有机化学专业英语精选ppt

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有机化学英文课件chapter7共42页

7-12
Allene
u Allene: a compound containing a C=C=C group
• the simplest allene is 1,2-propadiene, commonly named allene
7-13
Allenes
• most allenes are less stable than their isomeric alkynes, and are generally only minor products in alkyne-forming dehydrohalogenation reactions
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-16
Addition of HX
u Alkynes undergo regioselective addition of either
1 or 2 moles of HX, depending on the ratios in
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-11
Preparation from Alkenes
• a side product may be an allene, a compound
containing adjacent carbon-carbon double bonds,
is n o t su p p o rted
7-5
Acidity
u The pKa of acetylene and terminal alkynes is approximately 25, which makes them stronger acids than ammonia but weaker acids than alcohols (Section 4.1)

有机化学英文原版ppt

Number of Covalent Bonds to an Atom Atoms with one, two, or three valence electrons form one, two, or three bonds Atoms with four or more valence electrons form as many bonds as they need electrons to fill the s and p levels of their valence shells to reach a stable octet
1.1 Atomic Structure
Structure of an atom
Positively charged nucleus (very dense, protons and neutrons) and smal (10-15 m) ฀ Negatively charged electrons are in a cloud (10-10 m) around nucleus Diameter is about 2 × 10-10 m (200 picometers (pm)) [the unit angstrom (Å) is 10-10 m = 100 pm]
1.5 The Nature of the Chemical Bond
Atoms form bonds because the compound that results is more stable than the separate atoms Ionic bonds in salts form as a result of electron transfers Organic compounds have covalent bonds from sharing electrons (G. N. Lewis, 1916) Lewis structures shown valence electrons of an atom as dots Hydrogen has one dot, representing its 1s electron Carbon has four dots (2s2 2p2) Stable molecule results at completed shell, octet (eight dots) for main-group atoms (two for hydrogen)

有机化学英文课件chapter10 共74页PPT资料

10-6
Nomenclature of Alcohols
u Unsaturated alcohols
• show the double bond by changing the infix from -anto -en-
• show the the OH group by the suffix -ol • number the chain to give OH the lower number
hybridized carbon
M acintosh PICT
• bond angles about the hydroxyl oxygen atom are approximately 109.5°
im age form at is not supported
u Oxygen is sp3 hybridized
• ethanol forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds which increase attractive forces between its molecules resulting in a higher boiling point
• there is no comparable attractive force between molecules of dimethyl ether
10-14
Acidity of Alcohols
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
10-15
Acidity of Alcohols
u Acidity depends primarily on the degree of stabilization and solvation of the alkoxide ion

有机化学英文课件chapter6-78页PPT精选文档

Energy Diagrams
u Energy diagram: a graph showing the changes in energy that occur during a chemical reaction
u Reaction coordinate: a measure in the change in positions of atoms during a reaction
• Markovnikov’s rule: in the addition of HX, H2O, or ROH to an alkene, H adds to the carbon of the double bond having the greater number of hydrogens
6-16
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• exergonic reaction: a reaction in which the Gibbs free energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants; the position of equilibrium for an exergonic reaction favors products
M a c in to s h P IC T im ag e fo rm at
is n o t su p p o rted
6-4
Reaction Mechanisms
u A reaction mechanism describes how a reaction occurs
• which bonds are broken and which new ones are formed

有机化学英文课件chapter13-精品文档

• 1H is approximately 0.120 J (0.0286 cal)/mol, which corresponds to electromagnetic radiation of 300 MHz (300,000,000 Hz) • 13C is approximately 0.030 J (0.00715 cal)/mol, which corresponds to electromagnetic radiation of 75MHz (75,000,000 Hz)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Chapter 13
Macintosh PICT M a c in to s h P IC T image a g e form fo rm aat t im is n o t s u p p o rte d is not supported
13-2
13-7
Nuclear Spin strength of 7.05T, which is readily available with present-day superconducting electromagnets, the difference in energy between nuclear spin states for
13-6
Nuclear Spins in B0
• for 1H and 13C, only two orientations are allowed
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t is n o t s u p p o rte d
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t is n o t s u p p o rte d

有机化学英文课件chapter8-PPT文档资料52页

s u p p o r te d
• hydrocarbons in which all hydrogens are replaced by halogens are commonly named as perhaloalkanes or perhaloalkenes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
u All liquid bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes are more dense than water
u Di- and polyhalogenated alkanes are more dense than water
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
• in haloalkenes, number the parent chain to give carbon atoms of the double bond the lower set of numbers
8-4
Nomenclature
• examples M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t is n o t s u p p o rte d
M acintosh P IC T
Chapter 8 M a c in to s h P IC T
im age form at is not supported
8-2
Structure
u Haloalkane (alkyl halide): a compound containing a halogen covalently bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon; given the symbol RX

有机化学英文chapter(2)幻灯片

Macintosh PICT image format
is not supported
• because water is a stronger acid than terminal alkynes, hydroxide ion is not a strong enough base to convert a terminal alkyne to an alkyne anion
image format is not supported
7-8
Alkylation of Alkyne Anions
• alkylation of alkyne anions is the most convenient method for the synthesis of terminal alkynes
is not supported
7-16
Addition of HX
Alkynes undergo regioselective addition of
either 1 or 2 moles of HX, depending on the
ratios in which the alkyne and halogen acid
Addition of borane to an internal alkyne gives a trialkenylborane
• addition is syn stereoselective
Macintosh PICT image format
is not supported
7-20
Hydroboration
- HBr R A haloalkene (a vinylic halide)

