国际金融(吕江林-第三版)知识点整理及课后答案

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(新)“国际金融”知识要点梳理汇总含答案

(新)“国际金融”知识要点梳理汇总含答案

“国际金融”知识要点课程编号:学籍号:____________________学习中心:________________姓名:____________________注意事项:1、本试卷满分100分,考试时间120分钟;2、本试卷为闭卷考试,请将答案一律写在答题纸上。

一、判断题(请判断下面说法的对(√)错(×);如果错误,请改正;每题2分,共10题;合计20分)1.国际收支记录的是流量,国际投资头寸记录的也是流量。

X2.特别提款权作为一种国际储备资产,其价值是由包括美元、欧元、日元、英镑和人民币的一篮子货币为基础来确定的。

D3.在间接标价法下,当汇率的数值越高时,本币的币值越高。

D4.布雷顿森林体系实际上完全恢复了金本位下的固定汇率制度,以保证战后经济的恢复发展。

X5.外汇市场包括外汇零售市场和外汇批发市场。

为了买到便宜的外汇,我们应该尽量到批发市场去。

X6.欧洲货币市场虽然是传统国际金融市场的延伸,但两者截然不同。

D7.在国际资本流动中,属于长期性的国际资本流动主要有国际直接投资、贸易性资本流动、国际中长期贷款等。

X8.国际金本位制度是西方主要国家早期通过彼此间协定做出的国际货币制度安排。

X9.在国际货币基金组织中,执行董事会是其最高权力机构。

X10.经济学家认为,一些经济上较为封闭但地理上紧邻的几个国家适合组成最适度货币区。

X二、选择题(请在备选答案中选择最佳的一个答案;每题2分,共15题;合计30分)1.在进行国际收支统计时,一项交易是否应列入其中所依据的原则是(C)。

2.国际储备的主要功能包括(D)。

3.在直接标价法下,银行报出的某一外汇的几种汇率由大到小应该是:C4.在汇率制度中包含货币当局对本国汇率的一系列安排或规定,但不包括下列哪一项?(A)5.外汇市场是国际金融市场的重要组成部分,当前最大的外汇市场在(C)6.在离岸金融中心由不同的业务类型,其中几乎没有实际的业务,只进行借贷投资等业务的记账、转账或者注册等事务的属于(B)。

国际金融-复习资料【含复习题及答案】

国际金融-复习资料【含复习题及答案】

国际金融-复习资料【含复习题及答案】一、国际金融概述国际金融是指跨国界的金融活动,包括国际收支、国际金融市场、国际金融机构以及国际金融政策等内容。

了解国际金融的基本概念、原理和运行机制对于深入理解国际金融市场和金融政策具有重要意义。

(一)复习题1. 国际金融的主要内容包括哪些方面?2. 国际收支平衡表包括哪些主要项目?3. 国际金融市场的主要功能是什么?4. 国际金融机构有哪些?(二)答案1. 国际金融的主要内容包括:国际收支、国际金融市场、国际金融机构以及国际金融政策等方面。

2. 国际收支平衡表包括以下主要项目:经常账户、资本账户、金融账户、储备资产和其他项目。

3. 国际金融市场的主要功能包括:融资、投资、支付结算、风险管理等。

4. 国际金融机构主要包括:国际货币基金组织(IMF)、世界银行、国际清算银行(BIS)等。

二、国际收支国际收支是指一个国家(或地区)在一定时期内,与其他国家(或地区)之间的经济交易。

(一)复习题1. 国际收支的主要组成部分是什么?2. 国际收支平衡表中的经常账户、资本账户、金融账户分别代表什么?3. 国际收支不平衡可能带来哪些问题?4. 如何通过国际收支调节?(二)答案1. 国际收支的主要组成部分是:经常账户、资本账户、金融账户、储备资产和其他项目。

2. 国际收支平衡表中的经常账户、资本账户、金融账户分别代表:货物和服务的贸易、收入和转移支付、投资收益和金融资产和负债的净额。

3. 国际收支不平衡可能带来以下问题:外汇储备的增减、汇率波动、通货膨胀或通货紧缩、国际投资头寸的变动。

4. 通过以下方式调节国际收支:调整财政政策、货币政策、汇率政策和贸易政策。

三、国际金融市场国际金融市场是指跨国界的金融市场,包括货币市场、资本市场、外汇市场、黄金市场、衍生品市场等。

(一)复习题1. 国际金融市场的主要功能是什么?2. 国际金融市场的分类有哪些?3. 国际金融市场的主要参与者有哪些?4. 国际金融市场的基本特征是什么?(二)答案1. 国际金融市场的主要功能是:投资、融资、支付结算、风险管理、价格发现。

