英文翻译原文
英文原文及翻译
Vera Wang Honors Her Chinese Roots王薇薇以中国根为傲With nuptials(婚礼) season in full swing, Vera Wang’s wedding dress remains at the top of many a bride’s(婚礼) wish list. The designer, who recently took home the lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, has been innovating in bridal design for years—using color, knits and even throwing fabric into a washing machine.随着婚礼季的全面展开，王薇薇(Vera Wang)婚纱依然是许多新娘愿望清单上的首选。
王薇薇最近刚拿到美国时装设计师协会(Council of Fashion Designers of America)颁发的终生成就奖。
多年来她一直在婚纱设计领域进行创新──运用色彩和编织手法，甚至将面料扔进洗衣机里。
Ms. Wang said that her latest collection is about construction. “I had felt that I had really messed that vocabulary of perfection for brides for a while, where there’s six fabrics to a skirt, ” she said. “I wanted to go back to something that maybe was what I started with, but in a whole new way, and that would be architecture—not simplicity—but maybe minimalism.”王薇薇说，她的最新婚纱系列重点在于构建。
中英文翻译英文原文
BPMN 2.0 Introduction to the Standard for Business Process Modeling By Thomas Allweyer2.1 A First BPMN ModelAs a starting point, a simple BPMN process model is considered. The model of posting a job in figure 1 can be directly understood by most people who previously have been concerned with any kind of process modeling. The way of modeling is similar to well known flow charts and activity diagrams.Figure 1: A simple BPMN modelA business department and the human resources department are involved in the process “Post a Job”. The process starts when an employee is required. The business department reports this job opening. Then the human resources department writes a job posting. The business department reviews this job posting.At this point, there are two possibilities: Either the job posting is okay, or it is not okay. If it is not okay, it is reworked by the human resources department. This is once more followed by the business department reviewing the job posting. Again, the result can be okay or not okay. Thus, it can happen that the job posting needs to be reviewed multiple times. If it is okay, it is published by the human resources department, and the end of the process is reached.In reality, the process for creating and publishing a job posting can be much more complex and extensive. The presented example is –like all examples in this book –a simplification in order to have small and easily understandable models which can be used for explaining the different BPMN elements.2.2 BPMN Constructs UsedBelow each element from the model in figure 1 is explained more closely. The entire process is contained in a pool. This is a general kind of container for a complete process. In the example above, the pool is labeled with the name of the contained process.Every process is situated within a pool. If the pool is not important for understanding the process, it is not required to draw it in the diagram. In a process diagram which does not show a pool, the entire process is contained in an invisible, implicit pool. Pools are especially interesting when several pools are used in order to model a collaboration, i.e. the interplay of several partners’processes. Each partner’s process is then shown in a separate pool. This will be described in chapter 5.The pool from figure 1 is partitioned into two lanes. A lane can be used for various purposes,e.g. for assigning organizational units, as in the example, or for representing different components within a technical system. In the example, the lanes show witch of the process’s activities are performed by the business department and which by the human resource department.Pools and lanes are also called “swimlanes”. They resemble the partitioning of swimming pools into lanes. Every participant of a competition swims only in his own lane.The process itself begins with the start event “Employee required”. Processes usually have such a start event. Its symbol is a simple circle. In most cases it makes sense to use only one start event, not several ones.A rounded rectangle represents an activity. In an activity something gets done. This is expressed by the activities’names, such as “Report Job Opening”or “Review Job Posting”.The connecting arrows are used for modeling the sequence flow. They represent the sequence in which the different events, activities, and further elements are traversed. Often this is called control flow, but in BPMN there is a second type of flow, the message flow, which influences the control of a process as well, and is therefore some kind of control flow, too. For that reason, the term “sequence flow”is used. For distinguishing it from other kinds of flow, it is important to draw sequence flows with solid lines and filled arrowheads.The process “Post a Job”contains a split: The activity “Review job posting”is followed by a gateway. A blank diamond shape stands for an exclusive gateway. This means that out of several outgoing sequence flows, exactly one must be selected. Every time the right gateway in the job posting-process is reached, a decision must be taken. Either the sequence flow to the right is followed, leading to the activity “Publish Job Posting”, or the one to the left is selected, triggering the activity “Rework Job Posting”. It is not possible to follow both paths simultaneously.The logic of such a decision is also called “exclusive OR”, abbreviated “XOR”. The conditions on the outgoing paths determine which path is selected. If a modeling tool is used and the process has to be executed or simulated by a software program, then it is usually possible to formally define exact conditions. Such formal descriptions, which may be expressed in a programming language, can be stored in special attributes of the sequence flows.If, on the other hand, the purpose of a model is to explain a process to other people,then it is advisable to write informal, but understandable, statements directly into the diagram, next to the sequence flows. The meaning of “okay”and “not okay”after the activity called “Review Job Posting”is clear to humans –a program could not make use of it.Gateways are also used for merging alternative paths. In the sample process, the gateway on the left of the activity “Review Job Posting”merges the two incoming sequence flows. Again, this is an exclusive gateway. It expects that either the activity“Write Job Posting”or “Rework Job Posting”is carried out before the gateway is reached –but not both at the same time. It should be taken care to use a gateway either for splitting or for joining, but not for a combination of both. The last element in the example process is the end event. Like the start event it has a circle as symbol –but with a thick border.2.3 Sequence Flow LogicThe flow logic of the job posting process above is rather easy to understand. In more complex models it is sometimes not clear how the modeled structure exactly is to be interpreted. Therefore it is helpful if the meaning of the sequence flow’s elements is defined in an unambiguous way.The logic of a process diagram’s sequence flow can be explained by “tokens”. Just as in a board game tokens are moved over the board according to the game’s rules, one can imagine moving tokens through a process model according to BPMN’s rules.Every time the process is started, the start event creates a token (cf. figure 2). Since the job posting process is carried out more than once, many tokens can be created in the course of time. Thereby it can happen that the process for one job posting is not yet finished, when the process for posting another job starts. As it moves through the process, each token is independent from the other tokens’movements.Figure 2: A start event creates a tokenThe token that has been created by the start event moves through the sequence flow to the first activity. This activity receives a token, performs its task (in this case it reports a job opening), and then releases it to the outgoing sequence flow (cf. figure 3).Figure 3: An activity receives a token and forwards it after completionThe following activity forwards the token. It then arrives at the merging exclusive gateway. The task of this gateway is simple: It just takes a token that arrives via any incoming sequence flow and moves it to the outgoing sequence flow. This is shown in figure 4. In case A, a token arrives from the left, in case B from below. In both cases the token is routed to the outgoing sequence flow to the right.Figure 4: Routing of a token by a merging exclusive gatewayThe task of the splitting exclusive gateway is more interesting. It takes one arriving token and decides according to the conditions, to which sequence flow it should be moved. In case A in figure 5, the condition “okay”is true, i.e. the preceding review activity has produced a positive result. In this case, the token is moved to the right. Otherwise, if the condition “not okay”is true, the token is moved to the downwards sequence flow (case B).The modeler must define the conditions in such a way that always exactly one of the conditions is true. The BPMN specification does not state how to define conditions and how to check whichconditions are true. Since the considered process is not executed by software, the rather simple statements used here are sufficient. Otherwise, it would be necessary to define the conditions according to the requirements and rules of the software tool.The token may travel several times through the loop for reworking the job posting. Finally it arrives at the end event. This simply removes any arriving token and thus finishes the entire process (figure 6).Figure 5: Routing of a token by a splitting exclusive gatewayThe sequence flow of every process diagram can be simulated in this way with the help of tokens. This allows for analyzing whether the flow logic of a process has been modeled correctly.It should be noted that a token does not represent such a thing as a data object or a document. In the case of the job posting process, it could be imagined to have a document “job posting”flowing through the process. This document could contain all required data, such as the result of the activity “Review Job Posting”. At the splitting gateway, the decision could then be based on this attribute value. However, the BPMN sequence flow is constrained to the pure order of execution. The tokens therefore do not carry any information, other than a unique identifier for distinguishing the tokens from each other. For data objects there are separate BPMN constructs which will be presented in chapter 10.2.4 Presentation OptionsUsually pools are drawn horizontally. The preferred direction of sequence flow is then from left to right. On the other hand, it is also possible to use vertical pools and to draw the sequence flow from top to bottom, as in the example in figure 7.It makes sense to decide for only one of these possibilities –horizontal or vertical. Nevertheless there are modeling tools which only support horizontal modelingFigure 6: An end event removes an arriving tokenFigure 7: Vertical swimlanes and nested lanesFigure 7 also shows an example of nested lanes. The lane labeled “Sales”is partitioned into the two lanes “Sales Force”and “Order Processing”. In principle it is possible to partition these lanes again, etc., although this only makes sense up to a certain level of depth.It is not prescribed where to place the names of pools and lanes. Typical are the variants selected for figure 1 and figure 7. Here the names are placed on the left of the pools or lanes, or at the top for the vertical style, respectively. The name of a pool is separated by a line. The names of the lanes, however, are placed directly within the lanes. A separation line is only used for a lane that is partitioned into further sub-lanes. Lanes can also be arranged as a matrix. The procurement process in figure 8 runs through a business department and the procurement department, both of which span a branch office and the headquarters. When a demand occurs in a branch’s business department, this department reports the demand. In the next step, the procurement is approved by the same department in the headquarters. The central part of the procurement department then closes a contract with a supplier, followed by the branch’s purchasing department carrying out the purchase locally.Although the BPMN specification explicitly describes the possibility of such a matrix presentation, it is hardly ever applied, so far.12.2 Message CorrelationThe contents of the message flows within one conversation are always related to each other. For example, all messages that are exchanged within one instance of the conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”relate to the same advertisement order. It is therefore possible to use the order ID for the correlation, i.e. the assignment of messages to a process instance. If a customer receives an advertisement for approval, he can determine the corresponding order –and thus the process instance –based on the order ID. All messages of a conversation have a common correlation.A simple conversation which is not broken down into other conversations is called communication. Therefore, the lines are called communication links (the specification draft at some places alsocalls them conversation links). A conversation has always communication links to two or more participants.If the end of a communication link is forked, multiple partners of the same type can be part of the communication, otherwise exactly one. “Process Order for Advertisement”has exactly one customer and one advertising agency as participants, but multiple designers. Therefore, the designer’s pool contains a multiple marker. However, having only the multiple marker in the pool is not sufficient. The conversation “Handle order for an illustration”, for example, has only one designer as participant. Therefore, the respective end of the communication link is not forked.12.3 Hierarchies of ConversationsBesides communications, it is also possible to use sub-conversations. Similar to sub-processes they are marked with a ‘+’-sign. The details of a sub-conversation can be described in another conversation diagram. The diagram of a sub-conversation can only contain those participants who are linked to the sub-conversation within the parent diagram.Figure 171 shows the detailed conversation diagram for the sub-conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”As can be seen from this diagram, it is also possible to draw message flows directly into the conversation diagram. Other than collaboration diagrams, conversation diagrams are not allowed to show processes in the pools or choreographies between the pools.Figure 171: Conversation diagram for sub-conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”The diagram contains those message flows that are related to the same order. To be more precise, they relate to the same inquiry. At the beginning, an order has not been placed yet, and not every inquiry turns into an order. Therefore, the common reference point is the inquiry.Besides the explicitly displayed message flows between customer and advertising agency, the diagram also contains the communication “Assignment of Graphics Design”. All message flows of this communication are also related to the same inquiry, but this information is not sufficient for the advertising agency in order to assign all incoming messages correctly. This is due to the fact that availability requests are sent to several designers. The advertising agency has to correctly assign each incoming availability notice to the correct availability request. Thus, additional information is required for correlating these messages, e.g. the IDs of the availability requests.Therefore it is possible to define a separate communication for the message flows between advertising agency and designer. The message exchanges of this communication can also be modeled in a collaboration diagram (figure 172) or in a choreography diagram (figure 173). Of course, it is also possible to show the message flows of the entire sub-conversation within a single diagram (figures 161 and 162 in the previous chapter).Figure 172: Collaboration diagram for communication “Assignment of Graphics Design”Like sub-processes, sub-conversations can also be expanded, i.e. the hexagon is enlarged, and the detailed conversation is shown in its interior. However, it is graphically not easy to include, for example, the contents of figure 171 into an expanded sub-conversation in figure 170. Unfortunately, the BPMN specification draft does not contain any examples for expandedsub-conversations either.。
牛津英语必修一课文原文及中文翻译
M1U1S C H O O L l i f e i n t h e U KGoing to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9 a later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m.On the first day, all of the new students attended an assembly in the school hall. I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane. We soon became best friends. During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school. He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote oneself to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school in China.I had many teachers in the past year. Mr. Heywood , my class teacher, was very helpful. My favorite teacher was Miss Burke—I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. In our class there were 28 students. This is about the average size for British schools. We had to move to different classrooms for different classes. We also had different students in some classes, so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names.I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school, but it was a bit challenging for me at firs t because all the homework was in English. I felt lucky as all my teachers gave me much encouragement and I enjoyed all my subjects: English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cooking and French.My English improved a lot as I used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.I usually went to the Computer Club during the lunch break, so I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. I also had an extra French class on Tuesday evenings. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food. At the end of term we held a class party and we all had to cook something. I was glad that all my classmates were fond of the cake that I made.Students at that school have to study Maths, English and Science, but can stop studying some subjects if they don’t like them, for example, History and French. They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science or Languages such as Spanish and German. In the Art class that I took, I made a small sculpture. Though it didn’t look very beautiful when it was finished, I still liked it very much.I missed Chinese food a lot at lunch. British food is very different. British people like eating dessert at the end of their main meal. After lunch, we usually played on the school field. Sometimes I played football with the boys. Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass.I was very lucky to experience this different way of life. I look back on my time in the UK with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Manchester again.在英国的学校生活在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
英文翻译原文
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a b s t r a c t
The influence of cerium addition on tensile and creep properties of ZA104 and ZA104 + 0.3Ca magnesium alloys containing between 0 wt.% and 3.5 wt.% Ce were evaluated and compared to those of AZ91D alloy. It was shown that cerium slightly decreases the ductility but increases the yield strength of ZA104 alloy. The influence of cerium on room temperature properties remains modest for concentration up to 2.6 wt.% in ZA104 + 0.3Ca alloy. The creep strength of the ZA104 alloy is clearly improved by the addition of a minor amount of cerium. But this effect is much less pronounced for ZA104 + 0.3Ca alloy. Variations of the properties of alloys were discussed considering the presence of two new intermetallic phases (Al5 Zn3 Ce2 and Al6 Zn2 Ce2 ) in the microstructure and also the reactions that occurred during solidification. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
人生礼赞英文原文及翻译
人生礼赞英文原文及翻译
这里是一段关于人生的礼赞的英文原文及中文翻译：
English original: A song of praise for life
O life, what a gift you are. Each new day a chance to learn and grow. Moments both sweet and sour, Lessons in every flow.