有机化学专业英语

烷基Alkyl [ˈælkil]芳基aryl [ˈæril]甲基methyl [ˈmeθil]亚甲基methylene[ˈmeθili:n]乙基ethyl [ˈeθil,ˈeθəl]丙基propyl [ˈprəupil]异丙基isopropyl [ˌaisəuˈprəupil]丁基butyl [ˈbju:til]戊基pentyl [ˈpentil]己基hexyl [ˈheksil]庚基heptyl [ˈheptil]辛基octyl [ˈɔktəl]壬基nonyl [ˈnɔnil]奎基decyl ['desəl][di:'s i l]叔丁基tert-butyl异丁基iso-butyl环戊基cyclopentyl []环己基cyclohexyl []甲氧基methoxyl ['metɒksɪl]乙氧基ethoxyl [eˈθɔksil]丁氧基butoxyl酰基acyl[ˈæsil]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ:mil]乙酰基acetyl [ˈæsitil]乙烯基vinyl [ˈvaɪnəl]或ethenyl丁烯基butenyl [ˈbjutənil]己烯基hexenyl庚烯基heptenyl [ˈheptəˌnil]烯丙基allyl [ˈælil]乙炔基ethinyl [eˈθainil] 或alkynyl 硝基nitro [ˈnaitrəu]亚硝基nitroso [naiˈtrəusəu]氨基amino [əˈmi:nəʊ, ˈæməˌnəʊ]二氨基diamino亚氨基imino [ˈiminəu,iˈmi:nəu]重氮基diazo [daiˈæzəu]苯基phenyl [ˈfenəl,ˈfi:nəl,ˈfi:nil]苄基benzyl [ˈbenzil] 或phenmethyl [ˌfinˈmeθil]苯乙基phenethyl [fenˈeθəl]乙氧苯基ethoxyphenyl苯胺基anilino [ˈænili:n]羰基carbonyl [ˈkɑ:bənil]羧基carboxyl [kɑ:ˈbɔksil]联苯基biphenyl [baiˈfenl]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ:mil]苯酰，苯甲酰benzoyl ['benzəʊɪl]脒基guanyl [il]羟基hydroxyl [haiˈdrɔksil]烷氧基alkoxy [ælˈkɔksi]或alkoxyl group芳基aryl group二芳基diaryl group [daiˈæril]吡啶基pyridyl[ˈpiridil]三苯甲基trityl['traɪtl]二苯甲基benzhydryl [benaɪd'raɪl]氨基甲酰基carbamoyl[kɑ:'bæməɪl]三甲基硅基trimethylsilyl炔丙基propargyl [prəʊ'pɑ:dʒɪl]丙酮基（乙酰甲基）acetonyl['æsɪtənɪl]正n，normal异iso邻位ortho- [ˈɔ:θəu]间位meta- ['mɛtə]对位para- [ˈpɑ:rə]伯Primary ['praimәri]仲Secondary ['sekәndәri]叔Tertiary ['tә:ʃәri] tert-季碳quaternary [kwəˈtə:nəri] carbon一，单mono-二di-，双bis ，bi（化学中只有碳酸氢根才用bi，如bicarbonate [baiˈkɑ:bənit]）三tri-，tris四tetra- 四quadric-五penta- 五quinque-六hexa-七hepta- 七septi八octa-九nona-十deca- ['dɛkə]十一undeca ，hendeca-十二dodeca-十三trideca-十四tetradeca十五pentadeca-十六hexadeca-十七heptadeca-顺式，cis-同，共syn反式trans有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物[]Hydrocarbon碳氢化合物[ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑ:bən] Alkane烷[]Wax 蜡[]Paraffin wax石蜡arene芳烃[]Alkene烯[]Alkyne炔[ˈælkain]Acetylide炔化物[] Active hydrogen compounds活泼氢化合物acid [ˈæsid]Carbon acid碳氢酸Super acid超酸Diene双烯[ˈdaii:n]Triene三烯[ˈtraii:n]Allene 丙二烯[ˈæli:n]Propylene丙烯[] cumulene累积多烯[]Enyne烯炔[eˈni:n]Diyne二炔Alkyl halide卤代烷[ˈælkil ˈh ælaid]Alcohol 醇[]Homoallylic alcohol高烯丙醇Ether醚[ˈi:θə]Ester酯[ˈestə]Ketone酮Aldehyde醛[ˈældihaid]Epoxide环氧化物[eˈpɔksaid]Sulfone砜[ˈsʌlfəun]Sulfoxide亚砜Sulfonic acid磺酸Carboxylic acid羧酸Cellosolve溶纤剂Crown ether 冠醚Nitro compound 硝基化合物Amine 胺[] Quaternaryammonium compound 季铵化合物[] []Amine oxide氧化胺Diazoalkane重氮烷[daɪ,æzəʊ'ælkeɪn] Mercaptan硫醇[] Aldehyde hydrate醛水合物Ketone hydrate酮水合物Hemiacetal半缩醛[ˌhemiˈæsitæl]Acetal缩醛acetal [化]乙缩醛,乙缩醛二乙醇[ˈæsitæl] Ketal缩酮[ˈki:tæl]thiazole噻唑[ˈθaiəˌzəul]Dithiane二噻烷[daiˈθaiən]Aminal缩醛胺;动物imine亚胺[]Aldimine醛亚胺Oxime肟[]nitroso compound亚硝基化合物aldoxime醛肟，乙醛肟[ælˈdɔksi:m] Hydrazone腙[ˈhaidrəˌzəun]Azine嗪[ˈæzi:n]Semicarbazone缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin羟腈, 氰醇[ˌsaiənəuˈhaidrin] Pinacol频哪醇Enol烯醇[ˈi:nɔl]Enol ether烯醇醚Enol ester烯醇酯[ˈi:nɔl][ˈestə] Enamine烯胺[iˈnæmin]Ynamine炔胺Mannich base曼尼希碱orthoester原酸酯Acyl halide酰卤[ˈæsil]Acyl fluoride酰氟[]Acyl chloride酰氯Acyl bromide酰溴Acyl iodide酰碘[ˈaiədaid] Carbobenzoxy chloride苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene乙烯酮[ˈki:ti:n]Peracid过酸Perester过酸酯Acyl peroxide酰基过氧化物Nitrile腈[ˈnaitrail]acetonitrile 乙腈[ˌæsitəuˈnaitril] 或methyl c yanide [ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]Nitrile oxide氧化腈Isonitrile异腈，异氰化物Amide酰胺[ˈæmaid]Imide二酰亚胺[ˈimaid]N-bromo compound N-溴化物Hydrazide酰肼[] Azide 叠氮化物[ˈæzaid,ˈeizid]Acyl azide酰基叠氮[ˈæsil] [ˈæzaid,ˈeizid] Amidine脒[ˈæmiˌdi:n]Keto ester酮酸酯Acyl cyanide酰腈[ˈæsil] [ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd] Carbon suboxide二氧化三碳Glycidic acid环氧丙酸Carbammic acid氨基甲酸Carbamate氨基甲酸酯[ˈkɑ:bəmeit]Urea脲，尿素[] Cyanamide氨腈[saiˈænəmaid] Carbodiimide碳二亚胺[,kɑ:bədai'imaid] Allophanate脲基甲酸酯Thioester硫代酸酯[ˌθaiəuˈestə]Thiol acid硫羰酸[ˈθaiəu]Lactone酯[ˈlæktəun]Lactol半缩醛[ˈlæktəl]Macrolide大环酯[ˈmækrəlaid]Amino acid氨基酸Zwitterion两性离子[ˈtsvitəraiən]Inner salt盐Betaine甜菜碱[ˈbi:təi:n]Lactam酰胺[ˈlæktæm]Hydantoin或glycolylurea 乙酰脲[haiˈdæntəwin]Hydration水合，水合作用[haɪ'dreʃən] Peptide肽[ˈpepˌtaɪd]Glycol乙二醇[]Aldol羟醛[ˈældəul]Acyloin偶姻，酮醇[əˈsiləuin]acyloin condensation 酮醇缩合Carbohydrate碳水化合物Aldose醛糖[ˈældəus]Ketose酮糖[ˈki:təus]Furanose呋喃糖[ˈfjuərəˌnəus]Pyranose吡喃糖[ˈpaiərənəus]Glycoside 