英语论文：外来语对英语词汇的影响(规范英文版)
浅谈中西文化差异对词汇表达的影响论文
浅谈中西文化差异对词汇表达的影响摘要：语言是社会的产物，文化的载体。
通过对比词汇在中、英两种语言文化背景下反映在涵义、日常生活、称呼、社交礼节、性别、感情色彩等方面的差异,探讨英语词汇教学中如何融文化知识于语言中，提高词汇教学的效率，达到词汇教学的真正目的。
关键词：文化差异英语词汇词汇教学Abstract :Language is a product of society，the carrier of culture. By comparing the vocabulary both in English and Chinese ,language and culture reflects the context of the meaning of daily life，address，social etiquette，gender，emotional coloring and other differences ,how to finance the teaching of English vocabulary and cultural knowledge in language，to improve the efficiency of teaching vocabulary and achieve the objective of teaching vocabulary.Key words：culture difference English vocabulary the teaching of vocabulary.1、引言语言是文化的载体，词汇是文化信息的浓缩，是语言的重要组成部分，它反映着文化的发展和变化（胡文仲，1999）。
每个社会都有它观察社会的独特方式，这种方式必然反映于语言，而词是语句的基本单位（陆国强，1983），通常所说的话都是由一个个词构成。
“brother”一词，含义极广，即“哥哥；弟弟”，而中文要表示同样的意思则要用“哥哥”、“弟弟”两个词语来表示。
英语论文：外来语对英语词汇的影响(规范英文版)
学期论文题目The Influence Of Loan Words On English Vocabulary外来语对英语词汇的影响学院名称外国语学院指导教师……职称讲师班级10级英语02班学号……学生姓名……2011年5月24日AbstractEnglish has become an international language because of its simplicity and richness. Its tolerance and flexibility make it a substantial absorption of loan words, and thus has great vitality. Loan words have greatly enriched the English language, which makes the English expressions more vivid and appropriate. As a result, it occupies a pivotal position in English. This article intends to analyze the influence of loan words on English vocabulary from the origins and types of the loan words in English.Key words: loan words; origin; type; vocabulary; influence摘要英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。
它的宽容和灵活性, 使它大量吸收外来词汇, 从而具有了顽强的生命力。
外来词汇极大地丰富了英语, 使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切, 因此，在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位, 本文拟从外来语的来源和类型来分析外来语对英语词汇的影响。
词汇学论文
英语的发展这学期我们学习了词汇学这门课程，从这门课程的学习中我了解了英语发展的历史。
从这门课的学习中，我知道了英语语言的历史发展可以分为三个阶段，分别是：古英语（Old English），中世纪英语（Middle English）和现代英语（Modern English）。
(一) 古英语时期 (Old English Period, 450-1150)。
有记载的英语语言起始于449年，当时包括央格鲁－撒克逊人（Angles-Saxons）在内的德国部落入侵大不列颠。
他们把原来的居民凯尔特人（the Celts）赶到不列颠的北部和西部角落。
凯尔特人的领袖King Arthur带领部队勇敢作战，英勇抗击德国入侵者。
这之后在不列颠岛上央格鲁人、撒克逊人和一些德国部落都说着各自的英语。
尽管85％的古英语词汇现在已经不再使用，但一些常用词汇如：child, foot, house, man, sun等等还是保留下来。
和现代英语相比，古英语中的外来词很少，但派生词缀较多。
古英语中还有较多描述性的复合词。
如“音乐”是earsport；“世界”是age of man。
在著名的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）中对此有详尽描述。
这是最早居住在不列颠(Britain) 的民族塞尔特人所说的塞尔特语(Celtic)，他们虽然最早到英国，但留下来的事迹不多，现在威尔斯、苏格兰高地仍有人说塞尔特语。
公元前43年凯撒大帝征服不列颠，罗马人统治不列颠人，同时也将当时罗马人使用的拉丁语传入，但并未被一般老百姓采用。
公元410年罗马帝国自英国撤离，这时，来自英国北方的皮刺人 (Picts) 和苏格兰人分别从南部和西北侵扰，不列颠无力抵抗，只好求救于往昔经常困扰罗马军队的日耳曼人。
根据大英民族编年史的记载，日耳曼民族于公元449年在英格兰登陆，将日耳曼语带到英国，而发展成现在的英语，因此，英语是属于印欧语系Indo-European 日耳曼语族的语言。
跨文化交际背景下英语对汉语词汇的影响分析
跨文化交际背景下英语对汉语词汇的影响分析1. 引言1.1 跨文化交际背景下英语对汉语词汇的影响分析As languages evolve and interact with each other, English has directly affected Chinese vocabulary through loanwords and borrowings. The influx of English terms has enriched and diversified the Chinese lexicon, providing new ways to express concepts and ideas. Indirectly, English has influenced Chinese vocabulary through cultural exchanges and technological advancements, shaping the way Chinese speakers communicate and interact with the world.2. 正文2.1 英语对汉语词汇的直接影响一些专业名词和新兴行业的术语也常常直接借用英语词汇。
网络、IT、金融等领域的术语几乎都是直接从英语中借词而来的。
这些词汇的引入，不仅满足了交流和沟通的需求，还促进了中外文化的互相交流和融合。
英语对汉语词汇的直接影响还体现在一些日常用语和口语中。
“有戏”、“酷”、“赞”等这些新词的流行也是受到英语文化影响的结果。
这些词汇的流行使得汉语更加生动活泼，更富有时代感，也更贴近年轻人的生活和思维方式。
英语对汉语词汇的直接影响丰富了汉语的表达方式，丰富了汉语的内涵，同时也为中外文化的交流搭建了桥梁。
这种现象既体现了跨文化交际的必然性，也促进了语言的发展和繁荣。
2.2 英语对汉语词汇的间接影响英语的间接影响还表现在汉语词汇的语言风格和表达方式上。
研究影响英语词汇语义变化的因素
研究影响英语词汇语义变化的因素摘要：这篇论文的目的是分析影响英语词汇语义变化的因素。
其原因是多种多样的。
本文试图从词汇的角度阐释在不同的方面，词的语义变化，为何会发生词的语义变化。
语义变化的原因是什么? 这篇文章主要介绍影响因素的两个方面：语外因素和语内因素。
语外因素包括历史因素，阶级因素，心理因素，社会因素。
语内因素包括词义扩大，词义缩小，褒义化，贬义化。
关键词：英语词汇；语内因素；语外因素Abstract: This articler aims to analyze the influential factors that effect the semantic change of the English vocabulary. The reasons are various. From a lexical perspective，this paper analyzes the semantic change of words in different respects as why semantic change of words happens. What factors that influence the semantic change? This article mainly introduces two aspects of the factors: extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors. Extra-linguistic factors contain historical factors, class factors, psychological factors, social factors. Linguistic factors consist of generalization, specialization, amelioration, pejoration, transference.Key words: English vocabulary; internal-linguistic factor; extra-linguistic factor0. 引言众所周知，人类社会在不断转变，语言作为人类交流和表达思想的工具也在发生变化。
外来语对英语的影响
The Effect of Loanwords on the English Language1. IntroductionEnglish has experienced a long history. Also，it has a large amount of vocabulary, while among them, there are lots of loanwords. Loanwords play a very important in English’s development. En glish has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek. The paper illustrates how the English language borrows words from other languages and how foreign languages affect the English language. The paper will also discuss the American English. Hope that readers can know more about loanwords and their effect by the paper.2. The origin of EnglishEngland is an island nation and this made English a production of a series of national migration and conquers. The formation of England nation is a process of integration between Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other nations. During the process of integration, England suffered a lot especially the invasion of other nations. In a word, the development and “sufferings” of the Engl ish language are extraordinary. It was a blending of blood and fire. The England nation experienced seven invasions during its language development. The seven times’ ethnic fusion promoted the formation of English and also made the language integrate a variety of other languages. Among them, the Roman Conquest happed in 1981 had the greatest impact on English’s development. It not only conquered the land of England and established a feudal system in England but also changed Angles and Saxons language and their ways of thinking. The loanwords made English spread easily because other nations can find something about their culture in English easily. All of these made English a widely used and easy understand language.Besides, during English’s development, l oanwords played an essential role. The absorption of foreign words in English can be divided into three periods: Anglo-Saxon period (Old English period), Middle English period and Modern English period. Among them, the Modern English period can be divided into Early Modern English period (The Renaissance) and Postmodern English period. [1]During the Old English period, with the Angles, Saxons and Jutes occupied England and settled down in there, their languages replaced the original inhabitants’ language and became the source language of English. Only a little of the language of the original inhabitants (Celtics) was reserved. Most of them are some place names, such as London. At that time, there are only fifty or sixty thousand words in old English. From 9th century to 10th century, part of Northern Europe Scandinavian (Danes mainly) invaded and settled down in England. Though they gave up their language at last, but inevitable, Scandinavian influenced the English by leaving a number of words in English. It included some personal pronouns, such as they, them and also many words begin with [sk], for example, scrape, skirt, skin and so on. This is the first time that English influenced by loanwords; while in the meantime, the real impact came from Latin. It was due to the King Alfred who was crazy about building schools and churches. He invited some pastors from Rome to teach him Latin, and was active in religious activities. He also made a significant contribution to the literature. All of these made there are many borrowed words from Latin in Old English. Most of them are related to religion and can still be found in today’s English, such as disciple, candle, priest and temple.At the early Middle English period, the Normans who speak French conquered the British Isles and ruled England in the following three centuries. From that time, French permeated all aspects of England and was widely used in every field. The use of their native language