定语从句长难句解析
(完整版)定语从句长难句分析
定语从句长难句分析1.Thesediscoverieshaveledtothefieldknownasneuroeconomics,whichstudiestheb rain’ssecretstosuccessinaneconomicenvironmentthatdemandsinnovationand being able to do things differently from competitors.译文：这些发现带来了神经经济学领域的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑胜利的秘诀，这个经济需要创新，需要和竞争者做例外的事情。
解析：which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，因为neuroeconomics是一个专有名词，在语法中，是需要非限制性定语从句修饰的。
同时，这也是一个嵌套定语从句，也就是从句套从句，在which引导的非限制性从句中还包含着一个that引导的从句修饰economic environment.2.Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus inadifficultposition,astheymuststeeranarrowcoursebetweenthedemandsof‘evidence’an d‘attractiveness’,especiallygiventheincreasingneedintheheritageindustry and income-generating activities.译文：那些专门从事诠释历史的人面临着一个困境，他们需要在证据的要求和参观者对于吸引力的要求之间做出权衡，特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的要求。
解析：who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history是定语从句修饰前面代词。
定语从句长难句(学生)
1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of scienee shows manyinstances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedi ngly powerful resista nee to further in vestigati on ;i n some cases cen turies elapsed before this resista nee was even tually broke n dow n,as happe ned in cosmology,for example.译文至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明，权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。
例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an en vir onment wherethere are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.译文行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大，而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。
3. I suggest tran sform ing our social system from a bureaucratically man agedin dustrialism in which maximal product ion and con sumpti on are ends in themselvesinto a humanist industrialism in which manand full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.译文我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能一一即爱和理智的潜能一一为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。
阅读理解长难句解析
阅读理解长难句解析一、定语从句1.P3 Y et members of the nation’s present educational and cultural elite still cling to thenotion that the United States belongs to some vaguely defined entity they refer to as “Western civilization,” by which they mean, presumably, a civilization created by people of Europe, as if Europe can even be viewed as completely uninfluenced by the rest of the world.2.P6 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appreciate responses will experience greater intellectual development.3.P9 In the “soap war” between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is madeof statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.4.P10 Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contented ourselves withcondemnations, in my delegation’s opinion, we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council’s agenda.5.P11 We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical changein matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.6.P13 The revolution soon spread to Western Europe and the United States which, duemainly to the development of her northeastern iron industry, became the world’s leading industrial nation by the late 1800s.7.P13 The man who has not learned anything about how to understand his own intentionsand to make them effective, who has not learned something about what is possible and what impossible through experiences and books, will be enslaved by the political and social intentions of other men.8.P16 Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiologicalmechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes.9.P19 While this boundary does not mark the outer limit of a State’s territory, since ininternational law the territorial sea forms part of a State’s territory, it does represent the demarcation between that maritime area (internal waters) where other States enjoy no general rights, and those maritime areas (the territorial sea and other zones) where other States do enjoy certain general rights.10.P19 He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in puttingeverything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.11.P 20 But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as apinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.12.P53 At the MIT Media Lab, a prototype is already being built which will determine howsleepy you are as you drive, which is especially important for long-distance truck drivers.