《计算机专业英语》部分文章翻译
《计算机专业英语》(中英文对照)
计算机专业英语
1-4
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose.
计算机专业英语 Computer English
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 2009.9.1
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
Key points: useful terms and definitions of
在 EDVAC 完 成 之 前 ， 其 他 一 些 机 器 建 成 了 ， 它 们 吸 收 了 Eckert 、 Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟 存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世 界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一 部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。
计算机专业英语部分文章翻译
Communication channels are an essential element of every communication system. These channels actually carry the data from one computer to another. There are two categories of communication channels. One category connects sending and receiving devices by providing a physical connection such as a wire or cable. The other category is wireless.通信管道对于每一个通信系统来说是一个至关重要的元素。
这些管道实际上把数据从一台计算机传输到另一台。
有两个类别的通信管道。
一类是有线，另一类是无线。
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONSPhysical connections use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices. These connections include telephone lines (twisted pair), coaxial cable,and fiber-optic cable.物理连接使用固体介质连接、发送和接收设备。
这些连接包括电话线路(双绞线)、同轴电缆和光纤电缆。
Telephone lines you see strung on poles consist of twisted-pair cable,which is made up of hundreds of copper wires. A single twisted pair culminates in a wall jack into which you can plug your phone and computer. (See Figure 9-3.) Telephone lines have been the standard transmission medium for years for both voice and data. However, they are now being phased out by more technically advanced and reliable media.Coaxial cable, a high-frequency transmission cable, replaces the multiple wires of telephone lines with a single solid-copper core. (See Figure 9-4.) In terms of the number of telephone connections, a coaxial cable has over 80 times the transmission capacity of twisted pair.Coaxial cable is used to deliver television signals as well as to connect computers in a network..你所看到的电话线，是由上百根铜线缠绕而成的双绞线。
计算机专业英语翻译参考
2.(P17)The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphicscard, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.
计算机专业英语教程翻译完整版
1.1A Closer Look at the Processor and PrimaryStorage仔细看看处理器和主存储器We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others. We have also learned that a computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components; that the processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system; and that a single computer system may have several processors. We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits. We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system — the processor.我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
计算机专业英语课文翻译
第4章操作系统第一部分阅读和翻译A部分 Windows 71. 简介Windows 7是微软最新发布的windows版本,这一系列微软制造的操作系统主要用于个人电脑,其中包括家庭和商业台式电脑、笔记本电脑、上网本、平板电脑、和媒体中心电脑。
(见图4.1)Windows 7于2009年7月22日开始生产,并在2009年10月22日零售,这个时间距其推出其前任Windows Vista不到三年时间。
与Windows 7相对应的Windows server 2008 R2,也是同年发布。
不像其前一操作系统vista，windows7 引入了大量的新特性，更集中于增量升级的windows线，目标是兼容已经在vista中兼容的应用程序和硬件。
微软在2008年的报告中关注于对于多点触控的支持，以及一个重新设计的windows shell和一个新的任务栏，并将其称之为Superbar，还有一个称之为家庭组的网络系统，注重性能改进。
之前版本的windows 系统中的一些标准的应用程序，包括windows日历，windows邮件，windows movie maker，和windows相片画廊在windows 7中并没有包含进来，而大多数是作为Windows Live Essentials套件单独免费进行提供的。
2. 发展最初，微软计划用一个代号为Blackcomb的windows版本来继承Windows XP(代号惠斯勒)和Windows Server 2003。
微软计划在Blackcomb中设计的主要功能包括在搜索中的加强，查询数据以及一个先进的存储命名系统。
然而，一个临时的，更小的，代号为Longhorn 的版本在2003年发布了。
微软在2003年中旬推迟发布了Blackcomb，但是Longhorn获得了大部分当初试图在Blackcomb中实现的特性。
在2003年，相继有三个主要病毒暴露了windows操作系统的一些漏洞，微软改变了其的发展重点，搁置了Longhorn的主要开发工作，主要开发windows xp和windows server 2003的服务包。
(完整word版)计算机专业英语教程(第5版)翻译完整版
主存储器，也就是说内存，用于为处理器暂时存放程序和数据。所有的程序和数据在被操作之前必须从输入设备（如VDT）或者辅助存储器转存到主存储器中。主存储器存储容量通常是相当有限的，因此，在一个程序执行结束，它所占用的存储空间必须被重新分配给其它正在等待执行操作的程序。
Figure 1-1 illustrates how all input/output (I/O)is “read to” or “written from” primary storage. In the figure, an inquiry (input) is made on a VDT. The inquiry, in the form of a message, is routed to primary storage over a channel (such as a coaxial cable). The message is interpreted, and the processor initiates action to retrieve the appropriate program and data from secondary storage [3].The program and data are “loaded”, or moves, to primary storage from secondary storage. This is a nondestructive read process. That is, the program and data that are read reside in both primary storage (temporarily) and secondary storage (permanently). The data are manipulated according to program instructions, and a report is written from primary storage to a printer.