was limited. Even there were still little words from Latin; most of the words were from French. For example, the vocabulary related to laws and government departments: judge, justice, government, state; and those related to military affairs: conquer, victory; and also some related to religious affairs, clothing, food, arts, literature, science: sermon, confess; coat, dress; pork; beauty; chapter, poet; surgeon and so on.In early Modern English period, especially during the Renaissance, Latin, Greek, Italian and other languages have greatly promoted the development of English. In the meantime, a large number of Latin words came into English and most of them are academic vocabulary, such as: education, palm, science. At the same time, there aresome Greek words came into English and most of them are related to literature and science, such as: drama, comedy and physics. The words from Italian are mainly related to music, art and architecture, such as: concert, piano; model; dome, piazza. In Postmodern English period, the time of late 19th century and early 20th century, the communication of language and culture between different countries was more and more frequent. Because the English became the diplomatic language and International language after World WarⅡ, the speed of borrow words from other nations slowed down. However, loanwords were still an important factor of the development of English.3. Reasons of borrowingFrom the origin of English we can know that other nation’s invations played an important role in English’s development. Besides the invations, the world warⅡalso played an significant role in the language’s development. After world warⅡ, the speed of absorption of loanwords is faster than before. In conclusion, invations and wars played an irreplaceable part in the formation and development of English. One reason of absorption is the language invation of the ruling class and the other is culture communication with other nations.4. Methods of loanwords’ absorptionThe primary method of loanwords’ absorption is borrowing and the borrowing of words is a result of contact of different kinds of languages. The contact of language has two forms: one is direct contact of people who speak different language and the other is by cultural communication. The former one usually linked to military conquest and the latter is linked to the differences of living environment, life experiences, and customs and so on. The absorption ways of loanwords include direct borrowing and indirect borrowing.4.1. Direct borrowingDirect borrowing means borrow the loanwords’ spelling and mea ning at the same time, that’s to say, some words entered English without distortion. For example, climax, major were borrowed directly from Latin and design, violin, volcano wereborrowed directly from Italian.4.2. Indirect borrowingIndirect borrowing means that loanwords are converted before they enter English. It includes four situations, the first is remove or change the suffix of the loanwords; the second is loanblending, this is mainly the plus or minus and the blending of affix and root; the third situation is loantranslation which means translate every morpheme of loanwords into coordinate morpheme in English; the last is loanshifting which just use the meaning of loanwords but the form of the words is still English. By these four indirect borrowing methods, English borrowed a sea of words from other languages. This, on one hand, enriches and develops the vocabulary of English and on the other hand, it also caused a huge impact on native English.[2]5. The influences of loanwordsThe loanwords not only enrich the vocabulary of English, but also have an influence on pronunciation, meaning and grammar.5.1. Influence on VocabularyA large number of English vocabularies come from the Latin. The influence of Latin on English has a long history, and the primary reason is that Germanic tribe was affected by Roman Culture. As a result, the Latin was introduced to English. After the Norman Conquest, French was widely introduced to English. The influence of French on English is irreplaceable. In the middle of 19th century, with the development of technology, England opens the door of China. This made a lot of things which they didn’t know before come to their world. Eventually, a sea of new words appeared in English. For example, tea, wontan, longan, typhoon. All in all, the influence on vocabulary made the English more vivid and made it easier for English to describe things more correctly.5.2. Influence on pronunciationIn this part, French has the largest influence on Modern English. Generally, the word stress falls on the first syllable, while after the introduction of French; it remainsthe French characteristic that the stress falls on the last syllable, such as ho’tel, ma’chine, and fi’nance. Besides, in Old English, there is no distinct difference between consonant [f] and [v]；After the entrance of French, [v] became a single phoneme.5.3. Influence on meaningDue to a large number of borrowed words, some loanwords are overlapped with the native English words. Therefore, a lot of words with same pronunciations or forms but different meanings turned up in English. For example, fair means “charming, cute” in native English, while in Latin it means “regular market”. Meanwhile, there are many synon yms in English, for example, “might” and “power”, “know” and “perceive” all have the same meaning. In general, native English words (Anglo-Saxon words) are the most colloquial in all; French words tend to be more solemn and gentle; Latin words are tend to be written words.[3] Synonyms it possible for English to describe more exactly.5.4. Influence on grammarThe influence of loanwords on English grammar mainly reflects on morphology and syntax.The influence on morphology mainly reflects on affix. There are many kinds of affix in English, such as suffix “-ation”and prefix “sub-” or some other affix like “anti-” “-nik”, all of them are borrowed from other language. Also, loanwords Due to the influence of foreign language, there is a great change in the structure of sentence in English. Some sentences are longer than before, for example, people usually use “the which”, “to the which”, “for the which” to introduce a new clause. Besides, French and Latin also had an important effect on English syntax. Before the absorption of French, there is no so much post adjectives in English.6. American EnglishAmerican English is developed on the basis of British English from 17th century. It is a combination of multi-ethnic languages of the United States and draws many useful elements from the Indian and the languages of the Continent. Then AmericanEnglish developed into a unique language. America is a country with more freedom in creation and communication, the environment for language’s absorption is more convenient. Nowadays, with the high development of its economy, politics, technology and other aspects, American English plays a leading role in the development of English. Thus, when we are learning English, American English is a necessary part for us. And we also have to realize the large influence of loanwords had on American English.7. ConclusionThe development of English has experienced a long history. As we all know, English plays a significant role in international communication and is a universal language used widely all over the world. Having a general idea about loanwords during the studying of English is important for us, since it plays such a significant role in English. From the paper, we can find out that loanwords have an influence on every aspect of English. Thus, it is better for us to have a rough knowledge of loanwords when we are studying English. Hope the paper can help you develop a general idea of loanwords.Bibliography:[1]张韵斐．现代英语词汇学概论．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1987．[2]胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福．语言学教程．北京：北京大学出版社，1988．[3]杨自俭，李瑞华．英汉对比研究论文集．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1900．[4]Henry Cecil Wyld. The Growth of English. London:John Murry 1970.[5]Evance, Ifor, A shorty History of English Literature. Penguin Books Ltd London:1978.。
外来词对英语的影响
[摘要]纵观英语的整个历史发展过程, 英语始终受到外来语的影响。
本文拟从英语词汇入手,分析外来语影响英语的主要方式及其对英语语音、构词、语义、语法等方面的影响。
一、引言英语中拥有大量来自其他语言的外来词。
据统计,在两万个英语常用词中,外来词约占五分之三。
这种情况和英语发展的历史条件是分不开的。
