经济金融术语对照表

经济金融术语对照表A安全网safety net按可比口径on comparable basis按轻重缓急to prioritize暗补implicit subsidy暗亏hidden lossB颁发营业执照to license;to grant a licence to办理存款业务to take deposits保护农民的生产积极性to protect farmers'incentive to produce备付金（超额准备金）excess reserves本外币并账consolidation of domestic and foreign currencyaccounts 本外币对冲操作sterilization operation本位利益localized interest;departmentalism奔小康to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do避税（请见“逃税”）tax avoidance币种搭配不当currency mismatch币种构成currency composition变相社会集资disguised irregular（or illegal）fund raising表外科目（业务）off-balance-sheet items（operation）薄弱环节weaknesses;loopholes不变成本fixed cost不变价at constant price;in real terms不动产real estate不良贷款（资产）problem loans；non-performing loans（assets）C财务公司finance companies财政赤字fiscal deficit财政挤银行fiscal pressure on the central bank（over monetary policy）财政政策与货币政策的配合coordination of fiscal and monetary policies采取循序渐进的方法in a phased and sequenced manner操作弹性operational flexibility操纵汇率to manipulate exchange rate产品构成product composition;product mix产品积压stock pile;excessive inventory产销率current period inventory;（即期库存，不含前期库存）sales/output ratio 产销衔接marketability产业政策industrial policy长期国债treasury bonds敞口头寸open position炒股to speculate in the stock market承购包销underwrite（securities）成套机电产品complete sets of equipment;complete plant（s）城市信用社urban credit cooperatives（UCCs）城市合作银行urban cooperative banks;municipal united banks城市商业银行municipal commercial banks城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅real growth in household income持续升温persistent overheating重复布点duplicate projects重置成本replacement cost重组计划restructuring plan筹资渠道funding sources;financing channels初见成效initial success出口统一管理、归口经营canalization of exports出口退税export tax rebate储蓄存款household deposits（不完全等同于西方的savingsdeposits，前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。

）储蓄分流diversion of household deposits储源萎缩decline in the availability of household savings传导机制transmission mechanism从价税ad valorem tax从紧控制tight control存贷款比例loan/deposit ratio存款保险体系deposit insurance system存款货币银行deposit money banks存款准备金required reservesD打白条issue IOU大额存单certificate of deposit（CD）大额提现withdraw deposits in large amounts大面积滑坡wide-spread decline大一统的银行体制（all-in-one）mono-bank system呆账（请见“坏账”）bad loans呆账准备金loan loss reserves（provisions）呆滞贷款idle loans贷款沉淀non-performing loans贷款分类loan classification贷款限额管理credit control;to impose credit ceiling贷款约束机制credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism代理国库to act as fiscal agent代理金融机构贷款make loans on behalf of other institutions戴帽贷款ear-marked loans倒逼机制reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition 道德风险moral hazard地区差别regional disparity第一产业the primary industry第二产业the secondary industry第三产业the service industry;the tertiary industry递延资产deferrable assets订货不足insufficient orders定期存款time deposits定向募集raising funds from targeted sources东道国（请见“母国”）host country独立核算independent accounting短期国债treasury bills对冲操作sterilization operation;hedging对非金融部门债权claims on non-financial sector多种所有制形式diversified ownershipE恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation二级市场secondary marketF发行货币to issue currency发行总股本total stock issue法定准备金required reserves;reserve requirement法人股institutional shares法人股东institutional shareholders法治rule of law房地产投资real estate investment放松银根to ease monetary policy非现场稽核off-site surveillance（or monitoring）非银行金融机构non-bank financial institutions非赢利性机构non-profit organizations分税制assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system分业经营segregation of financial business（services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions 风险暴露（风险敞口）risk exposure风险管理risk management风险意识risk awareness风险资本比例risk-weighted capital ratios风险资本标准risk-based capital standard服务事业收入public service charges;user's charges扶贫poverty alleviation负增长negative growth复式预算制double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary accountG改革试点reform experimentation杠杆率leverage ratio杠杆收购leveraged buyout高息集资to raise funds by offering high interest个人股non-institutional shares根本扭转fundamental turnaround（or reversal）公开市场操作open