二、分割结构1. P54 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.2. P54 Such an outcome, if it happens, could cause a political controversy; or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances, namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.3. P 55 That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multisystem entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.4. P55 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.5.P58 Y ou have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense , manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.6. P63 The main burden of assuring that the resources of the federal government are well managed falls on relatively few of the five million men and women whom it employs.7. P65 It means that the United States, as compared with that position we found ourselves in immediately after World War II, had a challenge such as we did not even dream of.8. P70 Every particle has acting on it a force which urges it downward.13.P70 A new trend in radio broadcasting that developed during the late 1960s was the “talkshow”, featuring conversations between listeners and announcers or guests in the studio. 14.P72 They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individuallives.15.P74 And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is changed, otherthings consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain. 16.P75 He had no thought of the time to come when his muscles would not be so mighty, norhis health so superb, and when he would not be able to work harder.三、否定句1.P171 But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social patterns of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence.2.P172 Descriptive linguists cannot explain how a sentence is transformed – or, in other words, indicate such relationships as that between active and passive voice.3.P173 For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life – growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one –as a personal recognition of your limitations.4.P175 Who knows but it will rain tomorrow?5.P176 I know not what, nor where, neither what latitude, what country, what nation or what river. I neither saw, nor desired to see any people; the principal thing I wanted was fresh water.6.P176 He had never touched anything in the library other than American novels.7.P177 Don’t tell him more than you can help.8.P177 Rather than condemnation there was some kindness in the man’s voice.9.P178 Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.10.P179 They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law.11.P181 He’s no more able to read Spanish than I am.12.P182. One can’t be too careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.13.P;183 Y ou cannot be careful enough. Y ou cannot take enough care.14.P184 There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents… No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children.15.P185 A book may be compared to your neighbor, if it be good, it can not last too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early.四、省略句1.P80 If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle, how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space?2.P81 Neither do we know how the universe begin, nor how it will end – if, indeed, it ends at all.3. Son and father, together, had saved the day – he by holding out for something he enjoyed and I by having the sense, finally, to realize that he was right, and to let go of my dream of how things should be.4.P85 The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.5.P85 The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some one poor ones.6.P86 To Americans, being on one’s own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.7.P87 For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.8.P88 Airline pilots, in fact, whose experience is so obviously relevant that it ought to serve as a guide, often live by their own watches, ignoring local tim e, and have breakfast at midnight if necessary.9.P91 The question “what are the roads like?”may when asked at one time, refer to the condition of the surface, at another, to their narrowness, at another to the traffic upon them, and at still another to the presence or otherwise of ice or snow.10.P92 The largest known raindrops are slightly less than a quarter inch across or would be if they were perfectly round.11.P92 Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.12.P93 In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it – if possible during their husband’s life, but, at any rate, after his death.13.P95 I could accept this fact with calmness because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have, either.14.P98 By taking thought, men can move mountains – and have.