美国联邦证据规则中文版
联邦证据规则中英文对照
联邦证据规则中英文对照全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：一、导言美国联邦证据规则是美国联邦法院审理案件时适用的证据规则。
它规定了在联邦法院中承认和呈现证据的程序和要求，确保案件的公正和公正审理。
本文将对联邦证据规则中的一些重要条款进行中英文对照解释，以帮助读者更好地理解其内容和意义。
二、证据的目的和范围1. Purpose and Scope of the Rules of Evidence《联邦证据规则》适用于联邦审判中所有事实的证明，除宪法或国会法案另有规定外。
这些规则应当被解释为在每一程序中公平地处理每一案件，消除不合理的费用和延迟，并促进证据法的发展以实现审判中的真理和正义。
三、证据的可接受性2. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence InadmissibleEvidence that is not relevant is not admissible. Relevant evidence includes evidence that tends to make a fact more orless probable than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.4. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts五、证据的见证6. Witnesses6. 证人每个人都有资格成为证人，除非这些规则另有规定。
证人只可以就他有个人知识的事项作证。
7. Opinion Testimony8. Hearsay八、结尾第二篇示例：联邦证据规则（Federal Rules of Evidence）是美国法律体系中一项重要的法规，其为在联邦法院中处理证据的规则提供了指导和约束。
美国联邦证据规则
一、关联性证据规则概述
Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
二、证据规则的功能
诉讼证明活动并不单纯是主观认识客观 的事实发现过程，同时也是法律价值的 实现过程。
诉讼证明追求的价值：秩序，自由，公 平和效率。 （一）查明案件事实 （二）追求其他价值
三、证据规则的体系
关联性证据规则 传闻证据规则 非法证据排除规则 意见证据规则 最佳证据规则 补强证据规则
第二节 关联性证据规则
FRE404（a）Character evidence generally Evidence of a person's character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.
证据法条翻译
所有相关的证据是可以受理的，除另有由美国宪法，美国国会通过法案，这些规则，或由最高法院根据法定机构规定的其他规则的规定。证据是不相关的是不予受理。
规则403。对相关证据排除偏见，混乱，或浪费时间的理由
虽然相关的，证据可能被排除在外，如果它证明价值实质上受到不公平损害，对这些问题的困扰，或误导陪审团，危险或因无故拖延，浪费时间，或累积证据不用介绍考量重。
规则411。责任保险
证据表明，一个人是或不是被保险人对责任并不取决于是否受理问题的人疏忽或其他错误。此规则不要求对责任保险的证据时，另如代理范围
这些规则在美国之前，美国破产法官和美国法院提出诉讼法官裁判的范围内，并与1101条规定的例外情况。
规则102。目的和建设
这些规则应当被解释为安全管理的公平性，无理拖延费用和消除，以及增长和证据法的发展提升到了真理可能会被公正地查明和确定程序结束。
第103条。裁决的证据
（一）错误的裁决的影响。
联邦证据规则
出版法律信息研究所，康奈尔大学法学院，2008年9月。为了解释这些规则的决定以及州证据材料，请访问第五十二页的证据。
第一条总则
规则302。国家在民事诉讼法律适用和司法程序
在民事行为和程序，一个尊重事实这是一个主张或抗辩，以国家法律的元素，提供了决策规则是按照国家的法律确定的推定效力。
第四条。相关性及其限制
规则401。定义的“相关证据”
“有关证据”的方法收集证据有任何倾向，使任何事实，后果，更可能的行动或多或少可能会比没有确定是存在的证据。
法院可以采取司法认知，是否要求或没有。
（d）当强制性的。
法院应采取司法认知，如果要求一个党和提供必要的资料。
(完整版)美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection tothe venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in thisparagraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requestedis not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed,except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred ineffecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, includinga reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the statein which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit themto the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b) Enlargement. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50 (b) and (c)(2), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. [Rescinded Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.](d) For Motions Affidavits. A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59 (c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e) Additional Time After Service by Mail. Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:。
美国《联邦证据规则》中品格证据原则详解
美国《联邦证据规则》中品格证据原则详解
文 / 汤文华
1. 什么是品格证据
品格证据（character evidence）是英美普通法与制定法中的专有概念。 概括而言，品格证据是指能够证明一个人的品格或品格特征，并以此 来推论该人行为的证据。这里的“品格”不仅仅包含一个人的道德品质（moral qualities），还包括一个人的行为倾向和生活方式等。在庭审实践中，品格 证据所要证明的客体涉及被告人、受害人和证人的品格、惯常的行为方式 及先前行为等。
2 易延友，《证据法学：原则 规则 案例》，法律出版社，2017 年。 3 根据《布莱 克法律词典》，“品格”一词指：属于区别于其他人的道德品质的集合，是一个人 内在品质的一般表现形式。关于某人道德倾向或习惯或伦理品质的意见是专属于他 的，一个人综合的行为倾向或可能性可以通过其习惯、其具有的良好品格或其他品 格的一般声誉加以证明。 4 证据规则的存在不是为了真实地反映世界，而是要确保 陪审员能够正确地考虑呈现给他们的事实。
③证人先前的定罪判决可以用来弹劾证人的可信性。（The following rules apply to attacking a witness’s character for truthfulness by evidence of a criminal conviction: (1) for a crime that, in the convicting jurisdiction, was punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year, the evidence: … (2) for any crime regardless of the punishment, the evidence must be admitted if the court can readily determine that establishing the elements of the crime required proving—or the witness’s admitting—a dishonest act or false statement.）
美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题。
美国证据法中的证明力规则(上篇).doc
美国证据法中的证明力规则（上篇）()刑事侦查论文渎职罪论文刑事证据论文侵犯财产罪论文侵犯人身权利罪论文危害公共安全罪论文一、问题的提出在中国的法律改革中，师法英美与效仿欧陆一直是学界两种不同的声音。
近些年，在证据法学研究以及证据立法运动中，师法英美完全压过了效仿欧陆的呼声。
正如有学者所言：“在我国当下的法学语境中，一种以移植英美法系国家证据法各项规则为标志的‘变法运一、问题的提出在中国的法律改革中，师法英美与效仿欧陆一直是学界两种不同的声音。
近些年，在证据法学研究以及证据立法运动中，师法英美完全压过了效仿欧陆的呼声。
正如有学者所言：“在我国当下的法学语境中，一种以移植英美法系国家证据法各项规则为标志的‘变法运动’正逐渐成为证据法学研究的主流倾向，以至于在证据法学论文和著作中出现了‘言必称英美’的现象。
而大陆法系国家则被武断地视为‘不存在发达的证据法’的制度，其证据规则和证据理论都不同程度地受到了忽视。
” 这样一种取向导致了当下的证据法学研究成为英美证据法尤其是美国证据法在中国的推演，进而，当下的证据立法运动成为域外证据法尤其是美国《联邦证据规则》在中国的移植嫁接。
在这样一个以英美为师的学术背景中，观察学术界对于证据立法的态度，可以看出，大多数学者都主张以可采性或者证据能力为中心构建中国的证据法。
这与中国的司法实践形成了鲜明对比，观察当下的司法实践可以发现，中国的司法实践对证明力表现出异乎寻常的关注，呼唤证明力规则、创造证明力规则并实践证明力规则。
可以说，证明力规则在当下司法实践中产生有其必然性，是当下以证明力为导向的证据法的必然产物。
然而，证据法学者对以证明力为导向的中国证据法特别是在中国司法实践中长期运行的证明力规则持一种根本性的否定态度，甚至称之为法定证据制度的死灰在当下中国的复燃。
证据法学者往往对证明力规则持一种批判态度，然而，证据法学者对于证明力规则的理性总结、学理思考与司法实务界对之倾注的努力并不匹配。
美国联邦证据规则
美国联邦证据规则
《美国联邦证据规则》是美国联邦法律的一部分，它规定了在联邦法庭中收集、使用和公开证据的规则。
该规则旨在保护双方的权利，确保双方都能公平地提出证据。
该规则规定，双方可以提出证据，但必须符合一定的标准，以确保证据的真实性和可靠性。
该规则还规定，双方可以提出证据，但必须遵守一定的程序，以确保证据的公正性和公平性。
此外，该规则还规定，双方可以提出证据，但必须遵守一定的规则，以确保证据的完整性和准确性。
总之，《美国联邦证据规则》是美国联邦法律的重要组成部分，它旨在保护双方的权利，确保双方都能公平地提出证据。
它是美国司法系统的重要组成部分，为司法系统提供了重要的保障。
美国联邦证据规则
第一节 证据规则概述
一、证据规则的概念
广义：证据规则就是规定证据的收集、 运用和判断的法律准则。
狭义：证据规则（“rule of evidence”， 台湾学者称为“证据法则”）仅指可采 性规则。
英美法系证据规则最发达。原因：“三 大支柱”——二分式的法庭审判结构、 集中型诉讼程序和对抗式诉讼制度。
（二）被害人的品格
(2) Character of alleged victim - In a criminal case, and subject to the limitations imposed by Rule 412, evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the alleged victim offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the alleged victim was the first aggressor;
美国联邦证据规则
UNITED STATES CODE SERVICECopyright ?2006 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.,one of the LEXIS Publishing (TM) companiesAll rights reserved*** CURRENT THROUGH CHANGES RECEIVED APRIL, 2006 ***FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCEARTICLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONSUSCS Fed Rules Evid R 101Rule 101. ScopeThese rules govern proceedings in the courts of the United States and before United States bankruptcy judges and United States magistrate judges, to the extent and with the exceptions stated in Rule 1101.Rule 102. Purpose and ConstructionThese rules shall be construed to secure fairness in administration, elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay, and promotion of growth and development of the law of evidence to the end that the truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined.Rule 103. Rulings on Evidence(a) Effect of erroneous ruling. Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and(1) Objection. In case the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to strike appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection, if the specific ground was not apparent from the context; or(2) Offer of proof. In case the ruling is one excluding evidence, the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.Once the court makes a definitive ruling on the record admitting or excluding evidence, either at or before trial, a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal.(b) Record of offer and ruling. The court may add any other or further statement which shows the character of the evidence, the form in which it was offered, the objection made, and the ruling thereon. It may direct the making of an offer in question and answer form.(c) Hearing of jury. In jury cases, proceedings shall be conducted, to the extent practicable, so as to prevent inadmissible evidence from being suggested to the jury by any means, such as making statements or offers of proof or asking questions in the hearing of the jury.(d) Plain error. Nothing in this rule precludes taking notice of plain errors affecting substantial rights although they were not brought to the attention of the court.Rule 104. Preliminary Questions(a) Questions of admissibility generally. Preliminary questions concerning the qualification of a person to be a witness, the existence of a privilege, or the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court, subject to the provisions of subdivision (b). In making its determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with respect to privileges.