Hand in hand with fellow souls, We walk this winding road. Somedays smooth, somedays steep, Together our burdens we'll stow.
Through rain and through shine This journey is mine. I'll make the most of each chance, Living with love in my heart, a song on my lips, a dance in my feet.
Chinese translation: 赞美人生的歌谣
哦，人生，你是何等宝贵的礼物。
每个新天又是学习和成长的机会。
甜蜜与酸涩同在，每一个时刻都藏着课题。
与同伴手拉手，我们走在这条弯弯曲曲的路上。
有时平坦，有时险峻，我们将共同扛起重担。
无论风雨或晴朗，这段旅程是我的。
我将珍惜每个机会，用爱在心中，歌在唇间，舞在脚下地生活。
企业社会责任英文原文加翻译
企业社会责任英文原文加翻译一(英文原文Moral Discourse and Corporate Social Responsibility ReportingBy MaryAnn Reynolds, Kristi YuthasABSTRACTThis paper examines voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting as a form of moral discourse. It explores how alternative stakeholder perspectives lead to differing perceptions of the process and content of responsible reporting. We contrast traditional stakeholder theory, which views stakeholders as external parties having a social contract with corporations, with an emerging perspective, which views interaction among corporations and constituents as relational in nature. This moves the stakeholder from an external entity to one thatis integral to corporate activity. We explore how these alternative stakeholder perspectives give rise to different normative demands for stakeholder engagement, managerial processes, and communication. We discuss models of CSR reporting and accountability: EMAS, the ISO 14000 series, SA8000, AA1000, the Global Reporting Initiative, and the Copenhagen Charter. We explore how these models relate to the stakeholder philosophies and find that they are largely consistent with the traditional atomistic view but fall far short of the demands for moral engagement prescribed by a relational stakeholder perspective. Adopting a relational view requires stakeholder engagement not only inprescribing reporting requiremenu, but also in discourse relating to core aspects of the corporation such as mission,values,and management systems, Habermas' theory of communicative action provides guidelinesfor engaging stakeholders in this moral discourse.KEY WORDS: stakeholder engagement, stakeholder reporting, relational stakeholder perspective, corporate social responsibility,Theoryof Communicative Action,discourse ethicsIntroductionThroughout this paper, we use Habermas' theory of communicative action (1984, 1987, 1990) as a means through which to critique current approaches corporate the degree menu forsocial responsibility reporting in terms to which these reports embody require moral discourse. We provide a brief introduction to key elements of the theory and ground it in social theory. We then discuss the details as they apply to CSR reporting.Our analysis is conducted in two stages, relying on different portions ofHabermas' theory. In the first part, we examine the conditions that allow for basic communicative understanding. These conditions are the unspoken assumptions underlying communication. In normal communication, four basic universal assumptions are made: that the speaker is telling the truth, that he means what he says, and that what he says is appropriate in its context, and that it is understandable to the listener. In the first part of the paper, we show how models orframeworks for CSR reporting, taken together, address these assumptions and contribute to the effectiveness of CSR reports as a form of communication.In the second part of our analysis, we rely upon the ethical aspects of Habermas' theory as a means through which to provide a normative critique of the body of CSR reporting frameworks. The theory of communicative action suggests that social progress can be accomplished through rational discourse under specific conditions. The discourse must be inclusive, democratic, and free of power asymmetries. Apel (1980) has suggested that the ethical nature of an agreement derives from theprocess used to arrive at that agreement (rather than universal or externally-imposed ethical standards).We use Habermas' principles as a means to examine the extent to corporate communication is reflective of moral discourse.We find that while the frameworks generally promote stakeholder consultation,they fall short of providing other conditions needed for moral discourse. In particular, they fail to provide mechanisms that allow stakeholders with differing resources to participate democratically in discourse.The paper is organized as follows. First,we introduce social responsibility and corporate disclosure concepts related to CSRreporting.Next,we explore widely-used frameworks associated with corporate accountability in the CSR realm. Then, as noted above, we provide a 2-part analysis of how concepts from Habermas' theory of communicative action are currently realized in guidance provided by CSR reporting models. We close with concluding rem arks.Background: social responsibility and corporate disclosureCorporate social responsibility is addressed in current business, accounting and ethics literature. The issue was widely discussed in the seventies and early eighties and then dropped out of sight. The current re-energized focus includes social, environmental and ethical reporting by corporations. The notion of corporate social disclosure arises from a view of social theory which holds that the corporation owes a duty to the society; or has a social contract. One widely cited quotation comes from Shocker and Sethi (1974, p.67):"Any social institution一and business in no exception一operates in societyvia a social contract, expressed or implied, whereby its survival and growth are based on:1 .The delivery of some socially desirable ends to society ingeneral and,2. The distribution of economic, social or political benefits to groups from which it derives its power.In a dnamic society, neither the sources of institutional power nor the needs for its services are permanent. Therefore, an institution must constantly meet the twintests of legitimacy and relevance by demonstrafing that society requires its services and that the groups benefiting from its rewards have society's approval."Carroll and Bucholtz offer a four part definition of corporatesocial responsibility, "The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal,ethical, and discretionary (philanthropic) expectadons that society has of organizations at a given point in time (2006, p. 35)." This definition reflects current thinking on corporate social responsibility and acknowledges the need to note shifts in social environment, these may be social, legal, or political.Corporate investors are questioning the adequacy of this communication approach and have called for increased reporting on issues of broad societal interest. Presently it is estimated that trillions of dollars are allocated to investments based on some social criteria (Sparkes and Cowton, 2004). Confulion may arise with the lack of comparable reporting.Implementable guidelines have consequently been developed by groups proposing models or frameworks for reporting (communicating) and auditing (verifying). Leading examples in order they were first issued are:EMAS (European, particularly German environmental management and audit)ISO 14001(Internationally recognized environmental managementcertification)SA 8000 (Social Accountability Internationallabor standard).AA1000 (International accountability assurante reporting standard).Copenhagen Charter(International standard involving stakeholdercommunications).GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) 2000 (International sustainability report).Models for corporate social responsibility reportingApproaches to social and natural environmental accountability have been developed for various purposes. Classifying them under the umbrella of CSR reporting we will discuss some widely used models and introduce a less well-known model, which may provide additional benefit.Eco-Management and Audit Scheme ( EMAS, 1995,2001)The European Commission set down the basic principles underlying the EMAS scheme in Council Regulation 1836/93 -EMAS of the European Commission. The purpose was improvement of environmental performance and was initially directed at manufacturing firms. This has since been extended to allow broad participation by any public or private entity wishing to participate. The regulation calls for an environmental statement from the entity and requires auditing.Further,there is a continual requirement to document ongoing continual improvement through the of implementation policies, programmes and management systems by a systematic, objective, and periodic evaluation of performance. There is also an obligation to inform the public of the results of the evaluation.The article on participation states that the scheme is open topublic or privateentities operating in the EU or the European Economic Area (EEA).The site may be registered if the site has an environmental policy, asite review, an environmental audit,objectives for continuousimprovement, a statement from each site, verification covering poficy, programmes, the management system, the review and audit procedure, and the statement provided. The validated environmental statement is then forwarded to the competent body in the Member State. The statement is also disseminated to the public after the registration of the site has been completed. The statement should be a concise, comprehensible description of activities at the site; with an assessment of significant relevant environmental issues, including: emissions, waste generation, consumption of raw materials, energy and water, noise and other significant aspects; a presentation of the company's environmental poficy, programme and management system at the site, the deadline for the next statement, and the name of the accredited environmental verifier. The EMAS 2001 was strengthened by requiring ISO 14001 as the environmental management system.Council on Economic Priorities Accreditation Agency Social Accountability Standard (SA8000, 1998)/renamed Social Accountability International (SAI)This standard has a change in focus and is concerned with fair labor practices world wide. It is divided into purpose and scope, normative elements and their interpretation, definitions,and social accountability requirements.The social accountability requirements include: child labor,forced labor, health and safety, freedom of associanon and right to collective bargaining, discrimination, disciplinary practices, working hours,compensation, management systems, management review,company representatives,planning and implementation, control of suppliers, addressing concerns and taking corrective action, outside communication, access for verification and anizationschoosing to adopt this standard are encouraged to require theirsuppliers to comply with its requirements also. This extends it widelyinto global society. Organizations can adopt these standards voluntarily and may disclose their tompliance with the provisions of the standard as part of other statements issued.Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability Standard AA1000 (1999) The first standard for building corporate accountability and trustwas issued in November 1999 by the Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability (ISEA).The ISEA states that the AA 1000standard“provides both a framework that organizationscan use to understand and improve their ethical performance and a means to judge the validity of ethical claims made." The AA1000 standardis described as:an Accountability standard, focused on quality of social and ethical accounting,reporting. securing the auditing and reporting”AA1000 comprises principles (the characteristics of anquality process) and a set of process standards. Thebprocess standards cover planning, accounting,auditing and reporting, embedding, and stakeholder engagement (AA1000, 1999, p. 1).The focus is on improving overall performance through measurement, quality management, recruitment and retention of employees, external stakeholder engagement, partnership, risk management, investors,governance, government and regulatory relations and training (AA1000, 1999, pp. 3-4).Auditing and quality assurance are required as a part of the system. The users of AA1000 are expected to include adopting organizations, stakeholders, service providers, and standards developers. Thus we see the inclusion of societal stakeholders as constituents.Concluding remarksIn this paper, we have adopted the relational view of stakeholders suggested by the theory of pragmatism.Under this perspective, CSR reporting becomes part of an ongoing discourse between a corporation and its stakeholders, rather than one-way communication about past performance. We use Habermas' theory of communicative action to provide guidance on how this discourse can be conducted in a manner that leadsto morally justifiable outcomes. We examine how Habermasian principles are approximated in existing reporting models such as EMAS,ISO, SA 8000, AA 1000, and The Copenhagen Charter.The widespread voluntary adoption of various reporting models allows decision makers interested in social responsibility to evaluate corporations using this information in the context of a perceived social contract. The use of frameworks that approximate principles of communicative action allows investigation not only of reported outcomes, but also of the processes involved.Based on our examination of corporate social responsibilityreporting models currently in use, we conclude that progress is being made in CSR reporting, and communication. Models exist that enablecorporations to report on their social, environmental, and ethical performance. The existing models discussed in this paper offer opportunity for some transparency and greatly enhance the ability for broader stakeholders to compare companies and their performance in these critical arenas. However,the models do not quite move to the level of ethical discourse through which social progress might be achieved. We believe that a different philosophical perspective, making stakeholders an intrinsic part of the discourse rather than peripheral to the process,and engaging them in discourse that is open, fair, and democratic would move society toward moral corporate discourse.Several of the models examined offer aspects that lead in this direction. Modifications of frameworks and frameworks in progress, such as the SA1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard, provide evidence that corporations and their constituents recognize that corporate accountability is supported by effective stakeholder engagement. As reporting on CSR performance encourages performance improvements,we believe that the same holds for moral discourse.Ascompanies move toward greater transparency in the processes and outcomes of stakeholder discourse, we expect movement toward ideal speech and moral communicative outcomes.。
