英国文学Part Four The 18th Century-The Age of Enlightenment in England

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Part Four The 18th Century-The Age of Enlightenment in England

Part Four The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England 1688-1798
十八世纪
the Age of Reason
英国启蒙时期
概述
• 英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪产生的一种进步思潮。启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯 (A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔 (R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).
The Literary Background to this period
1. The contending(敌对的) factions(派别) 2. Literati(文人学士) as servants of contention: pamphlets 3. The development of social life
• 劳伦斯· 斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne, 17131768）的《项狄传》（The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy）打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意，《项狄传》被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。
1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义
2. Sentimentalism 感伤主义
• Sentimentalism indulged in emotion and sentiment. • Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason. • Thomas Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Stern, Samuel Richardson are representatives of this school.

英国文学作品名字名词解释

Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈)The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and V enice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bo ndage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations ofthe people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Sh akespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s. SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasiv e writing without “we”, “I”.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant（奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense. The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred; the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4.It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in greatcities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.28、Classicism (新古典主义)名词解释Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world，a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。

英国文学简史 (刘炳善著河南人民出版社)笔记part3-4

Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。

）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:A poetical drama.③<Areopagitica>论出版自由: as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.④<On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。

英国文学

the beginning of the 18th century: coffeehouses, to enlighten & entertain coffeehouse-goers, paper: Richard Steele(1672-1729)理查德斯梯尔理查德·斯梯尔理查德斯梯尔: The Tatler 闲谈者 Joseph Addison(1672-1719)约瑟夫艾迪生约瑟夫·艾迪生约瑟夫艾迪生: The Spectator 观察者
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
a man of extraordinary wit and extensive learning severe illness(12), weak & deformed, Roman Catholic (taught himself) He read and studied, even as a child, so furiously that he almost killed himself. His sister said,"I believe nobody ever studied so hard as my brother did. He did nothing else but write and read."
Steel's & Addison's contribution to the English literature
1. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie. 2. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th-century. 3. In the hands of Addison & Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching & story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.