(b) Relevancy conditioned on fact. When the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.(c) Hearing of jury. Hearings on the admissibility of confessions shall in all cases be conducted out of the hearing of the jury. Hearings on other preliminary matters shall be so conducted when the interests of justice require, or when an accused is a witness and so requests.(d) Testimony by accused. The accused does not, by testifying upon a preliminary matter, become subject to cross-examination as to other issues in the case.(e) Weight and credibility. This rule does not limit the right of a party to introduce before the jury evidence relevant to weight or credibility.Rule 105. Limited AdmissibilityWhen evidence which is admissible as to one party or for one purpose but not admissible as to another party or for another purpose is admitted, the court, upon request, shall restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.Rule 106. Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded StatementsWhen a writing or recorded statement or part thereof is introduced by a party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any other part or any other writing or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be consideredcontemporaneously with it.Rule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts(a) Scope of rule. This rule governs only judicial notice of adjudicative facts.(b) Kinds of facts. A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.(c) When discretionary. A court may take judicial notice, whether requested or not.(d) When mandatory. A court shall take judicial notice if requested by a party and supplied with the necessary information.(e) Opportunity to be heard. A party is entitled upon timely request to an opportunity to be heard as to the propriety of taking judicial notice and the tenor of the matter noticed. In the absence of prior notification, the request may be made after judicial notice has been taken.(f) Time of taking notice. Judicial notice may be taken at any stage of the proceeding.(g) Instructing jury. In a civil action or proceeding, the court shall instruct the jury to accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed. In a criminal case, the court shall instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed.Rule 301. Presumptions in General Civil Actions and ProceedingsIn all civil actions and proceedings not otherwise provided for by Act of Congress or by these rules, a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the sense of the risk of nonpersuasion, which remains throughout the trial upon the party on whom it was originally cast.Rule 302. Applicability of State Law in Civil Actions and ProceedingsIn civil actions and proceedings, the effect of a presumption respecting a fact which is an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision is determined in accordance with State law.Rule 401. Definition of "Relevant Evidence""Relevant evidence" means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.Rule 402. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence InadmissibleAll relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution of the United States, by Act of Congress, by these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of TimeAlthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.Rule 404. Character Evidence Not Admissible To Prove Conduct; Exceptions; Other Crimes(a) Character evidence generally. Evidence of a person's character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except:(1) Character of accused. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or if evidence of a trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime is offered by an accused and admitted under Rule 404 (a)(2), evidence of the same trait of character of the accused offered by the prosecution;(2) Character of alleged victim. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the alleged victim offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the alleged victim was the first aggressor;(3) Character of witness. Evidence of the character of a witness, as provided in rules 607, 608, and 609.(b) Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.Rule 405. Methods of Proving Character(a) Reputation or opinion. In all cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances of conduct.(b) Specific instances of conduct. In cases in which character or a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, proof may also be made of specific instances of that person's conduct.Rule 406. Habit; Routine PracticeEvidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice of an organization, whether corroborated or not and regardless of the presence of eyewitnesses, is relevant to prove that the conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice.Rule 407. Subsequent Remedial MeasuresWhen, after an injury or harm allegedly caused by an event, measures are taken that, if taken previously, would have made the injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence, culpable conduct, a defect in a product, a defect in a product's design, or a need for a warning or instruction. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of subsequent measures when offered for another purpose, such as proving ownership, control, or feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted, or impeachment.Rule 408. Compromise and Offers to CompromiseEvidence of (1) furnishing or offering or promising to furnish, or (2) accepting or offering or promising to accept, a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise a claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not admissible to prove liability for or invalidity of the claim or its amount. Evidence of conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations is likewise not admissible. This rule does not require the exclusion of any evidence otherwise discoverable merely because it is presented in the course of compromise negotiations. This rule also does not require exclusion when the evidence is offered for anotherpurpose, such as proving bias or prejudice of a witness, negativing a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution. Rule 409. Payment of Medical and Similar ExpensesEvidence of furnishing or offering or promising to pay medical, hospital, or similar expenses occasioned by an injury is not admissible to prove liability for the injury. Rule 410. Inadmissibility of Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements Except as otherwise provided in this rule, evidence of the following is not, in any civil or criminal proceeding, admissible against the defendant who made the plea or was a participant in the plea discussions:(1) a plea of guilty which was later withdrawn;(2) a plea of nolo contendere;(3) any statement made in the course of any proceedings under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure or comparable state procedure regarding either of the foregoing pleas; or(4) any statement made in the course of plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting authority which do not result in a plea of guilty or which result in a plea of guilty later withdrawn.However, such a statement is admissible (i) in any proceeding wherein another statement made in the course of the same plea or plea discussions has been introduced and the statement ought in fairness be considered contemporaneously with it, or (ii) in a criminal proceeding for perjury or false statement if the statement was made by the defendant under oath, on the record and in the presence of counsel.Rule 411. Liability InsuranceEvidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance against liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency, ownership, or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.Rule 412. Sex Offense Cases; Relevance of Alleged Victim's Past Sexual Behavior or Alleged Sexual Predisposition(a) Evidence generally inadmissible. The following evidence is not admissible in any civil or criminal proceeding involving alleged sexual misconduct except as provided in subdivisions (b) and (c):(1) Evidence offered to prove that any alleged victim engaged in other sexualbehavior.(2) Evidence offered to prove any alleged victim's sexual predisposition.