外研版九年级下册英语课文原文与翻译
外研版九下Module 1 Unit 1课文Activity 3 Listen and read.Lingling:Welcome back,everyone!玲玲：欢迎归来，各位！Betty:Hi,Lingling! How was your holiday?贝蒂：你好，玲玲！你的假期怎么样？Lingling:Not bad!1 went to see my grandparents in Henan Province. The train was full of people,and l had to stand for over three hours!玲玲：还不错！我去看望了在河南省的祖父母。
火车里挤满了入，我不得不站了3个多小时！Betty:Bad luck．Why is travel so difficult in winter?贝蒂：真倒霉。
为什么在冬天旅行如此困难？Lingling; Well, it's the busiest season in China because of the Spring Festival．Where's Tony?玲玲：哦，因为春节，它是中国最繁忙的季节。
托尼在哪里？Daming:He went to stay with his family in the UK．He's flying back today．But the flight is late.大明：他去了英国与家人待在一起。
他今天乘飞机回来。
但是航班晚点了。
Betty:Where did you go，Daming?贝蒂：你去哪里了，大明？Daming: We flew direct to Hong Kong-and the plane left a bit late tco!But the pilot in landing on time．Then we took a boat to Lantau and went to Disneyland，It was great fun!大明：我们乘飞机径直去了香港——飞机起飞也有点儿晚！不过飞行员成功地按时着陆了。
钓鱼的启示英文原文
钓鱼的启示英文原文下面是店铺收集整理的《钓鱼的启示》英文原文及翻译，大家一起来看看吧。
钓鱼的启示英文原文Eleven-year-old James and his family lived in a small island on the lake. Here, the front of the house's dock is a good place for fishing, his father is a fishing master, do not want to miss any little one from James with his father fishing opportunities.That day is a good time to catch bluegill, and from early morning the next day you can catch a bass. In the evening, James and his father put up the worm on the hook - Sunfish favorite food. James skillfully illuminated by the setting sun will hook Shuaixiang calm lake.Gradually climb out of the moon, silver water ripples quietly thrown constantly ... ... Suddenly, James pulled the fishing rod suddenly bent, he immediately realized it was a big guy. He took a deep breath to calm himself down and began to stroll slowly that the big guy. Father quietly, but turned away from time to time look at a son, is the eye of appreciation and praise.Two hours later, big guy finally stroll the exhausted James, James began to slowly close the hook. The big guy a little above the surface. James's eyes are Dengyuan: My God, enough with 10 kilograms! This is his biggest fish ever seen. James try to suppress the tension and excitement to live, carefully watching his trophy, he found that this is not the sunfish, but a big bass!Father and son on the TV a bit, then looked down at this big fish. In the dark green grass, fish forced to flip a shiny body, gills flapping up and down constantly. Father paddled a match according to a watch, a ten o'clock at night, from worse to allowtime for bass fishing two hours!Father looked at the fish, looked at his son, said: "My child, you have to put it back into the water.""Daddy!" James cried."You will also catch other fish.""Can no longer catch any fish so big ah!" My son protested loudly.James looked to the surrounding, moonlight, no one angler, not a boat, of course, no one will know it. Once again he looked back at his father.Father did not speak again. James knew there was no room for negotiation, and he tried to close your eyes, mind blank. He took a deep breath, opened his eyes, bent down, carefully put the fish from that hook to the lips off his hands lifted this heavy, still kept swinging the big fish , struggling to put it into the water.Piece of fish body in the water and whipped pendulum disappeared. James's heart is very sad.This is what happened 34 years ago. Today, James is a successful New York City architect, is also that of his father's lake house on the island, James, with his sons and daughters often go there to fish.James never did catch a big fish too, but the piece of fish has often appeared in his eyes - when faced with ethical issues, this fish will appear in his eyes.Just as his father taught him as moral issues, although only a simple right or wrong issue, but there is a certain difficulty to implement, especially when you face a great temptation when. If no one sees you act, you can insist on correct? In time of emergency, you will not be running red lights or retrograde? No one knows the case, you will not own anything for themselves?钓鱼的启示中文翻译十一岁的詹姆斯和他的家人住在湖心的一个小岛上。
英文翻译原文
1 Glossary1 strengthThe capacity of resisting failure in member cross-section material or connection. Strength checking aims at preventing failure of structural members or connections from exceeding the material strength.2 load-carrying capacityThe largest internal force that a structure or member can bear without failure from strength, stability or fatigue, etc., or the largest internal force at the onset of failure mechanism in plastically analyzed structures; or the internal force generating a deformation that hinders further loading.3 brittle fractureIn general, the suddenly occurred brittle fracture of a steel structure subject to tensile stress without warning by plastic deformation.4 characteristic value of strength5 design value of strengthThe value obtained from division of the characteristic value of strength of steel or connection by corresponding partial factor of resistance.6 first order elastic analysisThe elastic analysis of structure internal forces and deformation, based on the equilibrium condition of undeformed structure, taking no account of the effect of the second order deformation on infernal forces.7 second order elastic analysisThe elastic analysis of structure internal forces and deformation, based on the equilibrium condition of deformed structure, taking account of the effect of the second order deformation on internal forces.8 bucklingAn abrupt large deformation, not conforming to the original configuration of members or plates subject to axial force, bending moment or shear force, and thereby causing loss of stability.9 post-buckling strength of web plateThe capacity of web plates to bear further loading after buckling.10 normalized web slendernessParameter, equal to the square root of the quotient of steel yield strength in flexion, shear or compression by corresponding elastic buckling stress of web plates in flexion, shear or local compression.11 overall stabilityAssessment of the possibility of buckling or loss of stability of structures or structural numbers as a whole under the action of external loading.12 effective widthThat part of plate width assumed effective in checking the section strength and the stability.13 effective width factorRatio of the effective width to the actual width of a plate element.14 effective lengthThe equivalent length of a member obtained by multiplying its geometrical length within adjacent effective restraining points by a coefficient taking account of end deformation condition and loading condition. The length of welds assumed in calculation of the strength of welded connections.15 slenderness ratioThe ratio of member effective length to the radius of gyration of its cross-section.6 equivalent slenderness ratioThe slenderness ratio transforming a laced or battened column into solid-web one according to the principle of equal critical force for checking the overall stability of axially compressed members. The slenderness ratio transforming a flexural-torsional buckling and torsional buckling into flexural buckling.17 nodal bracing forceForce to be applied at the location of lateral support installed for reducing the unsupported length of a compression member (or compression flange of a member).This force acts in the direction of member buckling at the shear center of the member section.18 unbraced frameFrames resisting lateral load by bending resistance of members and their connections.19 frame braced with strong bracing systemA frame braced with bracing system of large stiffness against lateral displacement (bracing truss, shear wall, elevator well, etc.), adequate to be regarded as frame without sidesway20 frame braced with weak bracing systemA frame braced with bracing system of weak stiffness against lateral displacement, inadequate to be regarded as frame without sidesway.21 leaning columnA column hinged at both ends and not capable of resisting lateral load in a framed structure.22 panel zone of column webThe zone of column web within the beam depth at a rigid joint of frame.23 spherical steel bearingA hinged or movable support transmitting force through a spheric surface allowing the structure to rotate in any direction at the support.24 composite rubber and steel supportA support transmitting end reaction through a composite product of rubber and thin steel plates satisfying the displacement requirement at the support.25 chord memberMembers continuous through panel points in tubular structures, similar to chord members in regular trusses.26 bracing memberMembers cut short and connected to the chord members at panel points in tubular structures, similar to web members in regular trusses.27 gap jointJoints of tubular structures where the toes of two bracing members are distant from each other by a gap.28 overlap jointJoints of tubular structures where the two bracing members are overlaping.29 uniplanar jointJoints where chord member is connected to bracing members in a same plane.30 multiplannar jointTubular joints where chord member is connected to bracing members in different planes.-31 built-up memberMembers fabricated by joining more than one plate members (or rolled shapes), such as built-up beams or columns of I- or box-section.-32 composite steel and concrete beamA beam composed of steel beam and concrete flange plate, acting as an integrated member by means of shear connectors.2 Strength1 The bending strength of solid web members bent in their principal planes shall be checked as follows:y x x nx y nyM M f W W γγ+≤ where M x , M y —bending moments about x - and y - axes at a common section (for I-section, x -axis is the strongaxis and y is the weak axis);W nx , W ny —net section moduli about x - and y -axis;γx , γy —plasticity adaptation factors, γx =1.05, γy =1.20 for I-section, γx , γy =1.05 for box section; f —design value of bending strength of steel.When the ratio of the free outstand of the compression flange to its thickness is larger than y 13235/f , but not exceeding y 15235/f , γx shall be taken as 1.0. f y is the yield strength of the material indicated by the steel grade.For beams requiring fatigue checking, γx =γy =1.0 should be used.2 The shear strength of solid web members bent in their principal plane shall be checked by the following formula (for members taking account of web post-buckling strength:v wVS f It τ=≤ where V —shear force in the calculated section along the plane of web;S —static moment about neutral axis of that part of the gross section above the location where shear stressis calculated;I —moment of inertia of gross section;t w —web thickness;f v —design value of shear strength of steel.3 When a concentrated load is acting along the web plane on the upper flange of the beam, and that no bearing stiffener is provided at the loading location, the local compressive stress of the web at the upper edge of its effective depth shall be computed as follows:c w zF f t l ψσ=≤ where F —concentrated load, taking into account the impact factor in case of dynamic loading;ψ—amplification coefficient of the concentrated load, ψ=1.35 for heavy duty crane girder; ψ=1.0 forother beams and girders;l z —assumed distribution length of the concentrated load on the upper edge of the effectiveweb depth taken as:z y R 52l a h h =++a —bearing length of the concentrated load along the beam span, taken as 50mm for wheelloading on rail;h y —distance from the top of girders or beams to the upper edge of the effective web depth;h R —depth of the rail, h R =0 for beams without rail on top;f —design value of compressive strength of steel.4 In case comparatively large normal stress σ, shear stress τ, and local compressive stress σc (or comparatively large σ and τ) exist simultaneously at the edge of the effective web depth of build –up girders, e. g. at the intermediate support of a continuous girder or at a section where the flange changes its dimensions, the reduced stress shall be checked by the following expression222c c 13f σσσστβ+-+≤where σ, τ, σc —normal stress, shear stress and local compressive stress occurring simultaneously at a same pointon the edge of effective web depth. while σ is determined as follows:1nM y I σ= σ and σc are taken as positive while being tensile and negative while compressive;I n —moment of inertia of the net beam section;y 1—distance from the calculated point to the neutral axis of the beam section;β1—amplification coefficient of design value of strength for reduced stress, β1=1.2 when σ and σc areof different signs, β1=1.1 when σ and σc are of the same sign or when σc =0.3 Overall stability1 Calculation of the overall stability of the beams may not be needed when one of the following situations takes place:A rigid decking (reinforced concrete slab or steel plate) is securely connected to the compression flange of the beam and capable of preventing its lateral deflection;2 Except for the situations specified in Clause 1, members bent in their principal plane of largest rigidity shall be checked for overall stability as follows:x b xM f W ϕ≤ where M x —maximum bending moment about the strong axis;W x —gross section modulus of the beam with respect to compression fibers;ϕb —overall stability factor determined according to Appendix B.3 Except for the situations specified in Clause 1, H- and I-section members bent in their two principal planes shall be checked for overall stability as follows:y x b x y yM M f W W ϕγ+≤ where W x , W y —gross section moduli about x- and y- axes with respect to compression fibers;ϕb —overall stability factor for members bent about the strong axis.4 Simply supported box section beams not conforming to the first situation specified in Clause 1 shall have their cross section dimension meeting the relationships h /b 0≤6 and 10y /95(235/)l b f ≤.Simply supported box section beams fulfilling the above requirement may not be checked for overall stability.5 Detailing measures shall be taken to prevent twisting of the section at beam end supports.6 Members subjected to combined axial load and bendingSolid web beam-columns bent in their plane of symmetric axis (about x -axis) shall have their stability checked as follows.