糖苷[ˈɡlaikəˌsaid]Glucoside葡[萄]糖苷Aglycon苷元[əˈɡlaikɔn]Saccharide糖类[ˈsækəraid] Oligosaccharide寡糖[ˌɔliɡəuˈsækəraid] Polysaccharide多糖[pɔliˈsækəraid]Alditol糖醇[ˈælditɔl]Osazone脎[ˈəusəˌzəun]Alicyclic compound脂环化合物[æliˈsiklik] Cycloalkane环烷Cycloalkene环烯Spirane螺烷[ˈspaiərein]Cage compound笼型化合物Propellane螺桨烷Rotazane轮烷Catenane索烃[ˈkætnein]Fused ring稠环[fju:zd riŋ]化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀-acetal醛缩醇acetal-乙酰acid酸-al醛alcohol醇-aldehyde醛alkali-碱allyl丙烯基'alkoxy-烷氧基Methoxy甲氧基的-amide酰胺[]amino-氨基的[əˈmi:nəʊ, ˈæməˌnəʊ]-amidine脒[ˈæmiˌdi:n]-amine胺-ane烷anhydride酐[ænˈhaidraid]anilino-苯胺基[ˈænili:n]aquo-含水aqueous水的，水成的[ˈeikwiəs] -ase酶-ate含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne三炔azo-偶氮[ˈæzəu]azoxy-氧化偶氮-N=N(O)-hydrazo-氢化偶氮-NH-NH-benzene 苯[ˈben ˌzi:n, benˈzi:n]bi-在盐类前表示酸式盐bis-双-borane硼烷[ˈbəurein]bromo-溴butyl丁基.-carbinol甲醇carbonyl羰基-caboxylic acid羧酸centi-10-2chloro-氯代cis-顺式condensed缩合的、冷凝的cyclo-环deca-十deci10-1di二-dine啶dodeca-十二-ene烯epi-表epoxy-环氧[]-ester酯-ether醚ethoxy-乙氧基[] ethyl乙基fluoro-或fluor-氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi-半hendeca-十一hepta-七heptadeca-十七hexa-六hexadeca-十六-hydrin醇hydro-氢或水hydroxyl羟基hypo-低级的，次-ic酸的，高价金属-ide无氧酸的盐，酰替胺，酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺/iodine 碘[]iodo-碘代iso-异，等，同-ite亚酸盐keto-酮ketone酮-lactone酯mega-106meta-间，偏methoxy-甲氧基methyl甲基micro-10-6milli-10-3mono-(mon-)一，单nano-10-9nitro-硝基nitroso-亚硝基nona-九nonadeca-十九octa-八octadeca-十八-oic酸的-ol醇9a$f!Q,H:[5n&G -one酮ortho-邻，正，原-ous亚酸的，低价金属oxa-氧杂-oxide氧化合物-oxime肟[] oxo-酮[]oxy-氧化[]-oyl酰para-对位，仲penta-五pentadeca-十五per-高，过petro-石油phenol苯酚[ˈfi:nəl]phenyl苯基[]pico-10-12poly-聚，多quadri-四quinque-五semi-半septi-七sesqui一个半sulfa-磺胺[]sym-对称syn-顺式，同，共ter-三-tetra-四tetradeca-十四tetrakis-四个thio-硫代[]trans-反式，超，跨tri-三trans-反式，超，跨tri-三trideca-十三tris-三个undeca-十一.Alkylation烷基化C-alkylation C-烷基化O-alkylation O-烷基化N-alkylation N-烷基化Silylation硅烷[基]化Exhaustive methylation彻底甲基化Seco alkylation断裂烷基化Demethylation脱甲基化Ethylation乙基化Arylation芳基化Acylation酰化Formylation甲酰化Carbalkoxylation烷氧羰基化Carboamidation氨羰基化Carboxylation羧基化Amination氨基化Bisamination双氨基化Cine substitution移位取代Transamination氨基交换Hydroxylation羟基化acyloxyation酰氧基化Decarboxylative nitration脱羧卤化Allylic halogenation烯丙型卤化Dehalogenation脱卤Nitration 硝化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧硝化Nitrosation 亚硝化Sulfonation磺化Chlorosulfonation氯磺酰化Desulfonation脱磺酸基Sulfenylation亚磺酰化Sulfonylation磺酰化Chlorosulfenation氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation氯羰基化Diazotization重氮化[daiˌæzətaiˈzeiʃən] Diazo transfer重氮基转移Coupling reaction偶联反应uni-单，一unsym-不对称的，偏位-yl基-ylene撑(二价基，价在不同原子上)-yne炔Diazonium coupling重氮偶联[ˌdaiəˈzəuniəm]Cross-coupling reaction交叉偶联反应1,4-addition1，4-加成C-C Pi-bond C-C π键Conjugate addition共轭加成[ˈkɔndʒəˌgeɪt] Dimerization二聚Trimefization三聚Additive dimerization加成二聚Sulfurize 使硫化[]sulfurization硫化Selenylation硒化Hydroboration硼氢化[ˈhaidrəuˌbɔ:ˈreiʃən] Oxyamination羟氨基化Insertion插入carbonylation羧基化Hydroformylation加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation加氢酰化Oxo process羰基合成Decarbonylation脱羰[di:ˌkɑ:bənəˈleiʃən] Hydrocarboxylation氢羧基化Homologization同系化Cyanoethylation氰乙基化Decyanoethylation脱氰乙基Ring closure环合，闭环Diene synthesis双烯合成Dienophile亲双烯体Endo addition型加成Exo addition外型加成Diels-Alder reaction第尔斯-尔德反应Retro Diels-Alder reaction逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Ene synthesis单烯合成Anionic cycloaddition负离子环加成Dipolar addition偶极加成Dehydrohalogenation脱卤化氢Deamination脱氨基Pyrolytic elimination热解消除Elimination-addition消除-加成Decarboxylation脱羧Decarboxamidation脱酰胺Decyanation脱氰基Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage烷基裂解Acylolysis,acyl cleavage酰基裂解Flash pyrolysis闪热裂Fragmentation碎裂Chiletropic reaction螯键反应Chelation螯环化Esterification酯化Transesterification酯交换Saponification皂化Alcoholysis醇解Ethanolysis乙醇解Cyanomethylation氰甲基化Aminomethylation氨甲基化Hydroxymethylation羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation羟烷基化Cholromethylation氯甲基化Haloalkylation卤烷基化Transacetalation缩醛交换Enolization烯醇化Haloform reaction卤仿反应Condensation缩合Aldol condensation羟醛缩合Cross aldol condensation交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation偶姻缩合Cyclization环化Annulation,annelation增环反应Spiroannulation螺增环Autoxidation自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation烯丙型氢过氧化Epoxidation环氧化Oxonolysis臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation氧化脱羧Aromatization芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation转移氢化Hydrogenolysis氢解Dissolving metal