火灾自动报警系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
火灾报警器中英文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach tofire detection and monitoring systemA.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MScIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoringAbstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly useddetector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. The more sensitive thedetector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellentreview of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.1.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)2 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extreme importance,two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.2. 1CentralcontroltaskAcentral unit provides acentralized point tomonitor and controlthe system activities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.2.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.3 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator,coupled with anexternal crystalof 2.4576 MHz,supplies themicrocontrollerwith its timingsignal which isdividedinternally by fourto yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.4 Main loop5 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in monitor called Tutor. The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor. The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.1202 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 19823 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea. Con, 2,Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp. 353-3634 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’. Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp. 509-5225 CELLENTANI, E.N., and HUMPHREY, W.Y.: ‘Coordinated detect ion/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng.,6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’ (Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communic ation equipment employing serial binary data interchange’ (EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’ (Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc. th esis, Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 198510 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统A.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MSc关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。
火灾自动报警外文翻译及外文原文(1)
火灾自动报警外文翻译及外文原文(1)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：谭森发学号：1081206122外文出处：IEEE/IET(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于单片机的火灾自动报警系统摘要：本文介绍了基于单片机的自动仓库火灾自动报警系统。
该系统主要由ATmega16的，温度传感器，烟雾传感器，EX-1自动拨通报警模块。
在系统，温度信号转换为串行数据，烟雾信号转化为电压信号。
由MCU的所有数据进行处理。
监控系统检查时，在仓库防火，报警信号被打开，同时消息通过EX-1传送到管理者。
该系统的应用是由仓库经理有效地处理火灾。
关键词：火灾报警传感器，烟雾传感器系统; ATmega16的温度传感器，烟雾传感器1 序言火灾自动报警控制系统经历了一个过程，从简单到复杂和情报系统在中国越来越多。
其特点是自动火灾探测报警技术，随着计算机和检测技术的发展有很大的进步。
目前，火灾自动报警控制系统采用大容量的抽水蓄能电站，商场，高层办公楼，酒店和其他地方。
他们被用在一些更高层次的总线型报警控制系统，智能报警控制方法的一个区域集中的集合，在一些居民区和商业楼宇安装了由单一的火灾自动报警检测装置。
这些检测报警装置，有时失败报告，或误传。
它的可靠性不高，因为使用单一传感器。
因此，需要开发具有结构简单，成本低，可靠性高，响应快的火灾自动检测系统。
2 该系统的一般项目硬件框图如图1所示，由温度传感器，烟雾传感器，信号处理模块，MCU模块和自动报警模块的硬件。
非电气量，是通过传感元件传感器（烟雾传感器和成电信号，信号处理以及信号转换成模拟量，数字量，温度传感器）将现场温度，烟雾等非电信号。
最后，对采样数据进行处理，并与单片机系统的限制。
该系统可以产生本地和远程自动报警信号。
火灾报警器中英文资料外文翻译文献
火灾报警器中英文资料外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译文献Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach tofire detection and monitoring systemIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved ina simple distributed method.1 IntroductionRegulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building. Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc. A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as thefollowing requirements :(a) The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b) An extra path of communication between the central station and all localcontrollers(c) Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d) Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e) Availability of emergency power supply. The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire. The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions. These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture. When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes. In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate. First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS. Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level. At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two. These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM,IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip. At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible. The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control. The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance. In terms of fire detection and alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements. A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation. This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design. This implementation was not possible with old technology. Most of firedetection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology. In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel. Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat,smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. Themore sensitive the detector, themore susceptible it is to falsealarms. In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators. A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. Thesystem uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extremeimportance, two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.3. 1 Central control taskA central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the systemactivities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existenceof other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.4 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the samecircuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the singlemicrocontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supe rvised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.5 Main loop6 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in。
火灾消防报警和安全检测(外文文献翻译)
Fire Alarms and Security DetectionA fire alarm circuit, as its name implies, sounds an alarm in the event of a fire. There can be one or several alarms throughout a building, and there can be several alarm points, which activate the warming. The alarm points can be operated manually or automatically; in the latter case they may be sensitive to heat, smoke or ionization. There are clearly many combinations possible, and this chapter gives some systematic account of the way they are built up.Several alarm points are connected in parallel, and whenever one of them is actuated the circuit is completed and the alarm sounds. This is described as an open circuit, and it will be seen that it is not fail safe, because if there is a failure of supply, the fire alarm cannot work. Another characteristic of this circuit is that every alarm point must be capable of carrying the full current taken by all the bells or hooters working together.The alarm points are connected in series with each other and with a relay coil. The relay is normally closed when de-energized, and opens when the coil is energized. Thus when an alarm point is activated the relay coil is de- energized, the relay closes and the alarm sounds. This system fails safe to the extent that if the coil circuit fails the main circuit operates the alarm. It is not of course safe against total failure of the supply because in that event there is no supply available to work the bells. The alarm points do not have to carry the operating current of the bells or hooters. This arrangement is called a closed circuit in contrast to the open circuit. We can notice that in an open circuit the alarm points are wired in parallel and are normally open, whilst in a closed circuit they wired in series and are normally closed.A typical manually operated fire alarm point is contained in a robust red plastic case with a glass cover. The material is chosen for its fire resisting properties. The case has knock out for conduit entries at top and bottom but the material can be sufficiently easily cut for the site electrician to make himself an entry in the back if he needs it. Alternative terminals are provided for circuits in which the contacts have to close when the glass is smashed and for circuits in which the contacts have to openwhen the glass is smashed. In the former case, there is a test switch which can be reached when the whole front is opened with an Allen Key. In the latter case, the test push is omitted because the circuit is in any case of the fail safe type. The alarm point illustrated is suitable for surface mounting. Similar ones are available for flush fixing and in weatherproof versions. The current carrying capacity of the contacts should always be checked with the maker's catalogue.A thermally operated alarm point consists of a bi-metal strip that deflects when the temperature rises, and thereby tilts a tube half full of mercury. When the tube tilts the mercury flows into the other half of the tube where it completes the circuit between two contacts previously separated by air. Alternatively, the arrangement within the tube can be such that the mercury breaks the circuit when the tube is tilted. The casing of the alarm is of stainless steel. Heat detectors of this type are usually set to operate at 65℃. They are frequently used in boiler houses.A smoke operated alarm point would be used only in special circumstances which make it necessary to detect smoke rather than heat. This type can cause nuisance operation of the alarm by reacting to small quantities of smoke which have not been caused by a fire; they have for example been known to sound the alarm as a result of cigarette smoke in an office. Modern ones have adjustable sensitivity so that they can be set to avoid nuisance operation.An ionization detector contains a chamber which houses some low strength radioactive material and a pair of electrodes. The radioactive material makes the air in the chamber conductive so that a small current flows between the electrodes. The size of the current varies with the nature of the gas in the chamber and as soon as any combustion. Products are added to the air there is a sudden change in the current flowing. The detector also has a second chamber which is permanently sealed so that the current through it never changes. As long as the currents through the two chambers are equal there is no output, as soon as they become unbalanced there is a net output which is used to operate a transistor switch in the main circuit through the detector.The human being is the most efficient fire detector, provided that he is actuallythere at the time. The combination of his eyes, ears and nose allows him to differentiate between various phenomena. He can smell the difference between cigarette smoke, burning toast and something more sinister such as burning paper. He can see smoke and flames and will often hear a fire before he has noticed either the flames or the smoke. Sometimes, the first thing he notices is heat, for example, a hot partition wall. It is these phenomena that fire detector designers measure to detect the onset of fire. It is the onset of fire that is crucial; very small fires can be put out quickly and safely with portable fire extinguishers, or even a cup of coffee if detected soon enough. Obviously, the smaller the fire, the less it may be observed. Fire detectors must, therefore, be designed without the risk of false alarms. So what technology is used today to detect these phenomena?Two techniques are used for the detection of smoke: photoelectric smoke detectors and ionization smoke detectors. Photoelectric detectors are arranged so that, although visible light cannot enter, smoke can enter freely. This type of detector is based on a matt black chamber about the size of a coffee cup. A dividing wall is placed in the middle of the chamber on either side of which is located a light transmitter and a light receiver. Under normal circumstances, light from the transmitter is not received by the receiver, as the chamber is not reflective. When smoke particles enter the chamber, light bounces off these particles which results in a signal being received. A similar effect can be observed when sunshine enters a smoky room. These photo-electric detectors are highly sensitive and reliable, so long as the smoke particles are visible.Certain classes of fire, however, emit invisible smoke particles long before the fire is actually alight and in these cases an ionization smoke detector must be present. Although the design of these detectors is slightly more complicated than in the case of photo-electric detectors, the basic principle is very simple. Two metal plates are separated by several millimeters and a voltage is applied across them. Since air does not conduct electricity, no current flows. If an ionizing radioactive source is brought close to the plates then the air itself is ionized, that is, electrically charges particles are present between the plates and these allow a tiny current to flow. Any particles entering the chamber, either visible or invisible, tend to neutralize the ions, thusdecreasing the current flow. It is this reduction in current which is monitored in measuring the amount of smoke that is present.Fire detection and its corresponding safety systems are crucial parts of an intelligent building. This paper reviews the current state of development of fire detection and alarm systems in the intelligent building. New technologies and concepts developed in intelligent buildings, such as advanced multi-function sensors, computer vision systems and wireless sensors, real-time control via the Internet, and integrated building service systems, have also been reviewed and discussed. These new technologies and concepts will improve the capability of fire detection systems to discriminate between fire and non-fire threats and will increase the time available for property and life protection. However, much effort is still needed to remove barriers to the further development of these new technologies.New sensor technologies will be key components in the next generation of intelligent buildings. Current intelligent buildings often have embedded processors and dedicated information networks. The new generation is expected to add the capability to learn about the buildings circumstances and its occupants needs