（1） In-plane stability:mx x x x 1x Ex(10.8)M N f N A W N βϕγ+≤-' where N —axial compression in the calculated portion of the member;ExN '—parameter, 22Ex x /(1.1)N EA πλ'=; ϕx —stability factor of axially loaded compression members buckling in the plane of bending;M x —maximum moment in the calculated portion of the member;W 1x —gross section modulus referred to the more compressed fiber in the plane of bending;βmx —factor of equivalent moment , taken as follows:1) For columns of frames and for members supported at the two ends:(1) In the case of no transverse load: βmx =0.65+0.35M 2/M 1, where M 1 and M 2 are end moments taken asof same sign for members bent in single curvature (without inflexion point) and of different signs formembers bent in reverse curvatures (with inflexion point), |M 1|≥|M 2|;(2) In the case of having end moments combined with transverse load: βmx =1.0 for members bent insingle curvature and βmx = 0.85 for members bent in reverse curvatures;(3) In the case of having transverse loads and no end moments: βmx =1.0;2) For cantilevers, columns of pure frame not taking account of 2nd order effect in stress（2）Out-of-plane stability:tx x y b 1xM N f A W βηϕϕ+≤ where ϕy — stability factor of axially loaded compression members buckling out of the plane of M x ;ϕb — overall stability factor of beams under uniform bending;M x —maximum moment in the calculated member portion;η —factor of section effect, taken as η = 0.7 for box section and η = 1.0 for others;βtx — factor of equivalent moment, taken as follows:1) For members with lateral supports, βtx shall be determined according to loading and internal force situation in the member portion between two adjacent supporting points as follows:(1) In the case of no transverse load within the calculated portion: βtx = 0.65 + 0.35M 2/M 1 , where M 1 and M 2 are end moments in the plane of bending, taken as of same sign for member portions bentin a single curvature and of different signs for member portions bent in reverse curvatures;|M 1|≥|M 2|;(2) In the case of having end moments combined with transverse loads within the calculated portion:βtx =1.0 for member portions bent in single curvature, βtx =0.85 for those bent in reverse curvatures;(3) In the case of having transverse loads and no end moment within the calculated portion: βtx = 1.0.2) For members acting as cantilevers out of the plane of bending βtx =1.0.7 Laced or battened beam-columns bent about the open web axis (x -axis) shall be checked for in-plane stability by the following formula:mx x x 1x x Ex(1)M N f N A W N βϕϕ+≤-' where x 1x 0I W y =, I x being the moment of inertia of the gross area about the x -axis, y 0 being the distance from the x -axis to the axis of the more compressed component or to the outside face of web of this component, whicheveris larger; x ϕand ExN 'shall be determined using the equivalent slenderness ratio. The overall out-of-plane stability of the member may not be checked in this case, but the stability of components shall be checked. The axial force of these components shall be determined as in the chords of trusses. For battened columns, bending of the components due to shear force shall be taken into account.8 Laced or battened beam-columns bent about the solid web axis shall have their in-plane and out-of-plane stability checked in the same way as solid web members, but the equivalent slenderness ratios shall be used for out-of-plane overall stability calculation and ϕb taken as 1.0.9 Doubly symmetrical I- (H-) and box (closed) section beam-columns bent in two principal planes, shall be checked for stability by the following formulae:t y y m x x x b y y x x Ex(10.8)M M N f N A W W N ββηϕϕγ++≤-' my y tx x y bx x y y Ey(10.8)M M N f N A W W N ββηϕϕγ++≤-' Where ϕx , ϕy —stability factors of axially loaded compression members about the strong axis x -x and the weakaxis y -y ;ϕbx , ϕby —overall stability factors of beams under uniform bending;M x , M y —maximum bending moment about the strong and the weak axes in the calculated memberportion;ExN ', Ey N '—parameters, 22Ex x π/(1.1)N EA λ'=, 22Ey y π/(1.1)N EA λ'=; W x , W y —gross section moduli about the strong and the weak axes;βmx , βmy —factors of equivalent moment;βtx , βty —factors of equivalent moment;10 The stability of laced (or battened) beam-columns with two components bent in two principal planes shall be checked as follows:Overall stabilityty y mx x x 1y 1x x Ex(1)M M N f N A W W N ββϕϕ++≤-' Where W 1y —gross section modulus referred to the more compressed fiber under the action of M y .11 Axially loaded membersThe strength of members subject to axial tension or compression, except at high strength bolted friction-type connections, shall be checked as follows:n N f A σ=≤ where N — axial tension or compression;A n —net sectional area.The strength of member at a high-strength bolted friction-type connection shall be checked by the following formulae:1n(10.5)n N f n A σ=-≤ and N f Aσ=≤ where n — number of high-strength bolts of one end of the member at a joint or a splice;n 1— number of high-strength bolts on the calculated section (outermost line of bolts);A — gross sectional area of the member.The stability of axially loaded compression solid web members shall be checked as followsN f Aϕ≤ where ϕ —stability factor of axially loaded compression members.4 Local stability1 Stiffeners shall be provided for webs of built-up girders in accordance with the following provisions:(1). When 0w /h t ≤y 80235/f , transverse stiffeners shall be provided for girders with local compressivestress(σc ≠0) in accordance with detailing requirements, but may not be provided for girders without local compressive stress(σc =0).(2). Transverse stiffeners shall be provided in case 0w y /80235/h t f >, among which, when0w y /170235/h t f >(twisting of compression flange is restrained, such as connected with rigid slab, surge plateor welded-on rail) or 0w y /150235/h t f >(twisting of compression flange not restrained), or demanded bycalculation, longitudinal stiffeners shall be added in the compression zone of large flexural stress panels. For girders with considerable local compressive stress, additional short stiffeners should also be provided if necessary.h 0/t w shall in no case exceed 250.In the above, h 0 is the effective web depth (for monosymmetric girders, h 0 shall be taken as twice the height of compression zone h c in judging whether longitudinal stiffeners are necessary), t w is the web thickness.(3). Bearing stiffeners shall be provided at girder supports and anywhere a fixed and comparatively large concentrated load is applied on the upper flange.2 Panels of girder webs provided solely with transverse stiffeners shall be checked for local stability by thefollowing expression22c cr cr c, cr 1σστστσ⎛⎫⎛⎫++≤ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭ where σ—bending compressive stress at the edge of effective depth of the web caused by the average bendingmoment in the calculated web panel;τ—mean shear stress of the web caused by the average shear force in the calculated web panel, ()w w V h t τ=, h w being the web depth.σc —local compressive stress at the edge of effective depth of the web, calculated with formula , buttaking ψ=1.0;σcr , τcr , σc, cr —critical value of bending-, shear- and local compressive stress.3 Local stability of compression membersThe ratio of free outstand, b , of a flange to its thickness, t , in compression members shall conform to the following requirements:（1） Axially loaded compression membersb t≤(10+0.1λ)y 235f where λ —the larger of the slenderness ratios of the member in two directions, taken as 30 when λ<30, and as100 when λ>100.（2） Beam-columnsb t≤13y 235f b /t may be enlarged to 15y 235/f in case γx =1.0 is used for strength and stability checking.Note: The free outstand b of the flange shall be taken as follows: the distance from the face of the web to the flange tip forwelded members; the distance from the toe of the fillet to the flange tip for rolled members.4 The ratio of effective web depth, h 0, to thickness, t w , in I-section compression members shall conform to the following requirements:（1） Axially loaded compression members0wh t ≤(25+0.25λ)y 235f where λ — the larger of the slenderness ratios of the member in two directions, taken as 30 when λ < 30, and as100 when λ > 100.（2） Beam-columns0wh t ≤(16α0+0.5λ+25)y 235f , when 0≤α0≤1.6 0wh t ≤(48α0+0.5λ–26.2)y 235f , when 1.6<α0≤2max min 0maxσσασ-=where max σ— maximum compressive stress on the edge of effective web depth, not taking account of thestability factor of the member, nor the plasticity adaptation factor of the section;min σ— corresponding stress on the other edge of effective web depth, taken as positive for compressionand negative for tension;λ — slenderness ratio in the plane of bending, taken as 30 when λ<30 and as 100 when λ>100. 5 whereas the ratio of the effective web depth, h 0, to thickness, t w , shall conform to the following requirements:（1） For axially loaded compression members, 0w h t ≤y23540f 6 The depth-to-thickness ratio of the web in T-section compression members shall not exceed the following values:(1) Axially loaded compression members and beam-columns in which bending moment causes tension on thefree edge of the web:For hot-rolled cut-T section (15 + 0.2 λ)y 235fFor welded T-section (13 + 0.17 λ)y 235f(2) Beam-columns, in which bending moment causes compression on the free edge of the web: 15y 235f , when α0≤1.0 18y 235f , when α0 > 1.07 The ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness of circular tubes subject to compression shall not exceed 100 (235/f y ).。
英文翻译原文
CLUTCH ASSEMBLY COVER, METHOD OF MAKING SAME, AND OPTIONAL HEAT MANAGEMENTCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of aprovisional application Ser. No. 61/436,433 filed Jan. 26, 2011, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]The present invention is generally related to a clutch assembly. More particularly, but not exclusively, the invention relates to an improved clutch assembly cover and a method of making the cover, as well as an optional heat management feature that can be included with the cover.RACKGROIJND OF THE INVENTION[0003] As is well known, clutches for vehicles operate to selectively couple and decouple an engine to a transmission for the purpose of starting the vehicle movement while the engine is in gear, bringing the vehicle to a stop while the engine is running, changing gears while the vehicle is in motion and putting the vehicle in motion from a dead stop. Conventional clutches include a cover assembly having an annular cover or housing and an annular pressure plate connected to the cover for conjoint rotation with the cover. The cover is fixedly attached to a flywheel driven by the vehicle engine, so that the pressure plate is locatedbetween the cover and the flywheel. Attachment of the cover to the flywheel is by a plurality of bolts, which space the cover and pressure plate from the flywheel.[0004]A drive shaft is received through the cover assembly and flywheel free of fixed connection to any of these so that absent action of the clutch, the drive shaft and flywheel rotate independently of each other. The drive shaft is splined and one or more clutch friction discs are mounted on the splines for conjoint rotation with the drive shaft, while being free to slide longitudinally on the drive shaft. The clutch friction discs are positioned between the pressure plate and the fly- wheel. Heat shields are disposed between the pressure plate and nearest friction disc, and also between the flywheel and nearest friction disc. Floater plates are disposed between adjacent friction discs.