机械工程英语翻译-汉语翻译
机械工程英语第二版（叶邦彦陈统坚著）机械工程出版社课文翻译
Unit 1 材料的种类（1）材料的分类方法很多。
科学家常用的典型的方法是根据它们的状态分类：固体，液态或气态。
材料也分为有机（可再生）和无机材料（不可再生）。
（2）工业上，材料划分为工程材料或非工程材料。
工程材料用于制造和加工成零件的材料。
非工程材料是化学药品，燃料，润滑剂和其它用于制造又不用来加工成零件的材料。
（3）工程材料可进一步细分为：金属，陶瓷，复合材料，聚合材料，等。
Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金金属和金属合（4）金属有好的导电好导热性，很多金属有高的强度，高硬度和高的延展性。
象铁，钴，镍这些金属有磁性。
在非常低的温度下，一些金属和金属互化物变成超导体。
（5）合金和纯金属有什么区别？纯金属在元素周期表的特殊区域。
例如用于制造电线的铜和做锅和饮料罐的铝。
合金含有两种以上的金属元素。
改变金属元素的比例可以改变合金的性质。
例如，合金金属的不锈钢，是由铁，镍，和铬组成。
而黄金珠宝含有金镍合金。
（6）为什么要使用金属和合金？很多金属和合金有很高密度并用在要求质量与体积比高的的场合。
一些金属合金，象铝基合金，密度低，用在航空领域可以节省燃料。
很多合金有断裂韧度，可以承受冲击，且耐用。
金属有哪些重要属性？（7）【密度】质量除以体积叫做密度。
很多金属有相对高的密度,特别的，象聚合体。
高密度的材料常是原子量很大，象金或铅。
然而一些金属，像铝或镁密度低，就常常用在要求有金属特性而又要求低质量的场合。
（8）【断裂韧性】断裂韧度用来描述金属抗断裂的能力，特别的，当有裂纹时。
金属通常都有无关紧要的刻痕和凹坑，且有耐冲击性。
足球队员关注这一点当他确信面罩不会被击碎的时候。
（9）【塑形变形】塑性变形表述的是材料在断裂之前弯曲变形的能力。
作为工程师，我们通常设计材料使得能够在正常情况下不变形。
你不会想要一阵强烈的西风就把你的车刮得往东倾斜。
然而，有时，我们可以利用塑性变形。
汽车的承受极限就是在彻底破坏之前靠塑形变形来吸收能量。
机械工程英语第二版叶邦彦_汉语翻译(机械工业出版社)--全本书翻译
•Types of Materials 材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。
机械工程英语第二版全本书中英对照翻译
•Types of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。
(完整版)机械工程专业英语单词
Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics机械学的基本概念mechanics n.力学modify v.修改，调解，变更manageable a.可控制【管理】的incline v.（使）倾斜ramp n.斜板，斜坡【道】slope v.（使）倾斜friction n.摩擦roll v.滚动multiplier n.放大器，乘法器broom n.扫帚convert v.转变【化】handle n.手柄【把】sweep v.扫荡【描】，掠过efficiency n.效率gauge vt.测【计】量，校验bearing n.轴承ideal mechanical advantage 理想的机械效益neglect vt.忽略Lesson 2 Basic Assumption in Plasticity Theory 塑性理论的基本假设assumption n.假定plasticity n.塑性investigate v.调查，研究deformation n.变形metal forming process 金属成型工艺【过程】strain (rate) n.应变【速率】strength n.强度stress n.应力yield stress 屈服应力flow stress 流动应力tensile stress 拉【伸】应力compressive stress 压【缩】应力shear stress 剪【切】应力geometry n.几何形状elastic a.弹性的springback n.回弹bending n.弯曲，折弯precision forming 精密成型tolerance n.公差continuum n.连续（体）metallurgical a.冶金（学）的grain n.晶粒dislocation n.位错（uni-,tri-,multi-）axial a.（单，三，多）轴（向）的anisotropy n.各向异性cylindrical a.圆柱体的cross-section n.横截面platen n.（工作）台板，模板coincide with 一致，相符validity n.正确有效，合法with ease 轻（而）易（举）的，很容易的Lesson 3 Optimization for Finite Element Applications有限元优化的应用optimization n.优化，优选（法）finite element 有限元iterative a.反复的，迭代的alternative n.a.交替（的），可供选择的manual a.手动的，人工的trial-and-error 试凑法bias vt,n.（使）偏向【重、差】a desktop platform （计算机）桌面平台constrain(t) v,n.强制，约束response n.反【响】应，灵敏度parameter n.参数parametric a.参数的preprocess vt.预（先）加工，预处理mesh n,v.网格，啮合capability n.能力，性能，容量loop n.环，回路，循环pose v.提出model n.模型，样品displacement n.位移，排量，替换buckling n.弯【翘】曲，挠度factor n.因素gradient n.坡【梯】度，斜率flur n.【电，磁，热，光】通量，流量multidisciplinary a.多学科的deflection n.偏移【转，离】，挠曲Lesson 4 Metals 金属toughness n.韧性corrosion n.腐蚀dump v.倾倒，堆放recyle v.反复【循环】利用copper n.铜aluminum n.铝bronze n.青铜（器）alloy n.合金wear v.磨损metallic a.（含）金属（制）的specification n.操作规程，技术要求，说明书extract vt.提炼，萃取iron n.铁carbon n.碳ferrous a.（含）铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属lead n.铅zinc n.锌tin n.锡ore n.矿（石）mineral n,a.矿物（的）impurity n.杂质，不纯Lesson 5 Metallic and Nonmetallic Materials金属和非金属材料magnesium n.镁nickel n.镍brass n.黄铜luster n.光泽ductility n.延展性，可锻性it is likely that 很可能it is certain to (inf.)必然，一定density n.密度be distinguished from 与…区分coefficient n.系数in connection with 关于，与…相关【结合】category n.种类hardness n.硬度elasticity n.弹性beam n.横梁，一束（光）penetration n.贯穿，渗透abrasion n.磨损【耗】roll n,v.轧辊，滚，轧mill n.轧钢机，铣床spring n.弹簧permanent a.永久的rupture n.破【开】裂stamp n.冲压hammer n.（锻）锤Lesson 6 Plastics and Other Materials塑料和其他材料inorganic acid 无机酸sulphuric acid 硫酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸solvent n.溶剂carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳rigid a,n.坚硬的，刚性（的），刚度mould(mold) n.模子，塑模，铸模decoration n.装饰fabricate vt.制造【备】，生产injection molding 注射模塑（法）blow molding 吹塑（法）compression molding 压塑（法），模压（法）extrusion n.挤压vacuum forming 真空模塑（法）powder metallurgy 粉末冶金constituent n,a.组成【的，部分】，组元simultaneously adv.同时subsequently adv.随后coherent a.互相凝聚的，协调一致的fusion n.熔化，熔接crystalline n,a.结晶【的】，晶体【的】restriction n.限制【定】，节流blend n,v.混合【物】，融合press n,v.压力机，压制homogeneous a.均匀的sinter n,vt.烧结【物】Lesson 7 Die Life and Die Failure模具的寿命和失效die n.模具，锻【冲】模，凹模die life 模具寿命die failure 模具损坏deterioration n.变坏，退化，损耗surface finish 表面光洁度breakdown n.破坏，击穿lubrication n.润滑cracking n.裂纹breakage n.断裂mode n.方式，状态，模式thermal fatigue 热疲劳layer n.层abrasive n,a.（研）磨料（的），磨损（的）impression n.模膛，型腔（槽）heat checking 热裂纹，龟裂steep n,a.陡（坡）的，急剧的reversal n.颠倒，相反overload n,v.（使）过【超】载initiation n.开【初】始，发【产】生discrete a.不连续的，单个的variable n.变量cavity n.模膛，型槽stock n.坯料，原材料impact n,v.冲击，碰撞Lesson 8 Cold Working and Hot Working 冷加工和热加工cold[hot] working 冷热加工forging n.锻造，锻件classification n.分类recrystallization n.再结晶take place 发生strain [deformation] hardening 应变【变形】硬化be referred to as 叫做，称为，被认为是warm working 温加工，温锻ultimate a,n.最终的，首要的，极限stress relieving 消除应力处理austenitic a.奥氏体的stainless steel 不锈钢annealing n.退火grain size 晶粒度solid solution 固溶体refinement n.精炼【制】，细化hazard n.危险，未知数，意外事件inherent a.固有的，先天的，本质的sensitive a.灵敏的，敏感的abnormal a.非正常的critical strain 临界应变Lesson 9 Casting 铸造casting n.铸造【件】die-casting n.模铸【件】foundry n.铸造【车间】pour v.浇注suitability n.适应性pig iron 生铁cupola n.冲天炉，化铁炉erosion n.腐蚀，（侵、烧）蚀ladle n.铁水包graphite n.