计算机专业英语课文的翻译 中文 (5)[5页]
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第5单元程序开发和编程语言第一部分听力和对话对话：认识Java运行时环境（JRE）和Java虚拟机（JVM）（在Java编程的第一课之前，Mark下载了一个简单的Java小应用程序进行示例学习，但他发现，它无法正常运行。
）Mark：对不起，Henry和Sophie。
你们能帮助我吗？Henry：当然可以。
什么问题？Mark：为什么这个Java小应用程序不能运行？它的源代码是正确的。
Sophie：你的计算机是否安装了Java运行环境[1]？Mark：还没有。
什么是Java运行环境？Henry：简称JRE,是一个由太阳微系统公司开发的软件平台，可以让计算机运行由Java 编程语言编写的Java小应用程序和应用程序。
[2]Sophie：它包含Java虚拟机、Java库和一些其他组件。
Mark：Java虚拟机是做什么用的？Sophie: Java虚拟机（简称JVM)是一套计算机软件程序和数据结构，它使用虚拟机模型来执行其他计算机程序和脚本。
它可以隐藏能够运行程序的计算机硬件的细节。
[3]Mark：JVM和JRE是什么关系？[4]Henry：JVM是JRE的实例，当执行Java程序时开始起作用。
当执行完成后，这个实例具有垃圾回收机制。
JVM与一套能够实现Java API（Application Program Interface，应用程序接口）的标准类库一起发行。
虚拟机和API必须彼此一致，因此它们被捆绑成为JRE.[5]Sophie：因此，这可以被视为一个虚拟的计算机，其中虚拟机是处理器，并且API是用户界面。
Henry： JVM是Java平台一个至关重要的组件。
使用所有平台的相同字节码可将Java描述成“编译一次，到处运行”Mark: 字节码？Henry：是的。
JVM在通常称为Java字节码的一种中间语言上运行，这种中间语言通常是由Java源代码产生的，但也不一定。
打算在JVM上运行的程序，必须编译成这种标准化的可移植的二进制格式。
计算机专业英语翻译参考
计算机专业英语翻译参考1.(P1) Computer science deals with the theoreticalfoundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and human-computer interaction.计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。
2.(P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware isthe graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display.There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphicscards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。
计算机专业英语的课文及翻译
Unit 8 puter NetworkingText 1 Data municationsThe end equipmentcan be puters, printers, keyboards, CRTs, and so on.They are either generates the digital information for transmission oruses the received digital data. This equipment generally operates digital information internally in word units.DTE is data terminal equipment. A station controller (STACO)is the corresponding unit at the secondaries. At one time, the DTE was the last piece of equipment that belonged to the subscriber in a data link system. Between the DTEs, first is the modem, and then is the munications equipment. The munication equipment is owned and maintained by Telco. Data munications equipment (DCE) accepts the serial data stream from the DTE. And DCE converts it to some form of analog signal suitable for transmission on voice-grade lines. At the receive end, the DCE performs the reverse function. It converts the received analog signal to a serial digital data stream. The simplest form of DCE is a modem (modulator/demodulator) or data set. At the transmit end, the modem can be considered a form of digital-to-analog converter.While at the receive end, it can be considered a form of analog-to-digital converter.参考译文数据通信终端设备可以是计算机、打印机、键盘、CRT等。
计算机专业英语第八章课文翻译