五、分词作状语1.P150 Americans have always been deeply ambivalent, revering the nation’s immigrationroots and enjoying cheap immigrant labor, but resenting the newcomers who flood their cities,drain their service and dilute their culture.2.P152 The spate of shootings had appeared to be easing recently, however, with attacksmainly confined to tourists visiting the south of the country.3.P153 Blake, now 73 and living in relative poverty in a flat in Moscow, was responsible forthe deaths of several British agents after he became a Russian spy, following his capture by North Koreans and conversion to communism.4.P154 There are many other exchange expressions, but those who are not well versed inexchange terminology would do well to confine themselves to the use of expressions “favorable”and “unfavorable”when describing movements in exchange from the point of view of their countries, or to the use of “appreciate”and “depreciate”when describing a movement in the value of any particular currency.5.P155 The fuel is easy enough to produce: hydrogen can be extracted from water, usingelectricity, or cooled out of natural gas and even municipal waste, using heat.6.P156 Put your palms together in front of you, your elbows pointing out the sides, yourfingertips pointing upward, and push so that you feel pressure in the heels of your palms and under your arms.7.P158 Therefore, both jogging and dieting, carried to extremes, can be hazardous.8.P159 Since the 1950s scores of major urban newspapers have ceased operation, leavingmost large U.S. cities with no more than one morning and one afternoon newspaper.9.P159 Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever longer warning labels, tryingto anticipate every possible accident.10.P161 Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirelyautomatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.11.P162 The net result is a continuous flow of gas, starting as hot gases in intergalactic spaceand ending as a drizzle of cool gas called a “cooling flow”, falling into the central galaxy. 12.P165 Further, many universities have become enslaved to their own bureaucratic process,often placing first-year students in classes beyond their actual level of competence, based on placement exams that do not accurately measure true ability.13.P166 Finally he had saved $ 50, which some Henning people living in Chicago, who wereback home visiting, had assured him was enough to see him eat and sleep long enough to find himself a job that would put him on his feet.。
(完整版)定语从句长难句分析
定语从句长难句分析1.These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors。
译文:这些发现带来了神经经济学领域的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀，这个经济需要创新，需要和竞争者做不同的事情。
解析：which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，因为neuroeconomics是一个专有名词，在语法中，是需要非限制性定语从句修饰的。
同时，这也是一个嵌套定语从句，也就是从句套从句，在which引导的非限制性从句中还包含着一个that引导的从句修饰economic environment.2.Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus ina difficult position， as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence' and ‘attractiveness’，especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry and income- generating activities.译文:那些专门从事诠释历史的人面临着一个困境，他们需要在证据的要求和参观者对于吸引力的要求之间做出权衡,特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的要求。
初中英语含定语从句长难句的讲解
初中英语含定语从句长难句的讲解初中英语中定语从句是一个重要的语法知识点，掌握了定语从句的用法可以帮助学生更准确地描述人和物，并在写作中丰富句子结构。
以下是初中英语必须掌握的定语从句知识点以及一些含定语从句的长难句的讲解：1.定语从句用来修饰前面的名词，在句子中充当定语。
例如：The book that I just bought is very interesting.（我刚刚买的那本书非常有趣。
）定语从句“that I just bought”修饰名词“book”。
2.引导定语从句的词有：- 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose。
- 关系副词：when, where, why。
3.关系代词的选择：- 当先行词是人时，用who/that作主语，用whom/that作宾语，用whose表示所有关系。
- 当先行词是物时，用which/that作主语、宾语或表语。
- 当先行词有先行指示词this/that时，用which/that作关系代词。
4.关系副词的使用：- when引导的定语从句表示时间，相当于介词+时间状语从句的定语从句。
- where引导的定语从句表示地点，相当于介词+地点状语从句的定语从句。
- why引导的定语从句表示原因，相当于介词+原因状语从句的定语从句。
下面是一些含定语从句的长难句的讲解：1. The girl who is talking to Tom is my sister.（和汤姆说话的那个女孩是我姐姐。
）定语从句“who is talking to Tom”修饰名词“girl”。
2. The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。
）定语从句“that I borrowed from the library”修饰名词“book”。
3. The house where they used to live has been demolished.（他们过去住的那栋房子已经被拆除了。
雅思长难句定语从句讲解
• [As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those] (who enjoyed mathmatics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade), [and mathematics aficionados], (who will find something new throughout the book).
(剑11, Test 3, Reading 3)
• As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those (people) and mathematics aficionados.
People enjoyed mathmatics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade.
• [This book also serves readers] (who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills).
(剑11，Test 3, Reading 3)
• This book also serves readers.
• Readers simply want to sharpen their analytical skills.
(剑11, Test 3, Reading 3)
• [As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those] (who enjoyed mathmatics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade), [and mathematics aficionados], (who will find something new throughout the book).