国际金融概论(第三版)第4章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第4章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第4章课后习题及参考答案第四章开放经济条件下的国际资本流动思考题:一、填空题:1.国际资本流动按其表现类型,可以分为:-----------、--------和----------。

2.国际资本流动按其流动方向,可分为:-----------和------------。

3.国际资本流动的影响因素有:——————、——————、——————和————————。

4. 外债主要是指一国居民所欠----------的、已使用而---------,具有--------偿还义务的全部债务。

5. 偿债率是指一国的——————占当年——————————的比率。

6.国际上公认的偿债率指标一般在————以下是安全的。

7. 负债率是指一国一定时期的——————占该国当期——————的比率。

8. 负债率一般用来衡量——————————。

9. 我国对外资的管理策略是-----------、--------------和-------------。

10.我国利用外资的主要渠道有:-----------、------------、------------、-----------、--------------和-----------。

二、判断题:1.国际资本流动与金融自由化进程毫不相干。

()2. 近年来,发达国家已成为国际资本流动的重要场所。

()3. 国际资本流动是伴随着国际贸易的发展而发展起来的。

()4.国际资本流动的规模主要受各国经济周期的影响。

()5.国际资本流动会增加各国进行资本管制的难度。

()6.国际资本流动中,融资证券化的趋势不断增长。

()7.国际资本流动的规模尽管庞大,但其尚不足以脱离实体经济基础。

()8. 伴随规避风险的考虑,国际资本流动愈加频繁。

9. 外债主要是指一国在一定时期的全部债务。

它包括契约性的债务,也包括借贷双方口头上形成的债务。

()10.一国外债的偿债率达到30%时即表明该国经济存在问题。

国际金融学(第三版)课后思考题及答案

国际金融学(第三版)课后思考题及答案

国际金融学(第三版)课后思考题及答案课后思考题第一章开放经济下的国民收入账户与收支账户从国民收入账户角度看,开放经济与封闭经济有哪些区别?封闭条件下,国民收入包括私人消费、私人储蓄、政府税收。

当经济的开放性仅限于商品的跨国流动时,国民收入还需包括贸易账户余额。

当经济的开放性发展到资本、劳动力的国际流动时,国民收入被加以区分。

1.国内生产总值,是以一国领土为标准,指的是在一定时期内一国居民生产的产品与服务的总值2.国民生产总值,是以一国国民为标准,指的是在一定时期内一国居民生产的产品与服务总值。

国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上本国从外国取得的净要素收入。

如何完整理解经常账户的宏观经济含义?贸易账户余额与经要素收入之和被称为经常账户余额,它在开放经济中居于重要的地位。

对经常账户可以从不同角度展开分析:从进出口的角度看,经常账户反映了一国的国际竞争力水平。

从国内吸收的角度看,经常账户反映了以国国民收入与国内吸收之间的关系。

从国际投资头寸的角度看,经常账户带来了一国国际投资头寸的变化,同时它又受到国际投资头寸状况的影响。

从储蓄与投资的角度看,经常账户反应了一国储蓄与投资之间的差额,当私人的投资与储蓄比较稳定时,经常账户反映了政府的财政收支行为。

3 对一国经济的开放性进行衡量的基本原理是什么?衡量经济开放性的工具是国际收支。

国际收支是指一国居民与外国居民在一定时期内各项交易的货币价值总和。

国际收支是一个流量概念,它反映的内容是交易,其范围限于居民与非居民之间的交易。

4 国际收支账户各个组成部分之间存在什么关系?国际收支账户的账户设置包括经常账户、资本与金融账户、错误与遗漏账户。

经常账户记录的是世纪资源的国际流动,它包括货物、服务、收入和经常转移。

资本与金融账户是记录资产所有权国际流动行为的账户,其中资本账户包括转移及非生产、非金融资产的收买和放弃;金融账户包括直接投资、证券投资、其他投资、官方储备。

经常账户余额与贸易账户余额之间的关系:经常账户余额与贸易账户余额之间的差别体现在收入账户余额的大小上。

国际金融概论(第三版)第3章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第3章课后习题及参考答案

第三章课后习题一、填空题1.________又称短期资金市场或短期金融市场,是国际短期货币金融资产进行交换的场所,融资期限在________年以内。

2.国际资本市场包括________、________和________。

国际债券市场和国际股票市场统称为________,它是国际资本市场的核心内容。

3.当今世界上主要的欧洲货币交易中心有30余个,主要分布在欧洲、亚洲、中东、美洲等地区,其中,最为重要的是________,其他重要的中心还有________、________、香港、法兰克福等。