[0005] Springs between the cover and pressure plate force a ring away from the cover to clamp the friction discs against the flywheel. The clamping action mates the drive shaft and flywheel for conjoint rotation so that the drive shaft is driven by the engine. However, some relative rotation or sliding between the friction discs and flywheel desirably occurs before there is conjoint rotation to reduce the impact loads on the engine and drive shaft as well as to make the motion of the vehicle smoother.[0006]The clutch is released to permit independent rotation of theflywheel and drive shaft by a mechanical linkage. Levers pivotally mounted on the cover are connected to pins fixedly attached to the pressure plate. The levers may be engaged by a release member of the mechanical linkage to pull the pressure plate toward the cover against the force of the springs to release the clutch.[0007]The cover protects the clutch and flywheel from being obstructed by foreign elements. The cover also provides a barrier to access within the clutch assembly to prevent accidental contact with the fast-spinning parts within the clutch assembly. A typical clutch cover is stamped or cast metal. The shapes can vary depending on a number of factors including type and manufacturer of clutch.[0008] However, casting and stamping requires the use of an expensive mold, and a new mold is required for each type or style of cover. One type or style of cast or stamped cover only fits one type or brand of motor or car, and is not transferrable between different automobiles or engines. Multiple molds increase costs greatly. In addition, special strengthening methods must be incorporated, such as having a greater thickness of metal, more metal material, special structural features, or the like. The strengthening is due to casting or stamping and the stresses experienced by the cover. The strengthening methods can add weight, increase the size, and otherwise be antagonistic to efficiency and economy of manufacturing the cover, use of space on the automobile, and operation ofthe automobile.[0009]It is therefore a primary object, feature, and/or advantage of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method that improves over the deficiencies in the art.[0010] It is another object, feature, and/or advantage of the present invention to provide an improved clutch cover and method of making the same that is lighter in weight than prior art clutch covers.[0011] It is another object, feature, and/or advantage of the present invention to provide an improved clutch cover and method of making the same that has a smaller profile from the plane of a mounting flange to the plane at the opposite side of the cover.[0012] It is another object, feature, and/or advantage of the present invention to provide an improved clutch cover and method of making the same that occupies less space to be able to fit more clutch lining layers on the clutch disc to better handle higher horsepower engines.[0013] It is another object, feature, and/or advantage of the present invention to provide an improved clutch cover and method of making the same that is less expensive than a die cast stamp, mold, or form. [0014] It is another object, feature, and/or advantage of the present invention to provide an improved clutch cover and method of making the same that includes an optional heat management feature that can deter damage or deterioration of the clutch plates due to increased heat.[0015]These and/or other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present invention is not to be limited to or by these objects, features and advantages. No single embodiment need provide each and every object, feature, or advantage.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION[0016] According to one aspect of the present invention, a clutch cover for connecting a clutch assembly to a flywheel of an engine is provided. The clutch cover includes a bowl- shaped member having an axis, a wide end, a narrow end, and an aperture through the narrow end along the axis. The bowl- shaped member is formed by deforming a spinning sheet of metal. A flange extends about the wide end of the bowl- shaped member.A rim is formed at the narrow end of the bowl-shaped member adjacent the aperture. A pattern of holes is machined in the flange and the rim, with the pattern of holes determined by the type of engine used. A plurality of apertures is formed through the bowl-shaped member and is configured to house release levers of a pressure plate assembly. [0017] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a universal clutch cover for use with a clutch assembly used with virtually any make of vehicle engine is provided. The method includes determining the make of the vehicle engine. A force is applied normal to a spinning sheet of metal having an aperture therethrough to formagenerally bowl-shaped member with a flange at a wide end and a rim at a narrow end of the bowl-shaped member. A pattern of holes is machined in the flange of the bowl-shaped member, with the pattern of holes corresponding to the make of the vehicle engine. A plurality of apertures is machined through the bowl-shaped member between the flange and the rim.[0018] According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a clutch cover for a clutch assembly of an engine is provided. The method includes forming a hole in a sheet of metal. The sheet of metal is spun on a spin-casting machine about the central axis of the hole.A force is applied normal to the sheet of metal starting at a predetermined distance from the edge of the hole to form a bowl-shaped member having a rim adjacent a narrow end and a flange adjacent a wide end, with the rim and flange being generally perpendicular to the axis of the hole. A pattern of flange holes is machined in the flange, wherein the pattern of flange holes are configured to operably attach the clutch assembly to the engine. A plurality of apertures is cut in the bowl-shaped member, the apertures adapted to house release levers.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] FIG. 1 is an exploded view of components of a vehicle engine, including an engine block, flywheel, clutch assembly, and bell housing. [0020] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a clutch assembly used in vehicles.[0021] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the clutch assembly of FIG. 2. [0022] FIG.4 is a perspective view of a clutch cover according to the present invention.[0023] FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the clutch cover of FIG. 4.[0024] FIG. 6 is a side view of the clutch cover of FIG. 4.[0025] FIG. 7A shows a method of forming the clutch cover by use of an internal spin forming machine.[0026] FIG.7Bshows a method of forming the clutch cover by use of an external spin forming machine.[0027] FIG. 8 shows the steps of a process of forming the clutch cover according to the present invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERREDEMBODIMENTS[0028] FIG. 1 is an exploded view of components of a vehicle engine, including an engine block 30, a flywheel 32, a clutch disc 28, a clutch assembly 10, and a bell housing 31. The flywheel 32 is connected to the engine 30 and the clutch assembly 10 is connected to the flywheel 32 with the clutch disc 28 therebetween. As is known in the art, the clutch assembly 10 works with the clutch disc 28 to selectively press the clutch disc 28 against the flywheel 32 in order to power a vehicle. Furthermore, the flywheel 32, clutch disc 28 and clutch assembly 10 are confined within the bell housing 31, which is attached to the engine 30. Therefore,it should be understood that the clutch assembly 10 ideally has a low height in order to take up the least amount of room within the bell housing 31 and to keep the engine 30 from getting too large.[0029] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a clutch assembly 10 as taken from FIG. 1 and used in vehicles. As stated above, the clutch assembly 10 is used to selectively engage a clutch disc 28 with a flywheel 32 in an engine to both allow the automobile vehicle to idle without having to power down, and to provide power to the wheels of the vehicle in order to drive said vehicle. Previously, the clutch assembly 10 has been engine specific. For example, a certain clutch assembly 10 must be used with a certain engine 30, e.g., a Chevrolet manufactured engine requires the use of a Chevrolet clutch assembly. The clutch requirements make it difficult for auto- mobile enthusiasts to interchange engine components as they may like. As shown in FIG. 2, the clutch assembly 10 includes at least a clutch cover 12 and a pressure plate assembly 14 attached to the clutch cover 12.[0030] FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of the clutch assembly 10 of FIG.2. The clutch assembly 10 includes a clutch cover 12, a pressure plate assembly 14, a spring retainer 16, and a plurality of blocks 18 or other means of attaching the clutch cover 12 to the pressure plate assembly 14. [0031]The pressure plate assembly 14 generally includes a pressure plate 20, a plurality of springs 22 positioned radially on the pressure plate 20,as well as a plurality of pivots 24 and release levers or arms 26 positioned radially on the pressure plate 20. The springs and release arms are configured to selectively engage the clutch disc 28 into contact and from contact with the flywheel 32 via the pressure plate 20. There- fore, the number and arrangement of springs and release arms may vary depending on the type of vehicle. For instance, racing vehicles or vehicles having a higher torque and horse- power may require more release arms than would a standard vehicle used on public roads. Therefore, the present invention contemplates that the number of release arms may vary as is known and used in the industry. However, it is noted that most vehicles will use between three and ten release arms.[0032] Positioned between the pressure plate assembly 14 and the clutch cover 12 is a spring retainer 16. The spring retainer 16 helps align the springs 22 of the pressure plate assembly 14 and prevents the springs from being diverted from their line of axis. The spring retainer 16 is housed within the clutch cover 12. Also shown in FIG. 3 is a plurality of blocks 18 operatively attached to the clutch cover 12. The blocks 18 align with the pivots 24 of the pressure plate assembly 14 to attach the clutch cover 12 to the pressure plate assembly 14. Therefore, the number of blocks 18 will correspond to the number of release arms 26 used with the vehicle.[0033] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a clutch cover 12 according to thepresent invention. It should be noted that the clutch cover 12 may also be known as a clutch housing or clutch hat. The clutch cover 12 includes a generally bowl- shaped member 34 having a wide end 38 and a narrow end 40. Adjacent the wide end 38 and extending there from is a flange 42. Adjacent the narrow ends 40 and extending generally inwardly towards an axis 62 of the bowl-shaped member 34 is a rim 44. On the flange is a pattern of flange holes 46 that correspond to the flywheel 32 of an engine. On the rim 44 is a pattern of rim holes 48 that corresponds with the bell housing 31 for attaching the clutch assembly 10 to the bell housing 31. Therefore, the flange holes 46 and rim holes 48 will be make or model specific, and will be determined by the make and model of the engine that the clutch assembly 10 will be used with. Furthermore, the clutch cover 12 includes a plurality of lever arm apertures 50 through the bowl-shaped member 34 and partially through the rim 44. The lever arm apertures 50 correspond to the lever or release arms 26 of the pressure plate assembly 14. Therefore, the number of lever arm apertures 50 will depend on the number of release levers or arms 26 used with the clutch assembly 10. Further shown in FIG. 4 is a plurality of bent segments or fins 52 positioned radially about the clutch cover 12. The fins 52 are bent segments 54 of the bowl-shaped member 34, and are used to provide a heat management aspect of the invention, as will be described in greater detail below.[0034] FIGS. 5 and 6 are a bottom view and side view of the clutch cover 12 of FIG. 4. The clutch cover 12 of the present invention is spun cast. The spin casting of the clutch cover 12 allows the clutch cover 12 to be manufactured quicker and cheaper than existing methods. Furthermore, the spin casting allows the clutch cover 12 to be generally a universal-type clutch cover that can be used with any make or model of engine, flywheel, and bell housing. FIGS. 5 and 6 show a fea more of the details of the clutch cover 12.[0035] For instance, it should be noted that the rim 44 and flange 42 are generally planar and parallel to one another. This allows the clutch cover 12 to be easily mounted in an engine. Furthermore, it should also be noted that the clutch cover 12 includes a generally first section 56 at the wide end 38 of the clutch cover 12 and a second section 58 at the narrow end 40 of the clutch cover 12. The second section 58 of the clutch cover 12 is generally perpendicular to the flange 42 and rim 44 of the clutch cover 12. The height of the second section 58 may also be varied according to the specific type of vehicle and engine. It should be noted that spin coating produces a clutch cover with greater strength, and that the spin cast cover can be lower in height due to the greater strength. [0036] FIGS. 7A and 7B show alternative methods of spin forming a sheet of steel or metal 60 into the bowl-shaped member 34 for use as a clutch cover 12. FIG. 7A shows the use of an external-type spin formingand FIG. 7B shows the use of an internal-type spin forming.