高考英语长难句05 复杂定语从句或多个定语从句构成的长难句(通用版)
高考英语长难句典型结构示例与解析(通用版) 05复杂定语从句或多个定语从句构成的长难句1.If you decide to come to Birmingham City University, you can be confident thatyou’ll receive a first-class education that focuses on practical skills and professional relevance, giving you excellent future for employment and career development.【句式翻译】如果你决定去伯明翰城市大学，你可以相信你会受到一流的教育，它关注实际技能和与工作相关的事情，会为你的就业和职业的发展提供美好的未来。
【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that focuses on…修饰先行词a first-class education。
【词语点拨】1) confident adj.有信心的，自信的We shouldn’t mind what others say so long as we are confident in what we have done.只要我们对自己所做的事情有信心，就不该在意别人说什么。
2）focus (…)on 集中……于，聚焦……在You should stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation.你应关注的是如何补救问题而非该去责怪谁。
3）practical adj.实际的，实用的，实践的We will listen to your problems and offer you practical advice.我们会倾听你的难题，提供切实可行的建议。
定语从句长难句
定语从句长难句定语从句长难句定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后(先行词)进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。
下面是店铺整理的定语从句长难句相关知识，希望对你有帮助!一、定语从句的识别1、结构识别：名词+连接词+句子【例句】Kevin gave us a wonderful training course, which left us a deep impression.【解析】这个句子的前身应该是这样的：Kevin gave us a wonderful training course. It left us a deep impression. it就是指代前面这个句子，这样两个句子就有了共有的名词，连接两个具有共同名词的句子是定语从句的'作用，就可以用which代替it，这样就有了示例中的非限定性定语从句。
2、常用连接词：关系代词：who, whom, which, that, as, whose关系连词：when, where, why, how介词+关系代词：as和that以及who一般不能接到介词后引导句子二、定语从句的处理方法1、按照定语的处理方法将定语从句前置，这种处理方式适用于比较短的和起修饰限定作用的定语从句。
2、在考研中大多数的定语从句起的作用是连接句子，因此我们通常把定语从句从整个句子中独立拆分出来单独成为一个句子，这种处理方法的关键是找到连接词，拆分点就是连接词。
对于“介词+连接词”引导的定语从句，拆分点就在介词处。
【例句】There is something by virtue of which man is man.【译文】存在一种特性，人之所以为人就是由于这种特性。
【解析】这句话其实是由以下两句话变来的：1)There issomething. 2)Man is man by virtue of this thing.这两句话中有共有的名词something和this thing，用which替换掉this thing再把of which提前，得到：There is something of which man is man by virtue.三、例句分析【例句】Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.【译文】对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。
定语从句长难句分析
定语从句长难句分析1.These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors.译文：这些发现带来了神经经济学领域的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀，这个经济需要创新，需要和竞争者做不同的事情。
解析：which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，因为neuroeconomics是一个专有名词，在语法中，是需要非限制性定语从句修饰的。
同时，这也是一个嵌套定语从句，也就是从句套从句，在which引导的非限制性从句中还包含着一个that 引导的从句修饰economic environment.2.Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry and income- generating activities.译文：那些专门从事诠释历史的人面临着一个困境，他们需要在证据的要求和参观者对于吸引力的要求之间做出权衡，特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的要求。
考研长难句分析100例解析
长难句分析100例（一）Such behavior is regarded as “all too human,”with the underlying（潜在的、内在的）assumption that sloth （懒惰）is one of the sevens inherent sins of human being（人类）（二）（三）Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by（四）（五）Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow oran unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.（六）（七）If robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge.（八）（九） Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect ” ,a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one （that is intended and a harmful ） one （ that is foreseen ）-- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.（十）Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insistedthat they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”（十一）（十二）Medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”（十三）whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.（十四）Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.（十五）Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, （whose arguments are confusing the public and（十六）If scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.（十七）Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when（修饰前边的spell 一小段时间a short interval）it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.（十八）For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure (that encouraged readers not to use anything (that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines)).（十九）To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.（二十）Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.（二十一）In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened（二十二）Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.（二十三）Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.（二十四）It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.（二十五）25、Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified（二十六）26、Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way,” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.（二十七）27、These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.（二十八）28、It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.