英国文学史

Part One The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by ____, the Roman conqueror, came with the ____ into Britain.2. The ____ period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.3. Angles, Saxons and ____ usually known as Anglo-Saxons are the first Englishmen. Language spoken by them is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.4. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, ____ and Christian.5. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede and ________.6.Anglo-saxon conquest happened in_______.7. ____ is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.8. ____ is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English song.9. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by ____.10. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were ____, a tribe of Celts. From the Britons the island got its name of Britain,the land of Britons. The Britons were a ____ people.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. When we speak of the old English prose, the first name that comes into our minds is ____, who is the first scholar in English literatureand has been regarded as father of English learning.a. William Shakespeareb. Beowulfc. Julius Caesard. Venerable Bede2. The most important work of Alfred the Great is ____, which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. The Song of Beowulfb. The Anglo-Saxon Chroniclesc. The Ecclesiastical History of the English Peopled. Brut3. ____ is not only a prose writer but also a king of Wessex.a. Alfred the Greatb. Venerable Bedec. Adam Beded. King Arthur4. ____ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. John Donneb. George Herbertc. Caedmond. Milton5. In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the ____ poetry.a. paganb. religiousc. romanticd. sentimental6. Prose literature did not show its appearance until the ____century.a. 6thb. 7thc. 8thd. 10th7. The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the ____ century.a. 5thb. 6thc. 7thd. 8th8. Beowulf describes the exploits of a ____ hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and afire-breathing dragon.a. Denmarkb. Scandinavianc. Englandd. Norway9. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years in Britain, and in ____, all the Roman troops went back to the continent and neverreturned.a. 55 B.C.b. 78 A.D.c.400 A.Dd.410 A.D10. English literature began with the ____ settlement in England. Of old English literature, Beowulf, the national epic of the Englishpeople, is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.a. Anglo-Saxonb. Romanc. Normand. BritainIII. Explain the following terms.1. Epic2. Alliteration3. metaphorIV. Answer the following questions.1. How many groups does the old English poetry fall into? What are they?2. What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?3. What are the main incidents of the poem Beowulf?4. What are the writing features of Beowulf ?5. What is the theme of Beowulf?Part Two The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1. In the year 1066, the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of ____.2. The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English ____.3. After the ____ Conquest, feudal system was established in English society.4. By the time when England entered into feudal society, the society was divided into two classes: ____ and ____.5. The romances were usually composed for the noble, of the noble, and had nothing to do with the ____.6.The Norman Conquest brought the body of customs and ideals known as ________into England.7. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination of the romances about______.8. The border area between England and Scotland was a particular fertile soil for______.9. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry was written down and recorded in the 18th century by________.10. In English history, Robin Hood is a partly real and partly_______figure.II. Choose the best answer for each statement.1. In 1066, ____ led the Norman army to invade and defeat England.a. William the Conquerorb. Julius Caesarc. Alfred the Greatd. Claudius2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a verse romance of_______.a. over 3000 linesb. over 2000 linesc. over 1000 linesd. over 4000 lines3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the ____.a. Frenchb. Latinc. romanced. science4. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Norman spoke ____.a. Frenchb. Englishc. Latind. Swedish5. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called ____.a. Morte d’Arthurb. Robin Hoodc. The Canterbury Talesd. Piers the PlowmanIII. Explain the following terms:1. Romance2. BalladIV. Answer the following questions.1. What is the influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature?2. Make comments on the romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.3. How many groups do the great majority of the romances fall into? What are they?4. What is the most important department of English folk literature? And make comments on its most famous cycle: the Robin HoodBallads.5. Make comments on the ballad “ Get up and Bar the Door”.Part Three The Age of ChaucerI. Historical Background1 .The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453)Disputes between England and France were common. A war with France lasted, on and off, for a hundred years. It was fought entirely in France, where English bowmen defeated the heavily armed French knights in the famous battle of Crecy and Agincourt, and the whole of France were nearly fell into English hands. Eventually, however, partly through the inspiration of the brave girl Joan of Arc, and partly through the effective use of guns, which had only just been invented, the French drove the English from their country for good. England became completely severed from France.2. The peasant Uprising of 1381Mounting feudal oppression in the second half of the 14th century led to th e peasants’ revolts. The ruling class thrice passed the so-called Statutes of Labourers in parliament, stipulating that all able-bodied men and women under sixty be required to work for any one at the rate of wages fixed in 1347 or before, and those who refused to do so be arrested or declared outlaws. On top of this, heavy land-rents and enforced services were practiced as before, and consequently many peasants fled from the land to the towns while some went to forests and organized themselves as bandits o r outlaws. All these events led inevitably to the great peasant’s rising in 1381.The fourteenth century is remarkable historically for the decline of feudalism for the growth of the English national spirit during the Wars with Frances, for the prominence of the House of Commons, and for the growing power of the labouring classes.II. The Development of literatureIn the second half of the 14th century, English literature flourished after three centuries of comparative lull.The age produced five writers of note. They are William Langland who voiced the social discontent, preached the equality of men and dignity of labour ; John Wyclif, the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of the Bible; John Gower, the scholar and literary man, criticizing the social life; John Mandeville, the traveler, romancing about the wonders to be seen broad.Above all there is Chaucer. He was the representative writer of the century. Therefore, the 14th century is usually called “ The Age of Chaucer”.William Langland and His Piers the PlowmanPiers the Plowman exists in three versions. It is a long poem of 7, 000 lines. The poem describes a series of wonderful dream the author dreamed. The poem is in two distinct parts. The first contained the vision of Piers. The Second contained a series of visions called “ The Search for Dowel, Dobet, Dobest”.“Piers Plowman” is an allegory of life. In it Langland presents a vivid picture of the life in feudal England. Its artistic m erit may beshown by its portraits of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was very popular throughout the 14th century and 15th century.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)In the period of Medieval English, literature found its best expression mainly in poetry. The most famous and the greatest poet of the time was Geoffrey Chaucer, who is often called the father of English poetry.1. Chaucer’s Life ( p.11)2. His Literary CareerChaucer’s literary careers are roughly divided into three parts, corresponding to the three periods of his life.(1) The French PeriodThe Romaunt of the Rose, a translation from the French poem “ Roman de la Rose”The Book of the Duchess, Chaucer’s first important original work.