石墨solidify v.（使）凝固disjoin v.拆散，分开ingot n.（钢）锭destructive a.破坏（性）的，有害的retard vt,n.（使）延缓，推迟solvent n,a.溶剂（的）copper-base alloy 铜基合金Lesson 10 Metal Forming Processes in Manufacturing 制造中的金属成形工艺machine-building 机械制造plastic working 塑性加工billet n 坯料，锻坯blank n.坯料，（冲压）板坯configuration n.外形，配置，排布stroke n.行程，冲程amortize v.阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还reliability n. 可靠性，安全性drawing n.（锻坯）拔长，【线，管材】拉拔deep drawing 深冲（压）brake forming 【压】折弯（机）成型stretch forming 张拉成型military n,a.军队【事，人】（的）consumer goods 消费品integrity n.完整性，完全（善）jet engine 喷气发动机turbine n.涡【汽】轮（机），透平（机）regarding 考虑到，关于Lesson 11 Forging锻造armor n.铠甲immortalize vt.（使）不朽（灭）blacksmith n.锻工mechanical press 机械压力机hydranlic press 液压机anvil n.（锤）砧，砧座craftsman n.技工handling n.处理，装卸，搬运flexibility n.柔（韧）性，灵活性drawn out 拔长upset n.镦粗，顶锻closed impression die 闭式模锻rapid-impact blow 快速冲击，猛打vertical a.立式的ram n.锤头，滑块，活动横梁block n.（模）块draft n.模锻斜度symmetrical a.轴对称的sizing n.整形，校正，定径drop forging 落锻，锤模锻impression die forging 模锻final forging 终锻overheat n.过热furnace n.【熔，高】炉pyrometer n.高温计Lesson 12 Benefits and Principles of Forging锻造的优点和工作原理metalworking n.金属压力加工knead v.揉搓【制】refine v.精炼【制】，细化porosity n.多孔性，疏松orient v.（使）定【取】向flow line 流线stress field 应力场manual skill 手工技巧at one’s command 自由使用，支配soundness n.致密性，坚固性，无缺陷attainable a.可达【得】到的open die forging 自由锻gross n.总共，重大confine vt. 限制，约束convert v.转变【换】，更换broken up 破【断】裂，分散microshrinkage n.显微缩孔elimination n.消除，淘汰align v.调整，对中，校直Lesson 13 Welding焊接weld(ing) v,n.焊接，熔焊pressurewelding 压力焊spotwelding 点焊buttwelding 对头（缝）焊fusionwelding 熔焊，熔接fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊diversity n.不同多样性fasten(ing) v,n.连接（件），紧固（件）shielding n.遮护，屏蔽solder(ing) v,n.软钎焊，（低温）焊料bismuth n.铋cadmium n.镉rivet n,v.铆钉，铆接braze n,vt.硬钎焊，铜焊oxidation n.氧化flux n.焊接，助溶剂squeeze v.挤压oxy-acetylene n,a.氧（乙）炔（的）torch n.焊炬electrode n.电（焊）极，焊条filler n.填充（剂）overlap v.搭接，重叠strike v.攻【打】击，放电Lesson 14 Heat Treatment热处理heat treatment 热处理microstructure n.显微组织low-carbon steel 低碳钢prescribe v.规定，指示microscopic a.显微的，微观的spheroidizing n.球化（处理）normalizing n.正火，（正）常化annealing n.退火hardening n.淬火tempering n.回火soaking(=holding) n.均热，保温retarding media 延缓介质prolonged a.长时间的，持续很久的critical temperature 临界温度globular a.球形（状）的carbide n.碳化物，硬质合金quenching n.淬火，骤冷removal n.除去，放出Lesson 15 Introduction to Mechanism机构介绍mechanism n.机械，机构，机构学kinematic a.=kinematical 运动的，运动学的kinematic chain 运动链link n.构件，杆件. v.连接【结】definite a.确定的constrained a.约束的，限定的unconstrained a.无约束的linkage n.连杆（组，机构）joint n.结【接】台，铰链. a.连接的，联合的pin n.销【钉】，铰销revolution v.旋转，转动. n.回转体prismatic a.棱柱（形）的nonlinear a.非线性的four-bar linkage 四杆机构kinematic chain 运动链prime mover 原动者【机】，驱动件coupler n.连接件，连杆pivot n.枢（轴），轴销，回转副，旋转中心configuration n.外形，构造，结构inversion n.转换，更换slider-crank mechanism 曲柄滑块机构multiloop n.多环链，a.多回路的sketch n.草【简，示意】图，v.画草图，草拟skeleton diagram 草图，示意图，简图envision v.想象binary a.二【双，复】的，二元的ternary a.三元的ternary links 三杆组quaternary a.四元的quaternary links 四杆组cam 凸轮cam follower n.凸轮从动件gear n.齿轮sprocket n.链轮belt n.【皮，布，钢】带pulley n.带轮spherical a.球的，球面的helical a.螺旋的three-dimensional 三维的，空间的intuitively adv.直觉【观】地synthesis n.合成（法），综合kinematician n.运动学研究者（家）innate a.先天的，固有的Lesson 16 Movement Analysis 运动分析criterion(pl.criteria) n.（判断）标准，判据，准则branch n,v.分（部，支）transmission angle 传动角rock n.摆动，v.摇动oscillate v.摆动，摇动parallelogram n.平行四边形antiparallelogram n.反平行四边形frame n.机架，构架impart v.给予，分给to impart M to N 把M给Ntorque n.力矩，扭矩dynamic a.=dynamical 动力的，动力学的inertia n.惯性（物），惯量static a.=statical 静力【学】的，静的index n.指数，指标friction n.摩擦thumb n.拇指，v.用拇指翻rule of thumb 根据经验和实际所得的做法matrix n.矩阵determinant n.行列式derivative n.导数derivative of M with respect to N M对于N的导数movability n.可动性，易动性parameter n.参数discount v.打折扣，忽视absolute a.绝对的graphical a.图形的，图解的polygon n.多边形theorem n.定理stress n.应力bearing n.轴承centripetal a.向心的Lesson 17 Kinematic Synthesis运动的综合packaging machinery 包装机械lubrication n.润滑specification n.技术要求actuation n.驱动jerk n.震动，冲击axis n.(pl.axes)轴【线，心】，中心线contour n.外形，轮廓线eccentricity n.偏心【度，率】gear ration 齿轮【速，齿数】比topologically adv.拓扑学地customary a.通常的，习惯的correlate v.使相关，使发生关系analog n.=analogue 类似（物），模拟linear analog 线性模拟second acceleration 二阶加速度higher acceleration 高阶加速度paraphrase v.释义，意译describe v.叙述，描述，作…运动category n.种类，类别deliberation n.慎重考虑province n.省，领域preconceive v.预想，事先想好analog computer 模拟计算机trace v.追踪，描画timing n.定时，计时，配时pitch v.投掷trajectory n.轨迹embed v.嵌入，夹在层间orientation n.（定）方位，（取）方向scoop n.勺子，铲斗，v.挖，掘，铲Lesson 18 Cams and Gears凸轮和齿轮cam n.凸轮gear n.齿轮curve n.曲线a.弯曲的groove n.槽，沟mate v.配合，啮合cylindrical a.圆柱的two-dimensional or planer 两维的或平面的three-dimensional or spatial 三维的或空间的normal n.法线a.垂直的complement n,a.余角，余的collinear a.共线的lateral a.横向的，侧向的stem n.杆guide n.导向件【器，装置】，导槽（座）intermittent a.间断的，不连续的dwell n,v.停止，小停顿inertial a.惯性的，惯量的engage v.啮合rack n.齿条noncircular a.非圆的conjugate a.共轭的，n.共轭值（线）cycloidal a.摆线的involved a.渐开线的，n.渐开线tolerance n.间隙，公差spur gear 直齿圆柱轮radial a.径向的，沿半径的offset n,vt.偏移，偏心a.偏心的disk cam 盘形凸轮tangent n.切线a.相切的，切线的concentric a.同圆（的），同心（的）camshaft n.凸轮轴pitch curve 节线herringbone a.人字形的intersect v.横穿，相交parallel helical gear斜齿轮，平行轴螺旋齿轮crossed helical gear 交错轴螺旋齿轮face gear 端面齿轮spiral bevel gear 螺旋齿圆锥齿轮worm n.蜗杆skew bevel 斜齿圆锥齿轮hypoid gear 准双曲面（直角交错轴双曲面）齿轮addendum (pl.addenda) n.