（二十九）29、When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches.（三十）30、This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.（三十一）31、It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.（三十二）32、Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.（三十三）33、Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.（三十四）34、Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.（三十五）35、Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.（三十六）36、“Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.（三十七）37、However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.（三十八）38、And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.（三十九）39、However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.（四十）40、Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?（四十一）41、But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.（四十二）42、With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.（四十三）43、If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.（四十四）44、Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.”（四十五）45、The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.（四十六）46、Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.（四十七）47、At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says.（四十八）48、In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.（四十九）While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.（五十）50、Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.（五十一）51、There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.（五十二）52、It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.（五十三）53、It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.（五十四）54、Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.（五十五）55、They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.（五十六）56、What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.（五十七）57、That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.（五十八）58、What we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.（五十九）59、If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.（六十）60、whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.（六十一）61、It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.（六十二）62、Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership--that is, it predicted the opposite.（六十三）63、As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback——a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.（六十四）64、Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.（六十五）65、From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders（六十六）66、Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort ofnasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.（六十七）67、Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.（六十八）68、Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, the most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.（六十九）69、Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.（七十）70、Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions（七十一）71、Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress.（七十二）72、The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.（七十三）73、The Internet – with pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.（七十四）74、The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.（七十五）75、Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories（七十六）76、If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.（七十七）77、Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.（七十八）78、Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.（七十九）79、They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.（八十）80、While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.（八十一）81、But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciouslydevelop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.82、At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed mostvaluable during the first decade or so of life.（八十二）83、It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.（八十三）84、Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .（八十四）85、The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.（八十五）86、The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.87、While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.（八十六）88、It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.（八十七）89、“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”（八十八）90、During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller.（八十九）91、In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.（九十）92、Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.（九十一）93、Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.（九十二）94、In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected.（九十三）95、In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.96、In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.（九十四）97、The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence: with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.（九十五）98、Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.（九十六）99、As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.（九十七）100、Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.（九十八）（九十九）（一○○）（一○一）（一○二）（一○三）（一○四）（一○五）（一○六）（一○七）（一○八）（一○九）（一一○）（一一一）（一一二）（一一三）（一一四）（一一五）（一一六）（一一七）（一一八）（一一九）（一二○）（一二一）（一二二）Whatever（状语从句）the differences two people may exhibit in jobs or careers（工作或事业）, those differences are swamped by how well/ deeply each person loves their parents（宾从）.不管两个人在工作或者事业上表现的差异有多大，这些差异在他们关爱父母的程度面前都显得无足轻重。