CHAPTER 8 SECONDARY STORAGEP213IntroductionSecondary storage devices are used to save, to back up, and even to tran sport files consisting of data or programs from one location or computer to another. Not long ago, almost all files contained only numbers and lett ers. The demands for saving these files were easily met with low-capacity floppy disk drives and hard-disk drives.Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to include digita l music files, photographic files, video files, and much more. These new ty pes of files require secondary storage devices that have much greater cap acity.Secondary storage devices have always been an indispensable element i n any computer system. They have similarities to output and input device s. Like output devices, secondary storage devices receive information from the system unit in the form of the machine language of 0s and Is. Rathe r than translating the information, however, secondary storage devices sav e the information in machine language for later use. Like input devices, s econdary storage devices send information to the system unit for processi ng. However, the information, since it is already in machine form, does n ot need to be translated. It is sent directly to memory (RAM), where it c an be accessed and processed by the CPU.Competent end users need to be aware of the different types of second ary storage. They need to know the capabilities, limitations, and uses of fl oppy disks, hard disks, optical discs, and other types of secondary storage. Additionally, they need to be aware of specialty storage devices for porta ble computers and to be knowledgeable about how large organizations ma nage their extensive data resources.辅助存储设备被用来保存，备份，甚至把数据或程序从一个位置或计算机传送到另一个地方。
计算机专业英语教程第五版-Unit1翻译
Unit 1 Hardware I1.1 A closer look at the processor and primary storage进一步了解处理器和主存储器我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
计算机的内部操作很有意思，但确实没有什么神秘可言。
所谓的神秘只是存在于那些听信传闻和相信科幻小说作家的人的意识中。
计算机就是一种没有思想的需要接通电源的电子设备而已，与烤面包机和台灯差不多。
不加夸张地讲，市场上有几百种不同类型的计算机在销售.每种电脑在复杂性上可能有很大区别，但归根结底,每种处理器，有时称为中央处理器即cpu，只有两个基本部分:控制单元和计算逻辑单元.主内存在处理器内部操作中也是一个不可缺少的部分.这三个部件--主内存，控制单元和计算逻辑单元--一起工作.然我们看看它们(各自的)功能和它们之间的联系。
主存与其他的辅助存储器（如：磁带、硬盘）不一样的是，主存不含有运转部件。
由于没有机械运转的需要，主存种数据访问可以达到电子的速度，或接近于光速。
当今计算机的主存大多数使用DRAM（动态随机存取存储器）技术。
目前最新的工艺水平是：一块只有大约1/8张邮票大小的DRAM芯片却可以存储大约256,000,000位，约25,6000,000个字符的数据。
主存储器，也就是说内存，用于为处理器暂时存放程序和数据。
所有的程序和数据在被操作之前必须从输入设备（如VDT）或者辅助存储器转存到主存储器中。
主存储器存储容量通常是相当有限的，因此，在一个程序执行结束，它所占用的存储空间必须被重新分配给其它正在等待执行操作的程序。
计算机专业英语翻译
●计算机专业英语翻译部分●Data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include words, numbers, images, andsounds.●数据是未经组织的事实的集合,数据可以包括单词,数字,图像和声音.● A computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work together with software toperform calculations（计算）, organize data, and communicate with other computer.●计算机由许多硬件部件构成,这些硬件与软件一起工作,以便执行计算,组织数据及与其他计算机通信的任务.●These hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storagedevices, and communications devices.●硬件部件包括输入设备,输出设备,系统单元,存储设备和通信设备.●An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer.●输入设备让用户向计算机存储器输入数据和命令.●Storage differs from memory ,which can hold these items permanently(永久的)，whereasmemory holds these memory holds items only temporarily(暂时的)。
●外存储器与内存储器不同,外存储器能永久保存数据而内存储器仅临时保存.●Four common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, and aDVD-ROM drive.●四种常用的外存设备分别是:软盘驱动器,硬盘驱动器,CD-ROM驱动器和DVD-ROM驱动器.●Television?and?data?can?be?mixed?on?one?cable.?●宽带能用于多个方面。
计算机专业英语部分原文和翻译(第三单元)