从英语的整个历史发展过程来看, 英语始终受到外来语的影响。
本文拟从英语词汇着手,分析影响英语的几种主要语言对英语的影响方式及其对英语词汇、语音、构词、语义、语法等方面的影响进行讨论,从而使读者更好地理解和掌握英语中的外来词及其历史背景。
二、吸收外来语的时间及原因纵观英语的发展史,我们可以知道, 英语起源于大约五世纪时由欧洲大陆迁入英伦三岛的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人说的日尔曼语的三种西部方言。
从那时即从盎格鲁———撒克逊时期的古英语到现代英语的整个历史发展过程中英语都受到各种外来语的影响,尤其是受到拉丁语、法语及其他欧洲语言的影响更为厉害。
特别是第二次世界大战后, 英语吸收外来词的速度比以往任何时候都更加迅速了。
英语词汇从古英语时期的五、六万到现在的一百多万,成了世界上所有语言中词汇量最大的语言。
而外来的吸收不但丰富发展了英语的词汇量,同是也使得英语变得更加灵活,资源更加丰富。
英语吸收外来词主要可以分为三个时期:即盎格鲁撒克逊时期、中世纪英语时期和现代英语时期。
其中现代英语时期又可分为早期现代英语时期(即文艺复兴时期)和后现代英语时期。
在盎格鲁撒克逊时期,由于盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了英格兰并定居下来,他们的语言取代了原有居民的语言成了英语最初的源语言,而原著民凯尔特人的语言只保留少数,主要是一些地名,如: London , the ThamesRiver and Ben Nevis。
在此期间,古英语的词汇只有大约五、六万个单词,从9 到10 世纪时,欧洲北部的一部分斯堪的纳维亚人(主要是丹表人)入侵并定居下来。
谈外来语对英语词汇的影响
谈外来语对英语词汇的影响上传: 陈娟更新时间：2014-1-3 16:54:47浅谈外来语对英语词汇的影响陈娟摘要语言是社会发展的产物，任何一种语言都是从最原始的状态走向成熟的，英语作为一种国际化的语言，在几千年的历史长河中，随着社会文明的不断进步和全球的一体化，它必定在不同时期受到不同外来语对它的词汇的影响。
例如，在古英语时期的凯尔特语、拉丁语、古诺斯语等分别从战争、贸易、酿酒等方面对英语产生一定的影响，而在中期英语时期，诺曼底征服后法语对英语各个领域，如：政府、宗教、医药、科学等方面也产生了深远的影响。
现代英语时期的印第安语将北美独特的自然风景及环境中的不同事物融入到了英语中。
所以说任何一种语言在不同时期都会受到不同语言对它的影响，只有各民族语言的融合，语言才能更好的为社会及整个世界服务。
关键词：外来语；词汇；影响引言：现今，英语作为全球化国际语言中的一种，通过探讨其一路发展历程中外来语对它的语言方面的影响及其改变，我们能更好地认识到，在上百种语系中的某一语言（英语）为什么会脱颖而出成为国际语言。
一、古英语时期（公元450年—公元1500年）古英语的词汇比较纯，绝大部分是来自日尔曼语，但它并不是百分之百的纯，它也吸收了一小部分外来语。
这些外来语有三个来源：一个是来自被盎格鲁-撒克逊人征服了的原先居住在不列颠岛的凯尔特人的语言；另一个是来自罗马商人和传教士说的拉丁语；第三个是来自九、十世纪侵略不列颠的斯堪的纳维亚人说的语言。
〈一〉凯尔特语公元前750年，凯尔特部落为了寻找一片空地，他们来到了英格兰。
5世纪中期，来自日耳曼族的盎格鲁-撒克逊人定居在英格兰。
他们打败了凯尔特人并把他们赶到了威尔士或苏格兰山区。
此时，凯尔特语对英语词汇的影响主要表现在:①区域性的地名:Kent ，Devon ，Cumber等；②城市的名称:Dove，London，Yoke，Leeds，Carlisle，Glou(cester)，Ex(eter)，Win(chester)，Wor(chester) ，Solis(burg)等；③河流的名字:Avon ，Esk ，Ouse ，Stour，Thames ，Wye等。
外来文化对英语词汇的影响
外来文化对英语词汇的作用与影响1With the rapid development of globalization, the influence of foreign cultures on English vocabulary has become increasingly prominent. Foreign cultures have brought both positive and negative effects to English vocabulary.On the positive side, the introduction of words from other languages has greatly enriched the English language. For instance, from Chinese, we have "kung fu" and "dim sum" entering the English vocabulary. These words not only add diversity but also provide a window for English speakers to understand different cultures. Similarly, words from French, such as "rendezvous" and "cuisine", have added elegance and sophistication to the language.However, there are also negative aspects. The excessive influx of foreign words may cause confusion and difficulties in understanding for some people. For example, when encountering unfamiliar words like "schadenfreude" from German, which means taking pleasure in others' misfortune, it might pose challenges for comprehension, especially for those who are not well-versed in multiple languages.In conclusion, while foreign cultures have undoubtedly enhanced the English vocabulary, we need to strike a balance to ensure effectivecommunication and comprehension. We should embrace the positive contributions while also being cautious of the potential obstacles they may bring.2The influence and role of foreign cultures on English vocabulary are profound and multi-faceted. The integration of words from other languages has significantly enriched the English language. Take, for instance, words like 'cuisine' from French, which has expanded the range of expressions related to cooking in English. 'Ballet', another French borrowing, has added a specific and sophisticated term for a particular form of dance.This infusion of foreign words has not only enhanced the descriptive power of English but also reflects the cultural exchanges and interactions among different nations. It showcases the openness and adaptability of the English language to incorporate elements from diverse sources.However, this phenomenon also poses challenges to the purism of the English language. Some argue that an excessive influx of foreign words might dilute the essence and integrity of the language. It could potentially lead to confusion or a loss of a distinct linguistic identity.Yet, looking at the broader picture, language evolution is an inevitable process. As the world becomes more interconnected, the borrowing of words is likely to continue. It is crucial to strike a balance between preserving the core characteristics of a language and embracing thebenefits of foreign influences. Only through such a delicate equilibrium can the English language continue to thrive and evolve in a dynamic global context.3The influence and role of foreign cultures on English vocabulary are undeniable and highly significant. Foreign words have seamlessly integrated into the English language, enriching its expressiveness and diversity. Take, for instance, words borrowed from Japanese like 'karaoke' and'sushi' which have become common in our daily conversations and are widely recognized and used. These words not only add flavor to the language but also reflect the cultural exchange and globalization.In various professional fields, the influx of foreign vocabulary is even more prominent. In the field of technology, terms such as 'Bluetooth' and 'Wi-Fi' have become integral parts of our technological lexicon. Such borrowings facilitate communication and knowledge sharing in specific domains.However, the extensive adoption of foreign words may lead to potential language confusion. Some people might not be familiar with these borrowed terms, causing misunderstandings in communication. For example, in certain specialized areas, the abundance of foreign jargon could pose barriers for those who are not experts in that field.To strike a balance, we should embrace the positive contributions offoreign cultures to English vocabulary while also being cautious of the possible confusion. We need to promote proper understanding and usage of these borrowed words to ensure effective communication and the continued evolution of the language in a harmonious way.4Throughout history and in the contemporary world, foreign cultures have played a significant and profound role in shaping the English vocabulary. The influence of foreign cultures on English words can be traced back to the ancient Roman period. During this time, many Latin words were adopted into the English language, laying a solid foundation for its development. For instance, words like "status," "data," and "bonus" originated from Latin and have become an integral part of the English lexicon.In modern times, with the rapid development of the Internet and global communication, the English language has witnessed a new wave of influence from various cultures. Words borrowed from different languages due to the popularity of online culture are constantly enriching the English vocabulary. Take the word "yoga" from Sanskrit or "sushi" from Japanese as examples. These words not only add to the diversity of English but also reflect the cultural exchanges and integration in the globalized era.The infusion of foreign words into English is not a random process but is driven by various factors. Cultural exchanges, trade, andtechnological advancements all contribute to this phenomenon. It enables English to remain dynamic and adaptive, allowing it to better express the complex and diverse concepts of the modern world. However, this also poses challenges, such as the need for learners to have a broader cultural understanding to grasp the true meanings of these borrowed words.In conclusion, the impact of foreign cultures on English vocabulary is both undeniable and far-reaching. It is a testament to the openness and inclusiveness of the English language, as well as the ever-changing nature of human communication and cultural interaction.5The impact and role of foreign cultures on English vocabulary are a complex and multi-faceted issue that demands a balanced and insightful examination. Take, for instance, words borrowed from German like 'kindergarten' and 'zeitgeist' that have seamlessly integrated into the English language. These additions have enriched the language, allowing for more precise and nuanced expressions.On one hand, the infusion of foreign words broadens the lexical repertoire of English, facilitating communication in various fields and enabling a more comprehensive description of concepts and ideas. It reflects the openness and adaptability of the language to the evolving global context.However, the influx of foreign vocabulary also poses certainchallenges. It might lead to confusion or dilution of the language's core identity if not managed properly. To maintain the vitality and stability of English, a combination of measures is necessary.Firstly, language institutions and educational systems should play a proactive role in providing clear guidelines and explanations for the usage of borrowed words. This helps learners understand the context and nuances associated with them. Secondly, efforts should be made to strike a balance between accepting new words and preserving the integrity of traditional English vocabulary.In conclusion, while foreign cultures have undoubtedly had a significant influence on English vocabulary, through careful regulation and education, we can ensure that the language continues to thrive and evolve in a positive and coherent manner.。
英语中的外来语简析
毕业论文题目:英语中的外来语简析专业：英语班级：04英语本科二班学生姓名：指导教师：英语中的外来语简析[Abstract]Through stating the ways how we are borrowing words from foreign languages and the factors which influence absorption of borrowing words and so on,the article mainly explain and discuss the position of the borrowed words within English and other problems.Firstly introducing the definitionof borrowed word,secondly elaborating its development,the focus is that I describe its contact with French,then summerize its connectionas with other languages, as well as the mutual influence that they brought to each other,.With the present condition of economic globalization and international exchanges,I emphasize the importance of penetration of the borrowed words. The borrowed words reflect different cultural links,which enrich the English vocabulary and make English more international.[Key words]Foreign language,English,Influence,Economic globalization,Cross-cultural exchanges.【摘要】外来语是外来语言被固有语言文化改造后的结果。
是什么影响了英语单词的拼写
是什么影响了英语单词的拼写？1、外来语的影响对英语拼写影响较大的三种语言是希腊语（多数词汇通过拉丁语间接进入英语）、拉丁语（英语80%的词汇直接或间接来源于拉丁语）和法语。
1）希腊语：英语中保留了一些典型的希腊语拼法，如发音为/k/的ch组合（chemistry、orchestra等等，因为ch在希腊语中是一个字母，h表示是送气音）、词首的rh组合（rhyme、rhetoric等等，因为希腊语中与英语r对应的字母在词首必须有送气音标志）、ps组合（psychology、psychiatrist等等，因为ps在希腊语中是一个字母）、mn组合（mnemonic 等等）。
此外，部分英语词汇的词尾单复数均遵循希腊语规则，如on→a（phenomenon / phenomena、criterion / criteria）、is→es（crisis / crises、thesis / theses ）的变化。
2）拉丁语：拉丁语对英语拼写的影响非常巨大，我们在3-6条还要涉及到，这里主要介绍对英语词尾的影响。
以-us（如alumnus）、-a（如alga）、-um（如referendum、datum）等结尾的很多英语词汇都源于拉丁语，因而在变复数时遵循拉丁语的规则：us→i（alumni）、a→ae（algae）、um→a（referenda、data）等等。
3）法语：英语中有相当多的法语词汇。
它们在拼写方面的麻烦主要有两个：一是词尾的辅音不发音，如debris中的s，buffet（n.）中的t，等等，记忆的时候必须注意；二是不符合英语发音规则，如chef中的ch，regime中的g，等等。
此外，法语单词的特色结尾需要记住，如-aire（questionnaire）、-ette（omelette）、-eau（beau）。
4）美国英语对古典语言拼写的处理：美国英语与英国英语在拼写方面的很多不同都是因为两者对古典语言拼写的处理不同。
英语外来语的形成及其影响-精选教育文档
英语外来语的形成及其影响一、引言现代英语经过长期发展，已成为世界上流传最广的语言。
据来自英国文化委员会所作的名为“ English2000 ”的大型调查 : 全球以英语为母语者三亿五千万，以英语为第二语言和外语并能流利使用者四亿五千万，英语在七十多个国家为官方或半官方语言，这些国家总人口达十四亿，全世界的英语学习者估计会超过十亿，全球四分之三的邮件用英语书写，全球三分之二的科学家能读懂英文资料，全球百分之八十的电子信息用英文储存，全世界网站的百分之七十八为英语网站。
英语的重要特点之一是其灵活性和多样性。
英语之所以是世界上词汇最丰富的语种，正是因为它不仅善于接受和吸收外来语词，而且还善于接受和吸收外民族语言的习惯和文化概念。
其接受外来词并改造成为本族语词的能力特别强。
这些基本特点是现代英语借入外来语词无限潜在力的根据之一。
二、背景英格兰民族形成的过程也是盎格鲁 - 撒克逊人与外族融合的过程，当然这种融合是血与火的代价，在这一过程中，英语民族遭受了七次外族入侵 : ( 一) 公元前 4000 年，伊比利亚人( Iberians) 从地中海来到不列颠并定居下来，他们被称作不列吞人 (Britons)，其语言情况已无从考证。
( 二)公元前2500年来到不列颠的比克人(Beaker Folk)至今唯一留给历史学家的是在索尔兹伯里平原(Soltsbury Plain)上的圆形巨石柱群( Stonehenge) ，留给语言学家的则是一串迷惑。
( 三 ) 如今有迹可循的最早的外来民族是凯尔特人 (Celts) ，他们是今天英国少数民族盖尔人 ( Gales) 的祖先。
( 四) 公元 43 年至 410 年的罗马征服(Roman Conquest) 不仅在不列颠留下了罗马大道和哈得良长城(Hadrian Walls) ，也给英语留下了最初的拉丁语痕迹。
( 五 ) 而英格兰人的祖先，公元 449 年从欧洲大陆到来的盎格鲁―撒克逊人则标志着英语的开端。
浅析拉丁语对英语词汇的影响(英文版)
Analysis of the influence on English VocabularyEnglish is now the world's most extensive scope of application of a language, how toTo quickly and flexibly to master this language, is that many people struggling target. Engaged in EnglishLanguage teaching for many years the author thinks, learning and the accumulation of words is the first step. But in theThe learning process, we will have a lot of questions, for example: why such as English VocabularyThis complex, why so many foreign words, synonyms, why so rich in spelling Why so complicated and so on. The study found that, English vocabulary by part of the familyLanguage, many Latin, French and Greek language word composition.The Latin accounted for the largest proportion, in the 5000 most commonly used words, there are47% sources of latin. Therefore, to really master English, one should first understand the LatinIn the development of English in the role.Filed in Latin, a lot of people will feel strange. In fact, the Latin right in my Their life, only because we are learning English when exposed to passOften take it as English. As we often see such word: a.m.( AM), p.m ( PM), No ( number article ... ), cup ( cup ),Candle ( candle ), oil ( oil ), mile ( miles ), street (street ), pear( pear ), history ( History), picture ( picture ), plum ( Mei ), quiet ( ANNStatic ), polite ( polite ) ... To see this, you may be surprised, these areLatin! So, how is the Latin into English?Latin is the world's most ancient language, because produce in Europe the halfThe island is named lacZ region. Along with the ancient Rome Empire, Latin. Ring beyond Italy, spread to the whole of Europe, Western Asia and North africa. And the local languageWord combination, gradually divided into Italian, French, Spanish, portuguese, The language of Provence and Romania. Latin spoken disappeared, but the writtenLanguages are retained, such as in Europe, there are many famous writers, written in Latin.As modern medicine; it is also the important tool of science and biology of language, such as drug nameWord, anatomy nouns and zoology and botany noun nouns in Latin life Name; the medical profession to formal Latin prescription for international exchange;" the Bible" is alsoWritten in latin一Latin into English Vocabulary( a ) the Latin in Europe so prevalent, and the shape and number of letters in the English alphabetWith the very similar, so it in English in the development of the influence is The inevitable. On English vocabulary, grammar, composition structure and other aspects of pronunciationHave a significant positive impact, especially in the most profound influence on vocabulary.( two) relative to the Latin English is a kind of new language, vocabulary has Limit. The inherent word deriving many ability is weaker, not even derived ability, thisLimits the expansion effect of English vocabulary, English expression ability. The English vocabulary has25% from Latin, in medical English in Latin as many as 75%, in modern EnglishLanguage commonly used vocabulary alone has more than ten thousand Latin words. In these singleWord, some comes from a Latin word ( such as: Latin: ser NUS EngLish: serene ), some are without change and directly uses (such as: Latin: L. Rva- English : larva ), thus, the vast majority of English vocabulary from Latin Evolved. With so many English loanwords, it enriched the originalThe boring English word world.( three) the English linguists many Latin study found,Latin influence in English can be divided into four periods:In 1, the first phase of borrowed wordsThis period refers to the period in mainland, namely the early Anglo-Saxon in Britain had been settled. At the time of their tribe in continental Europe, often with the RomansThere is a trade and other contacts. The Romans said the unique things in some Latin wordsCome into the Germanic languages. There are household names, such as Beet ( sugar beet ), cup ( cup ), dish ( disc ), kettle ( pot), pillow ( pillow ); there isSaid plant nouns, such as pear ( pear ), plum ( Mei ), turnip ( carrot ),Pepper ( pepper ); and street (street ), wall ( wall), colony ( ColonialThe ground), wine ( wine ), oil ( oil ), vinegar ( vinegar ), mule ( a, pound ) ( LB), ounce ( English ).2, second issue of borrowed wordsThe Old English period. Rome Christian in AD 597 years landed in BritainIslands. The missionaries in the missionary at the same time, the Latin words in religion broughtThe English people, these words are mostly associated with religion or religious rituals: Angel ( angel ),Creed (teachings ), disciple ( disciples), mass ( mass ), the monk ( monk ), nun ( nun ), Pope ( Bishop ), priest (Priest ), altar ( altar), shrine(Shrine ), chapter ( Priest ), organ ( organ ), candle ( candle ). But early English has absorbed a large