定语从句长难句分析方法有哪些
定语从句长难句分析方法有哪些定语从句长难句分析方法有哪些定语从句长难句分析方法：A.准确判断定语从句所修饰的对象由于定语从句与其所修饰的对象之间常有分割成分，而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词常常会被误认为是定语从句的先行词。
因此遇到这种结构一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。
We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.本句有两个由which引导的定语从句：第一个定语从句修饰的对象是science而不是chemistry;第二个定语从句修饰的'对象是chemical change 而不是result或matter译文:我们客户可以说，化学式论述物质的化学变化的科学，通过这种变化可能得到一种新物质。
B.要注意区分从句的层次定语从句是最可能出现嵌套结构的。
一句话中往往包括好几个定语从句，这些从句有时是相互并列的关系，有时是嵌套关系。
分析句子的时候应注意区分。
The child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greatly intellectual development.本句主语和谓语之间有三个定语从句，第一层是who is raised in an environmen，修饰的是the child ;第二层是where there are many stimuli ，修饰的是environment；第三层是which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses ，修饰的是stimuli 。
高中英语-定语从句长难句解析
定语从句之长难句解析1.It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women they are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.【要点】who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words用来修饰sentimentalists (情感主义者) whom引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children。
which引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes 用来修饰affections【译文】一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。
换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。
2..Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.【要点】本句为简单复合句。
句架为Smart cards, which ..., arealready widely used in European countries where...。
which 为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰smart cards；where 为关系副词,引导定语从句,修饰countries。
初中英语中的长难句解析
初中英语中的长难句解析在学习英语的过程中，我们经常会遇到一些长难句，这些句子结构复杂，用词繁琐，让人感到头疼。
然而，掌握长难句的解析方法，对我们的英语学习和应用至关重要。
本文将从不同角度解析初中英语中的长难句，帮助读者更好地理解和应用这些句子。
一、定语从句定语从句是初中英语中常见的长难句结构。
定语从句通常用来修饰名词，限定名词的意义。
在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词起到连接作用，引导从句。
例如：The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.在这个句子中，关系代词"that"引导定语从句"that I borrowed from the library"，修饰名词"book"。
定语从句起到进一步说明、描述的作用，帮助我们更好地理解名词的意义。
二、状语从句状语从句也是初中英语中常见的长难句结构。
状语从句用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的等等。
在状语从句中，连词起到连接作用，引导从句。
例如：I will go to bed early if I finish my homework.在这个句子中，连词"if"引导状语从句"if I finish my homework"，表示条件。
状语从句起到进一步说明、解释的作用，帮助我们更好地理解句子的意义。
三、倒装句倒装句是初中英语中常见的长难句结构。
倒装句的主语和谓语动词的位置颠倒，用来强调某一部分的内容。
例如：Not only did he win the race, but he also broke the record.在这个句子中，主语"he"和谓语动词"did"的位置颠倒，形成了倒装句结构。
倒装句起到强调句子中某一部分的作用，使句子更加生动、有力。
英语长难句解析
英语长难句解析一、定语从句【难句】1. Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries. (The Economist Jun.5, 2006)【结构分析】本句结构清晰，是一个复合句。
主句为Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN，其后的定语从句which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries修饰先行词UN，关系代词在从句中作主语，注意这里project作动词用，译为“指出”，且从句里使用了比较级。
【参考译文】联合国有关报告指出，即便是中国，到2030年初期人口也将开始递减。
这份报告同时还指出，到2050年，将有50个国家的人口低于今天的水平。
【难句】2. That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. (The Economist Jun.18, 2006)【结构分析】本句的主句That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games是主系表结构，其中表语由how引导的名词性从句充当，定语从句which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals修饰先行词video games，关系代词which指代先行词video games在从句中作主语，这里使用了被动语态be accused of，在翻译时我们译成主动。
定语从句长难句翻译从句长难句翻译例句及讲解
定语从句长难句翻译从句长难句翻译例句及讲解导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“从句长难句翻译例句及讲解”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!英语从句的翻译定语从句状语从句名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）定语从句的翻译无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，翻译成汉语时是处理为前置定语还是后置定语，要视具体情况而定；有些定语从句和主句存在着状语关系，翻译时更要灵活对待。
It was what sentimentali s ts, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes.It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after theideal, and means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.大意是说：这就是情感主义者称之为对于理想爱情的渴望，简单说来，就是女人必须在有了丈夫和孩子之后才能感到满足。
who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words 用来修饰sentimentalists (情感主义者) who m引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children which 引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes用来修饰affections平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。
定语从句长难句解析