(b) Exceptions.(1) In a criminal case, the following evidence is admissible, if otherwise admissible under these rules:(A) evidence of specific instances of sexual behavior by the alleged victim offered to prove that a person other than the accused was the source of semen, injury or other physical evidence;(B) evidence of specific instances of sexual behavior by the alleged victim with respect to the person accused of the sexual misconduct offered by the accused to prove consent or by the prosecution; and(C) evidence the exclusion of which would violate the constitutional rights of the defendant.(2) In a civil case, evidence offered to prove the sexual behavior or sexual predisposition of any alleged victim is admissible if it is otherwise admissible under these rules and its probative value substantially outweighs the danger of harm to any victim and of unfair prejudice to any party. Evidence of an alleged victim's reputation is admissible only if it has been placed in controversy by the alleged victim.(c) Procedure to determine admissibility.(1) A party intending to offer evidence under subdivision (b) must--(A) file a written motion at least 14 days before trial specifically describing the evidence and stating the purpose for which it is offered unless the court, for good cause requires a different time for filing or permits filing during trial; and(B) serve the motion on all parties and notify the alleged victim or, when appropriate, the alleged victim's guardian or representative.(2) Before admitting evidence under this rule the court must conduct a hearing in camera and afford the victim and parties a right to attend and be heard. The motion, related papers, and the record of the hearing must be sealed and remain under seal unless the court orders otherwise.Rule 501. General RuleExcept as otherwise required by the Constitution of the United States or provided by Act of Congress or in rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and experience. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be determined in accordance with State law.Rule 601. General Rule of CompetencyEvery person is competent to be a witness except as otherwise provided in these rules. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the competency of a witness shall be determined in accordance with State law.Rule 602. Lack of Personal KnowledgeA witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness' own testimony. This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 703, relating to opinion testimony by expert witnesses.Rule 603. Oath or AffirmationBefore testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that the witness will testify truthfully, by oath or affirmation administered in a form calculated to awaken the witness' conscience and impress the witness' mind with the duty to do so.Rule 604. InterpretersAn interpreter is subject to the provisions of these rules relating to qualification as an expert and the administration of an oath or affirmation to make a true translation. Rule 605. Competency of Judge as WitnessThe judge presiding at the trial may not testify in that trial as a witness. No objection need be made in order to preserve the point.Rule 606. Competency of Juror as Witness(a) At the trial. A member of the jury may not testify as a witness before that jury in the trial of the case in which the juror is sitting. If the juror is called so to testify, the opposing party shall be afforded an opportunity to object out of the presence of the jury.(b) Inquiry into validity of verdict or indictment. Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury's deliberations or to the effect of anything upon that or any other juror's mind or emotions as influencing the juror to assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning the juror's mental processes in connectiontherewith, except that a juror may testify on the question whether extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury's attention or whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror. Nor may a juror's affidavit or evidence of any statement by the juror concerning a matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying be received for these purposes.Rule 607. Who May ImpeachThe credibility of a witness may be attacked by any party, including the party calling the witness.Rule 608. Evidence of Character and Conduct of Witness(a) Opinion and reputation evidence of character. The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence or otherwise.(b) Specific instances of conduct. Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness' character for truthfulness, other than conviction of crime as provided in rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning the witness' character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or (2) concerning the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness as to which character the witness being cross-examined has testified.The giving of testimony, whether by an accused or by any other witness, does not operate as a waiver of the accused's or the witness' privilege against self-incrimination when examined with respect to matters that relate only to character for truthfulness.Rule 609. Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime(a) General rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness,(1) evidence that a witness other than an accused has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted, subject to Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was convicted, and evidence that an accused has been convicted of such a crime shall be admitted if the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the accused; and(2) evidence that any witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if it involved dishonestly or false statement, regardless of the punishment.(b) Time limit. Evidence of a conviction under this rule is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. However, evidence of a conviction more than 10 years old as calculated herein, is not admissible unless the proponent gives to the adverse party sufficient advance written notice of intent to use such evidence to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to contest the use of such evidence.(c) Effect of pardon, annulment, or certificate of rehabilitation. Evidence of a conviction is not admissible under this rule if (1) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, certificate of rehabilitation, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding of the rehabilitation of the person convicted, and that person has not been convicted of a subsequent crime which was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year, or (2) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding of innocence.(d) Juvenile adjudications. Evidence of juvenile adjudications is generally not admissible under this rule. The court may, however, in a criminal case allow evidence of a juvenile adjudication of a witness other than the accused if conviction of the offense would be admissible to attack the credibility of an adult and the court is satisfied that admission in evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the issue of guilt or innocence.(e) Pendency of appeal. The pendency of an appeal therefrom does not render evidence of a conviction inadmissible. Evidence of the pendency of an appeal is admissible.Rule 610. Religious Beliefs or OpinionsEvidence of the beliefs or opinions of a witness on matters of religion is not admissible for the purpose of showing that by reason of their nature the witness' credibility is impaired or enhanced.Rule 611. Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation(a) Control by court. The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.(b) Scope of cross-examination. Cross-examination should be limited to the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the credibility of the witness. The court may, in the exercise of discretion, permit inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination.(c) Leading questions. Leading questions should not be used on the direct examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop the witness' testimony. Ordinarily leading questions should be permitted on cross-examination. When a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party, interrogation may be by leading questions.Rule 612. Writing Used to Refresh MemoryExcept as otherwise provided in criminal proceedings by section 3500 of title 18, United States Code, if a witness uses a writing to refresh memory for the purpose of testifying, either--(1) while testifying, or(2) before testifying, if the court in its discretion determines it is necessary in the interests of justice,an adverse party is entitled to have the writing produced at the hearing, to inspect it, to cross-examine the witness thereon, and to introduce in evidence those portions which relate to the testimony of the witness. If it is claimed that the writing contains matters not related to the subject matter of the testimony the court shall examine the writing in camera, excise any portions not so related, and order delivery of the remainder to the party entitled thereto. Any portion withheld over objections shall be preserved and made available to the appellate court in the event of an appeal. If a writing is not produced or delivered pursuant to order under this rule, the court shall make any order justice requires, except that in criminal cases when the prosecution elects not to comply, the order shall be one striking the testimony or, if the court in its discretion determines that the interests of justice so require, declaring a mistrial.Rule 613. Prior Statements of Witnesses(a) Examining witness concerning prior statement. In examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by the witness, whether written or not, the statement need not be shown nor its contents disclosed to the witness at that time, but on request the same shall be shown or disclosed to opposing counsel.(b) Extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statement of witness. Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate the witness thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require. This provision does not apply to admissions of a party-opponent as defined inrule 801(d)(2).Rule 614. Calling and Interrogation of Witnesses by Court(a) Calling by court. The court may, on its own motion or at the suggestion of a party, call witnesses, and all parties are entitled to cross-examine witnesses thus called.(b) Interrogation by court. The court may interrogate witnesses, whether called by itself or by a party.(c) Objections. Objections to the calling of witnesses by the court or to interrogation by it may be made at the time or at the next available opportunity when the jury is not present.Rule 615. Exclusion of WitnessesAt the request of a party the court shall order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses, and it may make the order of its own motion. This rule does not authorize exclusion of (1) a party who is a natural person, or (2) an officer or employee of a party which is not a natural person designated as its representative by its attorney, or (3) a person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of the party's cause, or (4) a person authorized by statute to be present.Rule 701. Opinion Testimony by Lay WitnessesIf the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.Rule 702. Testimony by ExpertsIf scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.Rule 703. Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts。
美国联邦证据规则中文版
美国联邦证据规则介绍：首席大法官沃伦于１９６５年任命一个顾问委员会为联邦法院起草证据规则。
该委员会起草的初稿于１９６９年发表以征求意见。
修订稿于１９７１年公布。
１９７２年，联邦最高法院将其命名为《联邦证据规则》，于１９７３年７月１日生效。
道格拉斯大法官持不同意见。
根据有关授权法案，首席大法官伯格将该证据规则提交国会审议，国会将其搁置以作进一步的研究。
经过广泛详尽的研究，国会将该规则作有关修改后颁布为法律。
１９７５年１月２日批准，１９７５年２月１日生效。
这样，联邦证据规则是联邦最高法院制订规则的程序与国会的立法程序相结合的产物。
至少，广泛收集普通法的案例与有关的制订法是同等重要，两者共同构成证据规则演进的背景。
在理解证据规则时，这些立法渊源都必须加以考虑。
-----爱德华特Ｗ．克利瑞美国联邦证据规则第一章一般规定第１０１条适用范围本规则根据第１１０１条规定的范围和例外，适用于在联邦法院、联邦破产法院和联邦治安法院进行的诉讼。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，同年１０月１日生效；１９８８年４月２５日的修改，同年１１月１日生效）第１０２条目的和结构本规则将用以保证公正施行，消除不合理的耗费和延误，促进证据法的发展壮大，以实现确定事实真相，公正处理诉讼。
第１０３条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果除非影响到当事人的实体权利和具有下列情况，否则错误可以不作为采纳或排除证据的依据：（１）异议对于一项采纳证据的裁定，适时提出要求撤消的异议，或申请记录在案并阐明异议的具体理由，如果该理由未能从上下文中显露出来；或者（２）提供证明对于一项排除证据的裁定，可以提供该证据的要旨使法庭了解或者使其从所提问题的内容中显露出来。
（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录法庭可以增加任何与表明证据特征、证据被提供的方式、提出的异议和相关的裁定有关的其他的或进一步的证词，可以指示用提问和回答的方式来提供。
（c）陪审团审理在陪审团审理的情况下，法官将指导诉讼，以防止不能采纳的证据通过各种手段，如作出陈述、提供证明或进行提问等，对陪审团产生影响。
美国联邦证据规则
（二）被害人的品格
(2) Character of alleged victim - In a criminal case, and subject to the limitations imposed by Rule 412, evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the alleged victim offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the alleged victim was the first aggressor;
品格证据的风险
品格证据的例外 被告人的品格 被害人的品格 证人的品格 方法：名声和评价、行为
（一）被告人的品格
第一项例外
FRE404（a）: (1) Character of accused - Evidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or if evidence of a trait of character of the alleged victim of the crime is offered by an accused and admitted under Rule 404 (a)(2), evidence of the same trait of character of the accused offered by the prosecution;
美国证据法上的辨认和鉴真规则
美国证据法上的辨认和鉴真规则徐磊;敖意【摘要】The identification and authentication is a vital rule in American evidence law. All exhibits must be proven to be what they are claimed to be before admitted into evidence, which is called identification and authentication. It is a precondition to admissi- bility of exhibits that imposes the burden of proof on testifier. As a fundamental proof rule, it lays the foundation for litigation proof. Although several approaches of identification and authentication are prescribed in the Federal Rules of Evidence, procedures in judicial practice need categorizing.%展示性证据的辨认和鉴真是美国证据法上的一项重要规则。
在法官采纳展示性证据之前，证据提出者必须证明其所提出的展示性证据就是其所主张的那些东西而不是别的，这一证明过程便是展示性证据的辨认和鉴真，它是展示性证据可采的前提条件。
作为一项旨在为证明奠定基础的证明性规则，辨认和鉴真是证据法向证据提出者施加的一种负担。
尽管美国《联邦证据规则》规定了几种辨认和鉴真的方法，但是在司法实践中却有必要将其类型化，因为辨认和鉴真规则构成诉讼证明之基石。
【期刊名称】《西华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(030)005【总页数】6页(P96-100,112)【关键词】辨认;鉴真;《联邦证据规则》【作者】徐磊;敖意【作者单位】中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088;中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088【正文语种】中文【中图分类】DF713在美国证据法学中，存在着言词性证据与展示性证据之分。
美国证据开示制度的作用、类型与流程
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间内送达被传讯人。 在传讯证人录取证言的过程中，通常由法院指定的速记员充当公证人，
主持宣誓并记录证人的证言。双方当事人律师可以参加这个过程，并且有 权进行询问和交叉询问。在证人作证前，律师们也有权准备问题清单和提 交其他证据。整个程序的目的是收集证据，以用于解决案件。在开庭审理中， 录取的证言通常会被用作审前固定的证据。如果同一证人在开庭时作出与 其之前在证据开示程序中所作证言不符的陈述，对方当事人可以用录取证 言来质疑该证人的可信性。录取证言不仅可以用于质疑证人口头证言的可 信性，还可以作为证据提交给法庭作为案件的定案依据。
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120 法律英语
求方在特定时间内提供所需的证据材料，或者强制其提供与请求方相关的证 据材料。强制证据开示申请可能会导致被请求方承担罚款或其他后果。
在证据开示程序结束后，双方当事人会提交专家报告，包括技术专家、 财务专家和法律专家的报告。这些报告会被用作证据，并可能会被证人质询 和讯问。整个证据开示程序一般历时半年到两年，其间双方还需要相互提交 数百至数千页的文件。在质询证人方面，费用也相当高昂，根据案情不同， 证人的数量也会有所不同，但一个普通证人的质询费用一般在 1 万到 3 万美 元之间。在证据开示期间，如果对方不合作，当事方可以向法院提交“证据 开示动议”（discovery motion）来要求法院干预并处置对方的不合作行为。
在美国民事诉讼中，证据开示的作用主要是让当事人能够获取对方所 持有的证据以及相关信息，以便双方更好地了解案件的事实和法律情况。 通过证据开示程序，当事人可以收集证据、发现证人、明确案件争议点和 调查对方的主张等。这种程序有助于当事人在诉讼过程中减少争议，缩短 诉讼周期，提高诉讼效率。《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》（Federal Rules of Civil Procedure）第 26 至 37 条规定了证据开示的相关程序和规则。
美国联邦刑事诉讼规则
美国联邦刑事诉讼规则美国联邦刑事诉讼规则第一章范围、目的和结构第１条范围本规则适用于按照第５４条（a）款规定在美国法院进行的刑事诉讼，和，当本规则有特别规定时，适用于在联邦治安法院进行的预备诉讼、补充诉讼和特别诉讼，以及在州和地方司法官面前进行的诉讼。
第２条目的和结构本规则旨在为正确处理每一起刑事诉讼提供规则，以保证简化诉讼，公正司法，避免不必要的费用和延缓。
第二章预备诉讼第３条控告控告指包含构成被指控罪行的必要事实的书面陈述。
控告应当在治安法官前经宣誓后提出。
第４条根据控告签发逮捕令或传票（a）签发。
如果控告表明，或者根据提出控告的宣誓书获悉，有合理根据相信有犯罪行为发生并且由被告人所为，应签发逮捕该被告人的令状给法律授权的官员去执行。
根据政府检察官请求，可签发传票代替逮捕令。
根据同一控告，可以签发数张逮捕令或传票。
如果被告人未按照传票要求到案，将签发逮捕令。
（b）合理根据。
确定有无合理根据可以全部或部分基于传闻证据。
（c）形式。
（１）逮捕令。
逮捕令需由治安法官签发，应署明被告人姓名。
如果被告人姓名不详，可写上可据以合理确定被告人身份的名字或描述。
逮捕令中要说明控告中指控被告人的罪名，命令将被告人逮捕并押解至治安法官前。
（２）传票。
传票，除了传唤被告人在指定的时间、地点到治安法官面前接受询问外，形式与逮捕令相同。
（d）执行或送达；回复（１）由谁执行或送达。
逮捕令应由联邦法院执法官或法律授权的其他官员执行。
传票可以由任何在民事诉讼中法律授权送达传票的人来送达。
（２）地域限制。
逮捕令可以在美国司法管辖区内的任何地方执行，传票可以在美国司法管辖区内的任何地方送达。
（３）方式。
逮捕令应通过逮捕被告人来执行。
在逮捕时执行官员不需要持有逮捕令，但当被告人要求时应尽可能迅速向被告人出示逮捕令。
如果执行官员在执行逮捕时未持逮捕令，应告知被告人被指控的罪名和逮捕令上阐述的事实。
传票的送达需亲自向被告人送交传票副本，或者在一些具有适当年龄和判断能力的人员的见证下将传票留在被告人的住所或经常居住地，或者通过向已知被告人最后居住地邮寄传票副本来送达。
Federal Rules Of Evidence(2013)美国联邦证据规则2013版
ARTICLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONSRule 101. Scope; Definitions(a) Scope. These rules apply to proceedings in United States courts. The specific courts and proceedings to which the rules apply, along with exceptions, are set out in Rule 1101.(b) Definitions. In these rules(1)“civil case” means a civil action or proceeding;(2)“criminal case” includes a criminal proceeding;(3)“public office” includes a public agency;(4)“record” includes a memorandum, report, or data c ompilation;(5)a “rule prescribed by the Supreme Court” means a rule adopted by the Supreme Court under statutory authority; and(6)a reference to any kind of written material or any other medium includes electronically stored information.Return To TopRule 102. PurposeThese rules should be construed so as to administer every proceeding fairly, eliminate unjustifiable expense and delay, and promote the development of evidence law, to the end of ascertaining the truth and securing a just determination.Return To TopRule 103. Rulings on Evidence(a) Preserving a Claim of Error. A party may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence only if the error affects a substantial right of the party and:(1) if the ruling admits evidence, a party, on the record:(A) timely objects or moves to strike; and(B) states the specific ground, unless it was apparent from the context; or(2) if the ruling excludes evidence, a party informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance was apparent from the context.(b) Not Needing to Renew an Objection or Offer of Proof. Once the court rules definitively on the record — either before or at trial — a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal.(c) Court’s Statement About the Ruling; Directing an Off er of Proof. The court may make any statement about the character or form of the evidence, the objection made, and the ruling. The court may direct that an offer of proof be made in question-and-answer form.(d) Preventing the Jury from Hearing Inadmissible Evidence. To the extent practicable, the court must conduct a jury trial so that inadmissible evidence is not suggested to the jury by any means.(e) Taking Notice of Plain Error. A court may take notice of a plain error affecting a substantial right, even if the claim of error was not properly preserved.Return To TopRule 104. Preliminary Questions(a) In General. The court must decide any preliminary question about whether a witness is qualified, a privilege exists, or evidence is admissible. In so deciding, the court is not bound by evidence rules, except those on privilege.(b) Relevance That Depends on a Fact. When the relevance of evidence depends on whether a fact exists, proof must be introduced sufficient to support a finding that the fact does exist. The court may admit the proposed evidence on the condition that the proof be introduced later.(c) Conducting a Hearing So That the Jury Cannot Hear It. The court must conduct any hearing ona preliminary question so that the jury cannot hear it if:(1) the hearing involves the admissibility of a confession;(2) a defendant in a criminal case is a witness and so requests; or(3) justice so requires.(d) Cross-Examining a Defendant in a Criminal Case. By testifying on a preliminary question, a defendant in a criminal case does not become subject to cross-examination on other issues in the case.(e) Evidence Relevant to Weight and Credibility. This rule does not limit a party’s right to introduce before the jury evidence that is relevant to the weight or credibility of other evidence.Return To TopRule 105. Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other PurposesIf the court admits evidence that is admissible against a party or for a purpose — but not against another party or for another purpose — the court, on timely request, must restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.Return To TopRule 106. Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded StatementsIf a party introduces all or part of a writing or recorded statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at that time, of any other part — or any other writing or recorded statement — that in fairness ought to be considered at the same time.Return To TopARTICLE II. JUDICIAL NOTICERule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts(a) Scope. This rule governs judicial notice of an adjudicative fact only, not a legislative fact.(b)Kinds of Facts That May Be Judicially Noticed. The court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it:(1)is generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or(2)can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.(c) Taking Notice. The court:(1) may take judicial notice on its own; or(2)must take judicial notice if a party requests it and the court is supplied with the necessary information.(d) Timing. The court may take judicial notice at any stage of the proceeding.(e) Opportunity to Be Heard. On timely request, a party is entitled to be heard on the propriety of taking judicial notice and the nature of the fact to be noticed. If the court takes judicial notice before notifying a party, the party, on request, is still entitled to be heard.(f) Instructing the Jury. In a civil case, the court must instruct the jury to accept the noticed fact as conclusive. In a criminal case, the court must instruct the jury that it may or may not accept the noticed fact as conclusive.Return To TopARTICLE III. PRESUMPTIONS IN CIVIL CASESRule 301. Presumptions in Civil Actions GenerallyIn a civil case, unless a federal statute or these rules provide otherwise, the party against whom a presumption is directed has the burden of producing evidence to rebut the presumption. But this rule does not shift the burden of persuasion, which remains on the party who had it originally.Return To TopRule 302. Applying State Law to Presumptions in Civil CasesIn a civil case, state law governs the effect of a presumption regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies the rule of decision.Return To TopARTICLE IV. RELEVANCE AND ITS LIMITSRule 401. Test for Relevant EvidenceEvidence is relevant if:(a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and(b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.Return To TopRule 402. General Admissibility of Relevant EvidenceRelevant evidence is admissible unless any of the following provides otherwise:•the United States Constitution;• a federal statute;•these rules; or•other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court.Irrelevant evidence is not admissible.Return To TopRule 403. Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other ReasonsThe court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.Return To TopRule 404. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts(a) Character Evidence.(1) Prohibited Uses.Evidence of a person’s character or character trait is not admissible to prove that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character or trait.(2) Exceptions for a Defendant or Victim in a Criminal Case. The following exceptions apply in a criminal case:(A)a defendant may offer evidence of the defendant’s pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted, the prosecutor may offer evidence to rebut it;(B)subject to the limitations in Rule 412, a defendant may offer evidence of an alleged victim’s pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted, the prosecutor may:(i) offer evidence to rebut it; and(ii)offer evidence of the defendant’s same trait; and(C)in a homicide case, the prosecutor may offer evidence of the alleged victim’s trait of peacefulness to rebut evidence that the victim was the first aggressor.(3) Exceptions for a Witness.Evidence of a witness’s character may be admitted under Rules 607, 608, and 609.(b) Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts.(1) Prohibited Uses.Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.