number of foreign language habits, still with native language vocabularyLord.3, third issue of borrowed wordsThe Middle English period. In this period, especially from 14 to fifteenth Century,Latin words into english. These words related to law, theology, literature, Medicine, science and other fields. From Middle English can be seen as follows some EnglishWords: abject ( poor ), adjacent ( adjacent ), allegory ( allegory),Conspiracy ( plot), contempt (defiance ), custody ( detention ), distract( dispersion ), equivalent ( equal ), frustrate ( defeat ), Genius ( genius ), Gesture ( posture), history ( History), homicide ( homicide), immune ( exempt The ), incarnate ( reflected ), include ( including ), incredible ( not to be trusted The ), Incubus ( burden ), incumbent ( obligatory ), index( index ), individual ( personal ), infancy (babies ), inferior ( inferiorThe ), infinite ( unlimited ), innumerable (numerous ), intellect ( Science and Intelligence), interrupt ( interrupt ), juniper ( juniper ), legal ( Law),Legitimate ( legal), limbo ( the edge of hell ), lunatic ( insanityThe ), magnify ( amplification ), malefactor ( criminal ), mechanical ( machinery The ), mediator ( mediator ), minor ( smaller ), Missal ( MOD Missal )Erate ( moderate), necessary ( necessary ), nervous (neural ), notary( notary ), ornate ( decorative ), Pauper (poor ), picture ( paintingPiece of ), polite ( polite ), popular ( public ), prevent ( prevent ), pri -Vate ( private ), project ( Engineering ), promote ( promoted ), prosecute( completelyThe prosecution ), prosody ( prosody ), quiet ( silent ), rational ( rationalThe ), reject ( refuse ), remit ( forgiveness ), script ( handwriting ), Scripture ( handRelease), secular ( secular ), simile ( simile ), solar ( sun ), solitary( alone), spacious ( broad ), submit ( Gwinnett ), subscribe ( signAgency ), substitute ( instead), summary ( Abstract ), supplicate ( request ), Suppress (suppressed ), temperate ( moderate ), temporal ( temporary ), Testify ( certificate), tract ( a ), tributary ( tributary), ulcer ( ulcer ), Zen -Ith ( zenith ), zephyr ( West ). " Oxford big dictionary" put these words are listed Is borrowed directly from latin.4, fourth issue of borrowed wordsThe modern English period, is also after the renaissance. At the time of HumanismThose keen on ancient Greece and Luo Wenhua's research, the present translation of LatinInto English, so that many Latin words into english. Classical languages ( Latin Language, Greek ) and classical literature has become the main content of the education. From sixteenth CenturyBy eighteenth Century, writers, scientists have used Latin writing papers, such as the Bacon( Francis Bacon ), n ( Isaac Newton ) works like this.Here we can just give some examples: Education ( education ),Dedicate ( dedication, sacrifice ), esteem ( respect ), benevolent ( kind ), Enterprise ( business ), studious ( Academic ), endeavor ( hard ), protest( protest ), reproach ( blame ), malignity ( malicious ) and represents the abstract conceptRead the word; tuberculosis ( TB ), angina ( sore throat ), furuncle ( furuncle Sores ), advocate ( defender ), appeal (appeal ), civil ( Civil ), jurist( Law ) and other natural sciences and social sciences . ". According to" Oxford The data dictionary", in Renaissance into English foreign words ten thousand More than two thousand, most European languages in English vocabulary belongs to the international compositionThe word originates from the Latin word for a group of all. These words are mostly academic vocabulary,For example, represents the abstract concept of word and term of science and technology.二Have a look on from the formation of Latin influence in English( a ) the English words is generally made of roots, prefixes and suffixes. Root It is a core of a word, usually do not change the basic meaning of the word, containing. It isThe basic word, derived from this new words also have some common sense. Affixes in root before or after, as the root to add certain significance.( two) in English common Latin prefixes are: per -- ( a, each )- person; con -- ( common ) - contract, dis - (; -- apart, from) -Dissection, extra -- (; outside, over ) - extraordinary im -- -( to make ... ) impression; inter -- ( in the ... Between) - Internation -Al; multi --, ( much ) - multiply; op -- ( inverse, reverse, reverse ) - oppose; Post --, (post) - postwar; pre --, ( first, before) - prehistory;The re -- (, and ) - reaction, recall; super --, ( super ) - Super -Market, superstar; tri -- ( three ) - triangle; Bi -- ( two, double )- bicycle, bilingual etc..( three) suffix in roots, and root adds new meaning. InIn English, the most common Latin suffix: -- - able-eatable, vegeta -Ble; -- Al animal -- ent; accident; -- IC epidemIC; -- ist socialist -- ism; socialism; -- or docTor; -- sion-permission -- ous-dangerous, serious; -- -Ure-picture, future, culture; captive; -- ive-native, -- ize- organize, -- ible-visible, modernize; responsible; -- ment- experiment, -- movement; - ity-reality, -- ar-solar -- -Sure-treasure, measure -- ive-motive and so on.( four) hybrid words is a special case of the English word formation. From Latin prefix, afterCompose and root with English prefix, suffix and root connected, form new words, extensionWide formation channel, enlarge vocabulary. Such as: biweekly-bi -- week-ly ( doubleWeekly, biweekly); aeroplane-aero -- plane ( airplane ), aero isLatin roots; plane is the English roots.Learning vocabulary and language learning other components, can be different fromIn the perspective of. Synchronic linguistics ( synchronic linguistics ) and diachronic languageLinguistics ( Diachronic Linguistics ) is two kinds of different methods. SynchronicLinguistic research in a certain period, diachronic linguistics studies the evolution of languageDevelopment. This two ways despite the research approach is different, but complementary photographInto nineteenth Century; linguistic research results mainly in the former, since twentieth CenturyMost of the achievements in the latter. We are learning English vocabulary easily understand itThe development process of English vocabulary, picture more clear understanding, on theMany puzzling phenomenon to find the answers.。
英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)
英语是当今国际性最强的语言。
对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。
英语是当今国际性最强的语言。
在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。
对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。
一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。
要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。
不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。
公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。
这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。
直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。
随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。
语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。
一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。
13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。
盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。
由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。
据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。
古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。
第一件事是基督教传人英国。
浅谈英语词汇中的外来语单词
浅谈英语词汇中的外来语单词摘要词汇是语言的基本元素，而外来语单词更是构成现代英语所不可或缺的重要组成部分，在上千年的发展历程中，占着举足轻重的地位。
本文通过对英语词汇中外来单词的来源进行研究，以古希腊语，拉丁语和汉语为例，探讨英语发展历程中外来语对英语词汇方面的影响以及改变，进一步论述外来语对英语的重要性。
了解和研究外来词，有助于学习者准确把握词汇的深刻内涵，恰当运用英语词汇进行内容广泛的各种交际活动。
关键词：英语词汇；外来语；古希腊语；拉丁语和汉语AbstractV ocabulary is the basic element of language, and foreign language words more constitutes an important part indispensable in modern English, in the course of development for thousands of years, occupies a pivotal position. Based on the study of the sources of foreign words in English vocabulary, in Greek, Latin and Chinese for example, discussion influence of development of English Loanwords in the English vocabulary and change, further discusses the importance of English loanwords. The understanding and study of loanwords, help learners to accurately grasp the profound connotation of vocabulary, the proper use of English vocabulary of various communicative activities widely.Key words；English vocabulary；Loan words Ancient Greek ；Latin and Chinese一、引言作为世界上最受欢迎的通用语言——英语，有着上千年的文化底蕴和内涵。