and change the behavior of its control systems accordingly. The employment of a large number of sensors within the building will allow it to operate in a responsive manner, rather than using pre-programmed control models as are employed in the first two generations of intelligent building. The information provided by sensors includes changes in both internal and external environments of a building, such as smoke, temperature and humidity, air quality, air movement, and the number of building occupants as well as a host of other properties. The system will use sensors to identify how a particular person tends to react to particular circumstances and to learn different behaviors for different people. The number of sensors required to obtain this type of functionality is quite high, especially since one of the major goals of intelligent buildings is to allow individualized control of an environment. This need will increase the cost of intelligent buildings and make it difficult to manage the resulting large amount of data. Development of cost-effective sensors has consequently been identified as a key need for intelligent buildings. Fortunately,many of the properties that need to be monitored can be used for multiple purposes. Security systems that can track the entry and exit of occupants from an office building can also be used to ensure complete evacuation of a building during a fire or even, in more advanced forms, determine where occupants may be trapped and unable to escape. Similarly, parameters such as temperature and air movement are as relevant to fire detection as the maintenance of the indoor working environment. Dual use sensors and sensor systems that are flexible enough to interpret data from different events will be key to making cost efficient intelligent buildings. Efforts are being made to develop multi-function sensors for simultaneously detecting fire and monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ). Multi-function sensors that combine inputs from several different chemicals or physical processes would be expected to reduce the rate of false alarms and increase the speed of detection of real problems. They should therefore enhance fire safety while at the same time lowering total system costs. The chemical gas sensor has potential for this type of application. Chemical sensor techniques are now available for measuring almost any stable gaseous species emitted from materials and prior to or during combustion. Chemical species can be sensed through a multitude of interactions, including catalytic, electrochemical, mechanic-chemical, and optical processes. In one square inch, several hundred individual sensors can be placed in an array. By coating each sensor with a different semi-conducting material, several hundred different readings for gas signatures can be made by an expert system. Recently, one olfactory sensor array system has been developed for environmental monitoring and for fire and smoke detection.Heat detectorsTwo types of technology are used. First, mechanical heat detectors rely on expanding solids, liquids and gases to close a switch; secondly, electronic detectors use a thermistor to measure the actual temperature. Furthermore, there are two variants: fixed temperature detectors which simply produce an output when the temperature exceeds a predetermined level and rate of rise detectors that provide an output when the rate of rise in temperature exceeds a pre-defined limit. However, rate of rise detectors invariably have an upper temperature limit at which they will provideoutput regardless of the rate of rise function.Flame detectorsFlame detectors look for characteristic emissions of either infrared or ultra-violet light from the flames. This type of detection is particularly useful for fires caused by volatile fuels, for example, gas and petroleum spirit. With the aid of these detectors the fire detection industry is able to move some way towards simulating the ability of the human to detect a fire. It may not be as good as the human, but it is available 24 hours a day and 365 days a year, at a very reasonable cost.Intruder detectionThere is a far wider range of intruder detectors available than is the case for fire detectors. It is necessary to thwart the intelligent criminal whose ingenuity knows no bounds: if they can get round it, they will. The simplest intruder detectors are basically switches operated from such disturbances as opening doors, walking on pressure mats, cutting essential wires etc. In these detectors, the skill is in the mechanical design. For obvious reasons, it is not possible to discuss the operation of intruder detectors in great detail here.In addition to simple contacts a wide range of movement/presence detectors are available. The most common of these is the passive infra-red (PIR) detector which can detect the heat of a human body against the natural ambient temperature. This is no mean heat considering the human body is at 37 degrees centigrade and that is the internal body temperature, let alone skin temperature. With outdoors clothing the target may not only be some 0.5-1 degrees above the ambient. Other active systems are available, such as microwave and ultrasonic. Both of these techniques depend upon the transmission of a signal which is reflected from any moving object in range. Movement alters the frequency of the received signal (the Doppler Effect) and it is the difference between the transmitted and received signals which indicates the speed of movement.火灾报警和安全检测火灾报警电路，顾名思义，在火灾发生时发出警报。
潘崇毅外文1
嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文题目：A comprehensive building automatic fire alarm and fire control linkage system design译文题目：某综合楼火灾自动报警及消防联动系统设计专业：电子信息工程班级：电信N081 姓名：潘崇毅外文资料Fire control work shall follow the policy of devoting major efforts into prevention and combining fire prevention with fire fighting, and shall adhere to the principle of combining the efforts of both specialized organizations and the masses and carry out responsibility system on fire prevention and safety. The State Council shall lead and the people's governments at all levels are responsible for fire control work. The people's government at all levels shall bring fire control work in line with the national economy and social development plan, and ensure that fire control work fit in with the economic construction and social development. The public security department of the State Council shall monitor and administer the nationwide fire control work; the public security organs of local people's governments above county level shall monitor and administer the fire control work within their administrative region and the fire control institutions of public security organs of the people's government at the same level shall be responsible for the implementation.Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with useselectricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basisThe fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage.of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector.The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector; its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle. When has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishmentof various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishment The aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.Room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire thepersonnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fireduty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. In the fire elevator and the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opensthe condition.3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable; its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.。
火灾自动报警系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
火灾自动报警系统中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译文献Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through thesensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarmfrom the scene or reports to the police through the special electriccable near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through manyyears research and the development, the present alarm apparatus maysay is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatusrapid development and the social each domain anxious need, can theapplication domain be more and more many, specially is rapidlydevelops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarmapparatus already became reports to the police a domain hot spot,because it used was not the obviously infrared acquisition, thereforehad the hiding to be good, characteristic and so on security. Theinfrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divideinto the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the infraredacquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, thesensitivity high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs tocool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examinationsensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisitionsensor is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the infraredacquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared radiationtemperature increment, the temperature elevates causes the sensorinterior certain physical quantities changes, through examinationphysical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind ofsensor works under the room temperature condition,examinationsensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick,moreover has nothing to do with with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background radiationthe limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs isthe passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisitionaid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released theelectricity the principle, hotly releases content and so on manyalarm circuit which the electric detector the characteristic,the BISS0001 signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finallydesigned completes has hotly released the electricity infrareddetection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it is easy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led to a significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures.For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance .In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Goog leruined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so that people should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination ofThe United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automatic fire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and take effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other place of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting facilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. From automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system.Fire detectors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with high temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals through the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into sound and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing theroom number; while also monitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extinguishing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and light show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of themachine-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In addition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to the fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of a button fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smoke, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature.Photographic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to the fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the time. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant systems, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire doors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automatically or manually issue commands to start the corresponding device.(A) of the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire detectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fireresponse parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detectors, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Different types of fire detectors for different types of fires and different places. Manual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable component of the.(B) the fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control functions with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire detectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the system itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors Shuchu; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Zhishi specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some devices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not complete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm controller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm device fire alarm control belong.The basic function of fire alarm control are: the main power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge function, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memoryfunction, clock function unit, with priority being given fault function fire alarm, sound alarm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) fire alarms in automatic fire alarm system to send different from the environment, sound, light the fire alarm signal device called the fire alarms. It sound, light and sound approach to the issue of fire alarm signals alarm area to warn people to adopt safe evacuation, fire fighting and rescue measures.D) Fire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receiving the fire alarm, automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipment and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Include fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hydrant system control devices, smoke exhaust system and air conditioning and ventilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control device, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fire communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting control devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normally installed in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized control.While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located in the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control.(E) fire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fire, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测，产生报警信号，从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警，从而引起人们的警觉。
