 根据形态、功能、来源（发生）划分
四大组织 1. 上皮组织 2. 结缔组织 3. 肌肉组织 4. 神经组织
19
第十九页，共63页。
1. 上皮组织 特点 细胞 — 大量、紧密相连
细胞间质 — 少 形态：膜状
单层上皮
复层上皮 基膜：非细胞结构（上皮细胞分泌物） 分化物
47
第四十七页，共63页。
皮肤系统
48
第四十八页，共63页。
49
第四十九页，共63页。
骨骼系统
50
第五十页，共63页。
51
第五十一页，共63页。
52
第五十二页，共63页。
肌肉系统
53
第五十三页，共63页。
54
第五十四页，共63页。
循环系统
55
第五十五页，共63页。
淋巴和免疫系统
56
62
第六十二页，共63页。
内容总结
组织、器官和系统。1. 分生组织(meristematic tissue)。2. 永久组织(permanent tissue)。 类型：最多、 划分最困难。 细胞：少,但种类多,排列疏松、散乱。连接各种细胞 — 增加组织韧性。多突起 — 伸入骨小 管、互相连接。3. 肌肉组织 （详见第十一章）。 特点： 分化程度最高的组织。不同层次上的稳态（细 胞 ─ 生态系统）。62
【中学课件】免疫器官和组织
19
* 淋巴细胞再循环
淋巴细胞
（免疫细胞）
血液
毛细血管后微静脉（HEV）
淋巴循环
淋巴组织、器官
生理意义：
Байду номын сангаас
精选课件ppt
20
淋巴细胞再循环的意义: 补充新的淋巴细胞, 及时接触抗原,介导免疫应答,增强机体免疫功
能.
精选课件ppt
21
此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！ 感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！
精选课件ppt
7
外周免疫器官
淋巴结 lymph nodes 脾脏 spleen 其它淋巴组织：扁桃体、肠道集合淋巴
结、粘膜相关淋巴组织
精选课件ppt
8
淋巴结:
T, B定居 免疫应答 参与淋巴细胞再循环 过滤
精选课件ppt
9
精选课件ppt
10
脾脏:
T, B定居 免疫应答 合成某些生物活性物质 过滤
免疫器官和组织
精选课件ppt
1
免疫系统的基本组成
免疫器官 免疫细胞 免疫分子
精选课件ppt
2
免疫器官
1. 中枢免疫器官
胸腺 thymus 骨髓 Bone marrow 法氏囊 bursa of Fabricius
2. 外周免疫器官
淋巴结 lymph nodes
脾脏 spleen
其它淋巴组织：扁桃体、肠 道集合淋巴结、粘膜相关淋 巴组织
精选课件ppt
3
精选课件ppt
4
中枢免疫器官
骨髓: B细胞分化, 成熟的场所, 也是血细 胞和免疫细胞发生的场所, 体液免疫应答 发生的场所.