4.外汇市场的参与者主要有_____、_____、_____、_____。

5.按照功能的不同,国际金融市场可以划分为_____、_____、_____、_____。

6.外汇交易可以分为三个层次,即_____、_____、_____。

7.辛迪加贷款具有_____和_____两种形式。

8.若某一币种的购入额多于售出额,则银行该币种外汇头寸出现_____;若某一币种的购入额低于售出额,则银行该币种外汇头寸出现_____。

9. _____是长期资本融通的场所,通常是1年以上的中长期资本借贷或证券发行与交易的市场。

10.国际股票市场上股票发行涉及的当事人有_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。

二、不定项选择题1.国际金融中心的形成条件有( )。

A.强大繁荣的经济基础 B.安定和平的政治环境政策环境C.高效健全的金融制度 D.分布集中的金融机构2.按照国际金融市场产生的历史可将国际金融市场分为( )。

A.传统的国际金融市场 B.黄金市场C.新型的国际金融市场 D.资本市场3.新型的国际金融市场,又被称为( )。

A.超级国际金融市场 B.在岸国际金融市场C.自由国际金融市场 D.离岸国际金融市场4.国际债券是在国际证券市场上筹资,发行对象为众多国家的投资者,主要包括( )。

A.外国债券 B.欧洲债券C.武士债券 D.扬基债券5.国际股票市场按照其基本职能可划分为()。

国际金融第三版课后习题集与答案解析

国际金融第三版课后习题集与答案解析

第一章外汇与外汇汇率Foreign Exchange & Exchange Rate练习题一、填空题练习说明:请结合学习情况在以下段落空白处填充适当的文字,使上下文合乎逻辑。

外汇的概念可以从两个角度来考察:其一,将一国货币兑换成另一国货币的过程,也就是(1)的外汇概念;其二,国际间为清偿债权债务关系进行的汇兑活动所凭借的手段和工具,也就是(2)的外汇概念。

通常意义上的外汇都是指后者。

外汇的主要特征体现在两个方面:外汇是以(3)表示的资产,外汇必须是可以(4)成其他形式的,或者以其他货币表示的资产。

因此,外汇并不仅仅包括可兑换的外国货币,外汇资产的形式有很多,例如,(5),(6),(7)等等。

(8)是外汇这样特殊商品的价格,又称(9),是不同货币之间兑换的比率或者比价,或者说是以一种货币表示的另一种货币的价格。

(10)和间接标价法是两种基本的汇率标价方法。

前者是指以一定单位的外国货币为标准,来计算折合多少单位的本国货币;后者是指以一定单位的本国货币为标准,来计算折合多少单位的外国货币。

目前,国际市场上通行的(11),是以美元作为标准公布外汇牌价。

汇率根据不同的标准可以分为不同的种类,例如,买入价,卖出价和中间价;即期汇率和远期汇率;(12)和套算汇率;电汇汇率,(13)和票汇汇率;官方汇率和市场汇率;贸易汇率和金融汇率;固定汇率和浮动汇率;名义汇率和实际汇率。

19世纪初到20世纪初,西方资本主义国家普遍实行的是(14)制度,各国货币都以黄金铸成,金铸币有一定的重量和成色,有法定含金量;金币可以(15)、(16)、自由输出入,具有无限清偿能力。

在这种货币制度下,汇率是相当稳定的,这是因为,两种货币汇率决定的基础是铸币平价,即两种货币(17)之比。

而各国货币法定的含金量一旦确定,一般不轻易改动,因而铸币平价是比较稳定的。

当然,金本位制度下的汇率同样会根据外汇供求关系的作用而上下浮动。

当某种货币供不应求时,汇价会上涨,超过铸币平价;反之,汇价就会下跌,低于铸币平价。

国际金融第三版 重点

国际金融第三版  重点

第1章P5-P7 国际收支平衡表的概念、编制原理、记账方法、主要内容国际收支失衡原因p16第2章黄金输送点的概念p50,掉期交易p69,汇率变动对一国内的宏观经济影响p56、影响汇率变动的主要因素p51、外汇期货与远期外汇交易有何不同p73外汇期权P77第3章货币替代的概念 p103第4章特别提款p139权储备头寸p138 、衡量外汇储备适度的标准是什么 p150 第5章P171国际金融市场的概念p171及形成需要那些条件p174 银团贷款p193银行同行拆借市场p188 CIER伦敦p189第6章国际金融风险p220 特征p221外汇风险p225 交易风险p226 福费廷p235 保付代理p236备用信贷是一成员国在国际收支发生困难或预计要发生困难时,同国际货币基金组织签订的一种备用借款协议。