计算机专业英语部分原文和翻译（第三单元）Efficiency/performance: the amount of system resources a program consumes( processor time ,memory space, slow device such as disks, network bandwidth and to some extent even user interaction):the less ,the better. This also includes correct disposal of some resource, such as cleaning up temporary files and lack of memory leaks.Reliability: how often the results of a program are correct. This depends on conceptual correctness of algorithms, and minimization of programming mistakes, such as mistakes in resource management (e.g.,buffer over flows and race conditions)and logic errors(such as division by zero or off-by-one errors).Robustness: how well a program anticipates problems not due to programmer error. This includes situation such as incorrect, inappropriate or corrupt data, unavailability of needed resources such as memory ,operating system services and network connections,and user error.Usability:the ergonomics of a program :the ease with which a person can use the program for its intended purpose,or in some cases even unanticipated purposes.Such issues can make or break its success even regardless of other issues. This involves a wide range of textual , graphical and sometimes hardware elements that improve the alacrity, intuitiveness, cohesiveness and complements of a program’s user interface.Portability:the range of computer hardware and operating systemplatforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled/interpreted and run .This depends on differences in the programming facilities provided by the different platform, includeing hardware and operating system resources, expected behavior of the hardware and operating system ,and availability of platform specific compilers (and sometimes libraries)for the language of the source code.Maintainability :the ease with which a program can be modified by its present on future developers in order to make improvements or customizations, fix buds and security holes, or adapt it to new environments. Good practices during initial development make the difference in this regard. This quality may not be directly apparent to the and user but it can significantly affect the fate of a program over the long term .效率/性能：程序消耗系统资源量（处理器运行时间，存储空间，慢速设备如磁盘，网络带宽甚至在某种程度上用户交互）：越少越好。
计算机专业英语教程翻译完整版
1.1A Closer Look at the Processor and PrimaryStorage仔细看看处理器和主存储器We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others. We have also learned that a computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components; that the processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system; and that a single computer system may have several processors. We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits. We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system — the processor.我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
计算机专业英语课文的翻译 中文 (10)[5页]
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第10单元计算机安全与隐私第一部分听力和对话对话：使用杀毒软件（Sophie的电脑不幸感染了恶意的电子邮件附件。
现在，她正努力寻找一些措施，用来有效地治疗和保护她的计算机不受病毒感染。
）Mark：我认为杀毒软件在上网时是一个主要的措施。
Henry：是的。
我同意。