定語從句之長難句解析1.It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women they are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.【要點】who引導の定語從句who deal in very big words用來修飾sentimentalists (情感主義者) whom引導の定語從句on whom they may center affections用來修飾husbands and children。
which引導の定語從句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes 用來修飾affections【譯文】一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼,稱之為對於理想愛情の渴望。
換言之，他們認為女人の情感平時只能零星發洩，必須有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起來有了歸宿，自己才能得到滿足。
2..Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.【要點】本句為簡單複合句。
句架為Smart cards, which ..., arealready widely used in European countries where...。
which 為關係代詞,引導非限制性定語從句,修飾smart cards；where 為關係副詞,引導定語從句,修飾countries。
定语从句长难句解析精编版
定语从句之长难句解析1.It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women they are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.【要点】who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words用来修饰sentimentalists (情感主义者) whom引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children。
which引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes 用来修饰affections【译文】一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。
换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。
2..Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.【要点】本句为简单复合句。
句架为Smart cards, which ..., arealready widely used in European countries where...。
which 为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰smart cards；where 为关系副词,引导定语从句,修饰countries。
2023全国甲卷长难句整理分析讲义-高三英语一轮复习
2023全国甲卷长难句整理分析A【定语从句】1.Head Chef David Thompson, who received a Michelin star for his Londonbased Thai restaurant of the same name, opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.主厨大卫 ·汤普森因其在伦敦的泰国餐厅同名而获得米其林星级，他于2010年在大都会酒店开设了这家分店。
句子1是who引导的非限制性定语从句，who指代前一句中的David Thompson并在从句中充当主语。
Who从句在本句子中起到补充说明的作用，说明David Thompson曾因其在伦敦的泰国餐厅同名而获得米其林星级。
2.This place is good for a candlelit dinner or a work meeting with colleagues who appreciate fine food.这个地方很适合烛光晚餐或者和喜欢美食的同事开工作会议。
句子2是who引导的限制性定语从句，who指代前面主句中的 colleagues并在从句中充当主语，“colleagues who appreciate fine food”可译为“喜欢美食的同事”。
3.The best table in this twostory colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen, where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff in action. Culinary theater at its best.在这个两层的殖民地泰国家庭最好的桌子提供了一个窗口直接进入厨房，在那里你可以看到厨师加根和他的工作人员的行动。
高考英语长难句：定语从句与分词结构拆解
高考英语长难句：定语从句与分词结构拆解在高考英语中，长难句一直是让许多同学感到头疼的部分。
而定语从句和分词结构更是长难句中的重难点。
理解并拆解这些复杂的句子结构，对于准确理解文意、提高阅读和写作能力都具有重要意义。
首先，让我们来了解一下定语从句。
定语从句在句子中充当定语，修饰先行词。
先行词通常是名词或代词，而定语从句则对其进行进一步的描述和限定。
比如，“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting”在这个句子中，“book”是先行词，“that I bought yesterday”就是定语从句，用来修饰“book”，说明是“我昨天买的那本书”。
定语从句的引导词有很多，比如 that、which、who、whom、whose 等。
不同的引导词在使用上有一定的规则。
That 和 which 在很多情况下可以互换，但在一些特定的情况下，只能用其中一个。
比如，当先行词是不定代词或者被不定代词修饰时，只能用 that；当先行词在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词前置时，只能用 which。
Who 和 whom 用于修饰人，who 在从句中作主语，whom 作宾语。
例如，“The man who is standing there is my teacher”（who 在从句中作主语）；“The man whom I met yesterday is my teacher”（whom 在从句中作宾语）Whose 表示所属关系，例如，“The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard”了解了定语从句的基本概念和引导词的用法后，我们来看看如何拆解定语从句。
以“ The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister”为例，我们首先找到先行词“the girl”，然后确定定语从句“who is wearing a red dress”，这样就可以把句子拆分成两个简单的句子：“The girl is my sister”和“She is wearing a red dress”通过这种拆解，我们能够更清晰地理解句子的结构和意思。
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定語從句之長難句解析
1.It was what sen time ntalists call a year ning after the
ideal, and means that women they are not satisfied un til they have husba nds and childre n.
【要點】who引導①定語從句who deal in very big words
用來修飾sen time ntalists （情感主義者）whom 引導①定語從句on whom they may center affections 用來修飾husbands and children 。
which 弓I導①定語從句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes 用來修飾affecti ons
【譯文】一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼，稱之為對於理想愛情
①渴望。
換言之，他們認為女人。
情感平時只能零星發洩，必須有了
丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起來有了歸宿，自己才能得到滿足。
2.. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more
in formatio n on them tha n conven ti onal cards with a
magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European
coun tries where cen tralized banks can roll out new services
on a n ati on wide basis.
【要點】本句為簡單複合句。
句架為Smart cards, which…，are
already widely used in European countries where... 。
which
為關係代詞，引導非限制性定語從句修飾smart cards ; where為關係副詞，引導定語從句修飾countries °nationwide:全國範圍內roll out:本意為"展開(卷起之物)"，此處為引申義，指展開工作。
【譯文】智能卡載有①資訊量是普通磁卡資訊載量①80多倍，已經在歐洲各國廣泛使用，因而使歐洲各國中央銀行得以在全國範圍展開新型①服務。
3.We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal
with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substa nce.