协议一经签订后,成员国在需要时可按协议规定的方法提用,不需要再办理新的手续。

这种协议通常包括可借用款项的额度、使用期限、利率、分阶段使用的规定、币种等等。

备用信贷协议中规定的借款额度,有时并不被完全使用。

对于未使用部分的款项,只需缴纳约1%的年管理费。

有的成员国与基金组织签订了备用信贷协议后,甚至根本不去使用它。

凡按规定可随时使用未使用的部分,计入借入储备。

备用信贷协议的签订,表明政府干预外汇市场的能力扩大和政府干预外汇市场的决心,对外汇市场上的交易者和投机者具有一种心理上的作用。

进出口货物如何防范外汇风险(1)选择恰当合同货币。

在有关对外贸易和借贷等经济交易中,选择何种货币作为计价货币直接关系到交易主体是否将承担汇率风险。

为了避免汇率风险,企业应该争取使用本国货币作为合同货币,在出品、资本输出时使用硬通货,而在进口、资本输入时使用软通货。

同时在合同中加列保值条款等措施。

(2)经营多样化。

即在国际范围内分散其销售、生产地及原材料来源地,通过国际经营的多样化,当汇率出现变化时,管理部门可以通过比较不同地区生产、销售和成本的变化趋利避害,增加在汇率变化有利的分支机构的生产,而减少汇率变化不利的分支机构的生产。

国际金融课后习题答案

国际金融课后习题答案

《国际金融》课后习题答案第一章国际收支本章重要概念国际收支:国际收支是指一国或地区居民与非居民在一定时期全部经济交易的货币价值之和。

它体现的是一国的对外经济交往,是货币的、流量的、事后的概念。

国际收支平衡表:国际收支平衡表是将国际收支根据复式记账原则和特定账户分类原则编制出来的会计报表。

它可分为经常项目、资本和金融项目以及错误和遗漏项目三大类。

丁伯根原则:1962 年,荷兰经济学家丁伯根在其所著的《经济政策:原理与设计》一书中提出:要实现若干个独立的政策目标,至少需要相互独立的若干个有效的政策工具。

这一观点被称为“丁伯根原则”。

米德冲突:英国经济学家米德于1951 年在其名著《国际收支》当中最早提出了固定汇率制度下外均衡冲突问题。

米德指出,如果我们假定失业与通货膨胀是两种独立的情况,那么,单一的支出调整政策(包括财政、货币政策)无法实现部均衡和外部均衡的目标。

分派原则:这一原则由蒙代尔提出,它的含义是:每一目标应当指派给对这一目标有相对最大的影响力,因而在影响政策目标上有相对优势的工具。

自主性交易:亦称事前交易,是指交易当事人自主地为某项动机而进行的交易。

国际收支失衡:国际收支失衡是指自主性交易发生逆差或顺差,需要用补偿性交易来弥补。

它有不同的分类,根据时间标准进行分类,可分为静态失衡和动态失衡;根据国际收支的容,可分为总量失衡和结构失衡;根据国际收支失衡时所采取的经济政策,可分为实际失衡和潜在失衡。

复习思考题1.一国国际收支平衡表的经常账户是赤字的同时,该国的国际收支是否可能盈余,为什么?答:可能,通常人们所讲的国际收支盈余或赤字就是指综合差额的盈余或赤字.这里综合差额的盈余或赤字不仅包括经常账户,还包括资本与金融账户,这里,资本与金融账户和经常账户之间具有融资关系。