精选课件ppt
5
树突状 细胞
免疫系统的组织器官与细胞ppt课件-PPT课件
共同的特点：在胚胎早期出现，青春期后退化，新生动物切
除后，可造成淋巴细胞缺乏，影响免疫功能。
组成： 胸腺、骨髓、腔上囊（鸟类、家禽）
Page
3
Page
4
（一） 骨 髓（bone marrow）
功能： ⒈ 造血功能。骨髓是各种血细胞（如红细胞、粒细胞、单核细 胞）的发源地和分化成熟的场所。也是各种免疫细胞发生、 分化、成熟的场所。 ⒉ 是B细胞分化成熟的场所。
Page
19
脾脏的免疫学功能
1. 3. 免疫应答的重要场所 合成某些生物活性物质 吞噬细胞增强激素——特夫素 脾是淋巴细胞的定居地，尤其是B细胞。在免疫系统中脾脏负
2. 滤过血液(90%的血液经过脾脏）
责对血源抗原产生免疫应答。
Page
20
（三）其他外周淋巴样组织
包括皮肤淋巴组织和黏膜淋巴样组织。
淋巴结的组织结构
Page 15
（2）淋巴结的免疫学功能
1）过滤和清除异物：髓窦中的巨噬细胞有效的吞噬、清除细菌， 但对病毒、癌细胞清除能力低。
2） 产生免疫应答：实质中的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞捕获、处理
外来抗原，将抗原信息递呈给T、B淋巴细胞，使之活化，增殖 后，形成致敏的TC 、浆细胞。
Page
16
⒊ 骨髓可以缓慢持久的产生抗体，是血清抗体的主要来源，抗 体种类主要为IgG，其次为IgA。
Page 5
骨髓位于骨髓腔内，分为红骨髓和黄
骨髓。
骨髓是由骨髓基质细胞、造血干细胞 和毛细血管网构成的海绵状组织。 造血微环境：是指骨髓基质细胞及其 所分泌的细胞因子构成了造血细胞赖
以分化发育和成熟的环境。
1组织、细胞的适应(双语)234页PPT
d、收集病理标本，供教学使用
16
法医尸检
在原因不明或非自然原因(如中毒)的猝 死，以及在自身过失(自杀)或非自身过 失(如车祸)致死的情况下，尸检是法定 程序
判明死因在法律、保险以及民事赔偿 方面提供依据
17
Autopsy
为基础。
论依据。
35
36
B.Interest 兴趣
37
Observation in pathology 1. gross
38
Tubular adenocarcinoma
Breast cancer
lobar pneumonia
rheumatic myocarditis 39
Methods in pathology
49
General pathology
▪ Adaptation and injury ▪ Repair ▪ Local circulatory disturbance ▪ Inflammation ▪ Tumor
50
休息！休息！
51
Chapter 1
Adaptation and injury of cells and tissues
11
12
Tubular adenocarcinoma
Breast cancer
lobar pneumonia
rheumatic myocarditis 13
14
2、 autopsy尸体剖验（尸检）
对死亡者的遗体进行病理剖验
临床尸检 法医尸检
15
临床尸检
a、明确诊断，查明死因，提高医疗质量
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Cell
The body can be studied from its simplest to its most complex level, beginning with the cell, the basic unit of living organisms . Cells carry out metabolism, the sum of all of the physical and chemical activities that occur in the body.
Genes control the formation of enzymes, the catalysts needed for metabolic reactions. To help manufacture enzymes, the cellibonucleic acid), which is chemically related to DNA.
➢ Connective tissue supports and binds body structures. It contains fibers and other nonliving material between the cells. Included are adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
➢ Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement. There are three types of muscle tissue: • Skeletal or voluntary muscle moves the skeleton. • Cardiac muscle forms the heart. It functions without conscious control and is described as involuntary. • Smooth, or visceral muscle forms the walls of the abdominal organs; it is also involuntary.
Providing the energy for metabolic reactions is the chemical ATP (adenosine triphosphate), commonly described as the energy compound of the cell.
The main categories of organic compounds of the cell are:
➢ Sex cells (egg and sperm) divide by another process (meiosis) that halves the chromosomes in preparation for fertilization.
Tissue
Cells are organized into four basic types of tissues that perform specific functions : ➢ Epithelial tissue covers and protects body structures and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
• Lipids, which include fats. Some hormones are derived from lipids, and adipose (fat) tissue is designed to store lipids.
Within the cytoplasm that fills the cell are subunits called organelles, each with a specific function. The main cell structures are named and described as below:
The nucleus is the control region of the cell. It contains the chromosomes, which carry genetic information.
Each human cell, except for the sex cells, contains 46 chromosomes. The chromosomes are composed of a complex organic substance, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is organized into separate units called genes.
➢ When a body cell divides, by the process of mitosis, the chromosomes are doubled and then equally distributed to the two daughter cells, which is shown as below:
• Proteins, which include the enzymes, some hormones, and structural materials.
• Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches. The main carbohydrate is the sugar glucose, which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells.