外文翻译--价值链理论新发展补充

中文2600字
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The theory of value chain development supplement
(1) the industry value chain theory. The value chain concept is a Harvard Business School professor Michael? Potter proposed in "competitive advantage" in a book. He said, "every enterprise is a collection of various activities to assist its products in the design, production, sales, and the sending of, all these activities can show that value chain." Also refers to the value chain of an enterprise. The industrial chain is a concept in industrial economics, is between the various industries based on the correlation technology economy, and based on the logical relationship and space-time distribution of specific objective formation of chain type relation form. In the Michael? Potter's value chain model based on the new extension, the inter-firm linkages is taken into account, that is known as the industrial value chain. Generally speaking, outside the enterprise internal value chain on the formation of industry value chain. Its forming process is the production of enterprises will be part of the original technology development, manufacturing, marketing, service and so on to design and integration, the resources are concentrated in specific areas, will focus narrowed to the core business, retaining only the key link, is the best part of core functions, and will other aspects of virtualization, which reduce the input or give up some links, with the help of the market by seeking external partners to provide help, these cooperative enterprises have the enterprise temporarily not available or not outstanding ability. This formed through market transaction between the new value chain can be referred to as the industry chain, it can enhance the enterprises and the competitiveness of the whole industry chain rapidly.
Not only the enterprise internal value chain, value chain and value chain of an enterprise and other economic units are the same, the value chain of any enterprise can exist in a composed of many value system. However, the enterprise value chain is a vertical structure, top-down control; industry chain is the externalization of the enterprise internal value chain. Research on enterprise value chain is the enterprise activities, and the study of industry chain and industry value chain between enterprise activities. With the division of labor within the industry to continue to develop in depth, the traditional industries of different types of value creation activities gradually by an enterprise as the leading into a plurality of the activities of enterprises, these enterprises constitute the relationship between upstream and downstream, work
together to create value.
(2) the theory of global value chain. The global value chain theory is based on the international commodity chain and value chain theory, combined with many subjects by many researchers to work together to create. Curgat in the "global strategy: design with value chain analysis of the international strategic situation comparative and competitive value-added chain". In this paper, the value chain is composed of fusion technology, raw materials and labor and the formation of the input link, and then through the assembly of these links are combined to form the final goods, finally through the market, consumption and completed value cycle. Therefore, he thought, set the form of international business strategy is actually the interactions between national comparative advantage and the competitive ability of the enterprise to the results, the comparative advantage of a country or an enterprise's competitive ability can not be embodied in every link in the production of goods. The comparative advantage of countries reflected in the entire value chain condition depends on the efficient allocation of resources between countries or regions of the situation, and reflect the core competitiveness of enterprises in the value chain depends on the enterprise to develop its competitive advantage and the choice of link. Compared with the value chain and Potter emphasized the individual competitive advantage, the relationship between Curgat's viewpoint can reflect vertical separation and global value chain and between the configuration, the value chain concept is extended from the enterprise level to the regional and national levels, resulting in a very important role in the formation of the global value chain theory.
The global value chain refers to the realization of goods or services connected to the production, sales, value and service process of global enterprise network organization, ranging from raw material acquisition and transportation, semi-finished and finished goods production and distribution, the entire process until the final goods and services. It includes all the participants and the production and marketing activities of the organization and its value, profit distribution. At present, walk in the world, is in the global value chain of enterprises with services from design, product development, manufacturing, marketing, sales, consumption, customer service, and other value added activities.
Study on the perspective of the global value chain from the past simply confined to a country to extend to the value chain of global now, emphasize the importance and relevance of value chain cooperation in Global trade in different countries. Based on the value chain decomposition and recombination, in order to achieve high additional
value, thus greatly expand business, make the enterprise become possible for each order to customize a value chain, and enable enterprises to think like a big company, acting like a small company.
(3) the theory of value chain management. Value chain management mainly has vertical value chain management and value chain management level points: vertical value chain management refers to an enterprise value chain (raw materials manufacturers, suppliers, manufacturers, customers) all participating entity management. Japanese companies first use of vertical value chain management, attempts to unify all of the factors in the manufacturing process, in order to better control the suppliers and distributors, to strengthen the cooperation between enterprise and its supplier, and improve the quality of the products. Manufacturing enterprises and suppliers no longer a minimum price for a supply of sth., both sides have established cooperative partnership. Based on the shared interests, suppliers can also participate in the product design, manufacturing enterprises in this way, the two sides can through the exchange of information timely, rapid design the most practical products.
With the development of economy, many innovative enterprise structure in Japan in the manufacturing industry, the level of the value chain management. These often partner member companies than those parts suppliers to develop faster. Value chain management level is on the interaction of the various enterprises value chain of enterprises at the same level of the management of enterprise group. The virtual enterprise is popular, companies sometimes even among competitors through the alliance, the use of information technology to achieve the win-win goal. Once the realization of this objective, virtual enterprise is dissolved. Virtual enterprises are not working principle of fixed, usually by the relevant enterprises to provide their core superiority, from the best manufacturers products, with the most advanced R&D sector enterprises to design products, the best marketing companies to sell products etc.
The high-tech enterprises value creation
Usually said "value creation" is refers to the enterprise through the purchase of raw materials, manufacturing products, and ultimately sold to customers, so as to realize the process of corporate profits and capital appreciation. In this process, the enterprise and enterprise profit and the value added to meet the already exists objectively customer demand. The "value creation" is refers to the enterprise through the full and detailed market survey, will create the body (enterprise) subject and value
(customer) are linked together organically, is a whole system, then use the capital operation and other means, for customers to create new demand, and for the enterprise to create a broader market space and the value space, finally reach a value on the leap.
For different understanding and knowledge of the value creation form different value creation, and the different value creation and form the enterprise business philosophy and customer relationship corresponding to different. The traditional value creation ideas that enterprises must comply with customer's demand, no customer no enterprise value. The enterprise is in a passive position in the buyer's market. The relationship between enterprise and customer profile should be for the customer to dominate the enterprise value, two in the market in the state is due to buy and sell. And the former is different, the innovative concept of "value creation" is created by the enterprise. In this concept, the enterprise is the former have more initiative and more creative, enterprises through continuous innovation needs to lead customers into their own market, the customer and enterprise is bought for selling. Therefore, the "value creation" is a high-tech enterprise by its unique advantage in capital for the customer to create new demand, and the new trend of new demand into real products or services to lead the customer consumption, thereby creating a new market space and value space. That is the real meaning of value creation, is a high-tech enterprise value leap, and a leap is the wealth of society.
价值链理论新发展补充
（1）产业价值链理论。

价值链概念是哈佛商学院教授迈克尔·波特在《竞争优势》一书中提出的。

他认为，“每一个企业都是在设计、生产、销售、发送和辅助其产品的过程中进行种种活动的集合体，所有这些活动可以用价值链表明。

”也是指一个企业内部的价值链。

产业链是产业经济学中的一个概念，是各个产业部门之间基于一定的技术经济关联，并依据特定的逻辑关系和时空布局关系客观形成的链条式关联关系形态。

在迈克尔·波特价值链模型基础上进行了新的扩展，把企业间的联系也考虑进去，即称为的产业价值链。

一般来说，企业内部价值链的外化就形成了产业价值链。

它的形成过程是生产企业将原有的技术开发、生产制造、市场营销、服务等环节进行重新设计和整合，将企业所拥有的资源集中于特定的领域，将焦点缩小到核心业务，仅保留关键的环节，即最擅长的一部分核心功能，而将其它环节虚拟化，即减少投入或放弃某些环节，借助于市场通过寻求外部的合作伙伴来提供帮助，这些合作企业拥有本企业暂时不具备或不突出的能力。

这种通过市场交易关系而形成的新的价值链可称之为产业链，它能够迅速增强企业乃至整个产业链的竞争力。

不仅企业内部存在价值链，而且一个企业的价值链与其它经济单位的价值链也是相同的，任何企业的价值链都存在于一个由许多价值链组成的价值系统中。

但是，企业价值链是一种纵向结构，由上而下进行控制；而产业链是企业内部价值链的外化。

企业价值链研究的是企业内部的活动，而产业链与产业价值链研究的是企业之间的活动。

随着产业内分工不断地向纵深发展，传统的产业内部不同类型的价值创造活动逐步由一个企业为主导分离为多个企业的活动，这些企业相互构成上下游关系，共同创造价值。

（2）全球价值链理论。

全球价值链理论是在国际商品链和价值链理论等的基础上,结合众多学科由众多研究者共同努力创建出来的。

寇伽特在《设计全球战略：比较与竞争的增值链》中用价值增值链来分析国际战略形势。

文中认为，价值链是由技术、原料和劳动力的融合而形成的各种投入环节，然后通过组装把这些环节结合起来形成最终商品，最后通过市场交易、消费等最终完成价值循环过程。

因此，他认为，国际商业战略的设定形式实际上是国家的比较优势和企业的竞争能力之间相互作用的结果，一个国家的比较优势或一家企业的竞争能力不可能体现在商品生产的每一个环节上。

国家比较优势在整个价值链中所体现出来的状况取决于国家或地区之间的资源有效配置的情况，而企业的核心竞争能力在价值链上的体现则取决于企业为充分发挥自身竞争优势而选择的环节。

与波特强调单个企业竞争优势的价值链观点相比，寇伽特的观点更能反映价值链的垂直分离和全球空间再配置之间的关系，把价值链概念从企业层次扩展到了区域和国家层
次，因而对全球价值链理论的形成产生了非常重要的作用。

全球价值链是指为实现商品或服务价值而连接生产、销售、服务等过程的全球性跨企业网络组织，涉及从原材料的采集和运输、半成品和成品的生产和分销，直至最终消费和服务的整个过程。

它包括所有参与者和生产销售等活动的组织及其价值、利润分配。

当前，散步于全球的、处于全球价值链上的企业进行着从设计、产品开发、生产制造、营销、销售、消费、售后服务，等各种价值增值活动。

全球价值链的研究角度从过去单纯地局限于一个国家而到现在扩展到全球的价值链，强调不同国家在全球贸易中的价值链合作的重要性及其关联性。

通过对价值链进行分解并合理重组，以达到高附加值，从而大大拓展公司业务，使企业为每份订单定制一条价值链成为可能，并且使企业可以像大公司一样思考，像小公司一样行动。

（3）价值链管理思想。

价值链管理主要有垂直价值链管理和水平价值链管理之分：垂直价值链管理是指对一个企业价值增值链中（原材料生产商、供应商、制造商、顾客等）所有参与实体的管理。

日本的企业最先运用了垂直价值链管理，试图把制造过程中所有因素统一起来，以更好地控制供应商和分销商，加强企业与其供应商之间的合作，以及提高产品质量。

制造企业和供应商不必再为最低价格而讨价还价，双方建立了合作伙伴关系。

基于利益共享，供应商也可以参与到制造企业的产品设计，这样，双方就能通过及时的信息交流，迅速设计出最符合实际的产品。

随着经济发展，日本制造业中许多创新企业结构的出现，产生了水平价值链管理。

这些经常合作的成员公司要比那些零部件供应商发展得更快。

水平价值链管理是对企业价值链在同一水平上企业集团内的各个企业主体间相互作用的管理。

由于虚拟化企业的流行，各个公司有时甚至竞争对手之间通过联盟，运用信息化技术来达到共赢的目标。

一旦实现了这一目标，虚拟化企业便解散。

虚拟化企业没有固定的工作原则，通常由各相关企业提供各自的核心优势，即由最好的制造商生产产品，由具有最先进的R&D部门的企业来设计产品，由最好的市场销售公司来销售产品等等。

高新技术企业的价值创造
通常所说的“价值创造”是指企业通过购入原材料、生产制造产品，最终销售给顾客，从而实现企业利润和资本增值的过程。

在此过程中，企业是通过满足客观上已经存在的顾客购买需求而实现企业获得利润和价值增值的目的。

本文中的“价值创造”是指企业通过充分而详细的市场调查，将创造的主体（即企业）和价值的主体（即顾客）有机地联系在一起，是一个整体的系统，再运用资本运作等手段，为顾客创造出全新的购买需求，进而为企业创造出更为广阔的市场空间和价值空间，最终达到企业价值上的一种质的飞跃。

对于价值创造的不同的理解与认识形成了不同的价值创造观，而不同的价值创造观又会形成企业不同的经营理念以及相应的顾客关系。

传统的价值创造理念认为企业必须依从顾客的购买需求，没有顾客需求就没有企业价值。

企业在这种买方市场中就处于较为被动的地位。

企业和顾客的关系应该概况为顾客是企业价值的主宰，二者在市场中的状态是因买而卖。

而与前者不同的是，对于创新型的“价值创造”理念是用企业创造出来的。

在此理念中，企业较前者有更多的主动权和更大的创造性，企业通过不断地创新需求引领顾客走入自己的市场，此时顾客与企业的状态是因卖而买。

因此，文中的“价值创造”是高新技术企业利用其特有的资本优势为顾客创造出全新的购买需求，并通过将全新的需求转化为现实的产品或服务引领顾客消费的新潮流，从而创造出崭新的市场空间和价值空间。

这才是真正意义上的价值创造，是高新技术企业价值的一种质的飞跃，同时也是社会财富的一种质的飞跃。