market operations公款私存deposit public funds in personal accounts公用事业public utilities公有经济the state-owned sector;the public sector公有制public ownership工业成本利润率profit-to-cost ratio工业增加值industrial value added供大于求supply exceeding demand;excessive supply鼓励措施incentives股份合作企业joint-equity cooperative enterprises股份制企业joint-equity enterprises股份制银行joint-equity banks固定资产贷款fixed asset loans关税减免tariff reduction and exemption关税减让tariff concessions关税优惠tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment规范行为to regularize（or standardize）…behavior规模效益economies of scale国计民生national interest and people's livelihood国家对个人其他支出other government outlays to individuals 国家风险country risk国际分工international division of labor国际收支balance of payments国有独资商业银行wholly state-owned commercial banks国有经济（部门）the state-owned（or public）sector国有企业state-owned enterprises（SOEs）国有制state-ownership国有资产流失erosion of state assets国债回购government securities repurchase国债一级自营商primary underwriters of government securities 过度竞争excessive competition过度膨胀excessive expansion过热迹象signs of overheatingH合理预期rational expectation核心资本core capital合资企业joint-venture enterprises红利dividend宏观经济运营良好sound macroeconomic performance宏观经济基本状况macroeconomic fundamentals宏观调控macroeconomic management（or adjustment）宏观调控目标macroeconomic objectives（or targets）坏账bad debt还本付息debt service换汇成本unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings汇兑在途funds in float汇兑支出advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank 汇率并轨unification of exchange rates活期存款demand deposits汇率失调exchange rate misalignment混合所有制diversified（mixed）ownership货币政策态势monetary policy stance货款拖欠overdue obligations to suppliersJ基本建设投资investment in infrastructure基本经济要素economic fundamentals基本适度broadly appropriate基准利率benchmark interest rate机关团体存款deposits of non-profit institutions机会成本opportunity cost激励机制incentive mechanism积压严重heavy stockpile;excessive inventory挤提存款run on banks挤占挪用unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses）技改投资investment in technological upgrading技术密集型产品technology-intensive product计划单列市municipalities with independent planning status计划经济planned economy集体经济the collective sector加大结构调整力度to intensify structural adjustment加工贸易processing trade加快态势accelerating trend加强税收征管稽查to enhance tax administration加权价weighted average price价格放开price liberalization价格形成机制pricing mechanism减亏to reduce losses简化手续to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures交投活跃brisk trading缴存准备金to deposit required reserves结构扭曲structural distortion结构失调structural imbalance结构性矛盾突出acute structural imbalance结构优化structural improvement（optimization）结汇、售汇sale and purchase of foreign exchange金融脆弱financial fragility金融动荡financial turbulence金融风波financial disturbance金融恐慌financial panic金融危机financial crisis金融压抑financial repression金融衍生物financial derivatives金融诈骗financial fraud紧缩银根to tighten monetary policy紧缩政策austerity policies;tight financial policies经常账户可兑换current account convertibility经济特区special economic zones（SEZs）经济体制改革economic reform经济增长方式的转变change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains）经济增长减速economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth经济制裁economic sanction经营自主权autonomy in management景气回升recovery in business activity境外投资overseas investment竞争加剧intensifying competition局部性金融风波localized（isolated）financial disturbanceK开办人民币业务to engage in RMB business可维持（可持续）经济增长sustainable economic growth可变成本variable cost可自由兑换货币freely convertible currency控制现金投放control currency issuance扣除物价因素in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis库存产品inventory跨国银行业务cross-border banking跨年度采购cross-year procurement会计准则accounting standardL来料加工processing of imported materials for export离岸银行业务off-shore banking（business）理顺外贸体制to rationalize foreign trade regime利率杠杆的调节作用the role of interest rates in resource allocation利润驱动profit-driven利息回收率interest collection ratio联行清算inter-bank settlement连锁企业franchise（businesses）;chain businesses良性循环virtuous cycle两极分化growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution零售物价指数retail price index（RPI）流动性比例liquidity