但是,随着国际金融一体化的发展,资本和金融账户与经常账户之间的这种融资关系正逐渐发生深刻变化。

一方面,资本和金融账户为经常账户提供融资受到诸多因素的制约。

国际金融参考答案

国际金融参考答案

国际金融参考答案国际金融参考答案随着全球化的加速发展,国际金融日益成为全球经济的重要组成部分。

在这个充满挑战和机遇的领域中,我们需要深入了解国际金融的基本概念、原则和运作方式,以便更好地应对全球经济的变化和风险。

首先,我们需要了解国际金融的基本概念。

国际金融是指跨越国家边界进行的金融活动,包括跨国贸易、跨国投资、外汇市场、国际支付等。

国际金融的参与主体包括国际金融机构、跨国公司、政府机构和个人投资者等。

其次,国际金融的运作方式也是我们需要了解的重要内容。

国际金融的运作方式主要包括国际货币体系、国际金融市场和国际金融机构。

国际货币体系是指全球各国之间的货币关系和货币政策协调机制。

国际金融市场是指各国之间进行金融交易的场所,包括外汇市场、股票市场和债券市场等。

国际金融机构是指跨国银行、国际货币基金组织(IMF)、世界银行等国际组织。

在国际金融中,汇率是非常重要的因素之一。

汇率是指一国货币与其他国家货币的兑换比率。

汇率的变动会对各国的经济和贸易产生重要影响。

例如,如果一个国家的货币贬值,它的出口商品将变得更具竞争力,但进口商品的价格也会上涨。

因此,国际金融市场对汇率的波动非常敏感,投资者需要密切关注汇率的变动,以便做出正确的投资决策。

此外,国际金融还涉及到跨国投资和国际支付等方面。

跨国投资是指一个国家的企业在其他国家进行投资,以获取更多的市场份额和利润。

国际支付是指各国之间的货币支付和结算活动,包括跨国贸易的支付和跨国资金的转移等。

在全球化背景下,国际金融的风险也日益突出。

例如,金融危机、汇率波动和政治不稳定等因素都可能对国际金融市场产生重大影响。

因此,投资者和金融机构需要采取有效的风险管理措施,以降低风险和损失。

总之,国际金融是一个复杂而又充满机遇的领域。

了解国际金融的基本概念、原则和运作方式对于我们更好地应对全球经济的变化和风险至关重要。

在这个快速发展的时代,我们需要不断学习和更新知识,以适应国际金融的发展需求。

国际金融概论(第三版)第5章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第5章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第5章课后习题及参考答案习题与答案一、填空题1.在直接标价法下,升水时,远期外汇汇率等于即期汇率_____;贴水时,远期外汇汇率等于即期汇率_____。