[0037] FIG. 7A shows the method of forming the clutch cover 12 by use of an external spin forming machine 64. A sheet of metal 60 with a hole or aperture 36 there through placed onto a spinning machine 64 with the axis of the sheet of metal passing through the axis 62 of the spinning machine 64 itself. The sheet 60 is then secured by a support 68 and spun at a very high speed. As the sheet 60 spins, a roller 70 exerts a force downward onto the sheet 60 forcing it to form about a mandrel 74 with a flange 42 formed at the wide end of the bowl-shaped member 34. However, as shown in FIG. 7A according to the dashed lines, as the roller 70 exerts a force normal to the sheet 60 of the mandrel 74, the flange 42 may not be level or parallel with the rim 44. Therefore, this method may require the use of a leveling machine or other method for leveling the flange 42 to the rim 44.[0038] FIG. 7B shows an internal-type spin forming. A sheet of metal 60 is placed onto the spinning machine 64 with the axis 62 of the spinning machine 64 inserted through an aperture 36 in the center of the sheet of metal 60. The sheet 60 is then secured to the spinning machine 64 by the use of a support 68. The s spinning machine 64 then spins the sheet 60 ata high speed, and a roller 70 exerts a force generally normal to the sheet60. The force exerted by the roller 70 causes the sheet to form into the cavity 72. Therefore, the shape of the spun sheet of metal will coincide tothe shape of the cavity 72 of the spinning machine 64. Furthermore, the cavity 72 and the initial position of the roller 70 may be determined such that a flange 42 is left at the wide end of the spun sheet of metal 60 as is required for the clutch cover 12. Once the sheet 60 has been spun to form the bowl-shaped member 34, the flange 42 may be leveled as needed to make it parallel to the rim 44 of the clutch cover 12.[0039] FIG. 8 shows a series of steps of a process of forming the clutch cover 12 according to the present invention. The clutch cover 12 starts with a single sheet 60 of metal, such as steel. Next, an aperture 36 is formed in the center of the sheet 60, with the aperture serving as an indexing hole to be placed on the spin casting machine. Therefore, for the present invention, it is preferred that the aperture 3 6 be formed in the center of the sheet of metal 60. The sheet 60 is then spun cast on a spinning machine 64 as disclosed according to one of the methods as disclosed in either FIG. 7A or 7B. Thus, the bowl-shaped member 34 may be formed by either external or internal spin casting. After this step, the bowl-shaped member 34 will have a flange 42 and the beginnings of a rim 44. It should be noted that the spinning may form a general bowl- shaped member 34 as shown in FIG. 8 or may use a spin cast machine having the shape of the clutch cover 12 as shown in the next step. Therefore, the beginnings of the clutch cover 12 shape may be formed. [0040] In the fourth step shown in FIG. 8, the bowl-shaped member 34 isformed to have a flange 42, a rim 44, and the bowl-shaped body there between. The bowl-shaped body includes a first section 56 at the wide end of the bowl-shaped member 34 and a second section 58 adjacent the narrow portion of the bowl-shaped member 34. As described above, the second section 58 of the bowl-shaped member 34 may be generally perpendicular to the rim and flange of the member. Furthermore, as shown in this step, the flange has been machined or laser cut to have a specific peripheral shape. The peripheral shape is determined by the make and model of the engine. Next, material is removed from the bowl-shaped member 34. For instance, a pattern of flange holes 46 and rim holes 48 are machined into the member. The flange holes 46 and rim holes 48 are selected depending on the make and model of the engine in which the clutch cover 12 will be used. Additionally, a plurality of lever arm apertures 50 are formed in the bowl-shaped member 34. The number and location of the lever arm apertures 50 will depend on the pressure plate assembly 14 used with the clutch cover 12. This may also depend on the intended use of the clutch assembly 10. Finally, a plurality of fins 52 may be stamped in the bowl-shaped member 34 or clutch cover 12 body. The fins 52 are bent segments of the clutch cover 12 body. The fins 52 may be stamped by a stamping machine. However, it should be noted that the fins 52 are bent segments 54 comprising the material of the clutch cover 12 bent at least partially away from the axis of the clutch cover 12 such thatthere is a slight opening from the outside of the clutch cover 12 to the inside of the clutch cover 12. The fins 52 provide a heat management system for the clutch assembly 10.[0041] As stated above, the method of manufacturing the clutch cover 12 of the present invention provides for many benefits over the prior art. By spin casting the clutch cover 12, the exact design of the clutch cover 12 may be varied on a case by case basis. For instance, many automobile enthusiasts would like to use different engine components than what is provided by the manufacturer of the vehicle. This might be known as after market parts. Therefore, enthusiasts may wish to use a Chevrolet engine with a Ford transmission. Presently, there is difficulty in connecting the different types of engines and transmissions. This is due to the fact that each manufactuner has certain attaching features that do not coincide with another manufacturer. Therefore, in order to connect the two, specialty components such as bell housings and clutch covers are needed. However, due to the price of molds that are presently used to manufacture the clutch covers, this is not economically feasible. Therefore, the spin casting and machining of the clutch cover 12 according to the presenl invention allows for this to become a reality. [0042]The spin forming also adds strength to the clutch cover 12 compared to hydro forming the cover. The added strength allows the cover to be thinner, which also means lighter. Furthermore, the lowerclearance allows for the clutch assembly 10 to use more clutch discs than previously, which aids in the engine efficiency.[0043] The method of manufacturing the clutch cover 12 as described above would allow for a mere universal combination of engine components. For instance, a customer may wish to include two different makes of engine and transmission. Once the make and model of engine and transmission are known, the present invention will allow for a quick and inexpensive way to provide for a clutch cover for use with the different makes and models of transmission and engine. Furthermore, the invention contemplates the use of a database that includes specifications for different types of engines, bell housings, transmissions, and other engine components related to the clutch assembly 10. Therefore, a user would simply select the desired engine components from said data- base, and the clutch cover 12 would be manufactured to accommodate the selected engine components. This may include the pattern of rim holes, pattern of flange holes, number and location of lever arm apertures, height of clutch cover, and number and location of fins.[0044] Furthermore, the fins 52 aid in the heat management of the clutch assembly 10. One problem with current clutch assemblies is the damage due to overheating of the assemblies. The heat produced by the spinning components of the engine may cause components to be damaged. For example, clutch discs are commonly warped after extended use due to theheat produced by the spinning components of the engine. Thus, the clutch disc must be replaced in order to provide efficient operation of the engine and vehicle. However, the fins 52 will work similar to a fan in bringing outside air to within the clutch cover 12 to aid in cooling of the clutch discs 28 and other components within the clutch assembly 10. The clutch assembly 10 is always spinning. Thus, the spinning of the clutch cover 12 and fins 52 located on the clutch cover 12 will draw in air from outside the clutch cover 12 to aid in the cooling of the clutch disc 28. The cooling of the clutch disc 28 will extend the life of said clutch disc 28 and provide for prolonged efficiency of a vehicle engine. Therefore, it should be appreciated that the design of the fins 52 may vary.[0045] As shown in the Figures, the fins 52 are generally bent segments 54 of the clutch cover 12 material bent outwardly from the axis 62 through the clutch cover 12. How- ever, the fins 52 may be bent inwardly, or may be rotated 900 relative to the flange 42 to have different configurations to draw in more or less air for the clutch assembly 10. Thus, the present invention contemplates multiple designs of the fins 52 about the clutch cover 12.[0046] Other alternative processes obvious to those in the field of the art are considered to be included in this invention. This description is merely an example of an embodiment and limitations of the invention are not limited to the application. For instance, the exact shape and size of theclutch cover 12 may be varied according to the amount of space available and the type of engine used with the clutch cover 12. Furthermore, the machines used to remove material from the clutch cover 12 may vary as well. A five axis laser cutter may be used to cut out the lever arm apertures in the clutch cover 12 body. A drill or other machine may be used to create the bolt holes or holes through the flange 42 and rim 44. Finally, a leveling machine or other machine capable of leveling the device may be used to level the flange 42 relative to the rim 44.What is claimed is:1. A clutch cover for connecting a clutch assembly to aflywheel of an engine, comprising:a bowl-shaped member having an axis, a wide end, a nar-row end, and an aperture through the narrow end alongthe axis, the bowl-shaped member being formed bydeforming a spinning sheet of metal;a flange extending about the wide end of the bowl-shapedmember;a rim formed at the narrow end of the bowl-shaped memberadjacent the aperture;a pattern of holes formed in the flange and the rim, thepattern of holes determined by the type of engine used;anda plurality of apertures through the bowl-shaped memberconfigurcd to housc rclcasc lcvcrs.2. The clutch cover of claim 1 further comprising a plural- ity of fins positioned about the bowl-shaped member.3. The clutch cover of claim 2 wherein the fins are bent segments of the bowl-shaped member.4. The clutch cover of claim 3 wherein the fins are bent away from the axis of the bowl.5. The clutch cover of claim 1 wherein the number of plurality of apertures through the bowl-shaped member includes three to six apertures.6. The clutch cover of claim 1 wherein the flange and the rim are generally parallel to one another.7. The clutch cover of claim 1 wherein the bowl-shaped member comprises a first section having a diameter and a second section having a smaller diameter than the first sec- tion.8. A method of forming a universal clutch cover for use with a clutch assembly used with virtually any make of vehicle engine, the method comprising:determining the make of the vehicle engine;applying a force normal to a spinning sheet of metal havingan aperture therethrough to form a generally bowl-shaped member with a flange at a wide end and a rim ata narrow end of the bowl-shaped member;machining a pattern of holes in the flange of the bowl-shaped member, the pattern of holes corresponding tothe make of the vehicle engine; andmachining a plurality of apertures through the bowl-shaped member between the flange and the rim.9. The method of claim 8 further comprising stamping apattern of fins in the bowl-shaped member between each ofthe plurality of apertures. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the fins are bent out-wardly from the bowl-shaped member.11. The method of claim 8 further comprising leveling theflange relative to the rim.12. The method of claim 8 wherein the number of theplurality of apertures is between three and six apertures.13. The method of claim 8 wherein a portion of the bowl-shaped member is generally perpendicular to the flange andmm.14. The method of claim 8 further comprising centering the。
英文翻译 附原文
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译（附外文原文）系 ( 院 )：资源与环境工程系课题名称：英文翻译专业(方向)：环境工程班级：2004-1班学生：3040106119指导教师：刘辉利副教授日期：2008年4月20使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿物废水中去除和回收金属离子a. 美国, 大学公园, PA 16802, 宾夕法尼亚州立大学, 能源部和Geo 环境工程学.b. 印度第80号邮箱, Mahatma Gandhi ・Marg, Lucknow 226001, 工业毒素学研究中心, 环境化学分部,于2006 年5月6 日网上获得，2006 年4月24 日接受，2006 年3月19 日;校正，2006 年2月15 日接收。
摘要酸性矿物废水(AMD), 是一个长期的重大环境问题，起因于钢硫铁矿的微生物在水和空气氧化作用, 买得起包含毒性金属离子的一种酸性解答。
这项研究的主要宗旨是通过使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿水(AMD)中去除和回收金属离子。
褐煤已被用于酸性矿水排水AMD 的处理。
经研究其能吸附亚铁, 铁, 锰、锌和钙在multi-component 含水系统中。
研究通过在不同的酸碱度里进行以找出最适宜的酸碱度。
模拟工业条件进行酸性矿物废水处理, 所有研究被进行通过单一的并且设定多专栏流动模式。
空的床接触时间(EBCT) 模型被使用为了使吸附剂用量减到最小。
金属离子的回收并且吸附剂的再生成功地达到了使用0.1 M 硝酸不用分解塔器。
关键词:吸附; 重金属; 吸附; 褐煤; 酸性矿物废水处理; 固体废料再利用; 亚铁; 铁; 锰。
文章概述1. 介绍2. 材料和方法2.1. 化学制品、材料和设备3. 吸附步骤3.1. 酸碱度最佳化3.2. 固定床研究3.2.1 单一栏3.2.2 多栏4. 结果和讨论4.1. ZPC 和渗析特征4.2 酸碱度的影响4.3. Multi-component 固定吸附床4.3.1 褐煤使用率4.4. 吸附机制4.5. 解吸附作用研究5. 结论1. 介绍酸性矿物废水(AMD) 是一个严重的环境问题起因于硫化物矿物风化, 譬如硫铁矿(FeS2) 和它的同素异形体矿物(α-FeS) 。
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文+参考译文