齿顶，齿顶高project v.伸出，突出clearance n.间隙dedendum (pl. dedenda)n.齿根，齿根高tooth space 齿间距backlash n.间隙，齿隙Lesson 19 Screws, fasteners and joints螺纹件、紧固件和联接件screw n.螺钉，螺丝，v.旋紧，攻丝fastener n.紧固件joint n.连【联】接，接合bolt n.螺栓nut n.螺母cap screw 有头螺钉setscrew n.定位【固定，调整】螺钉rivet n.铆钉，v.用铆钉铆接key n.键weld n,v.焊接，熔焊braze n,v.钎焊，铜焊clip n.夹子，v.夹住，夹紧synonymous a.同意义的monotonous a.单调的taint n.污点，污染v.弄脏tough a.坚韧的ductile a.可延伸的，有延展性的，韧性的tighten v.上紧，拉紧twist v.扭转jumbo n.大型喷气式客机titanium n.钛close-tolerance 高精密度的tooling n.工具，刀具v.用刀具（切削）加工proliferate v.增殖，增殖assembly n.安装，装配，组件tap n.丝锥，v.攻螺丝stud n.双头螺栓resemble v.类似，像thread n.螺纹（线），v.车螺纹drill n,v.钻孔hexagon head 六角头fillister n.凹槽flat head 平头hexagon socket head 六角沉头disassemble v.拆开tensile a.拉【张】力的，受拉的shear n.剪切【力】v.剪切【断】harden v.使硬【化】washer n.垫圈preload n.预载荷fatigue n.疲劳micrometer n.千分尺，千分表elongation n.拉【伸】长modulus n.(pl.moduli)模数，模量wrench n.扳手dial n.刻度盘fractional a.分数的，小数的Lesson 21 Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears 斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮helical gear 斜齿轮worm n.蜗杆，螺杆bevel gear 圆锥齿轮helix n,a.(pl. helices 或helixes)螺旋线，螺旋线的right hand 右手，右旋的helicoid n.a.螺旋【面，体】，螺旋（状，纹）的wrap v.缠绕unwind v.解开，展开generate v.产生，展成（加工）engagement n.啮合，接触diagonal n,a.对角线（的）objectionable a.该反对的，不能采用的spiral n,a. 螺旋线（的），卷线（的）spiral gear 螺旋齿轮mesh n.啮合worm gear 蜗轮pinion n.小齿轮pitch cylinder 节圆柱concave a.中凹的curvature a.曲率screw-like 像螺丝（杆）的thread n.线状物，螺纹线envelop v.包围，封闭enclose v.包围lead angle 导角cast v.铸造mill v.铣削outboard a,ad.外侧的，向外pronounced a.明确的，显著的stress n.应力tapered a.锥形的positively ad.确定地，强制（传动）地Pitch-line velocity 节线速度automobile differential 汽车差速器gearing n.齿轮传动（装置）offset n.偏置，横距hypoid a.准双曲面的hyperboloid n.双曲面，双曲面体Lesson 22 Shafts, Clutches and Brakes轴、离合器和制动器shaft n.轴clutch n.离合器brake n.制动器pulley n.（皮，胶）带轮flywheel n.飞轮sprocket n.链轮，星轮bending moment 弯曲力矩torsional a.扭转的static a.静（力，态）的axle n.心轴，轮轴spindle n.心轴，主轴deflection n.偏移，弯曲fillet n.圆角，倒角peening n.喷射（加工硬化法）shot peening 喷丸硬化stiff a.刚性的inertia n.惯性，惯量slippage n.滑动actuation n.驱动，开动coefficient n.系数statics n.静力学rim n.边缘，轮缘shoe n.闸瓦，制动片【块】band n.带，条cone n.圆锥miscellaneous a.（混）合的，杂项的assume v.假设，承担statical a.=static,静态的equilibrium n.平衡reaction n.反应，反力overload-release clutch 超载释放（保护）离合器magnetic fluid clutch 磁液离合器shift v.变换，（使）移动lever n.杆，（手）柄jaw n.颚板，夹爪ratchet n.棘轮circumferentiallyad v.周围地，圆周地mate v.配合，啮合，联接synchronous a.同步的linear drive 线性驱动装置clicking n.‘卡塔’声freewheel v.空转coupling n.联轴器sleeve n.套筒flat n.平面（部分）a.平的periphery n.圆周，周边wedge n.楔（形物）v.楔入pawl n.棘爪powder n.粉末mixture n.混合物electromagnetic a.电磁的coil n.线圈excitation n.刺激，激励shearing a.剪切的lockup n.锁住Lesson 41 Definition of Robotics and the Robot Systemmanipulator n.操作器，控制器，机械手peripheral a.周围的，外围的idiot n.白痴integrate v.使成为一体，使结合起来hard automation 刚性自动化a host of 许多Lesson 42 Basics of Computers(I)execute v.执行binary a.二进制的read only memory (ROM) 只读存储器random access memory (RAM)读写存储器，随机存储器erasable a.可擦去的volatile a.可丢失的Lesson 43 Basics of Computers(二)harsh a.恶劣的robust a.稳定的configuration n.结构，组态Morse Code 莫尔斯电码suffice v.足够interference n.干扰fluctuation n.脉动，波动expendable a.可消耗的intermediate a.中间的adaptor n.转换器transformer n.变压器rectifier n.整流器capacitor n.电容器Zener diode 齐纳（稳压）二极管buffer n.缓冲寄存器come across 碰到Baud rate 波特率Lesson 44 Programmable Controllersalbeit conj.虽然light-emitting diodes 发光二极管relay ladder logic 继电器梯形逻辑图archaically a.古体的，旧式的retention n.保留，保持versed a.熟练的，精通的fluidics n.射流sheer a.完全的，绝对的profligate a.浪费的proprietary a.专利的，专有的boolean expression 布尔表达式Lesson 45 CAD/CAMComputed-aided design(CAD) n.计算机辅助设计Computed-aided manufacturing(CAM) n.计算机辅助制造automatic factory n.自动化工厂drafting n.制图Computer-aided engineering n.计算机辅助工程management information systems n.管理信息系统graphics terminal n.图像终端a shared data base n.公用数据库three-dimensional a.三维的keyboard n.键盘lightpen=light pen n.光笔magnify v.放大flip v,n.翻转copy v.拷贝a mirror image 镜像symmetrical a.对称的artwork n.印刷线路原图Geometric modeling n.几何模型制造kinematics n.运动学Lesson 48 Flexible Manufacturing Systemsfexible manufacturing systems(FMS)柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing celles(FMC) 柔性制造单元automated guided vehicles 自动搬运小车conveyor n.传送装置pallet loading and unloading carts 上下料小车part program 零件程序data base 数据库data processing networks 数据处理网络inspection program 检测程序robot program 自动机程序real-time control data 实时控制数据the Control hierarchy 控制层次real-time fault recovery 实时故障恢复unmanned operation 无人化操作chip removel 排屑module n.模块，组件intelligent node智能节点。
机械专业英语短文带翻译
机械工程师的关键责任之一是设计与分析机械系统。这涉及使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件创建系统的详细三维模型，并在不同条件下模拟其性能。通过分析作用于系统组件的力、应力和振动，机械工程师可以优化设计，确保安全、可靠和高效。
Case Study: Designing an Automotive Suspension System
案例研究：汽车悬挂系统设计
例如，让我们考虑一下汽车悬挂系统的设计。悬挂系统负责在保持车辆稳定控制的同时提供平稳的行驶。机械工程师使用CAD软件设计悬挂系统的各个组件，例如弹簧、减振器和控制臂。
在完成初始设计后，工程师将使用有限元分析（FEA）软件对系统进行分析。这样可以模拟系统在不同的道路条件下（如坑洼或减速带）的行为。通过分析组件中的应力和位移，工程师可以确定潜在的设计问题，并进行必要的修改，以改善悬挂系统的性能和安全性。
For example, let's consider the design of an automotive suspension system. A suspension system is responsible for providing a smooth ride while maintaining the stability and control of the vehicle. A mechanical engineer would use CAD software to design the various components of the suspension system, such as the springs, dampers, and control arms.