reduction溶解金属还原Single electron transfer单电子转移Bimolecular reduction双分子还原Electrochemical reduction电化学还原Reductive alkylation还原烷基化Reductive acylation还原酰化Reductive dimerization还原二聚Deoxygenation脱氧Desulfurization脱硫Deselenization脱硒Mitallation金属化Lithiation锂化Hydrometallation氢金属化Mercuration汞化Oxymercuration羟汞化Aminomercuration氨汞化Abstraction夺取[反应]Internal abstraction夺取[反应] Rearrangement重排Prototropic rearrangement质了转移重排Double bond migration双键移位Allylic migration烯丙型重排Allylic migration烯丙型迁移Ring contraction环缩小[反应]Ring expansion,ring enlargement扩环[反应]-ketol rearrangement-酮醇重排Pinacol rearrangement频哪醇重排Retropinacol rearrangement逆频哪醇重排Semipinacol rearrangement半频哪醇重排Benzilic rearrangement二苯乙醇酸重排Acyl rearrangement酰基重排Migratory aptitude迁移倾向Transannular insertion跨环插入Transannular rearrangement跨环重排Migration 迁移Prototropy 质子转移Cationotropic rearrangement正离子转移重排Anionotropy负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangement负离子转移重Sigmatropic rearrangement-迁移重排Homosigmatropic rearrangement同迁移重排Electrophilic rearrangement亲电重排Photosensitization光敏化Forbidden transition禁阻跃迁photooxidation光氧化Photoisomerization光异构化Photochemical rearrangement光化学重排Angular methyl group角甲基Alkylidene group亚烷基[ælˈkiləˌdi:n] Methylene 亚甲基[ˈmeθili:n]Allyl group烯丙基Allylic烯丙型[的] [ˈæləˌlik]Phenyl group苯基[ˈfenəl,ˈfi:nəl,ˈfi:nil]Aryl group芳基Benzyl group苄基Benzylic苄型[的]Activating group活化基团Chromophore生色团[ˈkrəuməfɔ:] Auxochrome助色团[ˈɔ:ksəkrəum] Magnetically anisotropic group磁各向异性基团[əˌnais əuˈtrɔpik]Smally ring小环Common ring普通环Medium ring中环[ˈmi:djəm]Large ring大环Bridged-ring system桥环体系Spiro compound螺环化合物Helical molecule螺旋型分子Octahedral compound八面体化合物Conjugation共轭[]Conjugated-system共轭体系Acyl cation酰[基]正离子Benzylic cation苄[基]正离子[ˈkætaiən] Arenium ion芳[基]正离子或aryl cation Ketyl radical羰自由基Radical ion自由基离子[ˈaiən]Radical cation自由基正离子Radical anion自由基负离子[ˈænaiən] Isomerism异构[现象]Acid form酸式Fluxional structure循变结构Stereochemistry立体化学Optical activity光学活性，旋光性Dextro isomer右旋异构体[]Laevo isomer左旋异构体[] Tetrahedral configuration四面体构型Stereoisomerism立体异构[现象] Asymmetric atom不对称原子Asymmetric carbon不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon假不对称碳Phantom atom虚拟原子[] Homotopic等位[的]Heterotopic异位[的]Enantiotopic对映[异构体]的Diastereotopic非对映异构体[的] [ˌdaiəstiəri əˈtɔpik]Configuration构型[kənˌfiɡjuˈreiʃən] Absolute configuration绝对构型Chirality手性Chiral手性[的] [英] [ˈtʃirəl][美] [ˈkaɪrəl] Chiral center手性中心Chiral molecule手性分子Achiral非手性[的] [ei'kairəl]Fischer projection费歇尔投影式Neoman projection纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence顺序规则Symmetry factor对称因素Plane of symmetry对称面Mirror symmetry镜面对称Enantiomer对映[异构]体[]Diastereomer非对映[异构]体[]Epimer差向异构体[] Anomer端基[差向]异构体Erythro configuration赤型构型Erythro isomer赤型异构体Threo configuration型构型Threo isomer型异构体Trigonal carbon三角型碳Cis-trans isomerism顺反异构E isomer E异构体Z isomer Z异构体Endo isomer型异构体Exo isomer外型异构体Prochirality前手性Pro-R group前R基团Pro-S proup前S基团Re face Re面Si face Si面Racemic mixture外消旋混合物[]Racemic compound外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution外消旋固体溶液Meso compound消旋化合物Quasi recemate准外消旋体[ˈkwɑ:zi(:),ˈkw eisai]Conformation构象Conformational构象的Torsion angle扭转角Rotamer旋转异构体Anti conformation反式构象Bisecting conformation等分构象Anti periplanar conformation反叠构象Synperiplanar conformation顺叠构象Synclinal conformation反错构象Synclinal conformation顺错构象Eclipsed conformation重叠构象Gauche conformation,skew con-formatio n邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation对位交叉构象Steric effect空间效应[ˈstiərik,ˈsterik]Steric hindrance位阻Atropismer阻转异构体Puckered ring折叠环Conformational inversion构象反转Chair conformation椅型构象Boat conformation船型构象Twist conformation扭型构象Skew boat conformation扭船型构象Half-chair conformation半椅型构象Pseudorotation假旋转Envelope conformation信封[型]构象Axial bond直[立]键[ˈæksi:əl]Equatorial bond平[伏]键[ˌi:kwəˈtɔ:ri:əl, -ˈtəʊr-, ˌekwə-]Cisoid conformation顺向构象Transoid conformation反向构象Retention of configuration构型保持Regioselectivity区域选择性Regiospecificity区域专一性Stereocelectivity立体选择性Stereospecificty立体专一性Conformer构象异构体Conformational effect构象效应Cram’s rube克拉姆规则Prelog’rule普雷洛格规则Stereochemical orientation立体[化学]取向Conformational transmission构象传递Homolog同系物Ipso position本位Ortho position邻位Meta position间位Para position对位Amphi position远位Peri position近位Trigonal hybridization三角杂化Molecular orbiral method分子轨道法Valence bond method价键法Delocalezed bond离域键Cross conjugation交叉共轭Vinylog插烯物Mesomeric effect中介效应Resonance共振[ˈrezənəns]Resonance