(2) The Italian PeriodThe House of FameThe Assembly of FoulsTroilus and CryseydeThe Legend of Good Women(3) The English PeriodThe Canterbury Tales ------ Chaucer’s masterpiece.3. Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from the General Prologue of The Canterbury TalesThe whole work consists of a prologue and twenty-four tales. Twenty-two tales were written in verse form, two in prose form. In the prologue, the author reveals his plan for writing this work , and vividly describes the teller of each tale. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses lines of ten syllables and five accents each, and the lines run in couplets.4. The Social Significance of The Canterbury Tales(1) He is a first realistic writer. In his masterpiece, Chaucer gives us a true to life picture of the society of his time. It is Chaucer whocreated a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.(2) As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales exposes and satirizes the evilsof his time.(3) Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later as the heroic couplet. His language is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures.5. Language of The Canterbury TalesIn Chaucer’s age the English language was still divided by dialects, th ough London was rapidly making East-Midland into a standard language. Chaucer’s English was the London dialect. He is considered to be a great master of the English language, for he gre atly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary and meters.III. Literary TermAllegory : A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory isa story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous allegory in English literature is JohnBunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. Bunyan’s hero, Christian, makes s journey to the Celestial City, during which he meets such characters as Hope, Shame, and Despair.Heroic Couplet : The rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter.IV Suggested Questions1. What is the function of the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?2. What is Chaucer’s contribution to English language?3. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?Part Four The Age of English RenaissanceI. Fill in each blank.1. The Wars of the Roses (1455-85) between the House of ____ and the House of ____ struggling for the Crown continued for 30 years.2. Because of the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the King of England, hence the far-reaching movement of ____ tookplace in England, started by Henry VIII.3. The introduction of ____ to England by William Caxon (1476) brought classical works within reach of the common multitude.4. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of ____.5. In Elizabethan Period, ____ wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.6. ____ is often referred to as “the poets’ poet”.7. Spenser is generally regarded as the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. His fame is chiefly based on his masterpiece____.8. From the first half of the 16th century, ____ began to develop into a flowering of literature and then England became “a nest of singingbirds”.9. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and ____ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.10. ____ was the most gifted of the university wits. He produced in all six plays and several poems.II. Choose one or more than one suitable answers for each statement.1. The first complete English Bible was translated by _____________a. William Tyndalb. James Ic. John Wycliffed. Bishop Lancelot Andrewes2. ____was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. William Shakespearec. Philip Sidneyd. Thomas Campion3. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was ____ who made blank verse the principalvehicle of expression in drama.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Logec. Edmund Spenserd. Thomas More4. From the following, choose the one which is not Edmund Spenser’s work: ____.a. The Shepherd’s Calendarb. Epithalamionc. The Faerie Queened. Amorettie. Astrophel and Stella5. At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist ____ wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture ofthe people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.a. Thomas Moreb. Thomas Marlowec. Francis Bacond. William Shakespeare6. English Renaissance Period was an age of ____.a. prose and novelb. poetry and dramac. essays and journalsd. ballads and songs6. ____ and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the English language.a. Chaucerb. Spenserc. Shakespeared. Ben Johnson7. The keynote of the English Renaissance was _________.a. humanismb. reformationc. Enclosure movementd. realism8. Elizabethan poetry is remarkable for its variety, freshness, youthfulness and its___________.a. prosperityb. lyrical naturec. romantic feelingd. nostalgia9. __________is credited with introducing the blank verse into English poetry.a. Thomas Wyattb. Philip Sidneyc. Henry Howardd. William Shakespeare10. As a philosopher ___________is praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English materialism” because he stressed the impor tance ofexperience ,r experiment.a. Thomas Moreb. Francis Baconc. Edmund Spenserd. Philip SidneyIII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.A B1. ( ) Christopher Marlowe a. Utopia2. ( ) Shakespeare b. The Jew of Malta3. ( ) Edmund Spenser c. The Faerie Queene4. ( ) Thomas More d. The Merchant of Venice5. ( ) Henry Howard e. The Sooth Season6. ( ) Francis Bacon f. A midsummer Night’s Dream7. ( ) Hermia g. The New Instrument8. ( ) Ben Jonson h. Volpone9. ( ) Juliet i. Astrophel and Stella10 ( ) Sir Philip Sidney j Romeo and JulietIV. Explain the following terms:1. Sonnet2. Blank verse3. Spenserian stanza4. Humanism5. Renaissance6. University WitsV. Answer the following questions.1. How much do you know about English Renaissance?2. What are the characteristics of Spenser’s poetry?3.How much do you know about Thomas More’s Utopia?4 What is the writing style of Bacon’s essays?5. What features do Shakespeare’s plays possess?Part Five The Seventeenth CenturyI. Fill in each blank.1. In 1642, civil war broke out in England. The royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by ____. In 1649, Charles I wassentenced to death, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.2. The Revolution Period is also called ____, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.3. After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660; then followed the ____ period.4. In Revolution Period ____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over theMedieval Period.5 ____ wrote his masterpiece The Pilgrim’s Progress during his second imprisonment.6. ____ gives a vivid and satirical description of Vanity Fair which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.7. Paradise Lost took its material from ___________.8. The main literary form in literature of Revolution Period is _________.9. The poetry of Donne represents a sharp _____ with that written by his predecessors and contemporaries.10. In English literature, the Restoration period is traditionally called “Age of _______”.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. In 1649, ____ was beheaded. England became a commonwealth.a. James Ib. James IIc. Charles Id. Charles II2. Which was not written by Milton? ____.a. Areopagiticab. Lycidasc. L’Allegrod. Song to Celia3. The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and ____ is the real hero of the poem.a. Godb. Satanc. Adamd. Raphael4. Who is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry? ____.a. John Donneb. George Herbertc. Andrew Marwelld. Henry Vaughan5 To His Coy Mistress is one of ___’s famous poems? ____.a. John Donneb. George Herbertc. Andrew Marwelld. Richard Crashaw6. Another school of poetry prevailing in 17th century was that of ____, i.e. those verse-writers, often knights and squires, who sided withthe King against the Parliament and Puritans.a. Metaphysical Poetsb. Cavalier Poetsc. John Miltond. John Dryden7. The literature of the Revolution Period is ______the literature of the Elizabethan Period.a. different fromb. as prosperous asc. more romanticd. same as8. The poems by the Metaphysical poets are full of farfetched__________.a. humourb. satirec. conceitsd. criticism9. In The Pilgrim’s Progress , the allegorical narrative is based on the idea of _____.a. a journeyb. Christian’s dreamc. Christian’s adventuresd. a sailor10. Paradise Lost was written in_______.a. Spenserian stanzab. rhyming coupletc. blank versed. allegoryIII. Explain the following terms.1. Metaphysical poets2. Cavalier poets3. ConceitsIV. Find the relevant match for column A from column B.A B1. ( ) John Dryden a. Death Be Not Proud2. ( ) John Milton b. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy4. ( ) Andrew Marvel c. To His Coy Mistress5. ( ) John Dryden d. Lycidas Lycidas6. ( ) George Herbert e. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time7.( ) Robert Herrick f. VirtueV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabethan period and the literature of the Revolution period?2. Make a comment on the image of Satan in Paradise Lost.3. What are the features of Milton’s poetry?4. Tell the story of Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.5. What are the chief qualities of Bunyan’s style?Part Six The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandI. Fill in each blank.1. The ____ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.2. There appeared two groups of English enlighteners, one is the moderate group; the other is ____.3. ____ is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect is of great significance.4. ____ found its representative writers in the field of poetry, such as Edward Young and Thomas Gray, but it manifested itself chiefly inthe novels of Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith.5. The enlighteners believed that reason should be the only bas is of one’s thinking and action. That is why the eighteenth century inEngland has been called ____.6. Today Edward Young is chiefly remembered for his major work ____, which is a didactic poem of about ten thousand lines of blankverse in nine books.7. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, the hero Gulliver is cast upon the shore of the island of ____.8. In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and named him ____.9.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. ____ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.a. The Renaissanceb. The Enlightenmentc. The Religious Reformationd. The Chartist Movement2．. The main literary stream of the 18th century was ____. What the writers described in their works were mainly social realities.a. naturalismb. romanticismc. classicismd. realism3．. “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.”This sentence is said by ____, one of the greatest masters of English prose.a. Alexander Popeb. Henry Fieldingc. Daniel Defoed. Jonathan Swift4. As a journalist, ____ had learned how to make his reporting vivid and credible by a skillful use of circumstantial detail. This power tomake his characters alive and his stories credible is an inimitable gift.a. Joseph Addisonb. Daniel Defoec. Samuel Richardsond. Tobias Smollett5．The Enlightenment movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against ______________.a. social prejudiceb. feudalismc. superstition of religiond. romanticism6. Henry Fielding’s career as a playwright paved the way for his writing of _______.a. novelsb. poemsc. satiric playsd. songs7. The most valuable things in Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard are _________of the poet that reveal themselves soprominently in so many places of the poems.a. criticismsb. democratic sentimentsc. angry feelingsd. happy feelings8. Among the pamphlets written by Swift about Ireland, the most famous are The Drapier’s Letters a nd ___________.a. The Battle of the Booksb. A Tale of a Tubc. A Modest Proposald. Gullivers’ Travels9. “ Without contrast, there is no progression” was written by__________.a. Robert Burnsb. Oliver Goldsmithc. William Blaked. William Wordswoth10. The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties, _______, which were satirized by Jonathan Swift inhis masterpiece.a. The Whigs and the Toriesb. the senate and the house of Representativesc. the upper House and lower Housed. the House of Lords and the House of CommonsIII. Explain the following terms.1. Neo-classicism2. Realism3. Sentimentalism4. Enlightenment5. ElegyIV. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.A B1.( ) Edward Young Essay on Man2.( ) Alexander Pope The Chimney Sweeper3.( ) William Blake Nights Thoughts4.( ) Daniel Defoe My Heart’s inn the Highland5.( ) Robert Burns Captain Singleton6.( ) Henry Fielding Joseph Andrews7. ( ) Jonathan Swif t Gulliver’s travelsV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the features of Burns poetry?2. Make a comment on the image of Robinson Crusoe.3. Tell the story of the first part of Robinson Crusoe.4. Tell the story of th e first part of Gulliver’s Travels.5. How much do you know about English Enlightenment?6. What are Swift’s writing features?7. Summarize the story of Tom Jones.8. What are the features of Fielding’s novels?Part Seven The Romantic AgeI. Fill in the blanks.1. The publication of The Lyrical Ballads marked the break with classicism and the beginning of the ____.2. The greatest historical novelist ____ was produced in the Romantic Age.3 Queen Mab, Shelley’s important poem, is written in the form of a ____.4. ____’s grave bears the epitaph: “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”5. The first poem in the collection The Lyrical Ballads is ____’s masterpiece The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.5. In 1807 Byron published his lyric poems in a small V olume called Hours of Idleness. The volume was sharply attacked in the influentialEdinburgh Review. Byron responded with his first important poem, a biting satire called ____.6. ____ was expelled after only six months at Oxford, because he had written the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism.7. Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of the historical novelist ____.8. Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey is written by _________9. Wordsworth, Coleridge and_________ have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they live in the Lake District in thenorthwestern part of England.10. In looking after his brother, who died of consumption, _______was stricken with the same illness and could not marry his sweethearton account of his poverty and illness.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. The Romantic Age came to an end with the death of the last well-known romantic writer ____.a. Jane Austenb. Walter Scottc. Samuel Taylor Coleridged. William Wordsworth2. ____ was the first critic of the Romantic school.a. William Wordsworthb. Samuel Johnsonc. Samuel Taylor Coleridged. Wordsworth and Coleridge3. ____ was made poet laureate in 1813. But most of his works, accor ding to modern critics, are “the product of literary industry, not ofliterary creation.”a. Wordsworthb. Coleridgec. Robert Southeyd. Byron4. In the preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads,_________laid down the principles of romantic poetry.a. Wordsworthb. Coleridgec. Southeyd. Blake5. In 1805, William Wordsworth completed a long autobiographical poem entitled_____.a. Lucy Poemsb. Lyrical Balladsc. The Preluded. The Solitary Reaper6. It is said that the poem________ written by S.T. Coleridge was composed in a dream after the poet took the opium. But when he waswriting the lines down, a stranger interrupted him and only 54 lines survived.a. The Rime of the Ancient Marinerb. Frost at Midnight7. Compared with the Neoclassicists who emphasized features that men have in common, the Romantics emphasized the special qualitiesof each______’s mind.a. individualb. collectivec. mass d female8. The novel Pride and Prejudice mainly deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husbands, centering on the lovestory between _____and _______.a. Jane/ Bingleyb. Lydia/Wickhamc. Elizabeth/Darcyd. Jane/Darcy9. In Scott’s historical novels, historical events are closely interwoven with________.a. historical storiesb. the fates of individualsc. the ordinary peopled. the nobles10. In lamenting over John Keats’ premature death, Shelley wrote an elegy entitled_______.a. Lycidasb. Adonaisc. In Memoriamd. Prometheus UnboundIII. Explain the following terms.1. Byronic Hero2. Lake Poets3. Ode4. RomanticismIV. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.A B1. ( ) George Gordon Byron a. Endymion2. ( ) Percy Bysshe Shelley b. Don Juan3. ( ) John Keats c. To a Skylark4. ( ) Walter Scott d. She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways5. ( ) Jane Austen e. Biographia Literature6. ( ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge f. Emma7. ( ) William Wordsworth g.Rob RoyV. Answer the following questions.。