(2) Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case. This evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. On request by a defendant in a criminal case, the prosecutor must:(A) provide reasonable notice of the general nature of any such evidence that the prosecutor intends to offer at trial; and(B) do so before trial — or during trial if the court, for good cause, excuses lack of pretrial notice.Return To TopRule 405. Methods of Proving Character(a) By Reputation or Opinion. When evidence of a person’s character or character trait is admissible, it may be proved by testimony about the person’s reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination of the character witness, the court may allow an inquiry into relevant specific instances of the person’s conduct.(b) By Specific Instances of Conduct.When a person’s character or character trait is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, the character or trait may also be proved by relevant specific instances of the p erson’s conduct.Return To TopRule 406. Habit; Routine PracticeEvidence of a person’s habit or an organization’s routine practice may be admitted to prove th at on a particular occasion the person or organization acted in accordance with the habit or routine practice. The court may admit this evidence regardless of whether it is corroborated or whether there was an eyewitness.Return To TopRule 407. Subsequent Remedial MeasuresWhen measures are taken that would have made an earlier injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove:•negligence;•culpable conduct;• a defect in a product or its design; or• a need for a warning or instruction.But the court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as impeachment or — if disputed —proving ownership, control, or the feasibility of precautionary measures.Return To TopRule 408. Compromise Offers and Negotiations(a) Prohibited uses. Evidence of the following is not admissible — on behalf of any party — either to prove or disprove the validity or amount of a disputed claim or to impeach by a prior inconsistent statement or a contradiction:(1) furnishing, promising, or offering — or accepting, promising to accept, or offering to accept — a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise the claim; and(2)conduct or a statement made during compromise negotiations about the claim —except when offered in a criminal case and when the negotiations related to a claim by a public office in the exercise of its regulatory, investigative, or enforcement authority.(b) Exceptions.The court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as proving a witness’s bias or prejudice, negating a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution.Return To TopRule 409. Offers to Pay Medical and Similar ExpensesEvidence of furnishing, promising to pay, or offering to pay medical, hospital, or similar expenses resulting from an injury is not admissible to prove liability for the injury.Return To TopRule 410. Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements(a) Prohibited Uses. In a civil or criminal case, evidence of the following is not admissible against the defendant who made the plea or participated in the plea discussions:(1) a guilty plea that was later withdrawn;(2) a nolo contendere plea;(3) a statement made during a proceeding on either of those pleas under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 or a comparable state procedure; or(4) a statement made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting authority if the discussions did not result in a guilty plea or they resulted in a later-withdrawn guilty plea.(b) Exceptions. The court may admit a statement described in Rule 410(a)(3) or (4):(1) in any proceeding in which another statement made during the same plea or plea discussions has been introduced, if in fairness the statements ought to be considered together; or(2) in a criminal proceeding for perjury or false statement, if the defendant made the statement under oath, on the record, and with counsel present.Return To TopRule 411. Liability InsuranceEvidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible to prove whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. But the court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as proving a witness’s bias or prejudice or proving agency, ownership, or contro l.Return To TopRule 412. Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim’s Sexual Behavior or Predisposition(a) Prohibited Uses. The following evidence is not admissible in a civil or criminal proceeding involving alleged sexual misconduct:(1) evidence offered to prove that a victim engaged in other sexual behavior; or(2) evidence offered to prove a victim's sexual predisposition.(b) Exceptions.(1) Criminal Cases. The court may admit the following evidence in a criminal case:(A)evidence of specific instances of a victim’s sexual behavior, if offered to prove that someone other than the defendant was the source of semen, injury, or other physical evidence;(B) evidence of specific instances of a victim’s sexual behavior with respect to the person accused of the sexual misconduct, if offered by the defendant to prove consent or if offered by the prosecutor; and(C)evidence whose exclusion would violate the defendant’s c onstitutional rights.(2) Civil Cases.In a civil case, the court may admit evidence offered to prove a victim’s sexual behavior or sexual predisposition if its probative value substantially outweighs the danger of harm to any victim and of unfair prejudic e to any party. The court may admit evidence of a victim’s reputation only if the victim has placed it in controversy.(c) Procedure To Determine Admissibility.(1) Motion. If a party intends to offer evidence under Rule 412(b), the party must:(A) file a motion that specifically describes the evidence and states the purpose for which it is to be offered;(B) do so at least 14 days before trial unless the court, for good cause, sets a different time;(C) serve the motion on all parties; and(D) notify the victim or, when appropriate, the victim’s guardian or representative.(2) Hearing. Before admitting evidence under this rule, the court must conduct an in camera hearing and give the victim and parties a right to attend and be heard. Unless the court orders otherwise, the motion, related materials, and the record of the hearing must be and remain sealed.(d) Definition of “Victim.”In this rule, “victim” includes an alleged victim.Return To TopRule 413. Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases(a) Permitted Uses. In a criminal case in which a defendant is accused of a sexual assault, the court may admit evidence that the defendant committed any other sexual assault. The evidence may be considered on any matter to which it is relevant.(b) Disclosure to the Defendant. If the prosecutor intends to offer this evidence, the prosecutor must disclose it to the defendant, including witnesses’ statements or a summary o f the expected testimony. The prosecutor must do so at least 15 days before trial or at a later time that the court allows for good cause.(c) Effect on Other Rules. This rule does not limit the admission or consideration of evidence under any other rule.(d) Definition of “Sexual Assault.”In this rule and Rule 415, “sexual assault” means a crime under federal law or under state law (as “state” is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 513) involving:(1) any conduct prohibited by 18 U.S.C. chapter 109A;(2) contact, wit hout consent, between any part of the defendant’s body — or an object — and another person’s genitals or anus;(3)contact, without consent, between the defendant’s genitals or anus and any part of another person’s body;(4)deriving sexual pleasure or gratification from inflicting death, bodily injury, or physical pain on another person; or(5) an attempt or conspiracy to engage in conduct described in subparagraphs (1)-(4).Return To TopRule 414. Similar Crimes in Child-Molestation Cases(a) Permitted Uses. In a criminal case in which a defendant is accused of child molestation, the court may admit evidence that the defendant committed any other child molestation. The evidence may be considered on any matter to which it is relevant.(b) Disclosure to the Defendant. If the prosecutor intends to offer this evidence, the prosecutor must disclose it to the defendant, including witnesses’ statements or a summary of the expected testimony. The prosecutor must do so at least 15 days before trial or at a later time that the court allows for good cause.