【系统】防火报警系统毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照
【关键字】系统Fire alarm systemFire control work shall follow the policy of devoting major efforts into prevention and combining fire prevention with fire fighting, and shall adhere to the principle of combining the efforts of both specialized organizations and the masses and carry out responsibility system on fire prevention and safety. The State Council shall led and the people's governments at all levels be responsible for fire control work. The people's government at all levels shall bring fire control work in line with the national economy and social development plan, and ensure that fire control work fit in with the economic construction and social development. The public security department of the State Council shall monitor and administer the nationwide fire control work; the public security organs of local people's governments above county level shall monitor and administer the fire control work within their administrative region and the fire control institutions of public security organs of the people's government at the same level shall be responsible for the implementation.Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of the fire alarm system, automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger parts include fire detectors and manual fire alarm button.Fire detectorFire detectors are sensing automatic fire alarm system parts, is composed of a variety of automatic fire alarm system, key components, automatic fire alarm system is a "sense organ." It on the fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal, or to the control and indicating equipment status signals sent on-site fire equipment. Fire detector is a key component in the system, his stability, reliability and sensitivity specifications are subject to many factors, so the selection and arrangement of fire detectors should be carried out strictly in accordance with specifications.Classification of fire detectorsCurrently many different types of fire detectors, there are different ways according to different classifications. 1 According to the monitoring of different fire characteristics, fire detectors can be divided into smoke, temperature, light-sensitive, complex and combustible gases such as five types, each type has its work according to different principles are divided into several.Automatic reset fire detectors. Can automatically return to monitoring status.Remote reset fire detectors. Through the remote control back to the surveillance state.Manual reset fire detectors. By manually adjusting back to the surveillance state. can not reset the fire detectors. Fire alarm signal in the production of the conditions no longer exist, the group can be swapped back to the monitor from the alarm state after state, or action can not be restored to the surveillance state.The choice of fire detectorThe choice of fire detector shall meet the following requirements:(1)Early stages of the fire smoldering phase, generate a lot of smoke and a small amount of heat, little or no flame radiation, smoke probe selection;(2) The fire developed rapidly, resulting in a lot of heat, smoke and flame radiation, smoke used probe, temperature probe, the flame sensor or a combination;(3) The fire developed rapidly, with a strong flame radiation and a small amount of smoke, heat, and use flame probe;(4)Complicated or unexpected formation characteristics of fire can be simulated to fit the experimental probe used.Fire alarm controlFire alarm control is the heart of automatic fire alarm system has the following functions:(1) To accept the fire signal and start the fire alarms. The device can also be used to indicate firelocation and recording the information.(2) Start a fire through a fire alarm signal transmitting device, or through the automatic control unit activates the automatic fire extinguishing equipment and fire fighting linkage controller.(3) Automatically monitoring system for correct operation and failure to say anything specific, light alarm.Fire alarm control classificationWide variety of fire alarm controller, according to different methods can be divided into different categories.The control can be divided into:Regional fire alarm control: direct connection of fire detectors, handling all kinds of alarm information.Concentrated fire alarm control: it is generally not connected with the fire detector, which is connected with the regional fire alarm controller, fire alarm control of district-level alarm signal sent, often used in larger systems.Control Center fire alarm control: it is both regional, centralized two or fire alarm feature of the controller, which can be used for the regional level, the connection controller; they can be used for concentration levels used to connect regional fire alarm controller.By structure type can be divided into:Wall of fire alarm control: connect the detector circuit corresponding less, control is simple, many regional police only use this type of controller.Desktop fire alarm control: a few more connections detector circuit, linkage control more complex, centralized alarm often used this way.Box type fire alarm control: multi-loop connection can be realized with sophisticated control linkage.The system wiring is divided into:Multi-wire fire alarm control: detector and controller correspond to the connection method used.B system, fire alarm control: the controller and the detector connected by bus, detectors parallel or series on the bus.Fire alarm control functionsFire alarm: When you receive the detector, manual alarm switch, fire hydrant switch and input module is connected with the equipment issued to the fire signal, the alarm may be in alarm.Failure Alarm: The system time-sharing running control inspection, if an exception (equipment failure) the issue of sound, light alarm signal and displays the fault type and encoding.Fire priority: the failure to deal with fire alarm or, if the fire was reported the fire, and when the fire reportedly cleared automatically after the original failure.The time clock and the memory of the fire: when the system clock to go through the software programming, with a corresponding memory cell, memory, time of the accident.Self-test function: In order to improve the reliability of alarm systems, the controller sets the checking can be regular or irregular inspections of fire-First, design basisThe fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage.Room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides thesearch coverage and installs the fire detector.The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle. when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishmentRoom (Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.Room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position w installment ith the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fireprevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room.In the fire elevator and the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevatorm achine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition.3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.防火报警系统消防工作贯彻预防为主、消防结合的方针，坚持专门机关与群众相结合的原则，实行防火安全责任制。
火灾报警外文文献翻译
本科毕业生外文文献翻译学生姓名:**指导教师:孟洁所在学院:信息技术学院专业:电气工程及其自动化中国·大庆2012年5 月Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through the sensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarm from the scene or reports to the police through the special electric cable near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through many years research and the development, the present alarm apparatus may say is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatus rapid development and the social each domain anxious need, can the application domain be more and more many, specially is rapidly develops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarm apparatus already becamereports to the police a domain hot spot, because it used was not the obviously infrared acquisition, there for had the hiding to be good,characteristic and so on security. Theinfrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divide into the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the infrared acquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, the sensitivity high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs to cool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examination sensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisition sensor is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the infrared acquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared radiation temperature increment, the temperature elevates causes the sensorinterior certain physical quantities changes, through examination physical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind of sensor works under the room temperature condition, examination sensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick, moreover has nothing to do with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background radiation the limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs is the passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisition aid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released the electricity the principle, hotly releases content and so on many alarm circuit which the electric detector the characteristic, the BISS0001 signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finally designed completes has hotly released the electricity infrared detection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it is easy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led toa significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures.For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance .In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Goog ruined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so thatpeople should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination of The United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automatic fire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and take effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other place of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting facilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. From automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system.Fire detectors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with high temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals through the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into sound and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing the room number; while also monitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extinguishing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and light show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of the machine-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In addition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to the fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with thecomposition of a button fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smoke, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature. Photographic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to the fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the time. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant systems, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire doors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automatically or manually issue commands to start thecorresponding device.(A) The trigger deviceof the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire detectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fire response parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detectors, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Different types of fire detectors for different types offires and different places. Manual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable component of the.(B) fire alarm installationthe fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control functions with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire detectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the system itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors;export; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Knowledge specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some devices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not complete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm controller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm device fire alarm control belong.The basic function of fire alarm control are: the main power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge function, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memory function, clock function unit, withpriority being given fault function fire alarm, sound alarm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) Fire control equipmentFire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receiving the fire alarm,automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipment and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Include fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hydrant system control devices, smoke exhaust system andair conditioning and ventilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control device, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fire communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting control devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normallyinstalled in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized control. While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located in the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control.(D) electrical sourcefire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fire, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测,产生报警信号,从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警,从而引起人们的警觉。
对于城市火灾自动报警监控网络系统的探索 中英文对照
对于城市火灾自动报警监控网络系统的探索中英文对照Exploration of the automatic alarm and monitoring network system of city fire control in English随着中国的改革开放，在这十几年中，全国大中型城市的高层建筑、公共场所、地下建筑、现代化厂区等得到了高速发展。