After the initial design is complete, the engineer would then analyze the system using finite element analysis (FEA) software. This allows them to simulate the behavior of the system under different road conditions, such as potholes or speed bumps. By analyzing the stresses and displacements in the components, the engineer can identify potential design issues and make necessary modifications to improve the performance and safety of the suspension system.
机械工程专业英语_原文翻译
5.1 IntroductionConventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.5.1 译文传统机械加工是一组利用单刃或者多刃刀具以切屑形式去除材料的加工方式。
金属切削意味着通过机械加工去除金属。
传统的机械加工都是利用不同的刀具在车床、钻床和铣床上进行的。
与成型加工、锻压和铸造工艺相比，大多数机械加工的生产准备成本都较低，然而如果是大批量生产，其成本要高得多。
当对零件的尺寸公差和光洁度要求较高时，机械加工是很有必要的。
5.2 Turning and LatheTurning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.axially ['æksiəli] adv.轴向地symmetrical [si'metrikəl] a. 对称的cylindrical [si'lindrikl] a.圆柱形的contoured ['kɔntuəd] a.显示轮廓的，与某种形体轮廓相吻合的译文:在金属切削加工操作中，车削是最常见的一种。
机械工程外文翻译
外文资料原文及译文学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号：姓名：Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering –separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on thebranch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development intoprofessional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not onlyeconomic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine toolsnecessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines andMong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can besustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of therelationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional orthe intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,thefinal meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do notbe misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct furtherdebugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a productto meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parkedthrough automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:staticsand dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation,speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
机械工程专业英语原文翻译哈工版
2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。
如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。
有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。
负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。
(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。
这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。
(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。
振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。
(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。
(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。
上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。
因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载P /压力A,因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。
如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。
如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L 已知，产生的应力定义如下:应力==改变长△L /初始长L因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。
一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。
从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。
压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。
因此负应力使长度减小。
当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念1、词汇：statics [stætiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [mæɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇tə:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇mæɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [kəu＇insidənt]不重合；parallel [＇pærəlel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [prə＇pɔ:ʃənəl]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestjəl]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇læstik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇lɔsiti]速度；scalar[＇skeilə]标量；vector[＇vektə]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [məu＇mentəm]动量；2、词组make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然；Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果1、词汇：machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇mʌskjulə]]力臂；gravity[ɡrævti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇zə:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹；2、词组a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散；3、译文：任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。
机械专业中英文对照翻译大全
机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center 车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel Assembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts 良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism 串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth 当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment 公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design 共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD 机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD 机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain 空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action 隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank。
机械工程专业英语翻译
机械工程专业英语翻译Introduction机械工程是一门涵盖机械原理、设计、制造以及维护的综合性学科，其中涉及许多专业术语和英语翻译。
良好的英语翻译能力对机械工程师在国际合作和成果交流中至关重要。
本文将介绍机械工程专业中常见的英语单词和短语，并提供中文翻译和相关注释。
Mechanical Principles 机械原理对于机械原理，下面是一些常见的英语单词和短语。
1.Mechanism（机构）：A mechanism is a device designedto transform input forces and movement into a desiredoutput force and movement.2.Kinematics（运动学）：Kinematics is the study ofmotion, without regard to the cause of the motion.3.Statics（静力学）：Statics is the study of thebehavior of structures, under the action of forceswithout producing motion.4.Dynamics（动力学）：Dynamics is the study of thebehavior of motion of objects under the action of forces.5.Thermodynamics（热力学）：Thermodynamics deals withthe relationships between heat, work, and energy.6.Fluid Mechanics（流体力学）：Fluid mechanics is thestudy of the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion. Mechanical Design 机械设计对于机械设计，下面是一些常见的英语单词和短语。
机械工程英语第十六课翻译
Lesson 16 Fixtures and Gauges Jigs and Fixtures （夹具）Introduction （简介）：In large engineering works jigs and fixtures are essential when large numbers of components are to be machined accurately to the same dimensions. 当大批量工件要求以很高的精度机械加工到相同的尺寸时，夹具是必不可少的。
A jig may be described as a plate, metal box or structure on to or into which components are clamped in identical positions one after the other. 夹具常被设计成平板状、金属盒状或者是其他结构形式并且工件一个接一个的固定在这种结构的相同位置上面或里面。
In the structure, suitable holes are machine to match in size and position the holes shown on themachine drawing of the component. 在这种家具结构上，加工出了在尺寸和位置上和工件相匹配的孔。
When the component is presented to the machine, the holes in the jig act as a guide for the cutting tools employed and ensure that on completion of the machining, the relative positions and size of all the holes in the components processed on the machine are exactly the same. 当毛坯固定在机床上时，夹具上的孔起到导向刀具的作用，并确保在整个加工过程中，所加工出来的工件上的孔的尺寸和形状完全相同A fixture may be described as a structure to hole and locate a component or workpiece in a definite position.工作夹具也可以用来装夹定位工件使工件在特定位置。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