英国文学史及选读期末复习试题

英国文学史及选读试题考试科目：英国文学史及选读考试时间：120分钟使用班级：考试形式：■闭卷□开卷Ⅰ. Fill in the following blanks (1′×35=35分)1._______________ can be justly termed England’s national epic.2.In the year of _____, at the battle of _________, the Normans headed by ______ , Duke of _________, defeated the ___________ .3.________________, the “father of English poetry”and one of the greatest ______________ poets of England. The representative work of him is ____________________ .4. Renaissance means __________ and _________ .5. The key note of renaissance : _________________.6. The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of ___________ ( _______ and _________ ) and_____________.7.Thomas More was the outstanding________ at the beginning of ___ century. His wrote ____________ in 1516.8. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest____________—_________(作品)9. The highest glory of Renaissance is ______________ .10. Christopher Marlowe was one of the _____________ and made ____________ the principal vehicle of expression in____________ .11. Thomas Wyatt was the first to introduce the ___________ into English literature.12. At the end of the 16th century, the great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon wrote his famous ____________ and______________.13. William Shakespeare：Four tragedies: ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________. Four comedies: ___________ _, ___________ _, ____________, ___________ _.Shakespeare produced ____ plays, two _________ and 154 __________.14. Francis Bacon was the founder of ____________in England——Knowledge is power. He was famous for his essays: ________________.15. John Donne—_____________school, was the author of ________________ .16. John Milton was the author of ______________, _____________. The first one was written in___________. Here Paradise means “_________________ ”.17. The 18th Century—The Age of______________ in England—was distinctively an age of ____________.18. ______________ was the writer of Robinson Crusoe.19. ______________ was the writer of Gulliver’s Travels, A modest Proposal.20.______________ was the writer of _____________, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, _______________________, The Songs of Innocence.21. ______________was the writer of ________________, Auld Lang Syne.22. The Romantic Period was from _____ to _____ in England and was decidedly an age of ___________.23. Romanticism began with the publication of_________________ Lyrical Ballads, ended with __________________.24. _____________________, ___________________ and ________________were ___________(湖畔诗人).25. _____________,____________ ,______________were active romanticists (激进浪漫主义诗人).26.________________ —If winter comes, can Spring be far behind? ——Percy Bysshe _____________.27. ______________ —Beauty is truth, truth beauty.30. ______________was the writer of On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer, __________________, Ode on a Grecian Urn, __________________, Bright Star.31. ________________was the writer of Pride and Prejudice.32. _____________was the writer of Dream-Children; a Reverie, _____________________.33.The Victorian Age—______________ in England. The dominant literal genrewas ____________.34._____________ was the writer of _____________,David Copperfield, HardTimes, A Tale of Two Cities (_________ and ________), Great Expectation.35.William Makepeace Thackeray was the writer of __________________.36.George Eliot, a ___________ writer, devoted herself to ______________.37.Charlotte Bronte was the author of ______________; Emily Bronte was the writerof __________________.38.Alfred, Lord Tennyson, was regarded as the most important poet ofthe_________________.39._____________was the author of Far from Madding Crowd, The Return of theNative, The Major of Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.40.Oscar Wilde, a __________ and a ___________, was a spokesman for________________ (唯美主义).41.George Bernard Shaw was the greatest writer of ____________—afterShakespeare. He was the writer of _______________ and Mrs. Warren’s Profession.42.______________ was the writer of Sons and Lovers.43.______________ was the writer of Mrs. Dalloway.44.James Joyce was the writer of _____________.45._________________: 2007 winner of Nobel Prize for Literature.Ⅱ. Interpret the following terms. (10′×2=20分)1.The English Renaissance2.Metaphysical poetryⅢ. Answer the following questions. (15′×3=45分)1. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield?Give your reasons in brief words, pay attention to logic and precision.2. Read sonnet 18 answer the following questions.Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shinesAnd often is his gold complexion dimed;And every fair form fair sometimes declines,By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade.When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.Questions:(1)Who is the author of this sonnet?(2)Write the rhyme scheme of the poem.(3)What is the theme of the poem?(4) What kind of rhetorical devices the author adopted in the sonnet? For eachrhetorical device you list, examples from the poem must be given.3. Illustrate the political satire Jonathan Swift made in Gulliver’s Travells?。

18th Century英国文学

(4) Defoe, Richardson, Fielding, Sterne, Goldsmith & Smollet were among the major novelists of the time. By combining the allegorical tradition of the moral fables with the picaresque tradition of the lower-class stories, they achieved in their works both realism & moral teaching.
2. Neoclassicism
(1) The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which have blazed in the late Renaissance, esp. in the metaphysical poetry.
(2) It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek & Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc., and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire & Diderot.

英国文学史及选读--Part VI The 18th century 1

1. Hnt → major figures
Some of the major figures of the Enlightenment were David Hume（休姆）, Immanuel Kant（康（休姆）（德）, John Locke（洛克）, the Baron de （洛克） Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）, Jean-Jacques （孟德斯鸠） Rousseau（卢梭）, and Voltaire（伏尔泰）. The （卢梭）（伏尔泰） Encyclopédie（百科全书）of Denis Diderot（狄德（百科全书）（集中体现;成为...缩影) ...缩影罗） epitomized (集中体现;成为...缩影) the spirit of the age.
1. Historical background --- a world power
An Act of Union in 1707 joined Scotland to England and Wales. Britain became a world power, an empire on which the sun never set. But it also changed internally. The world seemed different in 1785. A sense of new, expanding possibilities — as well as modern problems — transformed the daily life of the British people, and offered them fresh ways of thinking about their relations to nature and to each other. Hence literature had to adapt to circumstances for which there was no precedent.