这些建筑根据消防规范都安装了独立的火灾报警系统。
这With China's reform and opening up, in the last ten years, the national large and medium-sized city high-rise buildings, underground buildings, public places, such as the modernization of the factory has got rapid development. These buildings according to the fire code are equipped with independent fire alarm system. This些系统在防火救灾中起到了关键的功能，为保护人民的生命和财产作出了贡献。
但在实际操作中，由于火警信息需经过保安值班人员的处理，人为的因素起到了关键的功能。
如近期Some system in a fire disaster plays a key function, make contribution to the protection of people's lives and property. But in actual operation, because the fire information required to pass through the security personnel on duty of the processing, the human factor plays the key function. Such as the recent上海地区闵行一仓库，由于个人的处理不当，延误了救火时间，酿成了大火，造成了重大经济损失。
火灾自动报警系统(英文)
Automatic fire alarm system based on MCU Abstract:The paper introduced an automatic warehouse fire a1arm system based on MCU. The system was mainly made up of ATmega16, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and EX-1 auto dialed alarm module. In the system, temperature signals were transformed to serial data, and smoke signals were transformed to voltage signals. All the data were processed by MCU. When the surveillance system checked fire in warehouse, alarm signal was turn on, meanwhile the messages were transmitted to managers through EX-1. Application of the system was convenient to deal with fire in-time, efficiently by warehouse manager. Keywords: fire alarm transducer;smoke sensor system;ATmega16;temperature transducer;smoke sensorI. INTRODUCTIONAutomatic fire alarm control system has experienced a process from the simple to the complex and intelligence system increasingly in China. The characteristic is automatic fire detection and alarm technology has a great progress along with computing and detection technology development. At present, automatic fire alarm control system was used in bulk storage plant, shopping malls, high-level office buildings, hotels and other places. They were used in a number of collections focused on one area of intelligent alarm control method with higher levels of bus-type alarm control system, and in some residential areas andcommercial buildings were installed by a single automatic fire alarm detection device. These alarm detection devices fail to report sometimes, or misinformation. Its reliability is not high because of using single sensor. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple structure, low cost, high reliability, fast responding, automatic fire detection system.II. GENERAL PROJECT OF THE SYSTEMThe hardware block diagram shown in Figure 1, hardware by temperature sensors, smoke sensors, signal processing module, MCU modules and automatic alarm module. Non electrical quantity that is through the sensing element sensors (smoke sensors and temperature sensors) will be on-site temperature, smoke and other non-electrical signal into an electrical signal, as well as signals for signal processing to convert analog quantity to digital quantity. Finally, the sampled data were processed and compared with the limits by MCU system. This system can produce local and remote auto-alarm signals.Temperature IonizationTransducer smoke detectorsignalprocessingPD0 PD1SCMauto alarmmoduleT ephoneelInter f ace…Figure 1. Automatic fire alarm system structureⅢ. THE HARDWARE COMPONENTSA. Atmega16The system used by the U.S. Atmel’s microcontroller ATmega16 microcontroller. ATmega16 is based on the AVR RISC architecture to enhance low-power 8-bit CMOS microcontroller. Because of its advanced instruction set and a single clock cycle instruction execution time, ATmega16 data throughput of up to 1 MIPS / MHz. Thereby mitigate the system in the power and the contradiction between the processing rate. ATmega16 has the following characteristics: 16K bytes in-system programmable Flash (with the ability to read and write at the same time, that is, RWW), 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, 32 general-purpose I / O port lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, for the JTAG boundary scan interface, support the on-chip debugging and programming, 3 has a more flexible mode of timer / counter (T / C),chip internal / external interrupts, programmable serial USART, there are initial conditions detector universal serial interface, 8-channel 10-bit with optional differential input stage programmable gain (TQFP package) of the ADC, with on-chip oscillator of programmable watchdog timer, an SPI serial port, as well as six can be selected by software power-saving mode.The chip is based on Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology production on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory through the ISP serial interface or a general-purpose programmer for programming; you can also run on the AVR core among the bootstrap to program. Boot program can use any interface to download the application to the Flash memory area (Application Flash Memory). Application of Flash storage area is updated when the boot Flash area (Boot Flash Memory) program continues to run, RWW operation achieved. ATmega16 to become a powerful microcontroller by 8-bit RISC CPU and the system programmable flash in a single chip, for many embedded control applications provides a flexible and cost-effective solution. ATmega16 has a set of programming and system development tools, including: C language compiler, macro assembler, program debugger / software emulator, emulators and evaluation boards.B. Temperature SensorTemperature sensor manufactured by DALLAS SemiconductorDS18B20-type single intelligence temperature sensor, its performance features include:1)This sensor have single-bus-specific technology, either through the serial port cable also through other I / O port lines and computer interfaces,without going through other conversion circuits Direct output measured temperature value (9-bit binary number, with sign bit).2) Temperature range is -55 ℃~ +125 ℃, measurement resolution of 0. 0625 ℃.3) Containing 64 as amended through the laser-read-only memory ROM.4) Fit a variety of SCM or system machine.5) Users can set separate ways each temperature upper and lower limit.6) Includes parasitic power.DS18B20 and the main chip connection diagram shown in Figure 2: DS18B20 number one pin grounded, then on the 3rd pin high and the 2nd pin then a 5. 1K of the pull-up resistor, at the same time received a single output signal of the PD0 pin. Pull-up is to pull the uncertainty signal through a resistor embedded in the high places, resistance at the same time current－limited . Program from the DQ pin in high impedance state to ensure that the beginning, so that you can pull on the pull-up resistor to the high DQ. At the same time the main chip also can be anexternal site alarm buzzer.Figure 2. ds18b20 and the main chip connection diagram.C. Smoke Monitoring ModuleSmoke sensors choose HIS-07 ion smoke detectors when the flow through the inside and outside the ionization chamber ionization electron flow is unbalanced, collector charges current until the ionizationbalance. In a smoke-free or non-combustion, the collector being subject to the impact ionization current statistical fluctuation, the potential to maintain a balance. Ionization current have impact when the smoke into the ionization chamber, easily into the ionization chamber smoke outside than inside the ionization chamber of the affected, ionization current decline in and collector to re-charge until the new equilibrium potential, this potential change can be used to trigger the alarm circuit. Technical parameters such as Table 1.TABLE I.HIS-07 ION SMOKE SENSOR THCHNICAL DATATable Head Table Column headEquilibrium potential collector 5.5±0.3VCollector potential with the smokeReduced light rate of 1% / ft 0.6VReduced light rate of 4% / ft 2.2VCapacitor 6PFSmoke signals are processed on the chip of choice is the Motorolacompany’s MC14468, MC14468 for DIP 16-pin package, contain oscillator, timer, latch, alarm control logic circuit, high input impedance comparator etc. When not detected smoke, MC14468 internal oscillator that oscillation cycle 1.67s. Each 1.67s cycle the internal power supply is provided to the work of the entire chip. It’s all kept detect any smoke in addition to LED flashes, battery voltage alarm and smoke alarm. The oscillator oscillation period becomes 40ms when the MC14448 Once detection smoke, this time piezoelectric buzzer driving circuit to start oscillation, start to be able to output to maintain the high 160 ms after the cessation of 80ms.Continued during the detection of smoke cessation of changes, at this time if not detected smoke beeper will not be issued a warning sound.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change,voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.Figure 3.Smoke detection circuitD. Auto-dial alarm moduleDial-up alarm module choices are the EX-1 dial-up module is a DTMF signal receiving, storing, and sending as integration communications circuits. Module built-in microcontroller and dial-up management process can provide users with a variety of signal input and output ports, in security alarm, signal acquisition, automatic control, remote communication and information transmission areas such as flexible application. 5 groups can have cell phone or group of seven local telephone numbers are stored, power-down is not lost; Telephone line status detection, automatic fault signal output ;Telephone / external switching two kinds of dial-up state control; Trigger time, nine times loop dial preset numbers; To work independently, independent dial-up, do not rely on telephone and other external devices.,.EX-1 wiring diagram shown in figure 4, The PD4 pin to connect the main chip HTO , the module began to dial alarm when PD4 output high level signal, PD5 connection ON / OFF pin input is high level signal to open the dial-up settings, the input does not work when this pin become low, ERR pin connected to PD6 pin of MCU, PD6 output 1 begun to test whether the telephone line failure, READY pin connect MCU PD7 pin detection and alarm is completed, the alarm is end when PD7 pin is high .Figure 4. EX-1 wiring diagram IV. SOFIW AREDESIGNstartATmega16InitializeNwhether there aresmoke signals?YR0=1collection temperaturesignalwhether the N alarm value?YR1=1dial-up alarmREADY=1?YFigure 5. The main program flow chartBecause in the early stages of fires and the smoldering phase will produce a large number of aerosol particles and smoke particles .In the stage of incipient fire substances in the combustion process produces a lot of heat, so should make the smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction, first with the smoke sensor detects whether there is smoke generation, then the temperature sensor detects the temperature, temperature sensor alarm value is set to 50 degrees. When the smoke is detected R0 is 1, not smoke R0 is 0. Then test the temperature when thetemperature reaches the value of seasonal early warning R1 is 1, the value of seasonal temperature not to reach an early warning R1 to 0, at this time compared to the R0 and R1 is equal to the main chip when the dial-up alarm.V. CONCLUSIONBy the cooperation of using of temperature and smoke sensors, through detecting the temperature and smoke on-site, the automatic alarm system could find any fire in warehouse and send the message to managers of warehouse in the early time by the form of short messages.REFERENCES[1] Shunning Miao,Guangming Xiong,Yongping Li etc.Automatic Fire Alarm System Design and Research, Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2006(2), P909.[2] Liang Ge, Qi Cong. Intelligent Analysis of office building fire.[3] Ti Zhou. Building Fire System Design, Yunnan Construction,2008(6).[4] Honeywell (Honeywel1)'s construction equipment Monitoring System, Intelligent Building and City Information, 2008(4).[5] Derek Clements-Croome, Intelligent buildings: design, management and operation, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004.[6]Zhang Huazhong, Commanding System of Fire Automatic Alarm and Fire Control Linkage based on Internet, Computer Engineering, 2001. [7] ANSI, Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling, US: ANSI/FMRC FM3260-2004.。
消防系统弱电系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照消防报警及控制系统设计说明【Design Despcrition of Fire-safety Alarming and Control System】一、设计依据：【Basis of Design】《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》GB50116-98【Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System GB50116-98】《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95 （2005版）【Code for fire protection design of tall building GB50045-95 （2005 Version）】二、系统保护对象分级：【Classification of the target protected by the system】根据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第3.1.1条，系统保护对象为一级。
【according to Item 3.1.1, Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System, the object protected is Grade I】三、自动报警系统形式：【Form of automatic alarming】采用集中报警系统。
【centralized alarming system is adopted】四、备用照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of backup lighting】在消防控制室、疏散楼梯、走道、电梯厅、门厅、排烟机房、变配电室、电梯机房、消防泵房等场所设置备用照明。
【Backup lighting shall be installed in fire-safety control room, evacuation stairs, elevator hall, smoke evacuation plant room, transformer and switch room, and stair plant room and fire-safety pump room.】五、疏散照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of evacuation lighting】在疏散楼梯间出入口、疏散走道、安全出口处、走道、门厅等场所设置疏散【Evacuation lighting shall 照明，疏散照明自带蓄电池连续供电时间不小于40分钟。
消防系统、弱电系统设计说明中英文对照
消防报警及控制系统设计说明【Design Despcrition of Fire-safety Alarming and Control System】一、设计依据：【Basis of Design】《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》GB50116-98【Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System GB50116-98】《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95 （2005版）【Code for fire protection design of tall building GB50045-95 （2005 Version）】二、系统保护对象分级：【Classification of the target protected by the system】根据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第3.1.1条，系统保护对象为一级。
【according to Item 3.1.1, Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System, the object protected is Grade I】三、自动报警系统形式：【Form of automatic alarming】采用集中报警系统。
【centralized alarming system is adopted】四、备用照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of backup lighting】在消防控制室、疏散楼梯、走道、电梯厅、门厅、排烟机房、变配电室、电梯机房、消防泵房等场所设置备用照明。