杀毒软件是这样一种实用程序软件，它能够寻找并去除病毒、木马、蠕虫和恶意软件。
它适用于所有类型的计算机和数据存储设备，包括智能手机、平板电脑、个人计算机、闪存、服务器、PC机和Mac机。
Sophie：你能否推荐任何有信誉的杀毒软件让我使用？Mark：没问题。
流行的杀毒软件包括Norton AntiVirus、Kapspersky Anti-Virus、F-Secure Anti-Virus、Windows Defender和Avast等。
Sophie：杀毒软件如何起作用？Henry：现代的杀毒软件在幕后运行，并且企图识别存在于设备内的作为下载、电子邮件、附件或网页的恶意软件。
查找恶意软件的过程有时称为扫描或实现病毒扫描。
要识别恶意软件，杀毒软件可以查找病毒特征值或实现启发式分析。
Sophie：当查到恶意软件后会怎样呢？Mark：当杀毒软件查到恶意软件后，它可以试图去除感染，将这个文件放到隔离区，或仅仅是删除这个文件。
Mark：尽管偶尔查不到，但是杀毒软件和其他的安全软件模块能够不断地删去感染设备的恶意软件。
要点是使用安全软件，但是进行额外的预防措施也很重要，如定期备份数据，并且避开靠不住的软件销售商店。
Sophie：我如何保证我的杀毒软件正在运行？Mark：杀毒软件往往是我们习以为常的数字生活的一部分。
我们假定它已安装并执行它的工作。
Henry：但是杀毒软件可能无意中被禁用。
它的配置可以被通过设法潜入设备的恶意软件所改变。
在试用或订阅到期后，杀毒软件会失效。
保证杀毒软件正确地执行也许需要用户定期的介入。
Mark：而且许多杀毒产品在任务栏或通告区会显示一个图标。
计算机专业英语课文的翻译 中文 (4)[4页]
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第4单元操作系统第一部分听力和对话对话：关于操作系统的讨论（Henry想要了解更多有关于操作系统的内容，所以他在课后向Mark和Sophie请教）Henry: 一个操作系统可以实现的确切的功能是什么？Sophie: 它控制包括视觉体验、键盘、鼠标、麦克风以及触摸屏等搜集用户需求的用户接口的关键因素。
Mark：并且在幕后，操作系统忙碌地监控发生在设备内的操作。
Henry: 我了解诸如Wind ows、iOS等很基础的操作系统，但是我认为还有其他的操作系统有很广泛的用途。
Sophie：你说的很对。
操作系统可以根据它们在什么设备上使用来进行分类。
Mark：台式机操作系统是为台式机或者手提电脑而设计。
你在学校、在家或在工作中使用的电脑大部分都配置有台式机操作系统，如Microsoft Wind ows，OS X，或者Chrome OS。
Sophie：另外，像iOS和Android这样的操作系统被定义为移动操作系统，因为它们被设计用于手机、平板电脑、电子书阅读器。
Henry：还有其他的吗？Sophie：当然。
被部署用于网络、文件、应用、数据库、邮件服务器的电脑通常使用可以被多个用户同时使用的分布式网络的服务器操作系统。
Mark：Linux,、UNIX,、Wind ows和OS X服务器都是流行的服务器操作系统。
Henry：太棒了。
操作系统究竟存在于哪里？Mark：在一些诸如手机、电子阅读器的电子设备中，整个操作系统足够小所以可以被储存在只读存储器中。
对于其他大多数的电脑，操作系统很大，所以大部分存储在硬盘上或者固态硬盘上。
Sophie：是的。
在引导程序的过程中，操作系统内核被加载至随机存取存储器中。
内核提供关键的操作系统服务，如内存管理、获取文件。
在电脑运行的过程中，内核一直存在于随机存取存储器中。
其他的部分如定制化工具，被需要的时候会加载至随机存取存储器中。
Henry：我明白了！十分感谢你们。
练习以小组的形式，用右边的其他表达式来替换文中相应的陈述，组成类似的对话。
计算机专业英语教程(第5版)翻译完整版
1.1 A Closer Look at the Processor and PrimaryStorage仔细看看处理器和主存储器We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others. We have also learned that a computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components; that the processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system; and that a single computer system may have several processors. We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits. We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system — the processor.我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
计算机专业英语(2003影印版)第一单元翻译
VISUAL SUMMARY
INFORMATION SYSTEM The way to think about a microcomputer is to realize that it is one part of an information system .
People are obviously the essential part of the system! The purpose of information systems is to make people ,or end users like you, more productive. Procedures are rules or guidelines to follow when using software ,hardware, and data .they are typically documented in manuals written by computer professionals. Software (programs) provides step-by-step instructions to control the computer to convert data into information. Hardware consists of the physical equipment. Ti is controlled by software and processes data to create information. Date consists of unprocessed facts including text, numbers, images, and sound. information is data that has been processed by the computer.