分析英语外来语的主要组成部分及对英语的影响
摘要: 英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。
它的宽容和灵活性, 使它大量吸收外来词汇, 从而具有了顽强的生命力。
外来词汇极大地丰富了英语, 使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切, 并且对英语的使用方法也产生了很大影响。
本文重点介绍几种英语外来语的来源及对英语使用方法产生的影响。
关键词: 国际化宽容灵活性外来语影响外来语在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位, 本文将从几个方面分析英语外来语的主要组成部分及对英语的影响。
1 对英语产生重要影响的几种欧洲语言英语作为日耳曼语言的一个分支, 它首先接触了古罗马文明与基督教, 吸纳了大量拉丁语词; 又由于拉丁语的媒介作用引入大量希腊语; 接着由于法国诺曼底人的征服, 大量的法语因而涌入; 到了文艺复兴时期, 受意大利文学影响, 又引进了大量意大利语; 直至近代, 更有多种语言被吸收, 如汉语、日语等。
1.1 从拉丁语和希腊语引入的外来语及对英语的影响拉丁语外来语在不同时期进入英语词汇中。
在盎格鲁和撒克逊入侵英国前, 拉丁语就已被引进英语词汇中了。
公元597 年罗马天主教被引进英国, 拉丁语对英语产生了更为深刻的影响,并成为英语外来语中的最大组成部分。
这些词主要是宗教、家庭生活、食品、贸易和军事活动等词汇。
这些早期的借用词多数已经消亡了, 幸存的有: disciple (耶稣的十二门徒之一), hymn (圣歌), martyr (殉教者), nun (修女), 还有经过变形的, 如ancor (anchor),flasce (flask)等。
来自拉丁语的名词和英语的用法有很大不同, 因此对英语的使用规则也产生了一些影响, 丰富了英语词汇。
它们通常有以下四种使用情况:①以“- us”结尾,变复数时,将“- us”变为“- i”。
例如: nucleus- - - nuclei(核,核子), focus - - - foci (焦距), fungus - - - fungi (菌),alumnus - - - alumni (男校友)等。
论汉语对英语词汇的影响(英文版)
A research on how Chinese impact on English vocabularyLi LongAbstract:With the development of China’s national stre ngth,Chinese is more and more popular in English-speak ing countries.As a result,a lot of new English words wer e created.Why Chinese can influence English vocabulary and in what way does it influence English are my topic. Key words:reasons,new English words,Chinese,influen ce English has borrowed words from more than fifty lan guages in the course of its development.There are a larg e number of English words that borrowed from Greek,L atin and French.Nowadays,another powerful language i s exerting a profound influence on English vocabulary.Th at is our mother tongue,Chinese.The article tries to und ertake at this point shallow wanted analysis and evaluati on.Reasons why Chinese can influences English Vocabu lary English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch o f the Indo-European family.In ancient time,it is rather di fficult for Chinese to influence English vocabulary.But no w,thanks to economic globalization,Chinese is increasing the number of new English words.1.The development of China’s national strength. With the development of economy,china’s international status has enhanced a lot.Chinese is more and more use d in different areas such as international trade,politics a nd so on.An increasing number of English speakers are g etting used to Chinglish.For example,“one country tw o system”is such a new English word which means“一国两制”in Chinese.2.The uniqueness of Chinese.China has an extensive history,spanning several thousan ds of years.A lotof ancient Chinese is difficult to be translated into Englis h.So a lot of proper nouns are created.Such as Confucia nism Four Books and Five Classics.3.A worldwide fever in learning Chinese.As Chinese is becoming a popular subject,people want l earn more about present-day china through the learning Chinese.English needs to adopt new words to meet the needs of situation.For instance,“Confucius Institute”. The way Chinese impact on English vocabularyThe new English words that are created by Chinese relate to various aspects of life.Chinglish is more and mo re popular in English-speaking countries.1.DietChinese food culture is extensive and profound.Foreigne rs love Chinese food.So there are many English words ab out Chinese food.The most typical one is“tofu”.Wha t’s more,Kung Pao Chicken’Buddha skipping wall and lar ge meatball are the newest English words.2.PoliticsChina is a socialist country.We have China-specific aspe ct system of government.So a lot of new English words have been created to indicate Chinese politics.For instan ce,three represents theory’peaceful rising’family contra ct responsibility systemand the four modernizations. 3.Chinese ancient cultureThis kind of new English words is mainly about ancient cl assical works.Confucian analects’Menci and Beijing oper a are all typical examples.Without doubt,there are a large number of such new words.In short,Chinese is pr omoting the increase of English vocabulary.SummaryBoth Chinese and English are extensive used all ove r the world.The mutual influence of both is durative and complicated.The contribution to theEnglish vocabulary of Chinese is obvious to all.。
英语词汇在日常生活中对现代汉语的影响学位论文
AbstractThe Chinese market is opening to the world continuously after the reform and opening up. The culture of China is blossoming all over the world but with the impact from the foreign culture. The words which are often used include a lot of foreign words in daily life, especially the English loan-words. These words not only enrich the Chinese vocabulary but also enhance the expression of Chinese.This paper mainly analyzes the English loan-words in daily life. Chinese people believe that food is the paramount necessity of the people. The influence of the English loan-words of the diet is the most extensive. The development of science and technology creates the Information Age. Because of the extensive range, the Internet words are so popular among young people. This paper will list a series of the diet loan-words and the Internet loan-words to make people know about them deeply. The most important point of this paper is that the influencing ways of English vocabulary on Chinese vocabulary. By studying the ways, people are convinced of the rules of the English loan-words better. Finally, the point that people should have a correct attitude towards this kind of social phenomenon is put out by the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this influence。
外来词对英语的影响2
CHINESE OF HUMANITYVol. 5 No. 6 2008[ABSTRACT]]A Study on Poetry Teaching for English Majors Wang Qiao-li; He Ke-yu, Department of ForeignLanguages, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China Read and Write Periodica,vol.5,No.6,23,2008(ISSN1672 -1578,in,Chinese)Abstract：As an important part of English teaching for English majors, poetry teaching plays a significant rolein enhancing students’language ability and appreciation of literature. However, deficiencies of the traditionalteaching method hold in students’ interest, thus, new approaches must be applied to poetry teaching.Key words：recitation;comparative method;adaptation; translation and imitationTentative Exploration of Oral English Teaching Chen Juan, English department, Xingtai university,Xingtai, Hebei, 054001, China Read and Write Periodica,vol.5,No.6,26,2008(ISSN1672 -1578,in,Chinese)Abstract: With the coming of Olympic Games in Beijingand the rapid development of information, oral English has become more and more important in 21th century. By probing into the present oral English’s teaching mode, the authorof this paper aims to improve the quality of oral English teaching.Key words:oral English teaching;element;formulaicspeech;testThe Problems and Discussion on Autonomic Extracurricular Study of ListeningChen Qi,Liao Xiu,Foreign Languages Department, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China Read and Write Periodica,vol.5,No.6,30,2008 (ISSN1672 -1578,in,Chinese)Abstract:On the basis of a survey about some students’learning situation of listening, the article concludes the problems on students’ study in listening class. Then, according to the problems pointed out, teacher’s different roles in listening class are discussed.Key Words:inquisition;listening class;teacher’s roles Discussion of Oral Test in China’s Higher Vocational Institute by Analyzing BECChen Shoujie, Hunan Vocational College of Commerce,Changsha, Hunan ,410005, China Read and Write Periodica, vol.5,No.6,32,2008(ISSN1672 -1578,in,Chinese)Abstract:By analyzing the form and the scoring methodof BEC, the current situation of oral test in China’s higher vocational institute and its causes, the paper states briefly about the design principle of the oraltest, talks about the oral test system in high vocational institute from five aspects as designing effective test question types, making scientific scoring method, building oral examination question bank, training qualified examiners, and developing or making use of multi-media technology.Key words: oral test; form; scoring methodImpact of English Borrowed Words on English VocabularyKong Hongxiao, College of Foreign Languages, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China Read and Write Periodica,vol.5,No.6,37,2008(ISSN1672 -1578,in,Chinese) Abstract：The English vocabulary is about more than 1 million. It is characterized by a mixture of native words and borrowed words. About 80% of them are borrowed words. Borrowed words have a great effect on English language. The English vocabulary has replenished itself bycontinually taking over words from other language over the centuries. This paper, first, discusses the relation between English vocabulary and borrowed words. Secondly, it shows that borrowed words have a great effect on early English, old English, middle English and modern English. A conclusion is thus drawn: An important reason why English now still has strong life is that English has been good at absorbing new element.Key words: English; borrowed words; impactOn Enhancement of Japanese Listening ComprehensionBy Wu Xiangshu, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zejiang, 312000,.China Read andWrite Periodica,vol.5,No.6,48,2008 (ISSN1672 -1578,in, Chinese)Abstract:Among the four basic skills, listening, speaking,reading and writing in leaning a foreign language, listening is considered playing a dominant role with the fact that as much as 40% to 50% of the daily communication depends on it. For this reason, how to enhance students’listening comprehension is fundamental in cultivatingstudents’ communicating abilities. This paper analyzes the factors involved in Japanese listening comprehension and concludes some suggestions for a better teaching and learning of the Japanese language.Key words:Japanese listening comprehension; teaching methods; strategies。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
学期论文题目The Influence Of Loan Words On English Vocabulary外来语对英语词汇的影响学院名称外国语学院指导教师……职称讲师班级10级英语02班学号……学生姓名……2011年5月24日AbstractEnglish has become an international language because of its simplicity and richness. Its tolerance and flexibility make it a substantial absorption of loan words, and thus has great vitality. Loan words have greatly enriched the English language, which makes the English expressions more vivid and appropriate. As a result, it occupies a pivotal position in English. This article intends to analyze the influence of loan words on English vocabulary from the origins and types of the loan words in English.Key words: loan words; origin; type; vocabulary; influence摘要英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。
它的宽容和灵活性, 使它大量吸收外来词汇, 从而具有了顽强的生命力。
外来词汇极大地丰富了英语, 使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切, 因此，在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位, 本文拟从外来语的来源和类型来分析外来语对英语词汇的影响。
关键词：外来语；来源；类型；词汇；影响Contents1. Introduction (1)2.The Origin of Loan Words in E nglish (1)1.1The loan words from Latin (1)1.2The loan words from Greece (1)1.3The loan words from French (2)1.4The loan words from Chinese (3)1.5The loan words from Japanese (3)3.The Main Types of Loan Words in English (4)4.The Influence of Loan Words on English V ocabulary (4)4.1The influence of Latin loan words (4)4.2The influence of Greek loan words (5)4.3The influence of French loan words (5)4.4The influence of Chinese loan words (6)4.5The influence of Japanese loan words (6)5Conclusion (6)Bibliography (7)1. IntroductionBecause of political, economic and cultural exchanges as well as military, technological and other factors, a national language into another nation, result in the loan words. Today the world’s main language, without exception, have loan words component, which is one of the language development process, it can be said that no one language is a purely national character (马学良, 1997). Borrowed from one language to another language’s content, its main purpose seems to be twofold: (1) to expand and absorb new content and the meaning of the concept that not in the original language; (2) to reflect the contents of the new things more accurately, vividly and visually. Any language has the loan words exist, and the number of loan words, especially in English, as many as this is a rare phenomenon in the world language. According to the Oxford Dictionary, as the international language, English totally has more than 100 million entries, in which loan words are over 50 million, loan words made up almost half the English. Shows that the loan words in English have a pivotal position, they have a great impact on English vocabulary, mastering the loan words has great help in learning English.（曾传生，1997）2. The Origin of Loan Words in English2.1 The loan words from LatinLatin loan words were absorbed the English vocabulary at different times. Before the Anglo-Saxon invaded to England, Latin had been worked in English vocabulary. AD 597 Roman Catholicism was brought to Britain (於奇, 1999), Latin had more profound impact to English and become the largest component of English foreign language (Thomas Pyles, 1971). These words are mainly religious, family life, food, trade and military activities vocabulary. Most of these early loan words have disappeared, surviving words are: disciple (one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus), hymn, martyr, nun, and after deformation, such as: ancor (anchor), flasce (flask), and so on.2.2 The loan words from GreeceBecause Greek culture as early as the Roman culture, many Greek words were borrowed into Latin, the same as English vocabulary. Among them, mostly are Technologyterminology and Medical terminology. Such as: cardiology, hepatitis, heliosis, heliotherapy, stethoscope, and so on. People is not only borrow Greek word from Greek directly, but also more is borrowed the Greek word prefix and suffix. Because a few dozen words can often be derived from one prefix or suffix (方梦之, 2004). At present, the Greek prefix with borrowed English words constitute a kind of new concept, expression is common.(1) Common borrowed from the Greek prefix are: anti-, geo-, hydro-, micro-, poly-, psycho-, tele-, auto-, holo-, homo-, etc. (2) Commonly derived from the Greek suffix are: -gy, -meter, -graph, -phone, -scope, etc (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.3 The loan words from FrenchBritain and France in the geographically are separated by only English Channel. Since ancient times, close contacts between the countries and begin to introduce France (於奇, 1999). In medieval English period, about more than 10,000 France words were introduced to English directly, in which 75% are still used). For instance,(1) The loan words relevant of government and administrative management: govern, government, empire, authority, court, parliament, tax, etc.(2) About laws and religious aspects of loan words: judge, crime, justice, sentence, verdict, suit, punishment, clergy, prayer, religion, virgin, etc.(3) About the military and the daily life of the cloth aspects of loan words: battle, navy, garrison, fashion, etc.In 1066, (於奇, 1999)the Norman invasion was brought a lot of French words to English. French foreign words used only in the aristocratic class in that time. Some gentle words such as: chair, dinner, feast comes from the French vocabulary, and expression of primitive life words such as: stool, breakfast is from the English vocabulary. When we express animals use the English native language, such as: pig, sheep, ox, calf, deer, but in the table is using of noble words by French such as: pork, mutton, beef, veal, venison.Many affixes from French into English are all knew well by us. Prefixes are: de-, dis-, in-, inter-, pre-, pro- and so on. Suffixes are: -ious, -tion, -able, -ment and so on (方梦之, 2004). In addition, there are quite a number of examples that the words is consisting of borrowing root plus a native suffix: dukedom, noblest, powerful, preacher, falsehood,preaching, colorless, princely, faintness, courtship, quarrelsome, costwise (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.4 The loan words from ChineseChinese history cultural source far flows long, is admired and respected by world. In the modern, because of the development of the national strength and the elevation of international influence, more and more of Chinese language vocabulary also cited into English, and most of all have relation with food and Chinese excellent traditional culture, such as:(1) The most is food vocabulary: tea (Transliteration South Fukien dialect), oolong (black Long Cha), souchong (small kind of hair point), chowmien (stir-fry noodles), maotai (Mao set), saimien (thin side), tofu (bean curd), ketchup (seasoning ketchup), jiaoze (dumpling), wontan (wontan), boisin (boisin), and so on.(2) The fruit vocabulary: The mango (mango), litchi (litchi), gingko (silver almond), bok choy (cabbage), longan (Long Yan), ginseng (ginseng), and so on.(3) Handicraft article vocabulary: China (china), silk (silk), Canton ware (GuangDong porcelain), Chien ware (Sung porcelain), and so on.(4) Folk cultural of vocabulary: The yanko (harvest song), mahjong (mahjong), weichi (go game), Pingju (review a play), Yueju (Honan opera), Erhuang (two Huangs), dan (Dan), sheng (living), chou (is ugly), yin-yang (ying and yang), zhen-jiu (the needle burns), Confucius (Confucius), Laotzu (Lao Tze), and so on.(5) Other category vocabularies: Cheongsam (ensign tunic), kongfu (effort), the tai chi chuan (Taichi), typhoon (stage manners), kang (anti-), the lama (Lama monk), typhoon (violent typhoon), Microphone (microphone), Disco (a name of city), Penicillin (a name of city), clone (clone), kowtow (kowtow), kang (kang), lama (lama), and so on (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.5 The loan words from JapaneseSome Japanese words are also absorbed to English. Such as:(1) About bite and sup vocabulary: fugu, nori, ramen, shabu-shabu, tamari, teppan-yaki, wakame, sashimi (sashimi), and so on.(2) About fashionable culture vocabulary: anime, karaoke (the card pulls ok), manga, tamagotchi, and so on.(3) About economy vocabulary: kaizen, kanban, karoshi, keiretssu, salaryman, zaitech, and so on.(4) Other category vocabularies: karate (empty hand way), tsunami (tidal wave), judo (judo), tycoon (tycoon, big style of), zaibatsu (financial magnate), kimino (kimino), tatami (fall a rice-Japanese to spread in the rice straw mat of room hinterland plank), harakiki (Pou stomach suicide), geisha (skill Ji), and so on.3.The Main Types of Loan Words in EnglishAccording to the change of loan words, loan words can be divided into four types:(1) Denizens: The words have been assimilated in English words which borrowed from the foreign language early. Such as: “port”comes from “protus”(Latin), “cup”comes from “cuppa” (Latin), “shift” comes from “skipta”, “shirt” comes from “shyrta”, “change” comes from “changier” (French), “pork” comes from “pore” (French), and so on.(2) Aliens: The words still retains the original pronunciation and spelling. Such as: wushu (Chinese), kuaiban (Chinese), chauffeur (French),décor (French), blitzkrieg, kowtow (Chinese), bazaar, statusquo (Latin), intermezzo, emir, and so on.(3) Translation-loans: Use the native language words, and word formation patterns modeled the foreign language (方梦之, 2004). They can be divided into two parts:By word meaning translation: mother tongue, long time no see, surplus value, masterpiece, black humour, and so on.By word voice translation: kulak, ketchup, lama, tea, and so on.(4) Semantic-loans: The English use the word in the form and give it new meaning. Such as: bridge, dream, Pioneer, Dumb, fresh, and so on.4.The Influence of Loan Words on English Vocabulary4.1 The influence of Latin loan wordsThe noun of Latin with English have great difference on usage, so the rules governing the use of English has also had some effect (马学良, 1997), enriched the English vocabulary. They usually use the following four types:(1) The “-us”at the end, become plural, it will be “-us”into “-i”. For example: nucleus---nuclei, focus---foci, fungus---fungi, alumnus---alumni, and so on.(2) The “-um”at the end, become plural, it will be “-um”into “-a”. For example: datum---data, stratum---atrata, memorandum---memoranda, ovum---ova, and so on.(3) The “-a”at the end, change the plural suffix when added “-e”. For example: formula---formulae, cicada---cicadae, alumna---alumnae, and so on.(4) With “-x”at the end, become plural, it will be “-x”into “-ces”. For example: indix---indices, appendix---appendices, and so on.4.2 The influence of Greek loan wordsSimilarly, the noun of Greek with English have great difference on usage, too, so the rules governing the use of English has also had some effect, enriched the English vocabulary. They usually use the following three types:(1) The “-is” at the end, become plural, it will be “-is” into “-es”. For example: crisis---crises, axis---axes, parenthesis---parentheses, and so on.(2) The “-on”at the end, become plural, it will be “-on”into “-a”. For example: phenomenon---phenomena, criterion---criteria, automaton---automata, and so on.(3) The “-ma”at the end, change the plural suffix when added “-ta”. For example: stigmastigma---stigmastigmata, phantasma---phantasmata, and so on.Greek greatly enriched the English vocabulary, their affixes and roots are also actively absorbed by English, then English is more flexible to use. And as a non-English speaking countries, in control of these words source, do not need to rote learning English.4.3 The influence of French loan wordsThe introduction of French also generates a lot of nearly synonyms or synonyms in the modern English, we can see example of several groups, one is a native language is English, another is loan words from French, such as: shut and close, answer and reply, wedding and marriage, smell and odor, yearly and desire, forward and preface, proverb and saying, end and finish, time and age, small and little, time and question, bold and courageous, fortune and luck, freedom and liberty, etc.As a very important source of English, French also enriched the English vocabulary,provides many new word-formation methods and brought new vitality for English.4.4 The influence of Chinese loan wordsBecause Chinese is one of the biggest dissimilarity on Europe and Asia cultural difference with English, so a lot of Asian languages are used by English directly, most of them cover food, dressing, art, amusement, sports, etc. With the rapid development of the mass media, many different cultures fusing quickly, then, some words about Western moral and cultural values emerging. Such as: generation gap, culture gap, bachelor mother, call girl, Hippies, Yuppies,Yumppies, punk, streaking, and so on. What else, except for traditional words of white collar, blue collar, some new words also have appeared. For example: gray collar, pink collar, iron collar. These words are absorbed in English vocabulary rapidly and enriched English greatly.4.5 The influence of Japanese loan wordsThe same as Chinese, Japanese is also one of the biggest dissimilarity on Europe and Asia cultural difference with English, so a lot of Asian languages are used by English directly, and it’s also more visualize, for this type of English foreign vocabularies are very easy to control to our Chinese.5.ConclusionAfter the long-term development, modern English has become the most widespread language in the world. According to the called “English 2000”, large- scale survey from the British Committee: 350 million people are native English speakers in the world, English as a Second Language and foreign languages and fluent users are 450 million, English is official or semi-official language in the seventies countries. The total population of these countries is 1.4 billion, the English learners around the world is estimated to be over one billion, three-quarters of the world’s mail is written in English, two-thirds of the world’s scientists to read information in English, 80 percent of the world of electronic information stored in English, 78 percent of the world’s site for the English site. One of the important features of the English language is its flexibility and diversity. English has the richest vocabulary in the world’s languages, precisely because it not only learns to accept and absorb loan words, but also learns to accept and absorb the habits of the foreign national language and culturalconcepts. Its acceptance of loan words and transform the ability to become a native word is particularly strong. These basic characteristics are the infinite potential of modern English to borrow loan words.Bibliography[1] Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English language, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace Jovonovich. Inc New York: 1971.[2] 方梦之. 译学词典[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 2004.[3] 马学良. 普通语言学[M]. 北京: 中央民族大学出版社. 1997.[4] 於奇. 英语史[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1999.[5] 曾传生. 英国英语历史及英国文学史[J]. 海南：海南大学学报社会科学版，1997(4).。