【Backup lighting shall be installed in fire-safety control room, evacuation stairs, elevator hall, smoke evacuation plant room, transformer and switch room, and stair plant room and fire-safety pump room.】五、疏散照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of evacuation lighting】在疏散楼梯间出入口、疏散走道、安全出口处、走道、门厅等场所设置疏散【Evacuation lighting shall 照明，疏散照明自带蓄电池连续供电时间不小于40分钟。
火灾自动报警及消防联动控制系统维护管理方案中英文
火灾自动报警及联动控制系统维护管理方案maintenance management plan of the Fire auto-alarm and fire protection coordinated control system前言forewordXXX的火灾报警系统是整个消防系统中较为重要的一个部分，它的作用为火灾初期报警及消防设备的联动灭火。
故火灾报警系统的良好运行是确保XXX消防安全的重要环节之一。
The United States and South China fire alarm system will be a more important part in the entire fire protection system, its function will alarm and the extinguish the fire in the fire initial period. Therefore good maintenance of the fire alarm system (FAS) is the important links of The United States and South China fire protection system.1.火灾报警系统的构成分为以下几部分：1.The fire alarm system constitution divides into following several parts:报警探测器（烟感、温感、手报按钮）；the fire detector (smoke detector, heat detector, manual fire alarm box);输入信号模块（水流信号、压力开关信号、信号蝶阀）；1.2.Input signal module (fluent signal, pressure switch signal, signal reed valve);输出信号模块（泵、电梯、风机、风阀、电源强切等）；Output signal module(pump, elevator, fan, wind valve, power source cut and so on);系统主机（包括报警控制器、总线联动控制柜、消防联动控制柜、电源系统、通信系统等）；Fire control panel( Including the controller, the main line linkage controller, the fire linkage controller, the power source system, the tel-system and so on)警报设备（消防警铃）；Fire alarm facility（fire alarm bell）2.火灾报警系统的功能分为以下几个部分：The fire alarm system function divides into following several parts:火灾报警（探测器、手动报警、各类输入信号）；The fire alarm(detector, manual fire alarm box, signal module) 故障报警（探测器、模块、主机、报警设备、线路）；Fault alarm (detector, transmitter, controller, other alarm facilities, circuitry)警报（消防警铃）；Alarm(fire bell)火灾联动（电梯、消防水泵、喷淋水泵、风机、风阀、电源强切等信号）；The fire linkage (the signal of the elevator, fire pump, pump of sprays, air blower, wind valve, power source cuts and so on)3.根据明天广场的火灾报警系统构成及其功能，为确保其正常运行，须保证火灾报警系统的各组成部分设备状态良好及其相应管线接线良好，方能使系统功能发挥正常。
火灾自动报警系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
火灾自动报警系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献nal electronic fire alarm system relies on sensors to automatically detect a fire and trigger an alarm。
which can alert people on the scene or notify the authorities through a special electric cable。
Over the years。
the development of alarm devices has led to a wide range of ns for different ns。
particularly in the civil domain.One popular type of alarm system is the infrared alarm。
which has gained n due to its ability to detect fires without us infrared signals。
making it more secure。
Infrared sensors can be classified into two types: light survey and hot survey。
based on their n mechanisms.To improve the effectiveness of fire alarm systems。
many modern devices also incorporate advanced technologies such as wireless n。
remote monitoring。
and intelligent analysis。
These features enable faster response times and more accurate n。
火灾自动报警系统(英文)
Automatic fire alarm system based on MCU Abstract: The paper introduced an automatic warehouse fire a1arm system based on MCU. The system was mainly made up of ATmega16, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and EX-1 auto dialed alarm module. In the system, temperature signals were transformed to serial data, and smoke signals were transformed to voltage signals. All the data were processed by MCU. When the surveillance system checked fire in warehouse, alarm signal was turn on, meanwhile the messages were transmitted to managers through EX-1. Application of the system was convenient to deal with fire in-time, efficiently by warehouse manager.Keywords: fire alarm transducer;smoke sensor system;ATmega16;temperature transducer;smoke sensorI. INTRODUCTIONAutomatic fire alarm control system has experienced a process from the simple to the complex and intelligence system increasingly in China. The characteristic is automatic fire detection and alarm technology has a great progress along with computing and detection technology development. At present, automatic fire alarm control system was used in bulk storage plant, shopping malls, high-level office buildings, hotels and other places. They were used in a number of collections focused on one area of intelligent alarm control method with higher levels of bus-type alarm control system, and in some residential areas and commercial buildings were installed by a single automatic fire alarm detection device. These alarm detection devices fail to report sometimes, or misinformation. Its reliability is not high because of using single sensor. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple structure, low cost, high reliability, fast responding, automatic fire detection system.II. GENERAL PROJECT OF THE SYSTEMThe hardware block diagram shown in Figure 1, hardware by temperature sensors, smoke sensors, signal processing module, MCU modules and automatic alarm module. Non electrical quantity that is through the sensing element sensors (smoke sensors and temperature sensors) will be on-site temperature, smoke and other non-electrical signal into an electrical signal, as well as signals for signal processing to convertanalog quantity to digital quantity. Finally, the sampled data were processed and compared with the limits by MCU system. This system can produce local and remote auto-alarm signals.Temperature IonizationTransducer smoke detectorsignalprocessingPD0 PD1SCMauto alarmmoduleT ephoneelInter f ace…Figure 1. Automatic fire alarm system structureⅢ. THE HARDWARE COMPONENTSA. Atmega16The system used by the U.S. Atmel’s microcontroller ATmega16 microcontroller. ATmega16 is based on the AVR RISC architecture to enhance low-power 8-bit CMOS microcontroller. Because of its advanced instruction set and a single clock cycle instruction execution time, ATmega16 data throughput of up to 1 MIPS / MHz. Thereby mitigate the system in the power and the contradiction between the processing rate. ATmega16 has the following characteristics: 16K bytes in-system programmable Flash (with the ability to read and write at the same time, that is, RWW), 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, 32 general-purpose I / O port lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, for the JTAG boundary scan interface, support the on-chip debugging and programming, 3 has a more flexible mode of timer / counter (T / C), chip internal / external interrupts, programmable serial USART, there are initial conditions detector universal serial interface, 8-channel 10-bit with optionaldifferential input stage programmable gain (TQFP package) of the ADC, with on-chip oscillator of programmable watchdog timer, an SPI serial port, as well as six can be selected by software power-saving mode.The chip is based on Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology production on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory through the ISP serial interface or a general-purpose programmer for programming; you can also run on the AVR core among the bootstrap to program. Boot program can use any interface to download the application to the Flash memory area (Application Flash Memory). Application of Flash storage area is updated when the boot Flash area (Boot Flash Memory) program continues to run, RWW operation achieved. ATmega16 to become a powerful microcontroller by 8-bit RISC CPU and the system programmable flash in a single chip, for many embedded control applications provides a flexible and cost-effective solution. ATmega16 has a set of programming and system development tools, including: C language compiler, macro assembler, program debugger / software emulator, emulators and evaluation boards.B. Temperature SensorTemperature sensor manufactured by DALLAS Semiconductor DS18B20-type single intelligence temperature sensor, its performance features include:1)This sensor have single-bus-specific technology, either through the serial port cable also through other I / O port lines and computer interfaces,without going through other conversion circuits Direct output measured temperature value (9-bit binary number, with sign bit).2) Temperature range is -55 ℃~ +125 ℃, measurement resolution of 0. 0625 ℃.3) Containing 64 as amended through the laser-read-only memory ROM.4) Fit a variety of SCM or system machine.5) Users can set separate ways each temperature upper and lower limit.6) Includes parasitic power.DS18B20 and the main chip connection diagram shown in Figure 2: DS18B20 number one pin grounded, then on the 3rd pin high and the 2nd pin then a 5. 1K of the pull-up resistor, at the same time received a single output signal of the PD0 pin. Pull-up is to pull the uncertainty signal through a resistor embedded in the high places, resistance at the same time current－limited . Program from the DQ pin in highimpedance state to ensure that the beginning, so that you can pull on the pull-up resistor to the high DQ. At the same time the main chip also can be an external site alarm buzzer.Figure 2. ds18b20 and the main chip connection diagram.C. Smoke Monitoring ModuleSmoke sensors choose HIS-07 ion smoke detectors when the flow through the inside and outside the ionization chamber ionization electron flow is unbalanced, collector charges current until the ionization balance. In a smoke-free or non-combustion, the collector being subject to the impact ionization current statistical fluctuation, the potential to maintain a balance. Ionization current have impact when the smoke into the ionization chamber, easily into the ionization chamber smoke outside than inside the ionization chamber of the affected, ionization current decline in and collector to re-charge until the new equilibrium potential, this potential change can be used to trigger the alarm circuit. Technical parameters such as Table 1.TABLE I.HIS-07 ION SMOKE SENSOR THCHNICAL DATATable Head Table Column headEquilibrium potential collector 5.5±0.3VCollector potential with the smokeReduced light rate of 1% / ft 0.6VReduced light rate of 4% / ft 2.2VCapacitor 6PFSmoke signals are processed on the chip of choice is the Motorola company’s MC14468, MC14468 for DIP 16-pin package, contain oscillator, timer, latch, alarm control logic circuit, high input impedance comparator etc. When not detected smoke, MC14468 internal oscillator that oscillation cycle 1.67s. Each 1.67s cycle the internal power supply is provided to the work of the entire chip. It’s all kept detect any smoke in addition to LED flashes, battery voltage alarm and smoke alarm. The oscillator oscillation period becomes 40ms when the MC14448 Once detection smoke, this time piezoelectric buzzer driving circuit to start oscillation, start to be able to output to maintain the high 160 ms after the cessation of 80ms.Continued during the detection of smoke cessation of changes, at this time if not detected smoke beeper will not be issued a warning sound.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generationa weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.Figure 3.Smoke detection circuitD. Auto-dial alarm moduleDial-up alarm module choices are the EX-1 dial-up module is a DTMF signal receiving, storing, and sending as integration communications circuits. Module built-in microcontroller and dial-up management process can provide users with a variety of signal input and output ports, in security alarm, signal acquisition, automatic control, remote communication and information transmission areas such as flexible application. 5 groups can have cell phone or group of seven local telephone numbers are stored, power-down is not lost; Telephone line status detection, automatic fault signal output ;Telephone / external switching two kinds of dial-upstate control; Trigger time, nine times loop dial preset numbers; To work independently, independent dial-up, do not rely on telephone and other external devices.EX-1 wiring diagram shown in figure 4, The PD4 pin to connect the main chip HTO , the module began to dial alarm when PD4 output high level signal, PD5 connection ON / OFF pin input is high level signal to open the dial-up settings, the input does not work when this pin become low, ERR pin connected to PD6 pin of MCU, PD6 output 1 begun to test whether the telephone line failure, READY pin connect MCU PD7 pin detection and alarm is completed, the alarm is end when PD7 pin is high .Figure 4. EX-1 wiring diagramIV. SOFIW AREDESIGNstartATmega16InitializeNwhether there aresmoke signals?YR0=1collectiontemperaturesignalwhether the Nalarm value?YR1=1dial-up alarmREADY=1?YFigure 5. The main program flow chartBecause in the early stages of fires and the smoldering phase will produce a large number of aerosol particles and smoke particles .In the stage of incipient fire substances in the combustion process produces a lot of heat, so should make the smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction, first with the smoke sensor detects whether there is smoke generation, then the temperature sensor detects the temperature, temperature sensor alarm value is set to 50 degrees. When the smoke is detected R0 is 1, not smoke R0 is 0. Then test the temperature when the temperature reaches the value of seasonal early warning R1 is 1, the value of seasonal temperature not to reach an early warning R1 to 0, at this time compared to the R0 and R1 is equal to the main chip when the dial-up alarm.V. CONCLUSIONBy the cooperation of using of temperature and smoke sensors, through detecting the temperature and smoke on-site, the automatic alarm system could find any fire in warehouse and send the message to managers of warehouse in the early time by the form of short messages.REFERENCES[1] Shunning Miao,Guangming Xiong,Yongping Li etc.Automatic Fire Alarm System Design and Research, Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2006(2), P909.[2] Liang Ge, Qi Cong. Intelligent Analysis of office building fire.[3] Ti Zhou. Building Fire System Design, Yunnan Construction,2008(6).[4] Honeywell (Honeywel1)'s construction equipment Monitoring System, Intelligent Building and City Information, 2008(4).[5] Derek Clements-Croome, Intelligent buildings: design, management and operation, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004.[6]Zhang Huazhong, Commanding System of Fire Automatic Alarm and Fire Control Linkage based on Internet, Computer Engineering, 2001.[7] ANSI, Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling,US: ANSI/FMRC FM3260-2004.。
火灾自动报警系统(英文)