计算机专业英语教程（第4版）全书译文
计算机专业英语教程（第4版）全书译文1We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others. We have also learned that a computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components; that th e processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system; and that a single computer system may have several processors. We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits. We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system — the processor.我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
The internal operation of a computer is interesting, but there really is no mystery to it. The mystery is in the minds of those who listen to hearsay and believe science-fiction writer. The computer is a nonthinking electronic device that has to be plugged into an electrical power source, just like a toaster or a lamp.计算机的内部操作很有意思，但确实没有什么神秘可言。
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Communication channels are an essential element of every communication system. These channels actually carry the data from one computer to another. There are two categories of communication channels. One category connects sending and receiving devices by providing a physical connection such as a wire or cable. The other category is wireless.通信管道对于每一个通信系统来说是一个至关重要的元素。
这些管道实际上把数据从一台计算机传输到另一台。
有两个类别的通信管道。
一类是有线，另一类是无线。
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONSPhysical connections use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices. These connections include telephone lines (twisted pair), coaxial cable,and fiber-optic cable.物理连接使用固体介质连接、发送和接收设备。
这些连接包括电话线路(双绞线)、同轴电缆和光纤电缆。
Telephone lines you see strung on poles consist of twisted-pair cable,which is made up of hundreds of copper wires. A single twisted pair culminates in a wall jack into which you can plug your phone and computer. (See Figure 9-3.) Telephone lines have been the standard transmission medium for years for both voice and data. However, they are now being phased out by more technically advanced and reliable media.Coaxial cable, a high-frequency transmission cable, replaces the multiple wires of telephone lines with a single solid-copper core. (See Figure 9-4.) In terms of the number of telephone connections, a coaxial cable has over 80 times the transmission capacity of twisted pair.Coaxial cable is used to deliver television signals as well as to connect computers in a network..你所看到的电话线，是由上百根铜线缠绕而成的双绞线。
双绞线的一个端口是固定电话,当然也可以插在手机和电脑上。
电话线作为一个标准传输媒介，多年一来一直在负责语音和数据的传输。
然而,他们现在已经被更先进、可靠的媒体所淘汰了。
同轴电缆、高频传输电缆,取代了多个连接的电话线。
在传输能力方面,一个同轴电缆是双绞线传输容量的80倍。
同轴电缆先主要用于提供电视信号以及连接网络的电脑. .Fiber-optic cable transmits data as pulses of light through tiny tubes of glass. (See Figure 9-5.) In terms of the number of telephone connections,fiber-optic cable has over 26,000 times the transmission capacity of twisted-pair cable. Compared to coaxial cable, they are lighter and more reliable at transmitting data. They transmit information using beams of light at light speeds instead of pulses of electricity, making them far faster than copper cable. Fiber-optic cable is rapidly replacing twisted-pair cable telephone lines.光纤电缆传输数据是由光脉冲在细小的玻璃导管内进行的。
(参见图9 - 5)。
在传输能力上，光纤电缆的传输速度已经超过双绞线26000倍。
与同轴电缆相比,光纤更轻，传输更快。
光纤使用光束传输信息，而不是的电脉冲,这使他们传输速度远远快于铜电缆。
光纤电缆正在迅速取代电缆电话线路。
244WIRELESS CONNECTIONSWireless connections do not use a solid substance to connect sending and receiving devices.Rather, they use the air itself. Primary technologies used for wireless connections are infrared, broadcast radio, microwave, and satellite.无线连接不使用固体物质连接发送和接收数据。
相反,他们使用空气本身传播。
目前此项技术主要用于红外连接、广播无线电、微波和卫星。
Infrared uses infrared light waves to communicate over short distances.It is sometimes referred to as line-of-sight communication because the light waves can only travel in a straight line. This requires that sending and receiving devices must be in clear view of one another without any obstructions blocking that view.One of the most common applications is to transfer data and information from a portable device such as a notebook computer or PDA to a desktop computer.红外技术使用红外光波在短距离通信。
它有时被称为视距通信，因为光只能沿直线传播。
这就要求发送和接收设备必须没有任何障碍物阻止。
最常见的应用是用来传送数据和信息从一个便携式设备，如笔记本电脑或掌上电脑桌面计算机上传输数据。
Broadcast radio uses radio signals to communicate with wireless devices.For example, cellular telephones and many Web-enabled devices use broadcast radio to place telephone calls and/or to connect to the Internet. Some end users connect their notebook or handheld computers to a cellular telephone to access the Web from remote locations. Most of these Web-enabled devices follow a standard known as Wi-FI (wireless fidelity). This wireless standard is widely used to connect computers to each other and to the Internet.广播电台使用无线电信号与无线设备。
例如,移动电话和许多网络设备使用广播电台将电话和/或连接到互联网。
一些终端用户连接他们的笔记本通过无线信号连接上网。
大多数的这些网络设备遵循一个标准，称为wi - fi。
这个无线标准被广泛用于局域网和因特网。
Microwave communication uses high-frequency radio waves. Like infrared, microwave communication provides line-of-sight communication because microwaves travel in a straight line. Because the waves cannot bend with the curvature of the earth, they can be transmitted only over relatively short distances. Thus, microwave is a good medium for sending data between buildings in a city or on a large college campus. For longer distances, the waves must be relayed by means of microwave stations with microwave dishes or antennas. (See Figure 9-6.) These stations can be installed on towers. high buildings. and mountaintoos.微波通信使用高频无线电波。