机械工程专业英语教程第一课：机械工程简介Introduction to Mechanical EngineeringSection 1: OverviewMechanical engineering is a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses the design, development, and operation of machinery, structures, and systems. This branch of engineering plays a crucial role in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and energy.Section 2: Responsibilities and SkillsAs a mechanical engineer, your responsibilities will include designing and analyzing mechanical systems, conducting tests and experiments, and supervising the manufacturing process. You will also need to have a strong understanding of physics, mathematics, and computer-aided design (CAD). Additionally, problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well in teams are essential.Section 3: Career OpportunitiesA degree in mechanical engineering can open up a wide range of career opportunities. You could work in research and development, product design, manufacturing, or projectmanagement. Mechanical engineers are in demand in almost every industry, ensuring a stable and rewarding career path.Section 4: University CoursesTo become a mechanical engineer, it is essential to pursue a degree in mechanical engineering from a reputable university. The curriculum typically includes courses in engineering principles, materials science, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanical design. Additionally, practical training through internships or cooperative education programs is crucial for gaining hands-on experience.Section 5: ConclusionMechanical engineering offers a challenging and rewarding career for those with a passion for solving problems and a desire to create innovative solutions. With the right education and skills, you can embark on a successful journey in the field of mechanical engineering. Remember, the possibilities are endless in this ever-evolving discipline.第二课：机械设计基础Fundamentals of Mechanical DesignSection 1: IntroductionIn this lesson, we will explore the fundamentals of mechanical design. Mechanical design involves the creation and development of physical systems and components that meet specific requirements and specifications. This processrequires a deep understanding of materials, mechanics, and engineering principles.Section 2: Design ProcessThe design process typically follows a systematic approach that includes several stages. These stages include problem identification, conceptual design, detailed design, manufacturing, and testing. Each stage involves various activities such as brainstorming, prototyping, and evaluation.Section 3: Design ConsiderationsDuring the design process, there are several important considerations to keep in mind. These include functionality, efficiency, reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. It is also crucial to consider the environmental impact and sustainability of the design.Section 4: Tools and SoftwareTo aid in the design process, engineers use various tools and software. Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows for precise modeling and simulation of mechanical systems. Finite element analysis (FEA) software helps in analyzing the structural integrity and performance of designs.Section 5: Case StudyTo further understand the application of mechanical design principles, we will examine a case study. This real-world example will demonstrate how the design process isimplemented to solve a specific problem and achieve desired outcomes.Section 6: ConclusionMechanical design is a critical aspect of mechanical engineering. It requires a combination of creativity, technical knowledge, and attention to detail. By mastering the fundamentals of mechanical design, you will be well-equippedto tackle complex challenges and contribute to the development of innovative solutions.以上是《机械工程专业英语教程》的课文翻译。
机械专业翻译 最新
机械专业英语词汇凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion 等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth权重集weight sets球ball球面滚子convex roller球轴承ball bearing球面副spheric pair球面渐开线spherical involute球面运动spherical motion球销副sphere-pin pair球坐标操作器polar coordinate manipulator燃点spontaneous ignition热平衡heat balance; thermal equilibrium人字齿轮herringbone gear冗余自由度redundant degree of freedom柔轮flexspline柔性冲击flexible impulse; soft shock柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing system; FMS柔性自动化flexible automation润滑油膜lubricant film润滑装置lubrication device润滑lubrication润滑剂lubricant三角形花键serration spline三角形螺纹V thread screw三维凸轮three-dimensional cam三心定理Kennedy`s theorem砂轮越程槽grinding wheel groove砂漏hour-glass少齿差行星传动planetary drive with small teeth difference 设计方法学design methodology设计变量design variable设计约束design constraints深沟球轴承deep groove ball bearing生产阻力productive resistance升程rise升距lift实际廓线cam profile十字滑块联轴器double slider coupling; Oldham‘s coupling 矢量vector输出功output work输出构件output link输出机构output mechanism输出力矩output torque输出轴output shaft输入构件input link数学模型mathematic model实际啮合线actual line of action。
机械工程专业英语参考译文
机械工程专业英语参考译文机械工程专业英语参考译文机械工程是一门涉及设计、制造、控制和维护机械系统的学科，涉及到许多不同的领域，包括制造业、航空航天、汽车、能源和医疗设备等。
机械工程专业英语是机械工程领域中非常重要的语言工具，以下是一些常见的机械工程专业英语词汇和短语:1. Machine Tools - 机器工具Machine tools are tools that are used to perform precision machining operations on materials. They include drills, mills, lathes, routers, and other tools that are used to create precision parts and assemblies.2. Material - 材料Material is any substance that is in a solid, liquid, or gas state. It can be made from a variety of materials, such as metals, ceramics, plastics, and papers. In engineering, material refers to the physical and chemical properties of a material that determine its behavior in a particular application.3. Design - 设计Design refers to the process of creating a plan or concept for a particular object or system. It involves analyzing the needs and requirements of a particular application, and thenusing geometry, math, and other tools to create a visual representation of the object or system.4. Tolerance - 公差Tolerance is the allowance for error or variation that is allowed in a manufacturing process. It is the amount of variation that is acceptable in a product or component before it is considered to be within specification. In engineering, tolerance refers to the accuracy with which a component or system is designed to operate.5. machinist - 机械工程师Machinist is a professional in the field of mechanical engineering who specializes in the design, construction, and maintenance of machine tools. Machinists typically work in manufacturing plants, tool and die shops, and other industrial settings.6. lathe - 车床Lathe is a machine tool that is used to machine rotationally symmetric objects, such as shafts, gears, and camshafts. It includes a bed, a turret, and a spindle that rotates the workpiece around its axis.7. milling machine - 铣床Milling machine is a machine tool that is used for precisionmachining of materials. It includes a spindle that rotates a cutting tool, which can be a carbide or other hard tool, around its axis. milling machines are commonly used for machining metals, ceramics, and other materials.8. precision - 精度Precision refers to the accuracy and reliability of a machine tool or other industrial equipment. It is the ability of a tool to produce parts or assemblies that are within specified tolerance limits, and is often measured in units of accuracy, such as microns or inches.9. toolholder - 刀具夹具Toolholder is a device that is used to hold a cutting tool in a machine tool. It typically includes a base, a support surface, and a nose that supports the tool at a desired angle and distance from the workpiece.10. fastener - 紧固件Fastener is any device that is used to join two or more objects together. They include nuts, bolts, screws, pins, and other devices that are used to secure components together. In engineering, fasteners refer to the materials and techniques used to install and secure fasteners.以上是一些机械工程专业英语词汇和短语的示例，这些词汇和短语在机械工程领域中非常重要，掌握它们可以帮助机械工程专业的学生和从业者更好地理解和应用机械工程知识。
机械工程专业英语的某些单词和句子翻译