effect共振效应Hyperconjugation超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation等价超共轭No-bond resonance无键共振Aromaticity芳香性Aromatic sexter芳香六隅Huckel’rule休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity同芳香性Antiaromaticity反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon交替烃Non-alternant hydrocarbon非交替烷Pericyclic reaction周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement电环[化]重排Conrotatory顺旋Disroatatory对旋Cycloaddition环加成Symmetry forbidden-reaction对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction同面反应Antarafacial reaction异面反应Mobius system默比乌斯体系Leois structure路易斯结构Coordinate-covalent bond配位共价键Banana bond香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale鲍林电负性标度Polarizability可极化性Inductive effect诱导效应Field effect场效应Electrical effect电场效应tautomerism互变异构Tautomerization互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring-chain tautomerism环-链互变异构Valence tautomerism价互变异构Ambident两可[的]Solvent effect溶剂效应Acid-base catalyxed reaction酸性溶剂Basic solvent碱性溶剂Dielectric constant介电常数Solvated electron溶剂化电子Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Conjugate base共轭酸Conjugate base共轭碱Therm odynamic acidity热力学酸度Kinetic acidity动力学酸度Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomp lex电子给[体]受体络合物Host主体Guest客体Primary isotope effect一级同位素效应Secondary isotope effect二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect逆同位素效应Kinetic control动力学控制Thermodynamic control热力学控制Substrate底物Intermediate中间体Reactive intermediate活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility微观可逆性Hammond postulate哈蒙德假说Linear free energy线性自由能Non-bonded interaction非键相互作用Torsional effect扭转效应Pitzer strain皮策力Restricted rotation阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect重叠效应Eclipsing strain重叠力Small-angle strain小角力Large angle strain大角力Transannular interaction跨环相互作用Transannular strain跨环力I strain力F strain前力B strain后力Anomeric effect端基异构效应Walden inversion瓦尔登反转Racemization外消旋化Isoinversion等反转Isoracemization等消旋Homochiral纯手性[的]Mechanism机理Unimolecular nucleophilic单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allylic rearrange-ment)双分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排）Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion分子亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion芳香亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution单分子亲电取代Bimolecular electrophilic substi-tution双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu-lar electrop hilic substitution亲核体协助单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination单分子消除Bimolecular elimination双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conj ugate base单分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination through the conju gate base双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a carbonyl group双分子羰基形成消除Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cl eavage单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cle avage双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cl eavage单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Bimllecular base-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cle avage双分子碱催化烷氧断裂π-allyl complex mechanismπ烯丙型络合机理Borderline mechanism边理机理Homolysis均裂Heterolysis异裂Heterolytic michanism异裂机理Counrer[gegen]ion反荷离子Ion pair离子对Carbocation碳正离子[ˌkɑ:bəˈkeiʃən] Nonclassical carbocation非经典碳正离子Carbanion碳负离子[ˈkɑ:bənaiən]Masked carbanion掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid卡宾体Carbene卡宾[]Nitrene氮宾[a]Carbine碳炔[] Electrophilic addition亲电加成Electrophile亲电体Diaxial addition双直键加成Markovnikov’s rube马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition反马氏加成Michael addition迈克尔加成Substitution取代Electrophilic substitution亲电取代Addition-elimination mechanism加成消除机理[ˈmekənizəm] Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion亲电芳香取代Electron transfer电子转移Electron-donating group给电子基团Electron-Withdrawing group吸电子基团Deactivating group钝化基团Orinentation取向Ortho-para directing group邻对位定位基Meta directing group间位定位基Ortho effect邻位效应Partial rate factor分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Internal return返Nucleophilicity亲核体Nucleophilicity亲核性α-effectα-效应Backside attack背面进攻Inversion反转Umbrella effect伞效应Push-pull effect推拉效应Leaving group离去基团Electrofuge离电体Nucleofuge离核体Phase-transfer catalysis相转移催化Neighboring group participation邻基基参与Neighboring proup assistance,anchimeric as sistance邻助作用Neighboring