ratio流动资产周转率/流通速度velocity of liquid assets流动资金贷款working capital loans流通体制distribution system流通网络distribution network留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物）hire purchase垄断行业monopolized industry（sector）乱集资irregular（illegal）fund raising乱收费irregular（illegal）charges乱摊派unjustified（arbitrary）leviesM买方市场buyer's market卖方市场seller's market卖出回购证券matched sale of repo贸易差额trade balance民间信用non-institutionalized credit免二减三exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years 明补explicit subsidy明亏explicit loss名牌产品brand products母国（请见“东道国”）home countryN内部控制internal control内部审计internal audit内地与香港the mainland and Hong Kong内债domestic debt扭亏为盈to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one 扭曲金融分配distorted allocation of financial resources农副产品采购支出outlays for agricultural procurement农村信用社rural credit cooperatives（RCCs）P泡沫效应bubble effect泡沫经济bubble economy培育新的经济增长点to tap new sources of economic growth 片面追求发展速度excessive pursuit of growth平衡发展balanced development瓶颈制约bottleneck（constraints）平稳回升steady recovery铺底流动资金initial（start-up）working capital普遍回升broad-based recovery配套改革concomitant（supporting）reforms配套人民币资金local currency funding of…Q企业办社会enterprises burdened with social responsibilities企业集团战略corporate group strategy企业兼并重组company merger and restructuring企业领导班子enterprise management企业所得税enterprise（corporate）income tax企业效益corporate profitability企业资金违规流入股市irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market 欠税tax arrears欠息overdue interest强化税收征管to strengthen tax administration强制措施enforcement action翘尾因素carryover effect切一刀partial application清理收回贷款clean up and recover loans（破产）清算liquidation倾斜政策preferential policy区别对待differential treatment趋势加强intensifying trend全球化globalization权益回报率returns on equity（ROE）缺乏后劲unsustainable momentumR绕规模贷款to circumvent credit ceiling人均国内生产总值per capita GDP人均收入per capita income人民币升值压力upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate）认缴资本subscribed capital软贷款soft loans软预算约束soft budget constraint软着陆soft landingS三角债chain debts;inter-enterprise arrears善政廉政good governance商业贷款commercial loans上市公司（publicly）listed corporations设备利用capacity utilization社会保障social safety net;social security（insurance）深层次矛盾deep-rooted structural imbalance审批金融机构to license financial institutions审慎监管prudential supervision生产能力闲置unutilized capacity生息资产interest-bearing assets实际利用外资disbursement of foreign capital;actual inflow of foreign investment 实际有效汇率real effective exchange rate实时real time实收资本paid-in capital实现利润realized profit市场分割market segmentation市场经济market economy市场占有率（市场份额）market share市场准入market access（指商品和劳务的进入）；market entry（指机构的审批）市价总值market capitalization适度从紧appropriately tight适时调节timely adjustment收回对金融机构贷款to recall central bank loans （to financial institutions）税后还贷amortization（repayment of loans）after tax税收流失tax erosion税源不足weak tax base私营经济（私人经济）the private sector私有制private ownership所有者权益owner's equityT逃税（请见“避税”）tax evasion套汇（1）指合法：currency swap;arbitrage（2）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange剔除季节性因素seasonally adjusted调节流动性to influence liquidity level贴现窗口discount window同比on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year同业拆借（放）inter-bank borrowing（lending）同业拆借市场利率（中国）CHIBOR（China inter-bank offered rate）同业融通票据inter-bank financing bills同业往来inter-bank transactions透支overdraft退税tax refund（rebate）头寸position吞吐基础货币adjustment of monetary base脱媒现象disintermediationW外部审计external audit外国直接投资foreign direct investment （FDI）外汇储备foreign exchange reserves外汇调剂foreign exchange swap外汇占款the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings 外向型经济export-oriented economy外债external debt外资企业foreign-funded enterprises完善现代企业制度to improve the modern enterprise system完税凭证tax payment documentation违法经营illegal business委托存款entrusted deposits稳步增长steady growth稳健的银行系统 a sound banking system稳中求进to make progress while ensuring stability无纸交易book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction物价监测price monitoringX吸纳流动性to absorb liquidity稀缺经济scarcity economy洗钱money laundering系统内调度fund allocation within a bank系统性金融危机systemic