英译汉1.tolerance公差puter-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造3.numerically controlled machines数控机床4.necking颈缩5.turning，drilling and boring operation6.formability and machinability成形与可加工性7.assembly lines装配线8.dimensional accuracy尺寸精度9.cross-sectional area横截面积 10.percentage elongation 伸长率 11.structural strength结构强度 12.stress-strain curver应力应变曲线 13.quenching and internal stresses淬火和内应力 14.earthmoving and construction equipment 土建设备 15.straightening operation 16.cracking and distortoon断裂和扭曲变形 17.light service at fractional horsepower小马力轻载 18.screw pump螺杆泵 19.steel sheet and rolled-steel shapes钢板和滚压成型钢 20.straightening operation矫正操作 21.sensing devices 传感器 21.digital or pulse motor数字与脉冲马达 22.drilling钻 boring 镗 reaming铰 gear-cutting operations齿轮加工汉译英1.切削刀具cutting tools2.紧固件，如螺母fasteners such as nuts3.刚和铸铁steels and cast irons4.马氏体和奥氏体martensite and autenite5.机械特性mechanical propertiesputer-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造7.数控系统numerically controlled systems8.大批量生产技术mass production techology9.控制单元control units 10.靠模附件profiling attachment 11.弹性模量和伸长率elastic modulus and percentage elongation 12.规模经济economy of scale 13.闭环系统close-loop system 14.有色金属non-ferrous 15.液压系统hydraulic system 16.弹性和屈服极限elastic and yield limit 17.低碳钢和合金钢low-carbon steel and alloy steel 18.龙门刨工作台pianner-table短句：1、low carbon steels do not become hard when subjected to such a heat treatment, because of the sma ll amount of carbon contained.当经历热处理、低碳钢不会变硬、因为含有少量碳。
机械工程专业-英语翻译
机械工程专业-英语翻译u bolt u形螺栓；马蹄螺栓u trap u形气隔u-anchor u形锚栓u-channel u形排水渠ultimate bearing capacity [ground] 极限承载力〔土地〕ultimate bearing failure 极限承载损坏；极限承载破坏ultimate bond capacity [ground] 极限黏结力〔土地〕ultimate friction capacity [ground] 极限摩擦力〔土地〕ultimate limit state 极限状态ultimate limit state design 极限状态设计ultimate load 极限荷载；极限载重ultimate pullout capacity 极限抗拔力ultimate strength 极限强度ultimate stress 极限应力ultrahigh frequency antenna 特高频电线连接器ultrasonic crack detection 超声波裂缝检测ultrasonic flaw detector 超声波探伤仪ultrasonic pulse velocity 超声波脉动测试unallocated government land 未拨用的政府土地unauthorized building 违例建筑物unauthorized building advisory committee 违例建筑物谘询委员会unauthorized building works 违例建筑工程；僭建工程unauthorized occupant 非认可占用人；未经认可占用人unauthorized structure 违例构筑物；违例搭建物unauthorized tenant 非认可租客；未经认可租户unbraced element 无横向支撑元件；无支撑元件unbraced excavation 无支撑挖掘unbraced structure 无横向支撑结构；无支撑结构uncommitted category 未承担类别uncommitted demand 未承担需求uncompleted flat 楼花；未建成的楼宇单位uncompleted residential flat 住宅楼花unconfined compression test 无侧限压缩试验unconfined compressive strength 无侧限抗压强度uncontaminated mud 非污染泥uncovering works 未经盖封的工程undercoat 底涂层；底漆underground cable 地下电缆underground chamber 地下室underground engineering 地下工程underground fuel tank 地下油缸underground grouting works 地下灌浆工程underground pipework 地下喉管underground space 地下空间underground stratum 地底内层underground structure 地下构筑物underground well 科学井underlayer 垫层；衬底underlease 分租租契；分租；分契〔合作建屋计划〕underlessee 分租人；分承租人；分契承批人underlessor 分批租人；分契批出人underlet 分租underoccupation 居住人数不足underpass 隧道；下通路underpin 托换基础；基础加固；托换基础支撑underpinned pile 托换桩understanding the computerized land register [land registry] 《电脑土地登记册简介》〔土地注册处〕undertaking 保证书；承诺书；“回头纸”underutilized site 未尽其用的土地undervalued 估值偏低underwater blasting 水底爆破underwater concrete 水下混凝土underwater construction 水下施工underwater fill material 水底填料underwater inspection 水底检查undesignated land use zone 未指定土地用途区undisturbed ground 未扰动土地；原状土地undisturbed soil 原状土undivided share 不分割份数undivided share of a lot 地段的不分割份数undrained loading 不排水加载unexecuted estate agency agreement 未签立的地产代理协议unglazed tile 无釉砖；滞光瓷砖uniaxial load 单轴荷载unified soil classification system 统一土壤分类法uniform load 均匀荷载uniform rent 划一租金uniformly distributed load 均布荷载unify title 统一业权unimproved grazing 未开发牧地uninterrupted power supply system [public works category] 免受干扰的电力供应系统〔公共工程类别〕unit cost 单位成本；单价unit load 单位荷载unit mass 单位质量unit rent 单位租金united nations framework convention on climate change 联合国气候变化框架公约universal beam 通用钢梁universal transverse mercator grid [utm grid] 统一横墨卡托方格网unlawful alienation 非法让与；非法转让unleased government land 未批租政府土地unleased land 未批租土地unlined galvanized iron pipe 无内搪层镀锌铁管unloading test 卸荷测试unnumbered hut 无门牌木屋unobtrusive survey 初步登记；低调实行的登记unoccupation 空置unoccupied tenement 空置物业unpaved area 未铺面的地方unplasticized polyvinyl-chloride [upvc] 低塑性聚氯乙烯unprotected cut slope 未铺置保护层的削土斜坡unreinforced [concrete] 无配筋〔混凝土〕unrestricted lease 无限制批约；不限制土地用途契约unshared housing 一家一户unsold property 未售出物业unspecified area 未指定用途地区unspecified use 未指定用途unstable slope 不稳定斜坡unsurveyed structure 未登记构筑物；未登记搭建物unsymmetrical load 不对称荷载unusable land 无发展价值土地unused land 荒置地updated residential value [land] 土地作住宅用途的最新市值updated value of the original discount 购楼时所得折扣化为现值的款额up-escalator 上行自动梯upgrade a slope 加固斜坡；巩固斜坡upgrade to home ownership 透过自置居所改善居住质素upgraded block 经实行改善工程的大厦upgraded standard estate community centre 经改良的标准屋社区中心upgrading works 改良工程；加固工程upland rural area 高地乡郊地区uplift force 上力；浮力uplift resistance 抗拔力upper catchment area 上段集水区upper floor shop 楼上铺位upper floor unit 高层单位；上层单位upper ground floor 地下高层upper income band 上层入息组别upper platform 上层平台upper storey 上层uppermost storey 楼层up-ramp 上行坡道upright wall 直立墙upset premium 标金底价upset price 底价upset rent 租金底价upstand beam 直立梁upzoned land 提升用途分区upzoning 提升分区用途urban area 市区urban area development feasibility studies 市区发展可行性研究urban area development programme 市区发展计划urban centre 市中心urban corridor 市区走廊urban design parameter 市区发展指标urban development in the new territories 新界市镇发展urban fringe area 市镇外围地区；市镇边缘地区urban fringe improvement scheme 市镇外围地区改善计划urban growth 市区扩展urban hierarchy 城市体系层次urban improvement scheme [hong kong housing society] 市区改善计划〔香港房屋协会〕urban microfilmed land document 市区微型缩影土地文件urban planning 城市规划urban registration division [land registry] 市区注册部〔土地注册处〕urban rehabilitation fund 市区复修基金urban renewal 市区重建urban renewal and buildings division [planning, environment and lands bureau] 市区重建及屋宇部〔规划环境地政局〕urban renewal area 市区重建区urban renewal authority 市区重建局urban renewal in hong kong 《香港市区重建》urban renewal scheme 市区重建计划urban renewal strategy study 市区重建策略研究urban sprawl 市区伸延urban structure 城市结构urban structure plan 市区发展结构纲领urban survey division [lands department] 市区测量部〔地政总署〕urban system 城市系统urbanization 都市化urgent repair order 紧急修葺通知urinal 尿厕；尿斗urinal bowl 尿盆urinal trough 尿槽urn shelter 灵龛墓碑usable area 实用面积；可用面积usable floor area 实用楼面面积；楼面可用面积usable floor space 实用楼面空间usable land 可用土地use and occupation 迁入及使用use and occupation charges 迁入及使用费use and occupation fee 占用费use and occupation licence 居住暂准证use zoning 用途分区制user clause 规定土地用途条款user restriction 用途限制user-friendly layout 实用间隔utility 公用事业；公用设施utility building 公用事业设施建筑物utility chamber 杂用房utility charges 公用事业服务收费；公用设施收费utility company 公用事业公司utility connection 接驳公用设施utility diversion 公用事业设施的改道utility management system 公用设施工程管理系统utility reserve 公用设施区utility room 杂用房utility services 公用服务设施u-turn slip-road 用以掉头的支路。
机械工程英语原文+翻译
Unit 6 Injection MoldingInjection molding (Fig 6.1) is the predominant process for fabrication of thermoplastics into finished forms, and is increasingly being used for thermosetting plastics, fiber-filled composites, and elastomers.It is the process of choice for tremendous variety of parts ranging in weight from 5g to 85g. It is estimated that 25% of all thermoplastics molded. If newer modification, such as reaction injection molding, and the greatly increased rate of adoption of plastics as substitutes for metals are considered, it is likely that the worldwide industrial importance of injection molding will continue to increase. Currently, probably close to half of all major processing units is injection molding machines. In 1988, a dollar sale of new injection molding machinery in the U.S. was approximately 65% of total major polymer machinery sales volume; this included 4,600 injection molding units. The machines and their products are ubiquitous and are synonymous with plastics for many people.A reciprocating screw injection molding machine combines the functions of extruder and a compressive molding press. It takes solid granules of thermoplastic resin, melts and pressurizes them in the extruder section, forces the melt at high velocity and pressure through carefully designed flow channels a cooled mold, then ejects the finished part(s), and automatically recycles. This machine is a descendant of the plunger type “stuffing machine” patented by the Hyatt brothers in 1872 to mold celluloid. In 1878, th e Hyatts developed the first multicavity mold, but it was not until 1938 that Quillery (France) patented a machine incorporating a screw to plasticize the elastomer being molded. In 1956, Ankerwerk Nuremberg commercialized the modem reciprocating screw injection molding machine for