group effect邻基效应Apofacial reaction反面反应Briddgehead displacement桥头取代Aryl action芳正离子Benzyne苯炔Zaitsev rule札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation反札依采夫定向Hofmann’s rule霍夫曼规则Bredt rule布雷特规则Initiation引发Anionic cleavage负离子裂解Partial bond fixation键[的]部分固定化exothermic发热的，放出热量的[ˌeksəuˈθə:mik]各种反应类型Halogenations reaction卤化反应Hydrogenation reaction氢化反应Alkylation reaction烷基化（烃化）反应Hydrocarbylation 烃基化反应Oxidation and reduction reaction氧化还原反Reductive amination还原胺化反应Cross-coupling reaction交叉耦合反应Cycloaddition reaction环加成反应Rearrangement reaction重排反应Acylation reaction酰化反应Acetylization reaction乙酰化反应Amide reaction酰胺反应Sulfonylation磺酰化反应Nitration reaction硝化反应Esterification酯化反应Anhydride reaction酸酐反应Oximation reaction肟化反应Coupled（或coupling）reaction偶联反应1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 1,3-偶极环加成Pericyclic reaction周环反应Hydrolysis reaction 水解反应Ester hydrolysis 酯水解反应Hydrolytic-polymeric reaction水解聚合反应Dehydrogenation reaction脱氢反应Dehydrohalogenation reaction 脱卤化氢反应Dehydration reaction脱水反应Decarboxylation reaction脱羧反应Addition reaction加成反应Substitution reaction取代反应Cracking reaction 裂化反应Elimination reaction消除反应And metal response reaction与活泼金属反应Phase transfer catalytic reaction相转移催化反应Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Polymerization reaction聚合反应Polycondensation reaction缩聚反应Condensation reaction 缩合反应Silver mirror reaction银镜反应Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Electrophilic reaction亲电反应Nucleophilic cycloaddition reaction亲核环加成反应Nucleophilic substitution亲核取代反应Electrophilic substitution亲电取代反应Unimolecular electrophilic substitution单分子亲电取代反应Bimolecular electrophilic substitution双分子亲电取代反应Unimolecular elimination reaction单分子消除反应Bimolecular elimination reaction双分子消除反应Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution双分子亲核取代反应Internal nucleophilic substitution分子亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction芳香亲核取代反应活化剂的中英文名称Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate（癸二酸二仲辛酯；癸二酸二2-乙基己酯）Zinc stearate（硬脂酸锌）Suberic acid（辛二酸）Adipic acid,（己二酸）Hexanedioic acid,（己二酸）Sebacic acid,dibutyl ester（癸二酸二丁酯）Abietic acid（松香酸）Lactic acid（乳酸）Poly(ethylene glycol)（聚乙二醇）Glycerol stearate（硬脂酸甘油酯）Imidazoline（咪唑啉，间二氮杂环戊烯）β-Pinene（β-蒎烯，β-松油二环烯）Adipic acid（脂肪酸）Butyl acetate（乙酸丁酯）Ethylene glycol butyl ether（乙二醇丁醚）Sebacic acid,（癸二酸）Decanedioic acid,（癸二酸）Ethylene glycol ethyl ether（乙二醇乙醚）2-Butenedioic acid(E)-,（2-丁烯二酸）Succinic acid,（琥珀酸，丁二酸）Ethylene glycol methyl ether（乙二醇甲醚）Acetyl acetate（乙酸乙酰脂）1H-Benzotriazole（1-H-笨并三唑）α-Pinene（α-蒎烯,α-松香二环烯）Salicylic acid(水酸)Iso-Propanol(异丙醇)Benzoic acid(苯甲酸)Ethanol(乙醇)Lysine(赖氨酸)Glutamic acid(谷氨酸,2-氨基戊二酸) Glyceroyl,（甘油酰）N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethyle ne-diamine（N，N，N，N-四（2-羟基丙基）乙烯二氨）Isoleucine,（异亮氨酸）Decamethylenedicarboxylic acid,disalicyloy lhydrazide（Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate（3（2，3-2溴丙基）异氰尿酸盐）3-(N-Salicyloyl)amino-1,2,4-triazole（3-（N-水酰）氨-1，2，4-三唑）Isocyanuric acid（异氰尿酸）Salicylamide（水酰胺）Polyethylene glycol（聚乙二醇）Diethylene glycol diethyl ether（二甘醇二乙醚，（一缩）二乙二醇二乙醚）Butyl carbitol（丁基卡必醇）Ethyl carbitol（乙基卡必醇）Methyl carbitol（甲基卡必醇）Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether（乙二醇单丁醚）Glutaric acid（戊二酸，谷酸）Succinic acid（琥珀酸，丁二酸）Citric acid（柠檬酸）Salicylic acid（水酸）Lactic acid（2-羟基丙酸，乳酸）Glycerin monostearate（甘油一硬脂酸）Pentaerythritol（季戊四醇）tetrakis[β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl )propionate]四[β-（3，5-二叔丁基-4-羟基-苯基）丙酸酯Dioctyl sebacate（癸二酸二辛酯）N-Methyl pyrrolidone,（N-甲基吡咯烷酮）Diethylene glycol ethyl ether（二甘醇乙醚）Propylene glycol（丙二醇）Octanedioic acid（辛二酸）Oleamide（油酸酰胺）[olamine乙醇胺]2-Mercapto benzothiazole（2-巯基-苯并噻唑）Nonanedioic acid,（壬二酸）cis-9-Octadecenoic acid,（顺式-9-十八炭烯酸，油酸）Sebacic acid,uses（癸二酸）12-Hydroxy stearic acid（十二羟基硬脂酸）Phthalic acid（苯二甲酸）1,1,3-Tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylph enyl)butane（1，1，3-三（2-甲基-4-羟基-5-叔丁基苯基）丁烷）1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene（1，3，5-三甲基-2，4，6-三（3，5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基）苯）1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone,（1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮）Carbonic acid,（碳酸）Phthalic acid,（苯二甲酸）Malic acid（苹果酸,羟基丁二酸）2,3-Dibromo-2-butene-1,4-diol（2，3-二溴-2-丙烯-1，4-二醇）Cetylpyridinium bromide（溴代十六烷基吡啶）Pentanedioic acid（戊二酸）pentanediol(戊二醇)pentanoic