Automatic fire alarm system based on MCU Abstract:The paper introduced an automatic warehouse fire a1arm system based on MCU. The system was mainly made up of ATmega16, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and EX-1 auto dialed alarm module. In the system, temperature signals were transformed to serial data, and smoke signals were transformed to voltage signals. All the data were processed by MCU. When the surveillance system checked fire in warehouse, alarm signal was turn on, meanwhile the messages were transmitted to managers through EX-1. Application of the system was convenient to deal with fire in-time, efficiently by warehouse manager.Keywords: fire alarm transducer;smoke sensor system;ATmega16;temperature transducer;smoke sensorI. INTRODUCTIONAutomatic fire alarm control system has experienced a process from the simple to the complex and intelligence system increasingly in China. The characteristic is automatic fire detection and alarm technology has a great progress along with computing and detection technology development. At present, automatic fire alarm control system was used in bulk storage plant, shopping malls, high-level office buildings, hotels and other places. They were used in a number of collections focused on one area of intelligent alarm control method with higher levels of bus-type alarm control system, and in some residential areas and commercial buildings were installed by a single automatic fire alarm detection device. These alarm detection devices fail to report sometimes, or misinformation. Its reliability is not high because of using single sensor. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple structure, low cost,high reliability, fast responding, automatic fire detection system.II. GENERAL PROJECT OF THE SYSTEMThe hardware block diagram shown in Figure 1, hardware by temperature sensors, smoke sensors, signal processing module, MCU modules and automatic alarm module. Non electrical quantity that is through the sensing element sensors (smoke sensors and temperature sensors) will be on-site temperature, smoke and other non-electrical signal into an electrical signal, as well as signals for signal processing to convert analog quantity to digital quantity. Finally, the sampled data were processed and compared with the limits by MCU system. This system can produce local and remote auto-alarm signals.Temperature IonizationTransducer smoke detectorsignalprocessingPD0 PD1SCMauto alarmmoduleT ephoneelInter f ace…Figure 1. Automatic fire alarm system structureⅢ. THE HARDWARE COMPONENTSA. Atmega16The system used by the . Atmel’s microcontroller ATmega16 microcontroller. ATmega16 is based on the AVR RISC architecture to enhance low-power 8-bit CMOS microcontroller. Because of its advanced instruction set and a single clock cycle instruction execution time, ATmega16 data throughput of up to 1 MIPS / MHz. Thereby mitigate the system in the power and the contradiction between the processing rate. ATmega16 has the following characteristics: 16K bytes in-system programmable Flash (with the ability to read and write at the same time, that is, RWW), 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, 32 general-purpose I / O port lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, for the JTAG boundary scan interface, support the on-chip debugging and programming, 3 has a more flexible mode of timer / counter (T / C), chip internal / external interrupts, programmable serial USART, there are initial conditions detector universal serial interface, 8-channel 10-bit with optional differential input stage programmable gain (TQFP package) of the ADC, with on-chip oscillator of programmable watchdog timer, an SPI serial port, as well as six can be selected by software power-saving mode.The chip is based on Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology production on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory through the ISP serial interface or a general-purpose programmer for programming; you can also run on the AVR core among the bootstrap to program. Boot program can use any interface to download the application to the Flash memory area (Application Flash Memory). Application of Flash storage area is updated when the boot Flash area (Boot Flash Memory) program continues to run,RWW operation achieved. ATmega16 to become a powerful microcontroller by 8-bit RISC CPU and the system programmable flash in a single chip, for many embedded control applications provides a flexible and cost-effective solution. ATmega16 has a set of programming and system development tools, including: C language compiler, macro assembler, program debugger / software emulator, emulators and evaluation boards.B. Temperature SensorTemperature sensor manufactured by DALLAS Semiconductor DS18B20-type single intelligence temperature sensor, its performance features include:1)This sensor have single-bus-specific technology, either through the serial port cable also through other I / O port lines and computer interfaces,without going through other conversion circuits Direct output measured temperature value (9-bit binary number, with sign bit).2) Temperature range is -55 ℃ ~ +125 ℃, measurement resolution of 0. 0625 ℃.3) Containing 64 as amended through the laser-read-only memory ROM.4) Fit a variety of SCM or system machine.5) Users can set separate ways each temperature upper and lower limit.6) Includes parasitic power.DS18B20 and the main chip connection diagram shown in Figure 2: DS18B20 number one pin grounded, then on the 3rd pin high and the 2nd pin then a 5. 1K of the pull-up resistor, at the same time received a single output signal of the PD0 pin. Pull-up is to pull the uncertainty signal through a resistor embedded in the high places, resistance at the same time current－limited . Program from the DQ pin in high impedance state to ensure that the beginning, so that you can pull on the pull-up resistorto the high DQ. At the same time the main chip also can be an external site alarm buzzer.Figure 2. ds18b20 and the main chip connection diagram.C. Smoke Monitoring ModuleSmoke sensors choose HIS-07 ion smoke detectors when the flow through the inside and outside the ionization chamber ionization electron flow is unbalanced, collector charges current until the ionization balance. In a smoke-free or non-combustion, the collector being subject to the impact ionization current statistical fluctuation, the potential to maintain a balance. Ionization current have impact when the smoke into the ionization chamber, easily into the ionization chamber smoke outside than inside the ionization chamber of the affected, ionization currentdecline in and collector to re-charge until the new equilibrium potential, this potential change can be used to trigger the alarm circuit. Technical parameters such as Table 1.TABLE ION SMOKE SENSOR THCHNICAL DATATable Head Table Column headEquilibrium potential collector ±Collector potential with the smokeReduced light rate of 1% / ftReduced light rate of 4% / ftCapacitor 6PFSmoke signals are processed on the chip of choice is the Motorola company’s MC14468, MC14468 for DIP 16-pin package, contain oscillator, timer, latch, alarm control logic circuit, high input impedance comparator etc. When not detected smoke, MC14468 internal oscillator that oscillation cycle . Each cycle the internal power supply is provided to the work of the entire chip. It’s all kept detect any smoke in addition to LED flashes, battery voltage alarm and smoke alarm. The oscillator oscillation period becomes 40ms when the MC14448 Once detection smoke, this time piezoelectric buzzer driving circuit to start oscillation, start to be able to output to maintain the high 160 ms after the cessation of during the detection of smoke cessation of changes, at this time ifnot detected smoke beeper will not be issued a warning sound.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.Figure detection circuitD. Auto-dial alarm moduleDial-up alarm module choices are the EX-1 dial-up module is a DTMF signal receiving, storing, and sending as integration communications circuits. Module built-in microcontroller and dial-up management process can provide users with a variety of signal input and output ports, in security alarm, signal acquisition, automatic control, remote communication and information transmission areas such as flexible application. 5 groups can have cell phone or group of seven local telephone numbers are stored, power-down is not lost; Telephone line status detection, automatic fault signal output ;Telephone / external switching two kinds of dial-up state control; Trigger time, nine times loop dial preset numbers; To work independently, independent dial-up, do not rely on telephone and other external devices.EX-1 wiring diagram shown in figure 4, The PD4 pin to connect the main chip HTO , the module began to dial alarm when PD4 output high level signal, PD5 connection ON / OFF pin input is high level signal to open the dial-up settings, the input does not work when this pin become low, ERR pin connected to PD6 pin of MCU, PD6 output 1 begun to test whether the telephone line failure, READY pin connect MCU PD7 pin detection and alarmis completed, the alarm is end when PD7 pin is high .Figure 4. EX-1 wiring diagram IV. SOFIW AREDESIGNstartATmega16InitializeN whether there aresmoke signalsYR0=1collectiontemperaturesignalwhether the Nalarm valueYR1=1dial-up alarmREADY=1YFigure 5. The main program flow chartBecause in the early stages of fires and the smoldering phase will produce a large number of aerosol particles and smoke particles .In the stage of incipient fire substances in the combustion process produces a lot of heat, so should make the smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction, first with the smoke sensor detects whether there is smoke generation, then the temperature sensor detects the temperature, temperature sensor alarm value is set to 50 degrees. When the smoke is detected R0 is 1, not smoke R0 is 0. Then test the temperature when the temperature reaches the value of seasonal early warning R1 is 1, the value of seasonal temperature not to reach an early warning R1 to 0, at this time compared to the R0 and R1 is equal to the main chip when the dial-up alarm.V. CONCLUSIONBy the cooperation of using of temperature and smoke sensors, through detecting the temperature and smoke on-site, the automatic alarm system could find any fire in warehouse and send the message to managers of warehouse in the early time by the form of short messages.REFERENCES[1] Shunning Miao,Guangming Xiong,Yongping Li Fire Alarm System Design and Research, Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2006(2), P909.[2] Liang Ge, Qi Cong. Intelligent Analysis of office building fire.[3] Ti Zhou. Building Fire System Design, Yunnan Construction,2008(6).[4] Honeywell (Honeywel1)'s construction equipment Monitoring System, Intelligent Building and City Information, 2008(4).[5] Derek Clements-Croome, Intelligent buildings: design, management and operation, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004.[6]Zhang Huazhong, Commanding System of Fire Automatic Alarm and Fire Control Linkage based on Internet, Computer Engineering, 2001.[7] ANSI, Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling, US: ANSI/FMRC FM3260-2004.。
消防报警和安全检测(外文文献翻译)
Fire Alarms and Security DetectionA fire alarm circuit, as its name implies, sounds an alarm in the event of a fire. There can be one or several alarms throughout a building, and there can be several alarm points, which activate the warming. The alarm points can be operated manually or automatically; in the latter case they may be sensitive to heat, smoke or ionization. There are clearly many combinations possible, and this chapter gives some systematic account of the way they are built up.Several alarm points are connected in parallel, and whenever one of them is actuated the circuit is completed and the alarm sounds. This is described as an open circuit, and it will be seen that it is not fail safe, because if there is a failure of supply, the fire alarm cannot work. Another characteristic of this circuit is that every alarm point must be capable of carrying the full current taken by all the bells or hooters working together.The alarm points are connected in series with each other and with a re lay coil. The relay is normally closed when de-energized, and opens when the coil is energized. Thus when an alarm point is activated the relay coil is de- energized, the relay closes and the alarm sounds. This system fails safe to the extent that if the coil circuit fails the main circuit operates the alarm. It is not of course safe against total failure of the supply because in that event there is no supply available to work the bells. The alarm points do not have to carry the operating current of the bells or hooters. This arrangement is called a closed circuit in contrast to the open circuit. We can notice that in an open circuit the alarm points are wired in parallel and are normally open, whilst in a closed circuit they wired in series and are normally closed.A typical manually operated fire alarm point is contained in a robust red plastic case with a glass cover. The material is chosen for its fire resisting properties. The case has knock out for conduit entries at top and bottom but the material can be sufficiently easily cut for the site electrician to make himself an entry in the back if he needs it. Alternative terminals are provided for circuits in which the contacts have to close when the glass is smashed and for circuits in which the contacts ha ve to openwhen the glass is smashed. In the former case, there is a test switch which can be reached when the whole front is opened with an Allen Key. In the latter case, the test push is omitted because the circuit is in any case of the fail safe type. The alarm point illustrated is suitable for surface mounting. Similar ones are available for flush fixing and in weatherproof versions. The current carrying capacity of the contacts should always be checked with the maker's catalogue.A thermally operated alarm point consists of a bi-metal strip that deflects when the temperature rises, and thereby tilts a tube half full of mercury. When the tube tilts the mercury flows into the other half of the tube where it completes the circuit between two contacts previously separated by air. Alternatively, the arrangement within the tube can be such that the mercury breaks the circuit when the tube is tilted. The casing of the alarm is of stainless steel. Heat detectors of this type are usually set to operate at 65℃. They are frequently used in boiler houses.A smoke operated alarm point would be used only in