文档简介文档简介一，一， 英语翻译经典文章之英语翻译经典文章之 英文原稿英文原稿 二，二， 中文翻译中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！英文原稿BrianIt seems my only request (It seems my only request (““please, let me sleep please, let me sleep””) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you that can help you when you’’re in doubt. Especially during the night Situa on what to do I’I’m sleeping m sleeping Do not enter my roomYou You’’re not sure if re not sure if I’I’I’m sleeping m sleeping and you want to checkNot your business Don Don’’t enter my room You You’’re under the re under the effect effect of drug of drugs s and you feel like entering my roomDon Don’’t enter my fucking room You saw a super cute video on you tu be and you want me to see it Don Don’’t enter my room Send me the link on FB World war 3 just started Don Don’’t care Don Don’’t enter my fucking room You or one of your friends want to want to ““have fun have fun”” with me I’I’m straight. m straight. m straight. I’I’I’m sorry m sorryDon't even touch my room door You want to clean my room Thanks but Thanks but I’I’I’ll take care of it myself ll take care of it myself Pu n just legalized gay marri agesThat That’’s wonderful! Finally !But don But don’’t enter my roomI’I’m not home m not homeDon Don’’t even think of entering my roomI’I’m m home, it it’’s day me, you knocked and I answered answered ““yes, come in yes, come in”” You can enter my room中文翻译中文翻译小子：小子：我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。
新视野大学英语2全部课文原文中英文翻译
新视野大学英语2全部课文中英文翻译Unit1Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.美国人相信没有人会停滞不前。
如果你不前进，你就落后了。
这种态度造就了一个致力于研究、试验和探索的民族。
时间是美国人谨慎节约的两个要素之一，另一个是劳动。
"We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sandshave run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count.有人说：“我们只是时钟的奴隶。
英文的中文译版
英文的中文译版在改开后，大陆人疯狂地学英语的时代。
但是，人们似乎都快忘记了，中华民族的汉语，是有多么的美、多么地强大！这里有一段英文的诗歌，被翻译成各种版本的中文。
结果，让所有看到译文的人，都惊呆了！一、英文原文You say that you love rain,but you open your umbrella when it rains...You say that you love the sun,but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines...You say that you love the wind,But you close your windows when wind blows...This is why I am afraid;You say that you love me too...二、普通翻译版你说你喜欢雨，但是下雨的时候你却撑开了伞；你说你喜欢阳光，但当阳光播撒的时候，你却躲在阴凉之地；你说你喜欢风，但清风扑面的时候，你却关上了窗户。
我害怕你对我也是如此之爱……。
二、文艺版你说烟雨微芒，兰亭远望；后来轻揽婆pó娑s uō，深遮霓ní裳cháng。
你说春光烂漫，绿袖红香；后来内掩西楼，静立卿旁。
你说软风轻拂，醉卧思量；后来紧掩门窗，漫帐成chéng殇shāng。
你说情丝柔肠，如何相忘；我却眼波微转，兀wù自zì成霜。
三、诗经版子言慕雨，启伞避之。
子言好阳，寻荫拒之。
子言喜风，阖hé户hù离之。
子言偕老，吾所畏之。
四、离骚版君乐雨兮启伞枝，君乐昼兮林蔽日，君乐风兮栏帐起，君乐吾兮吾心xīn噬s hì。
五、五言诗版恋雨偏打伞，爱阳却遮凉。
风来掩窗扉，叶公惊龙王。
片言只语短，相思缱qiǎn 倦juàn长。
郎君说爱我，不敢细思量。
关于经纬度的英文原文及翻译
Latitude and LongitudeAny location on Earth is described by two numbers--its latitude and its longitude. If a pilot or a ship's captain wants to specify position on a map, these are the "coordinates" they would use.Actually, these are two angles, measured in degrees, "minutes of arc" and "seconds of arc." These are denoted by the symbols ( °, ', " ) e.g. 35° 43' 9" means an angle of 35 degrees, 43 minutes and 9 seconds (do not confuse this with the notation (', ") for feet and inches!). A degree contains 60 minutes of arc and a minute contains 60 seconds of arc--and you may omit the words "of arc" where the context makes it absolutely clear that these are not units of time.Calculations often represent angles by small letters of the Greek alphabet, and that way latitude will be represented by λ(lambda, Greek L), and longitude by φ (phi, Greek F). Here is how they are defined.PLEASE NOTE: Charts used in ocean navigation often use the OPPOSITE notation--λfor LONGITUDE and φfor LATITUDE. The convention followed here resembles the one used by mathematicians in 3 dimensions for spherical polar coordinates.Imagine the Earth was a transparent sphere(actually the shape is slightly oval; because of the Earth's rotation, its equator bulges out a little). Through the transparent Earth (drawing) we can see its equatorial plane, and its middle the point is O, the center of the Earth.To specify the latitude of some point P on the surface, draw the radius OP to that point. Then the elevation angle of that point above the equator is its latitude λ--northern latitude if north of the equator, southern (or negative) latitude if south of it.LatitudeIn geography, latitude (φ) is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constan t latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of these coordinates. In the first step the physical surface is modelled by the geoid, a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses. The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately modelled by an ellipsoid.The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections. Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface. The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface, the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface. Latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard.Since there are many different reference ellipsoids the latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that "without the full specification of the coordinate reference system, coordinates (that is latitude and longitude) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst". This is of great importance in accurate applications, such as GPS, but in common usage, where high accuracy is not required, the reference ellipsoid is not usually stated.In English texts the latitude angle, defined below, is usually denoted by the Greek lower-case letter phi (φ or ɸ). It is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds or decimal degrees, north or south of the equator.Measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth, either for setting up theodolites or for determination of GPS satellite orbits. The study of the figure of the Earth together with its gravitational field is the science of geodesy. These topics are not discussed in this article. (See for example the textbooks by Torge and Hofmann-Wellenhof and Moritz.)This article relates to coordinate systems for the Earth: it may be extended to cover the Moon, planets and other celestial objects by a simple change of nomenclature.Imagine the Earth was a transparent sphere(actually the shape is slightly oval; because of the Earth's rotation, its equator bulges out a little). Through the transparent Earth (drawing) we can see its equatorial plane, and its middle the point is O, the center of the Earth. To specify the latitude of some point P on the surface, draw the radius OP to that point. Then the elevation angle of that point above the equator is its latitude λ--northern latitude if north of the equator, southern (or negative) latitude if south of it.[How can one define the angle between a line and a plane, you may well ask? After all, angles are usually measured between twolines!Good question. We must use the angle which completes it to 90 degrees, the one between the given line and one perpendicular to the plane. Herethat would be the angle (90°-λ) between OP and the Earth's axis, known as the co-latitude of P.]On a globe of the Earth, lines of latitude are circles of different size. The longest is the equator, whose latitude is zero, while at the poles--at latitudes 90° north and 90° south (or -90°) the circles shrink to a point.LongitudeLongitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians (lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole) connect points with the same longitude. By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, was allocated the position of zero degrees longitude. The longitude of other places is measured as the angle east or west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward. Specifically, it is the angle between a plane containing the Prime Meridian and a plane containing the North Pole, South Pole and the location in question. (This forms a right-handed coordinate system with the z axis (right hand thumb) pointing from the Earth's center toward the North Pole and the x axis (right hand index finger) extending from Earth's center through the equator at the Prime Meridian.)A location's north–south position along a meridian is given by its latitude, which is approximately the angle between the local vertical and the plane of the Equator.If the Earth were perfectly spherical and homogeneous, then the longitude at a point would be equal to the angle between a vertical north–south plane through that point and the plane of the Greenwich meridian. Everywhere on Earth the vertical north–south plane would contain the Earth's axis. But the Earth is not homogeneous, and has mountains—which have gravity and so can shift the vertical plane away from the Earth's axis. The vertical north–south plane still intersects the plane of the Greenwich meridian at some angle; that angle is the astronomical longitude, calculated from star observations. The longitude shown on maps and GPS devices is the angle between the Greenwich plane and a not-quite-vertical plane through the point; the not-quite-vertical plane is perpendicular to the surface of the spheroid chosen to approximate the Earth's sea-level surface, rather than perpendicular to the sea-level surface itself.On the globe, lines of constant longitude ("meridians") extend from pole to pole, like the segment boundaries on a peeled orange.Every meridian must cross the equator. Since the equator is a circle, we can divide it--like any circle--into 360 degrees, andthe longitude φ of a point is then the marked value of that division where its meridian meets the equator.What that value is depends of course on where we begin to count--on where zero longitude is. For historical reasons, the meridian passing the old Royal Astronomical Observatory in Greenwich, England, is the one chosen as zero longitude. Located at the eastern edge of London, the British capital, the observatory is now a public museum and a brass band stretching across its yard marks the "prime meridian." Tourists often get photographed as they straddle it--one foot in the eastern hemisphere of the Earth, the other in the western hemisphere.A lines of longitude is also called a meridian, derived from the Latin, from meri, a variation of "medius" which denotes "middle", and diem, meaning "day." The word once meant "noon", and times of the day before noon were known as "ante meridian", while times after it were "post meridian." Today's abbreviations a.m. and p.m. come from these terms, and the Sun at noon was said to be "passing meridian". All points on the same line of longitude experienced noon (and any other hour) at the same time and were therefore said to be on the same "meridian line", which became "meridian" for short.About time--Local and UniversalTwo important concepts, related to latitude and (especially) longitude are Local time (LT) and Universal time (UT)Local time is actually a measure of the position of the Sun relative to a locality. At 12 noon local time the Sun passes to the south and is furthest from the horizon (northern hemisphere). Somewhere around 6 am it rises, and around 6 pm it sets. Local time is what you and I use to regulate our lives locally, our work times, meals and sleep-times.But suppose we wanted to time an astronomical event--e.g. the time when the 1987 supernova was first detected. For that we need a single agreed-on clock, marking time world-wide, not tied to our locality. That is universal time (UT), which can be defined (with some slight imprecision, no concern here) as the local time in Greenwich, England, at the zero meridian.Local Time (LT) and Time ZonesLongitudes are measured from zero to 180° east and 180° west (or -180°), and both 180-degree longitudes share the same line, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.As the Earth rotates around its axis, at any moment one line of longitude--"the noon meridian"--faces the Sun, and at that moment, it will be noon everywhere on it. After 24 hours the Earth has undergone a full rotation with respect to the Sun, and the same meridian again faces noon. Thus each hour the Earth rotates by 360/24 = 15 degrees.When at your location the time is 12 noon, 15° to the east the time is 1 p.m., for that is the meridian which faced the Sun an hour ago. On the other hand, 15° to the west the time is 11 a.m., for in an hour's time, that meridian will face the Sun and experience noon.In the middle of the 19th century, each community across the US defined in this manner its own local time, by which the Sun, on the average, reached the farthest point from the horizon (for that day) at 12 oclock. However, travelers crossing the US by train had to re-adjust their watches at every city, and long distance telegraph operators had to coordinate their times. This confusion led railroad companies to adopt time zones, broad strips (about 15° wide) which observed the same local time, differing by 1 hour from neighboring zones, and the system was adopted by the nation as a whole.The continental US has 4 main time zones--eastern, central, mountain and western, plus several more for Alaska, the Aleut islands and Hawaii. Canadian provinces east of Maine observe Atlantic time; you may find those zones outlined in your telephone book, on the map giving area codes. Other countries of the world have their own time zones; only Saudi Arabia uses local times, because of religious considerations.In addition, the clock is generally shifted one hour forward between April and October. This "daylight saving time" allows people to take advantage of earlier sunrises, without shifting their working hours. By rising earlier and retiring sooner, you make better use of the sunlight of the early morning, and you can enjoy