acid(戊酸)pentanol(戊醇) Butanedioic acid,（丁二酸）1,2-Dibromoethylbenzene（1，2-二溴乙基苯）Salicylic acid,（水酸）Stearic acid（硬脂酸）Pentanedioic acid（戊二酸）Maleic acid,（马来酸，失水苹果酸）Phthalic acid,（苯二甲酸）Tartaric acid,（酒石酸）Acetic acid,（乙酸）Polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether（聚氧乙烯辛基酚醚，聚氧化亚乙基辛基分醚）Ethanedioic acid,（乙二酸）Polyethylene glycol（聚乙二醇）Diethylene glycol butyl ether（二甘醇丁醚）Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether（二甘醇单乙醚）Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether（乙二醇单丁醚）Pentaerythritol,（季戊四醇）Diglycol,（二甘醇，一缩二乙二醇）Hexylene glycol（己二醇）Ethylene glycol,（乙二醇）Glycerol,（甘油,丙三醇）Cyclobutanediamine（环丁烷二胺）Dibromobutenediol（二溴丁二醇）Cyclohexanediamine（环己烷二胺）Succinamide（琥珀酰胺，丁二酸胺）Ethylenediamine,（乙二胺）Triethanolamine,（三乙醇胺）5-Aminoisophthalic acid（5-氨基间苯二甲酸）p-tert-Butylbenzoic acid（对叔丁基苯甲酸）Propionic acid,（丙酸）Benzoic acid,（安息香酸,苯(甲)酸）Salicylamide（水酰胺）Aniline,（苯胺）Palmitic acid,（棕榈酸,十六酸,软脂酸）Glutamic acid,（谷氨酸）Glutaric acid(谷酸，戊二酸)Glycine,（甘氨酸，氨基乙酸）Malic acid（苹果酸,羟基丁二酸）Adipic acid,（己二酸）Diethanolamine（二乙醇胺）Triethylamine,（三乙胺）Malic acid（苹果酸）Oxalic acid,（草酸）Oleic acid,（油酸）Glutaric acid(谷氨酸)Sorbic acid（山梨酸）sorbic alcohol(山梨醇)=sorbitReactant 反应物nProduct 产物nCatalyst 催化剂catalytic agent，catalyzer Degree Celsius摄氏度Sodium Borohydride硼氢化钠Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)氢化铝锂Lithiumtrit-ButoxyaluminohydrideLiAlH(O t-C4H9)3叔丁氧基氢化铝锂Diisobutylaluminum Hydride AlH[CH2CH(CH3)2]2二异丙基氢化铝Diborane B2H6硼烷Reactive Metals 活泼金属如Na, or Li, or K，Mg or Al or Zn or FePotassium carbonate碳酸钾Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠[]Sodium chloride氯化钠Sodium acetate 乙酸钠Sodium cyanide[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]氰化钠Sodium methoxide或Sodium methylate甲醇钠，甲氧基钠Sodium ethoxide[ˈsəʊdi:əm i:ˈθɔksaid]或Sodium ethylate[ˈsəʊdi:əm ˈeθileit]乙醇钠Sodium sulfate 硫酸钠Magnesium sulfate [mægˈni:zi:əm ]硫酸镁Acetic acid乙酸Formic acid甲酸Ammonium format甲酸铵Formamide[fɔ:ˈmæmid]或formyl amide 甲酰胺formaldehyde甲醛[fɔ:ˈmældəˌhaɪd]Methyl iodide碘甲烷Potassium iodide碘化钾[]Potassium chloride氯化钾Potassium cyanide[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]氰化钾Dimethyl sulfate硫酸二甲酯Palladium –carbon 钯碳Pd/C [pəˈleidiəm] Palladium chloride氯化钯Palladium diacetate醋酸钯Chloroacetone 氯丙酮Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide四丁基溴化铵Tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride四丁基氟化铵容器类：量杯measuring cup烧杯beaker 不锈钢杯stainless-steel beaker 量筒measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒graduated flask/measuring cylinder坩埚crucible 坩埚钳crucible clamp 坩埚crucible pot, melting pot试管test tube 试管架test tube holder漏斗funnel 分液漏斗separatory funnel烧瓶flask 锥形瓶conical flask塞子stopper洗瓶plastic wash bottle滴定管burette玻璃活塞stopcock冷凝器condenser试剂瓶reagent bottles玻棒glass rod 搅拌棒stirring rod蒸馏烧瓶distilling flask碘量瓶iodine flask表面皿watch glass蒸发皿evaporating dish容量瓶volumetric flask/measuring flask移液管(one-mark) pipette刻度移液管graduated pipettes称量瓶weighing bottle吸液管pipette滤管filter天平balance/scale分析天平analytical balance台秤platform balance游码crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯alcohol burner酒精喷灯blast alcohol burner搅拌装置stirring device洗耳球rubber suction bulb研磨钵mortar 研磨棒pestle 玛瑙研钵agate mortar瓷器porcelain白细口瓶flint glass solution bottle withstopper滴瓶dropping bottle 小滴管dropper蒸馏装置distilling apparatus蒸发器evaporator试验用器材：升降台lab jack铁架台iron support万能夹extension clamp蝴蝶夹double-buret clamp双顶丝clamp regular holder止水夹flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架cast-iron ring移液管架pipet rack试管架tube rack沸石boiling stone橡胶管rubber tubing药匙lab spoon镊子forceps坩埚钳crucible tong剪刀scissor打孔器stopper borer石棉网asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝wire coil for heater脱脂棉absorbent cottonphph试纸universal ph indicator paper滤纸filter paper称量纸weighing paper擦镜纸wiper for lens秒表stopwatch量杯glass graduates with scale白滴定管（酸）flint glass burette with glass stopcock棕色滴定管（酸）brown glass burette with glass stopcock白滴定管（碱）flint glass burette for alkali 棕色滴定管（碱）brown glass burette for alkali比重瓶specific gravity bottle水银温度计mercury-filled thermometerph计ph meter折光仪refractometer真空泵vacuum pump冷、热浴bath 离心机centrifuge口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器power basic stirrer烘箱oven闪点仪flash point tester马弗炉furnace电炉heater微波炉电热套heating mantleBunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵化学反应：analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解。