2.决定远期汇率的主要因素是_____。

3.不进行外汇风险防范的套利交易称为_____。

4.地点套汇可以分为和。

5.在汇率制度方面,香港实行。

6.远期外汇交易的动机主要有和。

7.金融创新包括创新、创新和创新。

8.期权交易处于状态,期权的购买者将执行合同。

9.期货交易实质上是一种的远期交易。

10.外汇交易所是世界上最大的外汇市场。

二、判断题1.升水表示远期外汇比即期外汇贱,贴水表示远期外汇比即期外汇贵。

2.一般而言,利率低的货币远期汇率会贴水。

3.商业银行在买卖外汇时,如果卖出多于买入为多头,如果买入多于卖出为空头。

4.在择期外汇交易中,如果报价银行买入基准货币,若基准货币升水,应按选择期内第一天的汇率报价。

5.在现代国际投资活动中,跨国公司经常利用外汇投机的方式使风险资产与负债保持平衡。

6.套汇可促使不同市场利率差异缩小。

7.国际融资证券化是指在国际金融市场上筹资手段的证券化和贷款债权的证券化。

8.美式期权的持有者可以在合同到期前的任何时间行使其权利。

9.外汇期货交易的定价是通过网上竞价确定的。

10.外汇期货交易的对象为外汇资产。

三、单选题1.利用不同外汇市场间的汇率差价赚取利润的交易是()。

A.套利交易B.择期交易C.掉期交易D.套汇交易2.目前世界上最大的外汇交易市场是()。

A.纽约B.东京C.伦敦D.香港3.伦敦外汇市场上,即期汇率为1英镑=1.4608美元,3个月外汇远期贴水0.51美分,则3个月远期英镑/美元=()。

A.1.9708B.1.9568C.1.4659D.1.45574.期权市场上,期权买方买入看涨期权,其中不可预测的因素有()。

A.期权费B.最大亏损额C.最大收益额D.期权合同量5.在金融交易中,买卖双方的权利与义务不对等的交易有()。

国际金融概论(第三版)第1章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第1章课后习题及参考答案

本章复习思考题一、填空题1.银行外汇买入汇率与卖出汇率的平均数称为。

2.按外汇是否可以自由兑换,它可分为和。

3.按银行买卖外汇的价格划分,可分为、、和。

4.外汇需具备三个基本特征:、和。

5.从汇率变动对进出口贸易的影响看,一国货币对外不利于出口、有利于进口。

6. 直接标价法是以一定单位的______作为标准,折算成一定数量的________,又被称为应付标价法。

7. 在直接标价法下,外币折合本币数额较少的汇率是_______。

8. 金本位货币制度的典型特征是,金币可以_________、银行券可以_________、黄金可以自由输出或输入国境。

9. 外汇干预政策指一国政府或货币当局通过运用_________介入外汇市场,直接进行外汇买卖来调节外汇供求,从而使汇率朝着有利于本国经济发展的方向变动。

10. 金本位下的汇率决定基础是________。

二、判断题1.记账外汇可以对第三国进行支付。

()2.自由外汇可以自由兑换其他国家货币。

()3.银行买入外币现钞的汇率要高于买入外币现汇的汇率。

()4.一般而言,市场汇率属于名义汇率。

()5.汇率按外汇交易的交割期限划分,可分为市场汇率和远期汇率。

()6.按照业务往来对象不同,外汇汇率可以划分为同业汇率和商人汇率,通常同业汇率的买卖价差小于商人汇率的买卖价差。

()7. 各国公布的外汇牌价一般都是电汇汇率。

()8. 一国资本大量流出,就会出现外汇短缺,使本币币值下降、汇率下降。

()9. 一国实行提高利率政策可以吸引国外资金的流入,从而改善国际收支。

()10. 一国货币汇率上涨,不利于减轻该国通货膨胀的压力。

()三、单项选择题1.以下不属于外汇的是()。

A.外国铸币 B.外币银行存款凭证 C.特别提款权 D.普通提款权2.狭义的外汇主要是指()。

A.外国货币B.以外币表示的资产C.储备货币D.以储备货币表示的存款凭证3.在金币本位制度下,汇率波动的界限是()。

输入点A.黄金输出点 B.黄金C.黄金输送点 D.铸币平价4. 间接标价法以()为基准单位。

国际金融概论(第三版)第9章课后习题及参考答案

国际金融概论(第三版)第9章课后习题及参考答案

本章复习思考题一、填空题1.汇率制度有两种基本类型:和。

2.外汇管制的对象分为对的管制、对的管制和对的管制。

3.外汇管制是指一国政府通过等对国际结算、、借贷、转移、及等实行的限制性措施。

4. 经济开放度反应一国与的联系程度,可用占GDP比例来反映。

5.本币低估出口进口,劳务输出劳务输入,资本流入。

6.人民币经常项目可兑换,资本金融项目可兑换。

7.目前中国企业走出去的途径主要是和。

8.管理浮动又称,自由浮动又称。

9.汇率稳定和维持是在得以实现的。

10.汇率政策主要包括:和。

二、判断题1.复汇率是国家实行外汇管制的一种措施。

()2.外汇管制法规生效的范围一般以本国领土为界限。

()3.本币低估会使本国的进口物资价格变得相对低廉。

()4.我国在2010年12月1日起实现了人民币经常项下可自由兑换,从而使人民币成为自由兑换货币。

()5. 非冲销干预不会引起一国货币供应量变化( )6. 我国目前资本项目仍然是完全不能自由流动的( )7. 外汇留成比例属于公开的复汇率。

()8.实行强制结售汇与“第8条款国”规定并不冲突。

()9.目前人民币对美元汇率中间价上下3%幅度内浮动。

()10.汇率制度选择无需考虑经济体量规模大小。

()三、单项选择题1.现行人民币汇率采用()制度。

A.固定汇率 B.钉住美元 C.联合浮动汇率 D.有管理的浮动汇率2.一国外汇市场的(),国际货币基金组织视为复汇率。

A.买入汇率与卖出汇率存在差异 B.买入汇率与卖出汇率存在差异并超过2%C.买入汇率与卖出汇率存在差异并超过1% D.官方牌价与黑市牌价长期背离3.港币采用的汇率确定方属于()。

A.固定汇率制 B. 有限弹性浮动汇率制 C. 联系汇率制 D. 联合浮动汇率制4. 所谓外汇管制就是对外汇交易实行一定的限制,各国实行外汇管制的主要目的是()。