thermoplastics. Today, over 50 machine manufacturers are listed in Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, offering machines to the U.S. market ranging from 2 to 6,000 tons clamping capacity. (A machine with a 10,000-ton capacity has been built to mold 264-gallon HDPE trash containers.) A host of suppliers of auxiliary equipment, molds, instruments, and controls service this major segment of the polymer industry.Injection molding is particularly worthy of intensive study because it combines many areas of interest extrusion, mold design, rheology, sophisticated hydraulic and electronic controls, robotic accessories, design of complex products, and, of course, the integration of materials science and process engineering. The objectives of injection molding engineers are simple enough: to obtain minimum cycle time with minimum scrap, to attain specified product performance with assurance, to minimize production costs due to downtime or any other reasons, and to steadily increase in expertise and competitiveness. Profit margins forcustom injection molders are said to be generally skimpy; an established way to improve profits is to be selected for more demanding, higher margin jobs demand the highest level of efficiency and competence.This text will concentrate on the reciprocating screw machine thermoplastics, which has largely replaced the older reciprocating plunger types except for very small-capacity machines.Injection Molding MaterialsIt is not possible to injection-mold all polymers. Some polymers like PTFE (Poly-tetre-fluoro-ethylene), cannot be made to flow freely enough to make them suitable for injection molding. Other polymers, such as a mixture to resin and glass fiber in woven or mat form, are unsuitable by their physical nature for use in the process. In general, polymers which are capable of being brought to a state of fluidity can be injection-molded.The vast majority of injection molding is applied to thermoplastic polymers. This class of materials consists of polymers which always remain capable of being softened by heat and of hardening on cooling, even after repeated cycling. This is because the long-chain molecules of the material always remain as separate entities and do not from chemical bonds to one another. An analogy car, be made to a block of ice that can be softened (i.e. turned back to liquid), poured into any shape cavity, and then cooled to become a solid again. This property differentiates thermoplastic materials from thermosetting ones. In the latter type of polymer, chemical bonds are formed between the separate molecule chains during processing. In this case the chemical bonding referred to as cross linking is the hardening mechanism.In general, most of the thermoplastic materials offer high impact strength, corrosion resistance, and easy processing with good flow characteristics for molding complex designs. Thermoplastic are generally divided into two classes: namely crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline polymers have an ordered molecular arrangement, with a sharp melting point. Due to the ordered arrangement at molecules, the crystalline polymers reflect most incidents light and generally appear opaque. They also undergo a high shrinkage or reduction in volume during solidification. Crystalline polymers usually are more resistant to organic solvents and have good fatigue and wear-resistant properties. Crystalline polymers also generally are denser and have better mechanical properties than amorphous polymers. The main exception to this ruler is polycarbonate, which is the amorphous polymer of choice for high-quality transparent molding, and has excellent mechanical properties.The mechanical properties of thermoplastics, while substantially lower than those of metals, can be enhanced for some applications through the addition of glass fiber reinforcement. This takes the form of short-chopped fibers, a few millimeters in length, which are rsndomly mixed with the thermoplastic resin.The fibers occupy up to one third of the material volume to considerably improve the material strength and stiffness. The negative effect of this reinforcement is usually a decrease in impact strength and an increase in abrasiveness. The latter also has an effect on processing since the life of the mold cavity reduced from1,000,000 parts for plain resin parts to about 300,000 for glass-filled parts.Perhaps the main weakness of injection-molded parts is the relatively low service temperatures to which they can be subjected. Thermoplastic components an only rarely be operated continuously above 250℃, with an absolute upper service temperature of about 400℃. The temperature at which a thermoplastic can be operated under load can be defined qualitatively by the heat deflection temperature. This is the temperature at which a simply supported beam specimen of the material, with a centrally applied load, reaches a predefined. The temperature value obviously depends upon the conditions of the test and the allowed deflection and for this reason, the test value are only really useful for comparing different polymers.Cycle of OperationThe reciprocating screw injection molding machine is considered as consisting of two: a fixed injection side, and a movable clamp side. The injection side-contain the extruder that receives solid resin in pellet or granular form and converts it into a viscous liquid or melt that can be forced through the connecting nozzle, spine, and runners to the gates that lead into the mold cavities. The mold is tightly clamped against injection pressure and is cooled well below the melt temperature of the thermoplastic. When the parts in the cavities have cooled sufficiently the mold halves are opened at the mold parting plane and the parts ejected by a knockout system drop into a receiving bin below. This summarizes the overall cycle, but leaves out much vital detail that is necessary for understanding the process. However, with this introduction, it is possible to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the process.Effects of Process Variables on OrientationIn injection molding, any variation in processing that keeps the molding resin hot throughout filling allows increased and, therefore, decreased orientation. Some of the stepsthat can be taken to reduce orientation are as follows.Faster injection (up to a point): less cooling during filling, hence a thinner initial frozen layer, lower viscosity due to shear thinning; better flow to corners; and less crystallinity all favor lower subsurface orientation. The primary effect is that the gate will freeze more quickly. At that point, orientation stops and relaxation starts.Higher melt and mold temperature: lower melt viscosity, easier filling, and greater relaxation favor reduced orientation.Reduced packing time and pressure: overpacking inhibits relaxation processes.Reduce gate size: larger gates take longer to freeze off and permit increased orientation.Excessively high injection speed can cause high surface orientation and increase susceptibility to stress cracking. For example, molding that are to be electroplated, and will be subject to acid solutions during plating, must be made using very slow injection speeds to minimized surface orientation. On the other hand, the transverse motion component of the melt front in most molding can cause transverse subsurface orientation superimposed on the primary orientation, giving a desirable biaxial orientation effect.Orientation can be seriously increased by obstruction to flow during filling of the cavity. Flow around an obstruction causes a decrease in melt front speed and leads to high local viscosity and reduced relaxation. This is also likely to occur near the end of the filling phase if gating is inadequate.The molder must recognize the dangers of excessive fill speed, insufficient injection pressure, excessive melt temperature, and inadequate