【要點】本句中有兩個由which引導①定語從句：第一個定語從句
①先行詞是science,而不是chemistry;第二個定語從句①先行詞是
chemical change, 而不是result 或matter。
【譯文】我們可以說，化學是論述物質化學變化①科學，通過化學變化可能獲得新①物質
4.Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty
childre n in a pool and a young Diana on the
edge, to receive with won der any thi ng you can catch!
【要點】本句由一個主句(Time goes fast)、兩個定語從句(who... 和you can catch)和一個狀語從句(when...)組成。
you can catch 前省略了that。
按照先發生①事情先敘述以及條件在先結果在後①漢語習慣，翻譯時應採用逆序法。
【譯文】對一個有美感，能以好奇心接收你所能抓到①任何東西①
人來說，時間總是過得很快，比如當戲水池裏有幾個可愛①孩子，池邊還有一位如黛安娜似①年輕女子時
前置法：如果定語從句較短，限制能力較強，一般我們將此類定語從句譯成帶“©"©定語片語，放在被修飾①先行詞①前面。
後置法：如果定語從句結構較為複雜，譯成前置①定語短語顯得太長而不符合漢語表達習慣時，我們往往把定語從句與主句分譯，譯成後置①並列分句
5」n the railroads' prime years, between 1890 and 1920,there
were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid
railroading experienee behind them, who made a professi on of writi ng about railroad ing - works offeri ng the ambie nee of stati ons, yards, and locomotive cabs .
【解析】（同位語most of them ;定語從句who made a profession of writi ng）
分句 1. there were a few in dividuals in the Un ited States 分句 2. most of them with solid railroading experienee behind them
分句 3. who made a profession of writing about railroading
分句 4. works offering the ambienee of stations, yards, and locomotive cabs .
1是主句2和3是嵌套2作為1中a few individuals ①同位語,
對它進一步解釋說明
【譯文】在1890年到1920年間鐵路①黃金時期，美國有幾個人（他們大多有豐富①鐵路經驗）以寫鐵路題材為職業一一作品圍繞車站、停車場和機車。
6」n agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emerge nee of the grain elevators, the cott on presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exeha nges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast con spiracy aga inst them .
【解析】（特殊結構marked by ;定語從句that seemed …the visible sign …）
分句 1 : In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emerge nee of the grain elevators, the cott on presses, the warehouses, and the
commodity excha nges
分句2: that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the
visible sig n of a vast con spiracy aga inst them
分句1是整個長句子①主句，其中賓語部分是由幾個並列短語構成
①。
分句2是分句1①定語從句，進一步解釋了這些東西何以成為了
“標誌”，1和2嵌套。
【譯文】在農業上，這一變化①標誌是穀物升降機、皮棉打包機廠、貨棧和商品交換①出現，對全國①眾多農民來說它們是反對農民①大陰謀
①明顯標誌。
7.And there were factories in occupati ons such as metalwork
where in dividual con tractors presided over what were
esse ntially han dicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a
sin gle buildi ng
【解析】（where引導定語從句；what引導①從句作presided over
①賓語）
分句 1 : And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork
分句2: where in dividual con tractors presided over
分句3: what were essentially handicraft proprietorships
分句4: that coexisted within a single building
分句1是整個長句子①主句分句2是分句1①定語從句，分句3是2 ①賓語從句分句4是3①定語從句。
1和2嵌套，2和3嵌套，3和4 嵌套.
【譯文】仍然有像金屬製造廠一類①工廠，在那裏個體承包商管理在同一幢樓裏①本質上是手工藝品所有人①工廠。
8.Rent control is the system whereby the local government
tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in ren t.
【解析】（whereby二by which,引導定語從句，表示手段）
【譯文】租金管制是政府藉以告訴房主他們可以收取多少租金①系統。