special circumstances which make it necessary to detect smoke rather than heat. This type can cause nuisance operation of the alarm by reacting to small quantities of smoke which have not been caused by a fire; they have for example been known to sound the alarm as a result of cigarette smoke in an office. Modern ones have adjustable sensitivity so that they can be set to avoid nuisance operation.An ionization detector contains a chamber which houses some low strength radioactive material and a pair of electrodes. The radioactive material makes the air in the chamber conductive so that a small current flows between the electrodes. The size of the current varies with the nature of the gas in the chamber and as soon as any combustion. Products are added to the air there is a sudden change in the current flowing. The detector also has a second chamber which is permanently sealed so that the current through it never changes. As long as the currents through the two chambers are equal there is no output, as soon as they become unbalanced there is a net output which is used to operate a transistor switch in the main circuit through the detector.The human being is the most efficient fire detector, provided that he is actuallythere at the time. The combination of his eyes, ears and nose allows him to differentiate between various phenomena. He can smell the difference between cigarette smoke, burning toast and something more sinister such as burning paper. He can see smoke and flames and will often hear a fire before he has noticed either the flames or the smoke. Sometimes, the first thing he notices is heat, for example, a hot partition wall. It is these phenomena that fire detector designers measure to detect the onset of fire. It is the onset of fire that is crucial; very small fires can be put out quickly and safely with portable fire extinguishers, or even a cup of coffee if detected soon enough. Obviously, the smaller the fire, the less it may be observed. Fire detectors must, therefore, be designed without the risk of false alarms. So what technology is used today to detect these phenomena?Two techniques are used for the detection of smoke: photoelectric smoke detectors and ionization smoke detectors. Photoelectric detectors are arranged so that, although visible light cannot enter, smoke can enter freely. This type of detector is based on a matt black chamber about the size of a coffee cup. A dividing wall is placed in the middle of the chamber on either side of which is located a light transmitter and a light receiver. Under normal circumstances, light from the transmitter is not received by the receiver, as the chamber is not reflective. When smoke particles enter the chamber, light bounces off these particles which results in a signal being received. A similar effect can be observed when sunshine enters a smoky room. These photo-electric detectors are highly sensitive and reliable, so long as the smoke particles are visible.Certain classes of fire, however, emit invisible smoke particles long before the fire is actually alight and in these cases an ionization smoke detector must be present. Although the design of these detectors is slightly more complicated than in the case of photo-electric detectors, the basic principle is very simple. Two metal plates are separated by several millimeters and a voltage is applied across them. Since air does not conduct electricity, no current flows. If an ionizing radioactive source is brought close to the plates then the air itself is ionized, that is, electrically charges particles are present between the plates and these allow a tiny current to flow. Any particles entering the chamber, either visible or invisible, tend to neutralize the ions, thusdecreasing the current flow. It is this reduction in current which is monitored in measuring the amount of smoke that is present.Fire detection and its corresponding safety systems are crucial parts of an intelligent building. This paper reviews the current state of development of fire detection and alarm systems in the intelligent building. New technologies and concepts developed in intelligent buildings, such as advanced multi-function sensors, computer vision systems and wireless sensors, real-time control via the Internet, and integrated building service systems, have also been reviewed and discussed. These new technologies and concepts will improve the capability of fire detection systems to discriminate between fire and non-fire threats and will increase the time available for property and life protection. However, much effort is still needed to remove barriers to the further development of these new technologies.New sensor technologies will be key components in the next generation of intelligent buildings. Current intelligent buildings often have embedded processors and dedicated information networks. The new generation is expected to add the capability to learn about the buildings circumstances and its occupants needs and change the behavior of its control systems accordingly. The employment of a large number of sensors within the building will allow it to operate in a responsive manner, rather than using pre-programmed control models as are employed in the first two generations of intelligent building. The information provided by sensors includes changes in both internal and external environments of a building, such as smoke, temperature and humidity, air quality, air movement, and the number of building occupants as well as a host of other properties. The system will use sensors to identify how a particular person tends to react to particular circumstances and to learn different behaviors for different people. The number of sensors required to obtain this type of functionality is quite high, especially since one of the major goals of intelligent buildings is to allow individualized control of an environment. This need will increase the cost of intelligent buildings and make it difficult to manage the resulting large amount of data. Development of cost-effective sensors has consequently been identified as a key need for intelligent buildings. Fortunately,many of the properties that need to be monitored can be used for multiple purposes. Security systems that can track the entry and exit of occupants from an office building can also be used to ensure complete evacuation of a building during a fire or even, in more advanced forms, determine where occupants may be trapped and unable to escape. Similarly, parameters such as temperature and air movement are as relevant to fire detection as the maintenance of the indoor working environment. Dual use sensors and sensor systems that are flexible enough to interpret data from different events will be key to making cost efficient intelligent buildings. Efforts are being made to develop multi-function sensors for simultaneously detecting fire and monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ). Multi-function sensors that combine inputs from several different chemicals or physical processes would be expected to reduce the rate of false alarms and increase the speed of detection of real problems. They should therefore enhance fire safety while at the same time lowering total system costs. The chemical gas sensor has potential for this type of application. Chemical sensor techniques are now available for measuring almost any stable gaseous species emitted from materials and prior to or during combustion. Chemical species can be sensed through a multitude of interactions, including catalytic, electrochemical, mechanic-chemical, and optical processes. In one square inch, several hundred individual sensors can be placed in an array. By coating each sensor with a different semi-conducting material, several hundred different readings for gas signatures can be made by an expert system. Recently, one olfactory sensor array system has been developed for environmental monitoring and for fire and smoke detection.Heat detectorsTwo types of technology are used. First, mechanical heat detectors rely on expanding solids, liquids and gases to close a switch; secondly, electronic detectors use a thermistor to measure the actual temperature. Furthermore, there are two variants: fixed temperature detectors which simply produce an output when the temperature exceeds a predetermined level and rate of rise detectors that provide an output when the rate of rise in temperature exceeds a pre-defined limit. However, rate of rise detectors invariably have an upper temperature limit at which they will provideoutput regardless of the rate of rise function.Flame detectorsFlame detectors look for characteristic emissions of either infrared or ultra-violet light from the flames. This type of detection is particularly useful for fires caused by volatile fuels, for example, gas and petroleum spirit. With the aid of these detectors the fire detection industry is able to move some way towards simulating the ability of the human to detect a fire. It may not be as good as the human, but it is available 24 hours a day and 365 days a year, at a very reasonable cost.Intruder detectionThere is a far wider range of intruder detectors available than is the case for fire detectors. It is necessary to thwart the intelligent criminal whose ingenuity knows no bounds: if they can get round it, they will. The simplest intruder detectors are basically switches operated from such disturbances as opening doors, walking on pressure mats, cutting essential wires etc. In these detectors, the skill is in the mechanical design. For obvious reasons, it is not possible to discuss the operation of intruder detectors in great detail here.In addition to simple contacts a wide range of movement/presence detectors are available. The most common of these is the passive infra-red (PIR) detector which can detect the heat of a human body against the natural ambient temperature. This is no mean heat considering the human body is at 37 degrees centigrade and that is the internal body temperature, let alone skin temperature. With outdoors clothing the target may not only be some 0.5-1 degrees above the ambient. Other active systems are available, such as microwave and ultrasonic. Both of these techniques depend upon the transmission of a signal which is reflected from any moving object in range. Movement alters the frequency of the received signal (the Doppler Effect) and it is the difference between the transmitted and received signals which indicates the speed of movement.。
火灾自动报警系统(英文)
Automatic fire alarm system based on MCU Abstract:The paper introduced an automatic warehouse fire a1arm system based on MCU. The system was mainly made up of ATmega16, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and EX-1 auto dialed alarm module. In the system, temperature signals were transformed to serial data, and smoke signals were transformed to voltage signals. All the data were processed by MCU. When the surveillance system checked fire in warehouse, alarm signal was turn on, meanwhile the messages were transmitted to managers through EX-1. Application of the system was convenient to deal with fire in-time, efficiently by warehouse manager. Keywords: fire alarm transducer;smoke sensor system;ATmega16;temperature transducer;smoke sensorI. INTRODUCTIONAutomatic fire alarm control system has experienced a process from the simple to the complex and intelligence system increasingly in China. The characteristic is automatic fire detection and alarm technology has a great progress along with computing and detection technology development. At present, automatic fire alarm control system was used in bulk storage plant, shopping malls, high-level office buildings, hotels and other places. They were used in a number of collections focused on one area of intelligent alarm control method with higher levels of bus-type alarm control system, and in some residential areas andcommercial buildings were installed by a single automatic fire alarm detection device. These alarm detection devices fail to report sometimes, or misinformation. Its reliability is not high because of using single sensor. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple structure, low cost, high reliability, fast responding, automatic fire detection system.II. GENERAL PROJECT OF THE SYSTEMThe hardware block diagram shown in Figure 1, hardware by temperature sensors, smoke sensors, signal processing module, MCU modules and automatic alarm module. Non electrical quantity that is through the sensing element sensors (smoke sensors and temperature sensors) will be on-site temperature, smoke and other non-electrical signal into an electrical signal, as well as signals for signal processing to convert analog quantity to digital quantity. Finally, the sampled data were processed and compared with the limits by MCU system. This system can produce local and remote auto-alarm signals.Temperature IonizationTransducer smoke detectorsignalprocessingPD0 PD1SCMauto alarmmoduleT ephoneelInter f ace…Figure 1. Automatic fire alarm system structureⅢ. THE HARDWARE COMPONENTSA. Atmega16The system used by the U.S. Atmel’s microcontroller ATmega16 microcontroller. ATmega16 is based on the AVR RISC architecture to enhance low-power 8-bit CMOS microcontroller. Because of its advanced instruction set and a single clock cycle instruction execution time, ATmega16 data throughput of up to 1 MIPS / MHz. Thereby mitigate the system in the power and the contradiction between the processing rate. ATmega16 has the following characteristics: 16K bytes in-system programmable Flash (with the ability to read and write at the same time, that is, RWW), 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, 32 general-purpose I / O port lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, for the JTAG boundary scan interface, support the on-chip debugging and programming, 3 has a more flexible mode of timer / counter (T / C),chip internal / external interrupts, programmable serial USART, there are initial conditions detector universal serial interface, 8-channel 10-bit with optional differential input stage programmable gain (TQFP package) of the ADC, with on-chip oscillator of programmable watchdog timer, an SPI serial port, as well as six can be selected by software power-saving mode.The chip is based on Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology production on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory through the ISP serial interface or a general-purpose programmer for programming; you can also run on the AVR core among the bootstrap to program. Boot program can use any interface to download the application to the Flash memory area (Application Flash Memory). Application of Flash storage area is updated when the boot Flash area (Boot Flash Memory) program continues to run, RWW operation achieved. ATmega16 to become a powerful microcontroller by 8-bit RISC CPU and the system programmable flash in a single chip, for many embedded control applications provides a flexible and cost-effective solution. ATmega16 has a set of programming and system development tools, including: C language compiler, macro assembler, program debugger / software emulator, emulators and evaluation boards.B. Temperature SensorTemperature sensor manufactured by DALLAS SemiconductorDS18B20-type single intelligence temperature sensor, its performance features include:1)This sensor have single-bus-specific technology, either through the serial port cable also through other I / O port lines and computer interfaces,without going through other conversion circuits Direct output measured temperature value (9-bit binary number, with sign bit).2) Temperature range is -55 ℃~ +125 ℃, measurement resolution of 0. 