sunlight one hour longer in late afternoon.The Date Line and Universal Time (UT) Suppose it is noon where you are and you proceed west--and suppose you could travel instantly to wherever you wanted.Fifteen degrees to the west the time is 11 a.m., 30 degrees to the west, 10 a.m., 45 degrees--9 a.m. and so on. Keeping this up, 180 degrees away one should reach midnight, and still further west, it is the previous day. This way, by the time we have covered 360 degrees and have come back to where we are, the time should be noon again--yesterday noon.Hey--wait a minute! You cannot travel from today to the same time yesterday!We got into trouble because longitude determines only the hour of the day--not the date, which is determined separately. To avoid the sort of problem encountered above, the international date line has been established--most of it following the 180th meridian--where by common agreement, whenever we cross it the date advances one day (going west) or goes back one day (going east).That line passes the Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia, which thus have different dates, but for most of its course it runs in mid-ocean and does not inconvenience any local time keeping.Astronomers, astronauts and people dealing with satellite data may need a time schedule which is the same everywhere, not tied to a locality or time zone. The Greenwich mean time, the astronomical time at Greenwich (averaged over the year) is generally used here. It is sometimes called Universal Time (UT).Right Ascension and DeclinationThe globe of the heavens resembles the globe of the Earth, and positions on it are marked in a similar way, by a network ofmeridians stretching from pole to pole and of lines of latitudeperpendicular to them, circling the sky. To study some particular galaxy, an astronomer directs the telescope to its coordinates.On Earth, the equator is divided into 360 degrees, with the zero meridian passing Greenwich and with the longitude angle φmeasured east or west of Greenwich, depending on where the corresponding meridian meets the equator.In the sky, the equator is also divided into 360 degrees, but the count begins at one of the two points where the equator cuts theecliptic--the one which the Sun reaches around March 21. It is called the vernal equinox ("vernal" means related to spring) or sometimes the first point in Aries, because in ancient times, when first observedby the Greeks, it was in the zodiac constellation of Aries, the ram. It has since then moved, as is discussed in the later section on precession.The celestial globe, however, uses terms and notations which differ somewhat from those of the globe of the Earth. Meridians are marked by the angle α (alpha, Greek A), called right ascension, not longitude. It is measured from the vernal equinox, but only eastward, and instead of going from 0 to 360 degrees, it is specified in hours and other divisions of time, each hour equal to 15 degrees.Similarly, where on Earth latitude goes from 90° north to 90° south (or -90°), astronomers prefer the co-latitude, the angle from the polar axis,equal to 0° at the north pole, 90° on the equator, and 180° at the south pole. It is called declination and is denoted by the letter δ (delta, Greek small D). The two angles (α, δ), used in specifying (for instance) the position of a star are jointly called its celestial coordinates.纬度和经度地球上的任何位置都是由两个数字来描述的--纬度和经度。
10套英语名文美文（英文原文,汉语翻译,手动制作）.doc
（一）罗格北京奥运会开幕式致辞全文Jacques Rogge, president of the International Olympic Committee, delivers a speech during the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games in the National Stadium in north Beijing, China, on Aug. 8, 2008.Mr. President of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Liu Qi, Members of the Organizing Committee, dear Chinese friends, dear athletes:For a long time, China has dreamed of opening its doors and inviting the world's athletes to Beijing for the Olympic Games. Tonight that dream comes true. Congratulations, Beijing.Y ou have chosen as the theme of these Games "One World, One Dream". That is what we are tonight.As one world, we grieved with you over the tragic earthquake in SichuanProvince. We were moved by the great courage and solidarity of the Chinese people. As one dream, may these Olympic Games bring you joy, hope and pride.Athletes, the Games were created for you by our founder, Pierre de Coubertin. These Games belong to you. Let them be the athletes' Games.Remember that you are role models for the youths of the world. Reject doping and cheating. Make us proud of your achievements and your conduct.As we bring the Olympic dream to life, our warm thanks go to the Beijing Organizing Committee for its tireless work. Our special thanks also go to the thousands of gracious volunteers, without whom none of this would be possible.Beijing, you are a host to the present and a gateway to the future. Thank you.I now have the honor of asking the President of the People's Republic of China to open the Games of the XXIX Olympiad of the modern era.中华人民共和国主席先生，刘淇先生，奥组委的成员们，亲爱的中国朋友们，亲爱的运动员们：长久以来，中国一直梦想着打开国门，邀请世界各地的运动员来北京参加奥运会。
英文原文翻译1 加 脚注
Sasha Obama: Holy Shit, I Just Realized People Want To Kill My Dad来源： 作者：kira86I've always known myfather was an important man.He is, after all, the presidentof the United States. But theother day, as I was runningaround on the playground, athought suddenly occurredto me, a horrible realization that stopped me dead in my tracks: There are people out there who want to kill my dad. My dad. The man who is raising me, who asks me how school is every day, who takes me to soccer games and reads me stories when I can't fall asleep at night. People want to murder him. They want to murder my father.Doesn't really get more fucked up than that, now, does it?When we first moved into the White House I was only 7 years old, too young to know that people wanted my dad dead. And I'll tell you what, I was a lot happier then. Now that I'm a little older, though, it's all becoming pretty clear. There aren't just four or five people who want my dad dead. Tons1of people want to murder him. Tons. People in this country, people in other countries. The bottom line—and this is the cold, hard reality that I now fully understand—is that every second of every day, people are thinking of ways to kill the person I love and admire more than anyone in the world.1 [tʌnz] n.吨；很多，大量Meanwhile, no one is plotting2the murder of, say, my friend Amanda's dad. He's a computer technician. No one is trying to assassinate3a computer technician. At no point in Amanda's day will she experience a rush of crippling4panic due to the fact that, at any moment, a psycho 5wielding a semiautomatic6weapon could step out of the shadows and unload an entire clip into her father's chest, killing him right on the spot7.That's just true. You can try to comfort me all you want, but you know damn well that's just a fact.Here's another awful thing I've finally started to understand: The chances of somebody killing my father are so high that there is an entire force of men and women whose singular8responsibility is to prevent that from happening. These people are specially trained. They create intricate plans specifically designed to protect my father, because no matter where he goes, somebody in the area probably wants to kill him. And look, I'm not some naïve little girl anymore. I can get on the Internet. I can research American presidents. I know damn well the Secret Service doesn't always succeed. Ronald Reagan9almost died, and he had a daughter just like me.Also, I know exactly who John F. Kennedy10is now. And I know exactly what happened to him.2 ['plɔtiŋ] v.密谋3 [əˈsæsɪˈneɪt] v.暗杀，行刺4 [ˈkrɪplɪŋ] adj. 造成严重后果的5 [ˈsaɪkoʊ] n. 心理分析，精神分析；精神病患者6 [ˈsemaɪɔtəˈmætɪk] adj. [自] 半自动的7 [spɑt] n.现场8 [ˈsɪŋɡjələr] adj. 奇异的，异常的9 罗纳德·里根美国第40位总统10 约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪美国第35任总统So, as this was all starting to sink11in—and I was pretty shocked, as you can probably imagine—it occurred to me that I have my own Secret Service detail, which means there are also people who want me dead. They want me, an 11-year-old little girl, dead. Same goes for my mom and big sister. I mean, shit, they want to kill my whole family.And you want to know what the worst part is? I have no idea where my dad is right now. I haven’t seen him all day. For all I know, he could be waving to a crowd of supporters at this very moment while some guy on a rooftop122,000 feet away has his head in the scope13of a high-powered rifle14, just waiting for the perfect moment to splatter15his brains all over the stage.Put yourself in my shoes for a second. Imagine you’re standing next to your dad, holding his hand and smiling, when all of a sudden a bullet pierces16through his skull17and drenches18your sundress in blood.Seriously, do you have any idea how messed up that is?And I’m not operating under the misconception19that all these people are going to get caught someday or just eventually give up. The most depressing thing is this will be going on for the rest of my life. Twenty years from now, when I’m living far away and have kids of my own, I could get a call from my mom with the news that Dad11 [sɪŋk] vi.渗透；下沉12 [ˈruːfˈtɒp] n. 屋顶13 [skoʊp] n. 范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程14 [ˈraɪf(ə)l] n. 步枪；来复枪15 [ˈsplætər] vt. 使水等飞溅16 [pɪrz] vt. 刺穿17 [skʌl] n. 头盖骨，脑壳18 [drentʃ] vt. 使湿透19 [ˈmɪskənˈsepʃ(ə)n] n. 误解；错觉；错误想法is dead. That he was blown20to bits by a bomb in his car, and that they just barely found enough charred21remains22to identify the body.Well, great. I'm glad I finally figured all that out. Here's to a wonderful life, Sasha. I guess I'll just go outside now and play without a goddamn23care in the whole fucked-up24world.20 [bloʊn] v. 吹胀，爆炸21 [tʃɑrd] adj. 烧黑了的，烧焦的22 [rɪˈmeɪnz] n. 残余；遗骸23 [ˈɡɑdˈdæm] adj. 该死的；讨厌的；受诅咒的24 混乱的，乱糟糟的萨莎•奥巴马：天啊，我就意识到有人想杀我爸爸来源： 作者：kira86我一直知道我的爸爸是一个重要的人。
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In Figure 3.4 it can be seen that the angle of incidence at this surface is much larger for the upper ray than for the lower.
The Merte ’
surface A strongly curved,collective cemented surface with a small index break (to the order of 0.06) has an effect which can be used to reduce
the undercorrected zonal spherical aberration.The central doublet of the Hektor lens shown in Fig.3.5 illustrates this principle.
3.6 Vignetting and Its Uses
Vignetting,which is simply the mechanical limitation or obstruction of an oblique beam,is usually regarded primarily as something which reduces the off-axis illumination in the image.However,vignetting
often plays an essential role in determining the off-axis image quality as well as the illumination.
3.7 Eliminating a Weak Element;the Concentric Problem Occasinally an automatic design program will produce a design with an element of very low power.Frequently this means that the element can be removed from the design without adversely affecting the quality of the design.Often a straightforward removal will not work;the design process may simply “blow up.”
3.8 Balancing Aberrations
The optimum balance of the aberrations is not always the same in every case;the best balance varies with the application and depends on the size of the residual aberration .In general,for well-corrected lenses, the aberrations should be balanced so as to minimize the OPD,that is to say,the wavefront variance,but there are
Significant exceptions.
Spherical aberration
If a lens is well-corrected and the high-order residual spherical aberration is small,so that the OPD is to the order of a half-wave or less,then the best correction is almost always that with the marginal spherical corrected to zero,as illustrated in Fig.3.6b.However,when the zonal spherical is large ,there are two situations where one may want to depart from complete correction of the marginal spherical.
If the lens will always be used at full aperture(as a projection lens,for example),and if the spherical aberration residual is large(say to the order of a wave or so),the diffraction effects will be small when compared to the aberration blur;then the spherical aberration should be corrected to minimize the size of the blur spot rather than to minimize the OPD.This will produce the best contrast for an image with relatively coarse details,that is to say,for a resolution well below the diffraction limit.As an example, at a speed of f/1.6,a 16-mm projection lens has a diffraction cutoff frequency of about 1100 line pairs per millimeter(lpm).But its performances is consided quite good if it resolves 100 lpm,an order of magnitude less than the diffraction limit.Such a lens can advantageously be corrected for the minimum diameter geometrical blur spot.This state of correction occurs (for third-and fifth-order spherical)when LA z=1.5LA m,or TA z=1.05TA m;the result is a high-contrast, but low-resolution,image.This correction is illustrated in Fig.3.6a.
The three correction states shown in Fig.3.6 also indicate the manner in which the spherical aberration is changed when the third-order aberration is changed.
Chromatic aberration and spherochromatism
Here the question is how to balance the spherochromatism,which typically causes the spherical aberration at short (blue) wavelengths to be overcorrected and that at the long (red) wavelengths to be undecorrected.
Astigmatism and Petzval field curvature
In a typical anastigmat lens the fifth-order astigmatism tends to become significantly undercorrected (i.e.,negative) as the field angle
is Increased.A typical state of correction is shown in Fig.3.7,Fig.3.8.。