packing. These dangers are weighed against the opposing effects on orientation discussed above. Thicker parts delay cooling and increase relaxation time and tend to result in lower orientation. Thicker parts also tend to warp less. Therefore, a minimum wall thickness can be established by experience for various shapes, materials, and process combinations. Lower molecular weight broader molecular weigh distribution in thermoplastic favor lower orientation and reduced internal stress in moldings.The skin thickness ratio is affected by process variables in the same way as one would predict for the orientation; that is, it decrease as the melt for mold temperatures and cavity pressure increases. Thensile strength and stiffness increase as skin thickness ratio increases. Microscopic examination thus provides another way of studying the process efficiently.Advantages1. High production rates. For example, a CD disk can be produced with a 10-12s cyclein high melt flow index PC.2. Relatively low labor content. One operator can frequently take care of two or more machines, particularly if the moldings are unloaded automatically onto conveyors.3. Parts require little or no finishing. For example, flash can be minimized and molds can be arranged to automatically separate runners and gates from the part itself.4. Very complex shapes can be formed. Advances in mold tooling are largely responsible.5. Flexibility of design (finishes, colors, inserts, materials).More than one material can be molded through co-injection. Foam core materials with solid skins are efficiently produced. Thermosetting plastics and fiber-reinforced shapes are injection molded.6. Minimum scrap loss. Runners, gates, and scrap can usually be reground. Recycled thermoplastics can be injection molded.7. Close tolerances are obtainable. Modem microprocessor controls, fitted to precision molds, fitted to precision molds, and elaborate hydraulics, facilitate tolerances in the 0.1% range on dimensions and weights (but not without a high level of operational skills in constant attendance).8. Makes best use of the unique attributes of polymers, such as flow ability, light weight, transparency, and corrosion resistance. This is evident from the number and variety of molded plastic products everyday use.Disadvantages and Problems1. High investment in equipment tools requires high production volumes.2. Lack of expertise and good preventive maintenance can cause high startup and running costs.3. Quality is sometimes difficult to determine immediately. For example, post-mold warpage may render parts unusable because of dimensional changes that are not completed for weeks or months after molding.4. Attention is required on many details requiring a wide variety of skills and cross-disciplinary knowledge.5. Part design sometimes is not well suited to efficient molding.6. Lead time for mold design, mold manufacture and debugging trials is sometimes very long.第六章注塑成型注塑成型主要是将热塑性材料加工成半成品的过程，也越来越多地用于热固性塑料，纤维填充复合材料，弹性体的加工。
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机械工程英语翻译-汉语翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：UNIT 1材料的类型材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。
金属和金属合金金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。
许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。
某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。
在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。
合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。
例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。
合金包含不止一种金属元素。
合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。
金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。
为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。
某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。
许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。
金属有哪些重要特性？密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。
大多数金属密度相对较高，尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。
高密度材料通常由较大原子序数原子构成，例如金和铅。
然而，诸如铝和镁之类的一些金属则具有低密度，并被用于既需要金属特性又要求重量轻的场合。
断裂韧性可以描述为材料防止断裂特别是出现缺陷时不断裂的能力。
金属一般能在有缺口和凹痕的情况下不显著削弱，并且能抵抗冲击。
橄榄球运动员据此相信他的面罩不会裂成碎片。
塑性变形就是在断裂前弯曲或变形的能力。
作为工程师，设计时通常要使材料在正常条件下不变形。
没有人愿意一阵强烈的西风过后自己的汽车向东倾斜。
然而，有时我们也能利用塑性变形。
汽车上压皱的区域在它们断裂前通过经历塑性变形来吸收能量。
金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。
在金属内部，原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。
由于电子能导热和导电，所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。
因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子，所以透过金属不可能看得见。
没有光子能通过金属。
合金是由一种以上金属组成的混合物。
加一些其它金属能影响密度、强度、断裂韧性、塑性变形、导电性以及环境侵蚀。
例如，往铝里加少量铁可使其更强。
同样，在钢里加一些铬能减缓它的生锈过程，但也将使它更脆。
陶瓷和玻璃陶瓷通常被概括地定义为无机的非金属材料。
照此定义，陶瓷材料也应包括玻璃；然而许多材料科学家添加了“陶瓷”必须同时是晶体物组成的约定。
玻璃是没有晶体状结构的无机非金属材料。
这种材料被称为非结晶质材料。
陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。
许多陶瓷都是电和热的良绝缘体。
某些陶瓷还具有一些特殊性能：有些是磁性材料，有些是压电材料，还有些特殊陶瓷在极低温度下是超导体。
陶瓷和玻璃都有一个主要的缺点：它们容易破碎。
陶瓷一般不是由熔化形成的。
因为大多数陶瓷在从液态冷却时将会完全破碎(即形成粉末)。
因此，所有用于玻璃生产的简单有效的—诸如浇铸和吹制这些涉及熔化的技术都不能用于由晶体物组成的陶瓷的生产。
作为替代，一般采用“烧结”或“焙烧”工艺。
在烧结过程中，陶瓷粉末先挤压成型然后加热到略低于熔点温度。
在这样的温度下，粉末内部起反应去除孔隙并得到十分致密的物品。
光导纤维有三层：核心由高折射指数高纯光传输玻璃制成，中间层为低折射指数玻璃，是保护核心玻璃表面不被擦伤和完整性不被破坏的所谓覆层，外层是聚合物护套，用于保护光导纤维不受损。
为了使核心玻璃有比覆层大的折射指数，在其中掺入微小的、可控数量的能减缓光速而不会吸收光线的杂质或搀杂剂。
由于核心玻璃的折射指数比覆层大，只要在全内反射过程中光线照射核心/覆层分界面的角度比临界角大，在核心玻璃中传送的光线将仍保留在核心玻璃中。
全内反射现象与核心玻璃的高纯度一样，使光线几乎无强度损耗传递长距离成为可能。
复合材料由两种或更多材料构成。
例子有聚合物/陶瓷和金属/陶瓷复合材料。
之所以使用复合材料是因为其全面性能优于组成部分单独的性能。
例如：聚合物/陶瓷复合材料具有比聚合物成分更大的模量，但又不像陶瓷那样易碎。
复合材料有两种：纤维加强型复合材料和微粒加强型复合材料。
纤维加强型复合材料加强纤维可以是金属、陶瓷、玻璃或是已变成石墨的被称为碳纤维的聚合物。
纤维能加强基材的模量。
沿着纤维长度有很强结合力的共价结合在这个方向上给予复合材料很高的模量，因为要损坏或拉伸纤维就必须破坏或移除这种结合。
把纤维放入复合材料较困难，这使得制造纤维加强型复合材料相对昂贵。
纤维加强型复合材料用于某些最先进也是最昂贵的运动设备，例如计时赛竞赛用自行车骨架就是用含碳纤维的热固塑料基材制成的。
竞赛用汽车和某些机动车的车体部件是由含玻璃纤维(或玻璃丝)的热固塑料基材制成的。
纤维在沿着其轴向有很高的模量，但垂直于其轴向的模量却较低。
纤维复合材料的制造者往往旋转纤维层以防模量产生方向变化。
微粒加强型复合材料用于加强的微粒包含了陶瓷和玻璃之类的矿物微粒，铝之类的金属微粒以及包括聚合物和碳黑的非结晶质微粒。
微粒用于增加基材的模量、减少基材的渗透性和延展性。
微粒加强型复合材料的一个例子是机动车胎，它就是在聚异丁烯人造橡胶聚合物基材中加入了碳黑微粒。
聚合材料聚合物具有一般是基于碳链的重复结构。
这种重复结构产生链状大分子。
由于重量轻、耐腐蚀、容易在较低温度下加工并且通常较便宜，聚合物是很有用的。
聚合材料具有一些重要特性，包括尺寸(或分子量)、软化及熔化点、结晶度和结构。
聚合材料的机械性能一般表现为低强度和高韧性。
它们的强度通常可采用加强复合结构来改善。
聚合材料的重要特性尺寸：单个聚合物分子一般分子量为10,000到1,000,000g/mol之间，具体取决于聚合物的结构—这可以比2,000个重复单元还多。
聚合物的分子量极大地影响其机械性能，分子量越大，工程性能也越好。
热转换性：聚合物的软化点(玻璃状转化温度)和熔化点决定了它是否适合应用。
这些温度通常决定聚合物能否使用的上限。
例如，许多工业上的重要聚合物其玻璃状转化温度接近水的沸点(100℃, 212℉)，它们被广泛用于室温下。
而某些特别制造的聚合物能经受住高达300℃(572℉)的温度。
结晶度：聚合物可以是晶体状的或非结晶质的，但它们通常是晶体状和非结晶质结构的结合物(半晶体)。
原子链间的相互作用：聚合物的原子链可以自由地彼此滑动(热可塑性)或通过交键互相连接(热固性或弹性)。
热可塑性材料可以重新形成和循环使用，而热固性与弹性材料则是不能再使用的。
链内结构：原子链的化学结构对性能也有很大影响。
根据各自的结构不同，聚合物可以是亲水的或憎水的(喜欢或讨厌水)、硬的或软的、晶体状的或非结晶质的、易起反应的或不易起反应的。
UNIT 2对热处理的理解包含于对冶金学较广泛的研究。
冶金学是物理学、化学和涉及金属从矿石提炼到最后产物的工程学。
热处理是将金属在固态加热和冷却以改变其物理性能的操作。
按所采用的步骤，钢可以通过硬化来抵抗切削和磨损，也可以通过软化来允许机加工。
使用合适的热处理可以去除内应力、细化晶粒、增加韧性或在柔软材料上覆盖坚硬的表面。
因为某些元素(尤其是碳)的微小百分比极大地影响物理性能，所以必须知道对钢的分析。
合金钢的性质取决于其所含有的除碳以外的一种或多种元素，如镍、铬、锰、钼、钨、硅、钒和铜。
由于合金钢改善的物理性能，它们被大量使用在许多碳钢不适用的地方。
下列讨论主要针对被称为普通碳钢的工业用钢而言。
热处理时冷却速率是控制要素，从高于临界温度快速冷却导致坚硬的组织结构，而缓慢冷却则产生相反效果。
简化铁碳状态图如果只把注意力集中于一般所说的钢上，经常要用到简化铁碳状态图。
铁碳状态图中靠近三角区和含碳量高于2%的那些部分对工程师而言不重要，因此将它们删除。
如图2.1所示的简化铁碳状态图将焦点集中在共析区，这对理解钢的性能和处理是十分有用的。
在此图中描述的关键转变是单相奥氏体(γ) 随着温度下降分解成两相铁素体加渗碳体组织结构。
控制这一由于奥氏体和铁素体的碳溶解性完全不同而产生的反应，使得通过热处理能获得很大范围的特性。
为了理解这些过程，考虑含碳量为0.77%的共析钢，沿着图2.1的x-x’线慢慢冷却。
在较高温度时，只存在奥氏体，0.77%的碳溶解在铁里形成固溶体。
当钢冷却到727℃(1341℉)时，将同时发生若干变化。
铁需要从面心立方体奥氏体结构转变为体心立方体铁素体结构，但是铁素体只能容纳固溶体状态的0.02%的碳。
被析出的碳与金属化合物Fe3C形成富碳的渗碳体。
本质上，共析体的基本反应是奥氏体0.77%的碳→铁素体0.02%的碳+渗碳体6.67%的碳。
由于这种碳成分的化学分离完全发生在固态中，产生的组织结构是一种细致的铁素体与渗碳体的机械混合物。
通过打磨并在弱硝酸酒精溶液中蚀刻制备的样本显示出由缓慢冷却形成的交互层状的薄片结构。
这种结构由两种截然不同的状态组成，但它本身具有一系列特性，且因与低倍数放大时的珠母层有类同之处而被称为珠光体。
含碳量少于共析体(低于0.77%)的钢称为亚共析钢。
现在来看这种材料沿着图2.1中y-y’ 线冷却的转变情况。
在较高温度时，这种材料全部是奥氏体，但随着冷却就进入到铁素体和奥氏体稳定状态的区域。
由截线及杠杆定律分析可知，低碳铁素体成核并长大，剩下含碳量高的奥氏体。
在727℃(1341℉)时，奥氏体为共析组成(含碳量0.77%)，再冷却剩余的奥氏体就转化为珠光体。
作为结果的组织结构是初步的共析铁素体(在共析反应前的铁素体)和部分珠光体的混合物。
过共析钢是含碳量大于共析量的钢。
当这种钢冷却时，就像图2.1的z-z’线所示，除了初步的共析状态用渗碳体取代铁素体外，其余类似亚共析钢的情况。
随着富碳部分的形成，剩余奥氏体含碳量减少，在727℃(1341℉)时达到共析组织。
就像以前说的一样，当缓慢冷却到这温度时所有剩余奥氏体转化为珠光体。
应该记住由状态图描述的这种转化只适合于通过缓慢冷却的近似平衡条件。
如果缓慢加热，则以相反的方式发生这种转化。
然而，当快速冷却合金时，可能得到完全不同的结果。
因为没有足够的时间让正常的状态反应发生，在这种情况下对工程分析而言状态图不再是有用的工具。