0625 ℃.3) Containing 64 as amended through the laser-read-only memory ROM.4) Fit a variety of SCM or system machine.5) Users can set separate ways each temperature upper and lower limit.6) Includes parasitic power.DS18B20 and the main chip connection diagram shown in Figure 2: DS18B20 number one pin grounded, then on the 3rd pin high and the 2nd pin then a 5. 1K of the pull-up resistor, at the same time received a single output signal of the PD0 pin. Pull-up is to pull the uncertainty signal through a resistor embedded in the high places, resistance at the same time current－limited . Program from the DQ pin in high impedance state to ensure that the beginning, so that you can pull on the pull-up resistor to the high DQ. At the same time the main chip also can be anexternal site alarm buzzer.Figure 2. ds18b20 and the main chip connection diagram.C. Smoke Monitoring ModuleSmoke sensors choose HIS-07 ion smoke detectors when the flow through the inside and outside the ionization chamber ionization electron flow is unbalanced, collector charges current until the ionizationbalance. In a smoke-free or non-combustion, the collector being subject to the impact ionization current statistical fluctuation, the potential to maintain a balance. Ionization current have impact when the smoke into the ionization chamber, easily into the ionization chamber smoke outside than inside the ionization chamber of the affected, ionization current decline in and collector to re-charge until the new equilibrium potential, this potential change can be used to trigger the alarm circuit. Technical parameters such as Table 1.TABLE I.HIS-07 ION SMOKE SENSOR THCHNICAL DATATable Head Table Column headEquilibrium potential collector 5.5±0.3VCollector potential with the smokeReduced light rate of 1% / ft 0.6VReduced light rate of 4% / ft 2.2VCapacitor 6PFSmoke signals are processed on the chip of choice is the Motorolacompany’s MC14468, MC14468 for DIP 16-pin package, contain oscillator, timer, latch, alarm control logic circuit, high input impedance comparator etc. When not detected smoke, MC14468 internal oscillator that oscillation cycle 1.67s. Each 1.67s cycle the internal power supply is provided to the work of the entire chip. It’s all kept detect any smoke in addition to LED flashes, battery voltage alarm and smoke alarm. The oscillator oscillation period becomes 40ms when the MC14448 Once detection smoke, this time piezoelectric buzzer driving circuit to start oscillation, start to be able to output to maintain the high 160 ms after the cessation of 80ms.Continued during the detection of smoke cessation of changes, at this time if not detected smoke beeper will not be issued a warning sound.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change,voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.Figure 3.Smoke detection circuitD. Auto-dial alarm moduleDial-up alarm module choices are the EX-1 dial-up module is a DTMF signal receiving, storing, and sending as integration communications circuits. Module built-in microcontroller and dial-up management process can provide users with a variety of signal input and output ports, in security alarm, signal acquisition, automatic control, remote communication and information transmission areas such as flexible application. 5 groups can have cell phone or group of seven local telephone numbers are stored, power-down is not lost; Telephone line status detection, automatic fault signal output ;Telephone / external switching two kinds of dial-up state control; Trigger time, nine times loop dial preset numbers; To work independently, independent dial-up, do not rely on telephone and other external devices.,.EX-1 wiring diagram shown in figure 4, The PD4 pin to connect the main chip HTO , the module began to dial alarm when PD4 output high level signal, PD5 connection ON / OFF pin input is high level signal to open the dial-up settings, the input does not work when this pin become low, ERR pin connected to PD6 pin of MCU, PD6 output 1 begun to test whether the telephone line failure, READY pin connect MCU PD7 pin detection and alarm is completed, the alarm is end when PD7 pin is high .Figure 4. EX-1 wiring diagram IV. SOFIW AREDESIGNstartATmega16InitializeNwhether there aresmoke signals?YR0=1collection temperaturesignalwhether the N alarm value?YR1=1dial-up alarmREADY=1?YFigure 5. The main program flow chartBecause in the early stages of fires and the smoldering phase will produce a large number of aerosol particles and smoke particles .In the stage of incipient fire substances in the combustion process produces a lot of heat, so should make the smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction, first with the smoke sensor detects whether there is smoke generation, then the temperature sensor detects the temperature, temperature sensor alarm value is set to 50 degrees. When the smoke is detected R0 is 1, not smoke R0 is 0. Then test the temperature when thetemperature reaches the value of seasonal early warning R1 is 1, the value of seasonal temperature not to reach an early warning R1 to 0, at this time compared to the R0 and R1 is equal to the main chip when the dial-up alarm.V. CONCLUSIONBy the cooperation of using of temperature and smoke sensors, through detecting the temperature and smoke on-site, the automatic alarm system could find any fire in warehouse and send the message to managers of warehouse in the early time by the form of short messages.REFERENCES[1] Shunning Miao,Guangming Xiong,Yongping Li etc.Automatic Fire Alarm System Design and Research, Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2006(2), P909.[2] Liang Ge, Qi Cong. Intelligent Analysis of office building fire.[3] Ti Zhou. Building Fire System Design, Yunnan Construction,2008(6).[4] Honeywell (Honeywel1)'s construction equipment Monitoring System, Intelligent Building and City Information, 2008(4).[5] Derek Clements-Croome, Intelligent buildings: design, management and operation, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004.[6]Zhang Huazhong, Commanding System of Fire Automatic Alarm and Fire Control Linkage based on Internet, Computer Engineering, 2001. [7] ANSI, Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling, US: ANSI/FMRC FM3260-2004.。
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中英文资料外文翻译文献Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through thesensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarmfrom the scene or reports to the police through the special electriccable near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through manyyears research and the development, the present alarm apparatus maysay is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatusrapid development and the social each domain anxious need, can theapplication domain be more and more many, specially is rapidlydevelops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarmapparatus already became reports to the police a domain hot spot,because it used was not the obviously infrared acquisition, thereforehad the hiding to be good, characteristic and so on security. Theinfrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divideinto the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the infraredacquisition aid. This kind of sensorspeed of response quick, thesensitivity high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs tocool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examinationsensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisitionsensor is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the infraredacquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared radiationtemperature increment, the temperature elevates causes the sensorinterior certain physical quantities changes, through examinationphysical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind ofsensor works under the room temperature condition, examinationsensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick,moreover has nothing to do with with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background radiationthe limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs isthe passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisitionaid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released theelectricity the principle, hotly releases content and so on manyalarm circuit which the electric detector the characteristic,the BISS0001 signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finallydesigned completes has hotly released the electricity infrareddetection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it is easy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led to a significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures.For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance .In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Goog leruined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so that people should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination ofThe United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vastmajority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automatic fire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and take effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other place of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting facilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. From automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system.Fire detectors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with high temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals through the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into sound and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing the room number; while also monitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extinguishing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and light show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of themachine-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In addition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to the fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of a button fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smoke, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature.Photographic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to the fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the time. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant systems, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire doors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automatically or manually issue commands to start the corresponding device.(A) of the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire detectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fire response parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detectors, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Different types of fire detectors for different types of fires and different places. Manual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable component of the.(B) the fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control functions with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire detectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the system itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors Shuchu; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Zhishi specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some devices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not complete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm controller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm device fire alarm control belong.The basic function of fire alarm control are: the main power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge function, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound andlight alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memory function, clock function unit, with priority being given fault function fire alarm, sound alarm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) fire alarms in automatic fire alarm system to send different from the environment, sound, light the fire alarm signal device called the fire alarms. It sound, light and sound approach to the issue of fire alarm signals alarm area to warn people to adopt safe evacuation, fire fighting and rescue measures.D) Fire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receiving the fire alarm, automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipment and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Include fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hydrant system control devices, smoke exhaust system and air conditioning and ventilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control device, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fire communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting control devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normally installed in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized control.While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located in the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control.(E) fire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fire, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测，产生报警信号，从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警，从而引起人们的警觉。