英国文学史

一．Beowulf地位：The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and it’s hero Beowulf----one of the national heroes of the English people.特点：1. Alliteration（头韵） 2. Metaphor（隐喻） 3. Understatement(描述) 二．Norman Conquest 源起（Scandinavian, defeat the Anglo-saxons）The French-speaking Normans lead by Duke William in 1066.文学：The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.Anglo-Saxon Literature1.Poetry(epic) as the earliest genre of literature.Norman periodRomanceA.The most prevailing kind of literature of the Anglo-Norman period.B.Long composition, sometimes in verse/prose(诗节/散文)C.The central character (A knight)D.Theme (Adventure or tournaments of a knight)E.Chivalry (骑士制度)三．Geoffrey Chaucer“the farther of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of English.A.Life2.born in a wealthy family and good education background.3.connections with the court and nobility.4.1386，he was elected member of parliament, the same year he was dismissed.5.Died and was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1400Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the 14th century.代表作：The Canterbury Tales is one of the landmarks of English Literature.Historical Contribution:1.Middle English2.Making the dialect of Landon the standard for the modern English3.Establishing English as the literary language of the country.4.Paving the way for the literature of English四．The Renaissance(文艺复兴)Francis Bacon ----the great English scientist and philosopher. He was the founder of the English materialist philosophy and modern science.生平：He was the noble birth, attracted to the court. At 16 he took up law. when James I came to England, Bacon proffered his services and his advice, and received a knighthood. Between 1612 and 1621, he rose through a succession of stages. In 1626 he died.作品：1. Philosophy：Advancement of learning(学术的推进) New Instrument（新工具）2. professional：Maxims of the Law(法律格言)3. essays：（随笔）五．Thomas More (The outstanding humanist) utopia（乌托邦）He was a prose writer in the England Renaissance1. A great humanist and far-sighted thinker.2. A learned scholar, an expert of Latin.3. A forerunner of social theory.六．莎士比亚1.四大悲剧Hamlet（哈姆雷特）假装发疯掩饰内心不安，窥视新国王一举一动Othello（奥赛罗）担任威尼斯军统的统帅Othello，听信部下的谣言杀死妻子，真相大白后自杀追随其妻。

18世纪的英国文学

Chapter 4 The 18th Century (1688-1798)The Age of ; The Age ofⅠ. H istorical Background1. Political stability: The Glorious Revolution of 1688; constitutional monarchy2. The Industrial Revolution: The Enclosure Movement; overseas expansionII. Cultural BackgroundEnlightenment Movement- A progressive throughout Western Europe in the 18th century- An expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism- The enlighteners celebrated or rationality, equality and science.- They advocated , the chief means for bettering the society.- The representative enlighteners in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.III. The 18th-century Literature:Neoclassicism- The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.- Addison, Steele, Pope, Samuel Johnson- They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. Page 128The realistic novel- The achievement in the 18th-century English literature.- It reflects and praises the bourgeois ideas, values and their heroic deeds.- Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry FieldingThe pre-romantic poetry- William Blake; Robert BurnsAlexander Pope (1688-1744)His life:His major works:1. Essay on Criticism: a poem written in heroic couplets dealing with the theories of literature in general and poetry in particularMany lines from this poem have become proverbial maxims:“For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.”“To err is human, to forgive, divine.”“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”2. Essay on Man: a poem in heroic couplets, consisting of four letters“One truth is clear, whatever is, is right.”3. The Dunciad: a satirical poem in 4 books, Pope’s4. The Rape of Lock: a satirical poem satirizing the foolish, meaningless life of the high society.Comments on Pope:1. the most important representative of the English2. became so perfect in that no one has been able to approach himDaniel Defoe (1660-1731)His life:His major works:–Robinson Crusoe–Moll Flanders: Page 149Robinson CrusoeGenre: a novelSetting: an uninhabited island on the AtlanticCharacters:Crusoe: a sailor, a merchant, a plantation owner and a slave traderFriday: a “savage” whom Crusoe rescuesPlot: Page 151On the voyage to Africa to buy slaves he met with shipwreck. Then he found himself cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He decided to stay there and managed the life for himself. First of all, he got back to the ship and took some food and clothes and a few guns. In order to protect himself he built a shelter. Then he grew crops, domesticated goats and fought against savages coming from the neighboring islands. Later he rescued one savage from death and named him Friday, who became his faithful servant. In the hope of returning to Europe, he built a boat. Finally an English ship came and took him to Europe. Thus Robinson Crusoe ended his twenty-eight-year life on the island.Themes:–man’s struggle against natu re–glorifies human laborThe character of Robinson:–a typical 18th-century English middle class hero–the very prototype of theSpecial Features–anti-feudal realistic writer–His stories are all real concerns of his time: people in their struggle to overcome the natural or social environment.–adopted the autobiographical form and made full use of his long trained journalistic skill by describing things in great detail and by using specific time and space–a plain, smooth, easy, direct, and almost colloquial languageJonathan Swift (1667-1745)His life:His major works:A Modest Proposal–A satire on the terrible oppression and exploitation of the English ruling class towards the Irish people–suggested to the Irish people that the best way to end their misery was to produce children and sell them at one year old at market as delicious food for the English nobles.Gulliver's TravelsImportance: Swift’s masterpieceGenre: his greatest satiric prose in four partsPart I. Travels in Lilliput ; Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. Travels in the flying island of Laputa; Part IV. Travels in the HouyhnhnmsConclusion:It is one of the most effective criticisms and statires of all aspects in the then English and European life —socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally. Comments on Swift:1. A master satirist2. one of the greatest masters of English prose–defined a good style as “proper words in proper places”–unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct and precise proseHenry Fielding (1707-1754)His masterpiece: The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingComments on Fielding:He has been regarded as “Father of the English Novel” because he was the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)–The author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman—A Dictionary of the English Language (1755).Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)–The only important English dramatist of the 18th century–His masterpiece: The School for ScandalThomas Gray (1716-1771): the leading figure of the Graveyard SchoolHis masterpiece:Elegy Written on a Country Churchyard (1751): Gray’s best representative work of graveyard poetryWilliam Blake (1757-1827)Major Works:Songs of Innocence (1789): A collection of lyric poems about the poet’s delight in life, love for the beauty ofthe world, belief in the goodness of nature, presenting a happy and innocent world Songs of Experience (1794): A collection of lyric poems about evils in the world, the loss of imagination, the hell of experience, the counterpart of the first oneRobert Burns (1759-1796)The national poet of ScotlandFamous poems:Auld Lang Syne: an old Scottish folk song aboutA Red, Red Rose: a very popular poemA Red, Red RoseO, my luve is like a red, red rose,Rhetoric:That's newly sprung in June.O, my luve is like the melodie,Rhetoric:That's sweetly play'd in tune.Rhetoric:As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, Rhetoric:So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a' the seas gang dry,Rhetoric:Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, Rhetoric:And the rocks melt wi' the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o' life shall run. Rhetoric:And fare thee weel, my only luve,And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my luve,Tho' it were ten thousand mile!1. Structural beauty: written in the form, consisting of four quatrains.2. Musical rhythm and rhyme:3. Artistic beauty: Language: simplicity, directness, vividness, optimismRhetoric:different rhetoric devicesContent:4. The poet employed various phrases to refer to his lover, such as my luve, my bonnie lass, my dear, my onlyLuve. What is the effect of using such various expressions?。