financial crisis下岗工人laid-off employees下游企业down-stream enterprises现场稽核on-site examination现金滞留（居民手中）cash held outside the banking system乡镇企业township and village enterprises（TVEs）消费物价指数consumer price index（CPI）消费税excise（consumption）tax消灭财政赤字to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit销货款回笼reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system 销售平淡lackluster sales协议外资金额committed amount of foreign investment新经济增长点new sources of economic growth新开工项目new projects;newly started projects新增贷款incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion 新增就业位置new jobs;new job opportunities信贷规模考核review the compliance with credit ceilings信号失真distorted signals信托投资公司trust and investment companies信息不对称information asymmetry信息反馈feedback（information）信息共享系统information sharing system信息披露information disclosure信用扩张credir expansion信用评级credit rating姓“资”还是姓“社” pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist行政措施administrative measures需求膨胀demand expansion; excessive demand虚伪存款window-dressing deposits削减冗员to shed excess labor force寻租rent seeking迅速反弹quick reboundY养老基金pension fund一刀切universal application;non-discretionary implementation一级市场primary market应收未收利息overdue interest银行网点banking outlets赢利能力profitability营业税business tax硬贷款（商业贷款）commercial loans用地审批to grant land use right有管理的浮动汇率managed floating exchange rate证券投资portfolio investment游资（热钱）hot money有市场的产品marketable products有效供给effective supply诱发新一轮经济扩张trigger a new round of economic expansion逾期贷款overdue loans;past-due loans与国际惯例接轨to become compatible with internationally accepted与国际市场接轨to integrate with the world market预算外支出（收入）off-budget （extra-budgetary）expenditure（revenue）预调pre-emptive adjustment月环比on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basisZ再贷款central bank lending在国际金融机构储备头寸reserve position in international financial institutions 在人行存款deposits at （with）the central bank在途资金fund in float增加农业投入to increase investment in agriculture增势减缓deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum增收节支措施revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures增长平稳steady growth增值税value-added tax（VAT）涨幅偏高higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth账外账concealed accounts折旧depreciation整顿retrenchment;consolidation政策工具policy instrument政策性业务policy-related operations政策性银行policy banks政策组合policy mix政府干预government intervention证券交易清算settlement of securities transactions证券业务占款funding of securities purchase支付困难payment difficulty支付能力payment capacity直接调控方式向to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments间接调控方式转变职能转换transformation of functions职业道德professional ethics指令性措施mandatory measures指令性计划mandatory plan;administered plan制定和实施货币政策to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy滞后影响lagged effect中介机构intermediaries中央与地方财政delineation of fiscal responsibilities分灶吃饭重点建设key construction projects;key investment project周期谷底bottom（trough）of business cycle周转速度velocity主办银行main bank主权风险sovereign risk注册资本registered capital逐步到位to phase in;phased implementation逐步取消to phase out抓大放小to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）专款专用use of funds as ear-marked转贷on-lending转轨经济transition economy转机turnaround转折关头turning point准财政赤字quasi-fiscal deficit准货币quasi-money资本不足under-capitalized资本充足率capital adequacy ratio资本利润率return on capital资本账户可兑换capital account convertibility资不抵债insolvent;insolvency资产负债表balance sheet资产负债率liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets资产集中asset concentration资产贡献率asset contribution factor资产利润率return on assets （ROA）资产质量asset quality资产组合asset portfolio资金成本cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost资金到位fully funded （project）资金宽裕to have sufficient funds资金利用率fund utilization rate资金缺口financing gap资金体外循环financial disintermediation资金占压funds tied up自筹投资项目self-financed projects自有资金equity fund综合国力overall national strength（often measured by GDP）综合效益指标overall efficiency indicator综合治理comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul 总成交额total contract value总交易量total amount of transactions总成本total cost最后贷款人lender of last resort。