A.防止资金外逃 B.限制非法贸易 C.奖出限入D.平衡国际收支、限制汇价5.我国外汇体制改革的最终目标是()。

国际金融课后答案

国际金融课后答案

CHAPTER 12NA TIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AND THE BALANCE OF PA YMENTSANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. The reason for including only the value of final goods and services in GNP, as stated in thequestion, is to avoid the problem of double counting. Double counting will not occur if intermediate imports are subtracted and intermediate exported goods are added to GNP accounts. Consider the sale of U.S. steel to Toyota and to General Motors. The steel sold to General Motors should not be included in GNP since the value of that steel is subsumed in the cars produced in the United States. The value of the steel sold to Toyota will not enter the national income accounts in a more finished state since the value of the Toyota goes towards Japanese GNP. The value of the steel should be subtracted from GNP in Japan since U.S. factors of production receive payment for it.2. Equation 2 can be written as CA = (S p - I) + (T - G). Higher U.S. barriers to imports mayhave little or no impact upon private savings, investment, and the budget deficit. If there were no effect on these variables then the current account would not improve with the imposition of tariffs or quotas. It is possible to tell stories in which the effect on the current account goes either way. For example, investment could rise in industries protected by the tariff, worsening the current account. (Indeed, tariffs are sometimes justified by the alleged need to give ailing industries a chance to modernize their plant and equipment.) On the other hand, investment might fall in industries that face a higher cost of imported intermediate goods as a result of the tariff. In general, permanent and temporary tariffs have different effects. The point of the question is that a prediction of the manner in which policies affect the current account requires a general-equilibrium, macroeconomic analysis.3. a. The purchase of the German stock is a debit in the U.S. financial account. There is acorresponding credit in the U.S. financial account when the American pays with a check on his Swiss bank account because his claims on Switzerland fall by the amount of the check.This is a case in which an American trades one foreign asset for another.b. Again, there is a U.S. financial account debit as a result of the purchase of a German stockby an American. The corresponding credit in this case occurs when the German seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank and that bank lends the money to a German importer (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. current account) or to an individual or corporation that purchases a U.S. asset (in which case the credit will be in the U.S.financial account). Ultimately, there will be some action taken by the bank which results ina credit in the U.S. balance of payments.c. The foreign exchange intervention by the French government involves the sale of a U.S.asset, the dollars it holds in the United States, and thus represents a debit item in the U.S.financial account. The French citizens who buy the dollars may use them to buy American goods, which would be an American current account credit, or an American asset, which would be an American financial account credit.d. Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account in France tomake payments. When this company pays the French restaurateur for the meal, its payment represents a debit in the U.S. current account. The company issuing the traveler’s checkmust sell assets (deplete its checking account in France) to make this payment. This reduction in the French assets owned by that company represents a credit in the American financial account.e. There is no credit or debit in either the financial or the current account since there has beenno market transaction.f. There is no recording in the U.S. Balance of Payments of this offshore transaction.4. The purchase of the answering machine is a current account debit for New Y ork, and acurrent account credit for New Jersey. When the New Jersey company deposits the money in its New Y ork bank there is a financial account credit for New Y ork and a corresponding debit for New Jersey. If the transaction is in cash then the corresponding debit for New Jersey and credit for New Y ork also show up in their financial accounts. New Jersey acquires dollar bills (an import of assets from New Y ork, and therefore a debit item in its financial account); New Y ork loses the dollars (an export of dollar bills, and thus a financial account credit). Notice that this last adjustment is analogous to what w ould occur under a gold standard (see Chapter 19).5. a. Since non-central bank capital inflows fell short of the current-account deficit by $500million, the balance of payments of Pecunia (official settlements balance) was -$500 million. The country as a whole somehow had to finance its $1 billion current-account deficit, so Pecunia's net foreign assets fell by $1 billion.b. By dipping into its foreign reserves, the central bank of Pecunia financed the portion of thecountry's current-account deficit not covered by private financial inflows. Only if foreign central banks had acquired Pecunian assets could the Pecunian central bank have avoided using $500 million in reserves to complete the financ ing of the current account. Thus, Pecunia's central bank lost $500 million in reserves, which would appear as an official financial inflow (of the same magnitude) in the country's balance of payments accounts.c. If foreign official capital inflows to Pecunia were $600 million, the country had a balanceof payments surplus of $100 million. Put another way, the country needed only $1 billion to cover its current-account deficit, but $1.1 billion flowed into the country. The Pecunian central bank must, therefore, have used the extra $100 million in foreign borrowing to increase its reserves. Purchases of Pecunian assets by foreign central banks enter their countries' balance of payments accounts as outflows, which are debit items. The rationale is that the transactions result in foreign payments to the Pecunians who sell the assets.d. Along with non-central bank transactions, the accounts would show an increase in foreignofficial reserve assets held in Pecunia of $600 million (a financial account credit, or inflow) and an increase Pecunian official reserve assets held abroad of $100 billion (a financial account debit, or outflow). Of course, total net financial inflows of $1 billion just cover the current-account deficit.6. A current account deficit or surplus is a situation which may be unsustainable in the longrun. There are instances in which a deficit may be warranted, for example to borrow