英国文学史 18th Century

IV. Novel
1. The novel as a genre prospered not only in the practice, but also in the theory of the craft. 2. The writers developed the realistic method of presentation and brought story-telling infinitely closer to the real life. 3. In characterization, the novelists of the period tried to approximate the behavior of the people of flesh and blood.
c. his well-known works: Essay on Criticism (1711), 《论批评》论批评》 The Rape of the Lock (1712), 《秀发劫》秀发劫》 the translation of Iliad (1715-1720), The Dunciad (1743), 《群愚史诗》群愚史诗》 Essay on Man (1733), 《论人》论人》 An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735), 致阿巴思诺特医生书》《致阿巴思诺特医生书》
III. Poetry
1. neoclassicism A. The basic features of neoclassicism a. frequent allusions and references to Greek and Roman mythology and to ancient writers and historians b. predilection for abstractions and excessive use of personifications

英美文学第四部分--十八世纪英国文学

II. The Enlightenment Movement
• The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement that flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at that time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15 th & 16 th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to “eternal truth”, “eternal justice” and “natural equality. ” They believed that if the masses were well educated, there would be greater chance for a democratic human society.

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。

英国文学史

Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1.The Making of Englanda. The Roman Conquestb. The English Conquestc. The Norman Conquest2. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3. Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the sameconsonant sound.4. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. The romances were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble (由贵族供养的).5.Two department of English literature: the romance and the ballad.6.Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟)a.He was the founder of English poetry. He died in 1400 and was buried in WestminsterAbbey(西敏寺)，thus founding the“Poets’ Corner.” (诗人角)b.《The Canterbury Tales》●The whole poem is a collection of 24 independent stories.●The host of the inn is the judge of the story-telling contest.●24 stories are divided into groups: marriage, religious belief, scholarship, status ofwomen●Prologue/introduction is the summary.●Story-tellers are from different ranks and professions. It provide an overall pictureof British life.c.His contribution●Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a masterof word-pictures.●He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially therhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (英雄双行体)to English poetryinstead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.●Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modernEnglish speech.Part Two: The English Renaissance1.The Authorized V ersion was sometimes called the King James Bible.2.Renaissance:The Renaissance or the rebirth of art and literature is an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.4.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞《The Faerie Queene》仙后5. Francis Bacon is an essayist6. Drama: the miracle play, the morality play, the interlude, the classical drama.7.Christopher Marlowe was the most gifted of the "university wits".8.Marlowe's three plays: 《Tamburlaine》greed for power《The Jew of Malta》for wealth《Doctor Faustus》for knowledge9.William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616.10.Shakespeare's plays:The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love's Labour's Lost 爱的徒劳A Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of V enice 威尼斯商人Hamlet 哈姆雷特Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门The winter's Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨11.The principal idea of historical plays is the necessity for national unity under one king.12. The melancholy of Hamlet:●The keynote of Hamlet's character is melancholy, but his melancholy is not thenegative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habitof mind.●What Hamlet seeks is not only his personal revenge but also the great responsibility inreforming the world as a whole. But to realize his ideal in his own time is beyond him.This and this only, is the cause of Hamlet's profound melancholy and his delay inrevenge.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolutionton 《Paradise Lost》2.The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, bymysticism in content and fantasticality in form. (P116)Part Four: The Eighteenth Century1.Enlightenment (启蒙运动)The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2.Classicism(古典主义)The classicists upheld reason, law and order.3.Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:●Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.●They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century●In the hands of Steele and Addison, the English essay had completely established itself asa literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they usheredin the dawn of modern English novel4.Swift:《Gulliver’s Travels（格利弗游记）》《A Modest Proposal（一个温柔的建议）》5.Defoe:《Robinson Crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）》6.Richardson:《Pamela（帕美拉）》(the first English psycho-analytical novel)He was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.7.《Pamela（帕美拉）》was a new thing in three ways:●It discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroicromances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people●Its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction●It described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secretthoughts and feelings.8.Samuel Johnson:《Johnson’s Dictionary(1755)》●It marked an epoch in the study of the English language●It marked the end of English writer s’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support9.Sentimentalism (感伤主义)By the middle of 18th century, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance. It came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the human heart”.10. Compare: 《Songs of Innocence (1789)（天真之歌）》and 《Songs of Experience (1794)（经验之歌）》P197●视角：SI was written from the eyes of children, while SE was a much more mature workwhich was written from the eyes of adults●内容：SI mainly describes the nature, such as the sun, the hills, the streams the insectsand the flowers as well as the innocence of the child and the lamb. SE draws pictures ofneediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable●主题：SI shows a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. SE brought a fuller sense ofthe power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life.Part 5: Romanticism in England1.Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, theromanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of Capitalism. But owning to difference in social and political attitudes, they spilt into two schools: escapist romanticists (Wordsworth 华兹华斯, Coleridge柯勒律支and Southey骚赛) and active romanticists (Byron拜伦, Shelley雪莱and Keats济慈). (P211)2.William Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the 《Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集)》. Hebased his own potential principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”所有好的诗歌都是强烈情感的自然流露(P213)3.Coleridge’s best poem: 《The rime of the ancient Mariner》4.Keats四大颂歌《Ode to Autumn(秋月颂)》《Ode on Melancholy(忧郁颂)》《Ode on a Grecian(希腊古翁颂)》《Ode to a Nightingale(夜莺颂)》5.Charles Lamb:《Tales from Shakespeare》《The essay of Elia》mb was a romanticist, seeking a free expression of his own personality and weavingromance into the daily life. But his romanticism is different from that of Wordsworth.Wordsworth was the romanticist of nature, and Lamb the romanticist of city. While Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes, Lamb’s imagination was fired with the busy life of London.(P258)Part Six: English Critical Realism1.English Critical Realisma.English Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point.b.With striking force and truthfulness, English critical realist creates pictures of bourgeoiscivilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. They hold a critical attitude to the society.c.The critical realists laid bare the cruelty hypocrisy of the capitalists.d.They also paid sympathy for the working class by showing their misery sufferings etc.2.Dickens’s Novelsa. the first period:The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿b. the second period:American Notes 访美札记Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔c. the third period:Bleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时事A Tale of Two CitiesGreat Expectations 远大前程3.Thackeray 萨克雷——V anity Fair 名利场p303Jane Austen——《Sense and Sensibility》《Emma》《Pride and Prejudice》The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte——《Jane Eyre》Emily——《Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄》（哥特式小说horror）AnneMrs. Gaskell 盖斯凯尔夫人——《Mary Barton（玛丽巴顿）》（Mary Barton is still a realisticnovel giving a picture of the class struggle in the period of Chartism）George Eliot 爱略特——《Adam Bede（亚当比德）》《The Mill on the Floss（弗洛斯河上的磨坊）》Part Seven: Prose-writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19thCentury1.Naturalism 自然主义Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half oh the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “trueto life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details of life without any selection.Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”.Naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism.2.Aestheticism 唯美主义Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The aestheticists declared the theory of “art for art’s sake” that art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself, trying to separate art from real life, paid little attention to its social and moral obligations.(Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde 卡明斯王尔德)（艺术的自足论自足体autonomy）Part Eight: 20th Century English Literature1. Joseph Conrad (康拉德)：one of the most original novelists of early 20th century, was a Pole bybirth.——《Heart of Darkness（黑暗的心脏）》《Lord Jim (吉姆老爷)》Henry James: “stream of consciousness”意识流的创始人——《Daisy Miller（黛西米勒）》《The Ambassadors（使者）》Thomas Hardy——《Tess of the D’Urbervilles （德伯家的苔丝）》2. ModernismModernism in English literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique in writing. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.wrence 劳伦斯——《Sons and Lovers》《Women in Love》《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》James Joyce乔伊斯——《Dubliners》《Ulysses》《Finnegans》Virginia Woolf沃尔芙——《To the Lighthouse（去灯塔）》《The Waves（海浪）》《ARoom of One’s Own（一个自己的房间）》（女性主义）W.B.Y eats (诗人)T.S.Eliot 艾略特(诗人理论家) ——《The Waste Land（荒原）》《Four Quartets（四个四重奏）》Tradition and the Individual Talent 传统和个人才能。

18世纪英国文学史

Drama
comedies; satirize the upper middle class; the best playwrights Sheridan
Neoclassicism
Last decades of the 17th to the early of the 18th Modelled Greek and Latin authors Stress on order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste major exponents of the neoclassical school: John Dryden and Alexander Pope.
Literature
Neoclassicist poetry
. Led by Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson Mock epics, literary criticism, satires
Prose
Satire : Jonathan Swift’s “Proposal” Journalism/Periodicals : Steels and Addison’s literary journals
Economically
Industrial Revolution, the 1st powerful industrial country continued to expand its colonies
Ideologically: Under the influence of scientific discoveries ( Galileo,Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.

英国文学史及选读Part VI The 18th century 1PPT课件

❖ The Glorious Revolution of 1688 firmly established a Protestant monarchy together with effective rule by Parliament. With a weak ruler and the belief that true power rested in the hands of the leading ministers, the two factions of politics stepped up their opposition to each other, and Whig（辉格党） and Tory （托利党）were at each others' throats.
I. Historical background --- political
writings
❖ The literature of the age was at times dominated by the interests of the contending factions. Both parties were looking for writers who could best give voice to their policies. Most of the great writers were, on occasion, the willing servants of the Whigs or the Tories, or hack writers (受人雇用的穷文人), or “Grub Street writers” for many of them lived on Grub Street.
1. Historical background --- newspapers →essays

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