化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名一ppt课件

直链烃基取代基的命名
烯基alkenyl- alkene
Rule : omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e” ，加上后缀“yl”)
ethenyl 乙烯基） 1-propenyl (丙烯基) trivial names: vinyl, allyl (烯丙基)
to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母
“e” ，加上后缀“yl”)
1-propynyl（丙炔基）, 1-pentynyl（戊炔基）
苯基பைடு நூலகம்
benzene=phene
phenyl（苯基）---benzyl （苯甲基，苄基）
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用
C17H36 heptadecane
C4H10 Butane C11H24 Undecane
C18H38 octadecane
C5H12 Pentane C12H26 Dodecane
C19H40 nonadecane
C6H14 Hexane C13H28 Tridecane C7H16 Heptane C14H30 Tetradecane
原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同.
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有机化合物的命名
不含官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds

有机化学英文课件 chapter(3)

6-11
Energy Diagram
A two-step reaction with one intermediate
6-12
Developing a Reaction Mechanism
How it is done
• design experiments to reveal details of a particular chemical reaction
6-14
Electrophilic Additions
• hydrohalogenation using HCl, HBr, HI • hydration using H2O in the presence of H2SO4 • halogenation using Cl2, Br2 • halohydrination using HOCl, HOBr • oxymercuration using Hg(OAc)2, H2O followed by
Addition is regioselective
• regioselective reaction: an addition or substitution reaction in which one of two or more possible products is formed in preference to all others that might be formed
• summary of the relationships between DG0, DH0, DS0, and the position of chemical equilibrium
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at

有机化学英文课件chapter3共44页文档

M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at
3-17
Enantiomers & Diastereomers
u 2,3,4-Trihydroxybutanal
Organic Chemistry
William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson
3-1
M acintosh PICT M acintosh PICT im age form at im age form at
is not supported is not supported
u Enantiomers: stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images
• refers to the relationship between pairs of objects
3-7
Enantiomers
u 2-Butanol
• has one chiral center • here are four different representations for one
4. If the groups are read clockwise, the configuration is R; if they are read counterclockwise, the configuration is S

有机化学英文课件chapter1-精品文档75页

u The number of shared pairs
• one shared pair forms a single bond
• two shared pairs form a double bond
• three shared pairs form a triple bond
1-15
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an extranuclear space, diameter 10-10 m, which contains negatively charged electrons
1-4
Electron Configuration of Atoms
u Electrons are confined to regions of space called principle energy levels (shells)
1-3
Schematic View of an Atom
• a small dense nucleus, diameter 10-14 - 10-15 m, which contains positively charged protons and most of the mass of the atom
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
1-16
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an example of a polar covalent bond is that of H-Cl • the difference in electronegativity between Cl and H is

有机化学英文课件chapter11-60页PPT精选文档

• they are more soluble in H2O than are hydrocarbons
11-8
Preparation of Ethers
u Williamson ether synthesis: SN2 displacement of halide, tosylate, or mesylate by alkoxide ion
11-14
Preparation of Ethers
• Step 1: protonation of the alkene gives a carbocation
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• Step 2: reaction of the carbocation (an electrophile) with the alcohol (a nucleophile) gives an oxonium ion
11-7
Physical Properties
u Boiling points of ethers are
• lower than alcohols of comparable MW • close to those of hydrocarbons of comparable MW
u Ethers are hydrogen bond acceptors
u Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
• diethyl ether and several other ethers are made on an industrial scale this way

有机化学英文课件chapter9共71页PPT资料

• the greater the value of the dielectric constant of a solvent, the smaller the interaction between ions of opposite charge dissolved in that solvent
Nucleophile: a molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to another molecule or ion to form a new covalent bond; a Lewis base
9-3
Nucleophilic Substitution
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
9-17
Kinetics
For an SN2 reaction,
• reaction occurs in one step • the reaction leading to the transition state involves the
Solvent Increasing Nucleophilicity Polar aprotic I- < Br- < Cl- < FPolar protic F- < Cl- < Br- < I-
How do we account for these differences?
9-21
Nucleophilicity
• S = substitution • N = nucleophilic • 2 = bimolecular (two species are involved in the rate-

有机化学英文课件chapter12-31页文档资料

is n o t s u p p o rte d
12-24
IR of Molecules with C=O Groups
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
12-25
Aldehydes and Ketones
u IR spectrum of menthone (Fig 12.12)
• the total energy is proportional to the frequency of vibration
• the frequency of a stretching vibration is given by an equation derived from Hooke’s law for a vibrating spring
12-8
Molecular Vibrations
u For a molecule to absorb IR radiation
• the bond undergoing vibration must be polar and • its vibration must cause a periodic change in the bond
12-26
Carbonyl groups
u The position of C=O stretching vibration is sensitive to its molecular environment
• as ring size decreases and angle strain increases, absorption shifts to a higher frequency

有机化学英文课件chapter2-71页PPT精选文档

• alphabetize the names of substituents first and then insert these prefixes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-15
Nomenclature - IUPAC
• indicate the number of times the substituent appears by a prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
• use commas to separate position numbers
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-13
Nomenclature - I UPAC
6. If there are two or more different substituents, • list them in alphabetical order • number from the end of the chain that gives the
u Structure and nomenclature
• to name, prefix the name of the corresponding openchain alkane with cyclo-, and name each substituent on the ring
• if only one substituent, no need to give it a number • if two substituents, number from the substituent of

有机化学英文课件chapter12

Hertz (Hz): the unit in which radiation frequency is reported; s-1 (read “per second”)
12-3
Electromagnetic Radiation
Common units used to express wavelength
is n o t s u p p o rte d
From this equation, we see that the position of a stretching vibration
• is proportional to the strength of the vibrating bond • is inversely proportional the masses of the atoms
= reduced mass of the two atoms, (m1m2)/(m1 + m2),
where m is the mass of the atoms in grams
12-12
Molecular Vibrations
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
12-8
Molecular Vibrations
For a molecule to absorb IR radiation
• the bond undergoing vibration must be polar and
• its vibration must cause a periodic change in the bond dipole moment
12-16
Alkenes