(c) Effect on Other Rules. This rule does not limit the admission or consideration of evidence under any other rule.(d) Definition of “Child” and “Child Molestation.” In this rule and Rule 415:(1)“child” means a person below the age of 14; and(2)“child molestation” means a crime under federal law or under state law (as “state” is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 513) involving:(A) any conduct prohibited by 18 U.S.C. chapter 109A and committed with a child;(B) any conduct prohibited by 18 U.S.C. chapter 110;(C)contact between any part of the defendant’s body — or an object —and a child’s genitals or anus;(D) contact bet ween the defendant’s genitals or anus and any part of a child’s body;(E) deriving sexual pleasure or gratification from inflicting death, bodily injury, or physical pain on a child; or(F) an attempt or conspiracy to engage in conduct described in subparagraphs (A)–(E).Return To TopRule 415. Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation(a) Permitted Uses. (a)In a civil case invo lving a claim for relief based on a party’s alleged sexual assault or child molestation, the court may admit evidence that the party committed any other sexual assault or child molestation. The evidence may be considered as provided in Rules 413 and 414.(b) Disclosure to the Opponent. If a party intends to offer this evidence, the party must disclose it to the party against whom it will be offered, including witnesses’ statements or a summary of the expectedtestimony. The party must do so at least 15 days before trial or at a later time that the court allows for good cause.(c) Effect on Other Rules. This rule does not limit the admission or consideration of evidence under any other rule.Return To TopARTICLE V. PRIVILEGESRule 501. Privileges in GeneralThe common law —as interpreted by United States courts in the light of reason and experience —governs a claim of privilege unless any of the following provides otherwise:•the United States Constitution;• a federal statute; or•rules prescribed by the Supreme Court.But in a civil case, state law governs privilege regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies the rule of decision.Return To TopRule 502. Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on WaiverThe following provisions apply, in the circumstances set out, to disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection.a.Disclosure Made in a Federal Proceeding or to a Federal Office or Agency; Scopeof a Waiver. When the disclosure is made in a federal proceeding or to a federal office or agency and waives the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection, the waiver extends to an undisclosed communication or information in a federal or state proceeding only if:1.the waiver is intentional;2.the disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the samesubject matter; and3.they ought in fairness to be considered together.b.Inadvertent Disclosure. When made in a federal proceeding or to a federal office oragency, the disclosure does not operate as a waiver in a federal or state proceeding if:1.the disclosure is inadvertent;2.the holder of the privilege or protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure;and3.the holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including (ifapplicable) following Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(5)(B).c.Disclosure Made in a State Proceeding. When the disclosure is made in a stateproceeding and is not the subject of a state-court order concerning waiver, the disclosure does not operate as a waiver in a federal proceeding if the disclosure:1.would not be a waiver under this rule if it had been made in a federal proceeding;or2.is not a waiver under the law of the State where the disclosure occurred.d.Controlling Effect of a Court Order. A federal court may order that the privilege orprotection is not waived by disclosure connected with the litigation pending before the court--in which event the disclosure is also not a waiver in any other federal or state proceeding.e.Controlling Effect of a Party Agreement. An agreement on the effect of disclosure in afederal proceeding is binding only on the parties to the agreement, unless it is incorporated into a court order.f.Controlling Effect of This Rule. Notwithstanding Rules 101 and 1101, this rule appliesto state proceedings and to federal court-annexed and federal court-mandated arbitration proceedings, in the circumstances set out in the rule. And notwithstanding Rule 501, this rule applies even if State law provides the rule of decision.g.Definitions. In this rule:1."attorney-client privilege" means the protection that applicable law provides forconfidential attorney-client communications; and2."work-product protection" means the protection that applicable law provides fortangible material (or its intangible equivalent) prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial." Return To TopARTICLE VI. WITNESSESRule 601. Competency to Testify in GeneralEvery person is competent to be a witness unless these rules provide otherwise. But in a civil case, state law governs the witness’s competency regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies the rule of decision.Return To TopRule 602. Need for Personal KnowledgeA witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness' own testimony. This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 703, relating to opinion testimony by expert witnesses..Return To TopRule 603. Oath or Affirmation to Testify TruthfullyBefore testifying, a witness must give an oath or affirmation to testify truthfully. It must be in a form designed to impress that duty on the witness’s conscience.Return To TopRule 604. InterpreterAn interpreter must be qualified and must give an oath or affirmation to make a true translation.Return To TopRule 605. Judge’s Competency as a WitnessThe presiding judge may not testify as a witness at the trial. A party need not object to preserve the issue.Return To TopRule 606. Juror’s Competency as a Witness(a) At the Trial. A juror may not testify as a witness before the other jurors at the trial. If a juror is called to testify, the court must give a party an opportunity to object outside the jury’s presence.(b) During an Inquiry into the Validity of a Verdict or Indictment.(1) Prohibited Testimony or Other Evidence.During an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not te stify about any statement made or incident that occurred during the jury’s deliberations; the effect of anything on that juror’s or another juror’s vote; or any juror’s mental processes concerning the verdict or indictment. The court may not receive a juro r’s affidavit or evidence of a juror’s statement on these matters.(2) Exceptions. A juror may testify about whether:(A)extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention;(B) an outside influence was improperly brought to bear on any juror; or(C) a mistake was made in entering the verdict on the verdict form.Return To TopRule 607. Who May Impeach a WitnessAny party, inclu ding the party that called the witness, may attack the witness’s credibility.Return To TopRule 608. A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness(a) Reputation or Opinion Evidence. A witness’s credibility may be attacked or supported by testimony about the witness’s reputation for having a character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or by testimony in the form of an opinion about that character. But evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the witness’s character for truthfulness has been attacked.(b) Specific Instances of Conduct.Except for a criminal conviction under Rule 609, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to prove specific instances of a witness’s conduct in order to attack or support the witness’s character for truthfulness. But the court may, on cross-examination, allow them to be inquired into if they are probative of the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of: (1) the witness; or(2) another witness whose character the witness being cross-examined has testified about.By testifying on another matter, a witness does not waive any privilege against self-incrimination for testimony that relates only to the witn ess’s character for truthfulness.Return To TopRule 609. Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction(a) In General. The following rules apply to attack ing a witness’s character for truthfulness by evidence of a criminal conviction:(1) for a crime that, in the convicting jurisdiction, was punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year, the evidence:(A) must be admitted, subject to Rule 403, in a civil case or in a criminal case in which the witness is not a defendant; and(B) must be admitted in a criminal case in which the witness is a defendant, if the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to that defendant; and(2) for any crime regardless of the punishment, the evidence must be admitted if the court can readily determine that establishing the elements of the crime required proving — o r the witness’s admitting — a dishonest act or false statement.(b) Limit on Using the Evidence After 10 Years. This subdivision (b) applies if more than 10 years have passed since the witness’s conviction or release from confinement for it, whichever is l ater. Evidence of the conviction is admissible only if:(1)its probative value, supported by specific facts and circumstances, substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect; and。
证据规则的法典化美国《联邦证据规则》的制定及对我国证据立法的启示
美国《联邦证据规则》的主要内 容
美国《联邦证据规则》的主要内容
美国《联邦证据规则》主要涉及证据的种类、证明标准、传闻证据等方面。 在证据种类方面，美国《联邦证据规则》详细规定了各类证据的效力、采纳 标准和排除规则。其中，比较有代表性的包括传闻证据、品格证据和类似事实证 据等。
美国《联邦证据规则》的主要内容
在证明标准方面，美国《联邦证据规则》采用了“排除合理怀疑”的标准。 根据这一标准，公诉方必须排除所有合理的疑问，使陪审团能够确信被告人的罪 行。
美国《联邦证据规则》的主要内容
在传闻证据方面，美国《联邦证据规则》规定，传闻证据必须是在法庭上直 接感知或由在场证人转述的证据，以区别于书面材料或第二手证据。
证据规则的法典化：美国《联邦证据规则》的制定及对我国证据立法的启示 在法律诉讼中，证据的收集和采纳是决定案件结果的关键环节。在这个过程 中，证据规则发挥着至关重要的作用。美国《联邦证据规则》作为全球范围内最 具影响力的证据规则之一，对我国证据立法的启示具有重要意义。
内容摘要
本次演示将详细介绍美国《联邦证据规则》的制定背景、内容、特点及其对 全球证据立法的启示，并针对我国证据立法的不足之处提出相应的解决方案。
五、我国证据立法的不足之处及解决方案
此外，我国证据立法还需要进一步细化。虽然已经有一些基本的证据规则， 但是在一些具体问题上仍然存在模糊和不明确的地方。我们可以借鉴美国《联邦 证据规则》中对于各种证据的采纳标准和程序的规定，对我国证据立法进行进一 步完善，使其更加明确、具体、有针对性。
五、我国证据立法的不足之处及解决方案
总之，美国《联邦证据规则》作为全球最具影响力的证据规则之一，其制定 背景、内容、特点以及对全球证据立法的启示，都值得我们深入研究和借鉴。对 于我国来说，完善证据立法需要不断努力，借鉴国际先进经验并结合自身实际情 况，以制定出更加符合我国国情的证据法律体系。
美国联邦证据规则中文版
美国联邦证据规则介绍:首席大法官沃伦于1965年任命一个顾问委员会为联邦法院起草证据规则。
该委员会起草的初稿于1969年发表以征求意见。
修订稿于1971年公布。
1972年,联邦最高法院将其命名为《联邦证据规则》,于1973年7月1日生效。
道格拉斯大法官持不同意见。
根据有关授权法案,首席大法官伯格将该证据规则提交国会审议,国会将其搁置以作进一步的研究。
经过广泛详尽的研究,国会将该规则作有关修改后颁布为法律。
1975年1月2日批准,1975年2月1日生效。
这样,联邦证据规则是联邦最高法院制订规则的程序与国会的立法程序相结合的产物。
至少,广泛收集普通法的案例与有关的制订法是同等重要,两者共同构成证据规则演进的背景。
在理解证据规则时,这些立法渊源都必须加以考虑。
-----爱德华特W.克利瑞美国联邦证据规则第一章一般规定第101条适用范围本规则根据第1101条规定的范围和例外,适用于在联邦法院、联邦破产法院和联邦治安法院进行的诉讼。
(根据1987年3月2日的修改,同年10月1日生效;1988年4月25日的修改,同年11月1日生效)第102条目的和结构本规则将用以保证公正施行,消除不合理的耗费和延误,促进证据法的发展壮大,以实现确定事实真相,公正处理诉讼。
第103条关于证据的裁定(a)错误裁定的后果除非影响到当事人的实体权利和具有下列情况,否则错误可以不作为采纳或排除证据的依据:(1)异议对于一项采纳证据的裁定,适时提出要求撤消的异议,或申请记录在案并阐明异议的具体理由,如果该理由未能从上下文中显露出来;或者(2)提供证明对于一项排除证据的裁定,可以提供该证据的要旨使法庭了解或者使其从所提问题的内容中显露出来。
(b)关于提供证据和裁定的记录法庭可以增加任何与表明证据特征、证据被提供的方式、提出的异议和相关的裁定有关的其他的或进一步的证词,可以指示用提问和回答的方式来提供。
(c)陪审团审理在陪审团审理的情况下,法官将指导诉讼,以防止不能采纳的证据通过各种手段,如作出陈述、提供证明或进行提问等,对陪审团产生影响。
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美国联邦证据规则介绍：首席大法官沃伦于１９６５年任命一个顾问委员会为联邦法院起草证据规则。
该委员会起草的初稿于１９６９年发表以征求意见。
修订稿于１９７１年公布。
１９７２年，联邦最高法院将其命名为《联邦证据规则》，于１９７３年７月１日生效。
道格拉斯大法官持不同意见。
根据有关授权法案，首席大法官伯格将该证据规则提交国会审议，国会将其搁置以作进一步的研究。
经过广泛详尽的研究，国会将该规则作有关修改后颁布为法律。
１９７５年１月２日批准，１９７５年２月１日生效。
这样，联邦证据规则是联邦最高法院制订规则的程序与国会的立法程序相结合的产物。
至少，广泛收集普通法的案例与有关的制订法是同等重要，两者共同构成证据规则演进的背景。
在理解证据规则时，这些立法渊源都必须加以考虑。
-----爱德华特Ｗ．克利瑞美国联邦证据规则第一章一般规定第１０１条适用范围本规则根据第１１０１条规定的范围和例外，适用于在联邦法院、联邦破产法院和联邦治安法院进行的诉讼。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，同年１０月１日生效；１９８８年４月２５日的修改，同年１１月１日生效）第１０２条目的和结构本规则将用以保证公正施行，消除不合理的耗费和延误，促进证据法的发展壮大，以实现确定事实真相，公正处理诉讼。
第１０３条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果除非影响到当事人的实体权利和具有下列情况，否则错误可以不作为采纳或排除证据的依据：（１）异议对于一项采纳证据的裁定，适时提出要求撤消的异议，或申请记录在案并阐明异议的具体理由，如果该理由未能从上下文中显露出来；或者（２）提供证明对于一项排除证据的裁定，可以提供该证据的要旨使法庭了解或者使其从所提问题的内容中显露出来。
（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录法庭可以增加任何与表明证据特征、证据被提供的方式、提出的异议和相关的裁定有关的其他的或进一步的证词，可以指示用提问和回答的方式来提供。
（c）陪审团审理在陪审团审理的情况下，法官将指导诉讼，以防止不能采纳的证据通过各种手段，如作出陈述、提供证明或进行提问等，对陪审团产生影响。
（d）显见错误本规则不妨碍对涉及实体权利的显见错误提请注意，虽然这些显见错误未引起法庭注意。
第１０４条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问关于证人资格、存在（拒绝作证的）特权或证据可采性的初步询问将由法庭决定，适用下述（b）款的规定。
除涉及特权的问题外，法庭作出决定时不受证据规则的限制。
（b）以事实为条件的相关性当证据的相关性依赖于满足一定的事实条件时，在介绍足以确定具备该事实条件的证据后，法庭应采纳该证据。
（c）陪审团审理在所有案件中，有关（被告人）自白的可采性的审理将避开陪审团。
审理其他初步事项时，出于公正利益的考虑，或者当被告人作证时提出这样的请求，也可以避开陪审团。
（d）被告人作证当被告人对初步事项作证时，与案件中其他争议不同，不适用交叉询问。
（e）重要性和可信性本规则不限制当事人在陪审团面前介绍与重要性或可信性相关的证据的权利。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，１９８７年１０月１日生效）第１０５条有限的可采性如果证据对于一方当事人或出于一种目的可以采纳，而对于他方当事人或出于另一种目的不能采纳，当这种证据被采纳时，法庭根据请求，应将该证据限制在适当的范围，并相应对陪审团作出指示。
第１０６条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分当一份书面证词或录音证词，或其中一部分由一方当事人出示时，他方当事人可以请求同时出示该书面证词或录音证词的剩余部分，或者任何其他出于公正立场应予考虑同时出示的书面证词或录音证词。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，１９８７年１０月１日生效）第二章司法认知第２０１条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围本条规则仅适用于关于裁判事实的司法认知。
（b）事实种类适用司法认知的事实必须不属于合理争议的范畴，即：（１）在审判法院管辖范围内众所周知的事实；或（２）能够被准确地确认和随时可借助某种手段加以确认，该手段的准确性不容被合理质疑。
（c）任意采用无论被请求与否，法庭可以采用司法认知。
（d）强制采用如果当事人提出请求并辅之以必要的资料，法庭应当采用司法认知。
（e）被听证的机会对于采用司法认知是否妥当和关于认知的要旨，当事人有权及时请求给予听证的机会。
在未事先通知的情况下，可以在司法认知作出后提出这样的请求。
（f）采用司法认知的时间在诉讼的任何阶段都可以采用司法认知。
（g）指示陪审团在民事诉讼中，法庭应指示陪审团将业经认知的事实作为结论性事实采纳。
在刑事诉讼中，法庭应指示陪审团可以（但不要求这样做）将业经司法认知的事实作为结论性事实采纳。
第３０１条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定在所有民事诉讼中，除国会制定法或本证据规则另有规定外，一项推定赋予其针对的当事人举证反驳或满足该推定的责任，但未向该当事人转移未履行说服责任即需承担风险意义上的证明责任。
该证明责任仍由在审判过程中原先承担的当事人承担。
第３０２条民事诉讼中州法的适用性在民事诉讼中，作为主张或辩解内容的事实如果适用州法确定，那么对于该事实的推定的效力依据州法规定。
第４０１条“相关证据”的定义“相关证据”指证据具有某种倾向，使决定某项在诉讼中待确认的争议事实的存在比没有该项证据时更有可能或更无可能。
第４０２条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳所有具有相关性的证据均可采纳，但美国宪法、国会立法、本证据规则以及联邦最高法院根据立法授权确立的其他规则另有规定的除外。
没有相关性的证据不能采纳。
第４０３条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据证据虽然具有相关性，但可能导致不公正的偏见、混淆争议或误导陪审团的危险大于该证据可能具有的价值时，或者考虑到过分拖延、浪费时间或无需出示重复证据时，也可以不采纳。
第４０４条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定有关某人品格或品格特征的证据，不能用以证明该人在某特定场合的行为与其品格或品格特征相一致。
下列情况除外：（１）被告人的品格由被告人提供的证明其有关品格特征的证据，或者由起诉方提供反驳被告人品格的证据；（２）被害人的品格由被告人提供的关于被害人品格的证据，或者由起诉方提供来反驳被告人所举关于被害人品格的证据，或者在杀人案件中起诉方为反驳证明被害人先动手的证据而提供的证明被害人一贯性格平和的证据；（３）证人的品格关于证人品格的证据，适用第６０７、６０８和６０９条的规定。
（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为关于其他犯罪、错误或行为的证据不能用来证明某人的品格以说明其行为的一贯性。
但是，如果出于其他目的，如证明动机、机会、意图、预备、计划、知识、身份，或缺乏过失，或意外事件等，可以采纳。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，同年１０月１日生效）第４０５条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价在所有允许采纳有关某人品格证据的案件中，由提供关于名声的证言或者以评价方式作出的证言来进行证明。
在交叉询问中，允许对相关的特定行为实例进行质询。
（b）特定行为实例当关于某人的品格或一贯品行成为一项指控、主张或辩护中至关重要部分时，可以举出该人的特定行为实例加以证明。
第４０６条习惯；日常工作关于某人的习惯或某组织日常工作的证据，不管是否业经证实，也不管是否有目击证人在场，对于证明该人或该组织在特定场合或时刻的行为与其习惯或日常工作一致，是相关的。
第４０７条随后的补救措施当一起事件发生后采取了那些如果事先采取很可能会避免该事件发生的措施时，关于这些事后补救措施的证据不能采纳来证明与该事件相联系的过失或应受处罚的行为。
本规则不要求排除为其他目的而提供证明采取随后措施的证据，如为证明所有权、控制权或者预防措施的可行性，如果这些遭到辩驳或异议的话。
第４０８条和解和要求和解关于在对一项诉讼主张进行和解或企图和解的过程中，（１）提出、表示或允诺提出；（２）接受，表示或允诺接受，一项有价值的考虑的证据，当该诉讼主张的效力或数额引起争议时，不能作为证明对该诉讼主张无效或其数额负有责任的证据采纳。
有关在和解谈判中所作行为或陈述的证据同样也不能采纳。
本规则并不要求对通过其他途径可能发现的证据，仅仅因其在和解谈判中出示便加以排除。
本规则同样不要求，当上述证据为其他目的出示时，如证明某证人有偏见，否认意图不正当拖延诉讼或阻碍刑事侦查、起诉等，也加以排除。
第４０９条支付医疗或类似费用关于支付、表示或允诺支付因伤害而引起的医疗、住院或类似费用的证据，不能作为证明对伤害负有责任的证据采纳。
第４１０条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳除本规则另有规定外，下列证据在任何民事和刑事诉讼中不能作为不利于作过答辩或参加过答辩讨论的被告的证据而采纳：（１）曾作有罪答辩后来又撤回；（２）作不愿辩解又不承认有罪的答辩；（３）在根据联邦刑事诉讼规则第１１条或类似的州程序进行的诉讼中作出以上答辩的陈述；或者（４）在答辩讨论中对代表控诉方的律师所作的陈述，该答辩讨论并未产生被告作有罪答辩的结果，或者被告作有罪答辩后又撤回。
但是，此种陈述在以下情况可以采纳：（i）其他在同一答辩或答辩讨论中所作的陈述在诉讼中已经被提供，而本陈述应被公正地认为是与该陈述同时产生的；（ii）在对伪证或虚假陈述进行的刑事诉讼中，如果本陈述是被告在宣誓后、经记录在案或律师在场的情况下作出的。
（根据１９７９年４月３０日的修改，１９８０年１２月１日生效）第４１１条责任保险关于某人曾经或者未曾进行责任保险的证据，不能采纳来证明该人是否行为有疏忽或其他过失的争议。
本规则不要求有关责任保险的证据在为其他目的出示时，如证明代理、所有权或占有、证人有偏见或不公正等，也加以排除。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，１９８７年１０月１日生效）第４１２条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关（a）不管法律有何其他规定，在被指控犯有美国法典第１８编第１０９章所规定罪行的刑事案件中，关于所谓被害人过去性行为方面的名声或评价的证据，一律不予采纳。
（b）不管法律有何其他规定，在被指控犯有美国法典第１８编第１０９章所规定罪行的刑事案件中，关于所谓被害人过去性行为方面的证据，尽管不是涉及名声或评价的证据，除以下情况外，同样也不能采纳：（１）根据本条（c）（１）和（c）（２）规定可以允许和根据宪法要求可以允许的；或者（２）根据（c）规定被允许，并且属于下列证据：（A）证明与被告人以外的其他人曾有过性行为的证据，由被告人针对被告人是否对所谓被害人有性行为或伤害的争议而提供；或者（B）证明与被告人过去有过性行为的证据，由被告人针对所谓被害人是否同意与被告人进行被控犯罪的性行为的争议而提供。
（C）（１）如果被指控犯有美国法典第１８编第１０９章所规定罪行的被告人根据（b）规定意图提供关于所谓被害人过去性行为方面的证据时，至迟需在确定的审判期日十五日前提出书面申请，要求在审判中出示此证据。