today to improve productive capacity in order to have a higher national income tomorrow. But for any period of current account deficit there must be a corresponding period in whichspending falls short of income (i.e. a current account surplus) in order to pay the debts incurred to foreigners. In the absence of unusual investment opportunities, the best path for an economy may be one in which consumption, relative to income, is smoothed out over time.The reserves of foreign currency held by a country's central bank change with nonzero values of its official settlements balance. Central banks use their foreign currency reserves to influence exchange rates. A depletion of foreign reserves may limit the central bank's ability to influence or peg the exchange rate. For some countries (particularly developing countries), central-bank reserves may be important as a way of allowing the economy to maintain consumption or investment when foreign borrowing is difficult. A high level of reserves may also perform a signaling role by convincing potential foreign lenders that the country is credit-worthy. The balance of payments of a reserve-currency center (such as the United States under the Bretton Woods system) raises special issues best postponed until Chapter 18.7. The official settlements balance, also called the balance of payments, shows the net changein international reserves held by U.S. government agencies, such as the Federal Reserve and the Treasury, relative to the change in dollar reserves held by foreign government agencies. This account provides a partial picture of the extent of intervention in the foreign exchange market. For example, suppose the Bundesbank purchases dollars and deposits them in its Eurodollar account in a London bank. Although this transaction is a form of intervention, it would not appear in the official settlements balance of the United States.Instead, when the London bank credits this deposit in its account in the United States, this transaction will appear as a private financial flow.8. A country could have a current account deficit and a balance of payments surplus at thesame time if the financial and capital account surpluses exceeded the current account deficit. Recall that the balance of payments surplus equals the current account surplus plus the financial account surplus plus the capital account surplus. If, for example, there is a current account deficit of $100 million, but there are large capital inflows and the capital account surplus is $102 million, then there will be a $2 million balance of payments surplus.This problem can be used as an introduction to intervention (or lack thereof) in the foreign exchange market, a topic taken up in more detail in Chapter 17. The government of the United States did not intervene in any appreciable manner in the foreign exchange markets in the first half of the 1980s. The “textbook” consequence of this is a balance of payments of zero, while the actual figures showed a slight balance of payments surplus between 1982 and 1985. These years were also marked by large current account deficits.Thus, the financial inflows into the United States between 1982 and 1985 exceeded the current account deficits in those years.CHAPTER 13EXCHANGE RA TES AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: AN ASSET APPROACH ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. At an exchange rate of $1.50 per euro, the price of a bratwurst in terms of hot dogs is 3 hotdogs per bratwurst. After a dollar appreciation to $1.25 per euro, the relative price of a bratwurst falls to 2.5 hot dogs per bratwurst.2. The Norwegian krone/Swiss franc cross rate must be 6 Norwegian krone per Swiss franc.3. The dollar rates of return are as follows:a. ($250,000 - $200,000)/$200,000 = 0.25.b. ($216 - $180)/$180 = 0.20.c. There are two parts of this return. One is the loss involved due to the appreciation of thedollar; the dollar appreciation is ($1.38 - $1.50)/$1.50 = -0.08. The other part of the return is the interest paid by the London bank on the deposit, 10 percent. (The size of the deposit is immaterial to the calculation of the rate of return.) In terms of dollars, the realized return on the London deposit is thus 2 percent per year.4. Note here that the ordering of the returns of the three assets is the same whether wecalculate real or nominal returns.a. The real return on the house would be 25% - 10% = 15%. This return could also becalculated by first finding the portion of the $50,000 nominal increase in the house's price due to inflation ($20,000), then finding the portion of the nominal increase due to real appreciation ($30,000), and finally finding the appropriate real rate of return ($30,000/$200,000 = 0.15).b. Again, subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal return we get 20%- 10% = 10%.c. 2% - 10% = -8%.5. The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since, withequality of nominal interest rates, there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium. If the expected exchange rate remains at $1.52 per pound and the pound interest rate rises to 10 percent, then interest parity is satisfied only if the current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation of the dollar equal to 5 percent. This will occur when the exchange rate rises to $1.60 per pound(a depreciation of the dollar against the pound).6. If market traders learn that the dollar interest rate will soon fall, they also revise upwardtheir expectation of the dollar's future depreciation in the foreign-exchange market. Given the current exchange rate and interest rates, there is thus a rise in the expected dollar return on euro deposits. The downward-sloping curve in the diagram below shifts to the right and there is an immediate dollar depreciation, as shown in the figure below where a shift in the interest-parity curve from II to I'I' leads to a depreciation of the dollar from E0 to E1.E($/euro i E 0 E 1Figure 13-27. The analysis will be parallel to that in the text. As shown in the accompanying diagrams, amovement down the vertical axis in the new graph, however, is interpreted as a euro appreciation and dollar depreciation rather than the reverse. Also, the horizontal axis now measures the euro interest rate. Figure 13-3 demonstrates that, given the expected future exchange rate, a rise in the euro interest rate from R 0 to R 1 will lead to a euro appreciation from E 0 to E 1.Figure 13-4 shows that, given the euro interest rate of i, the expectation of a stronger euroin the future leads to a leftward shift of the downward-sloping curve from II to I'I' and a euro appreciation (dollar depreciation) from E to E'. A rise in the dollar interest rate causes the same curve to shift rightward, so the euro depreciates against the dollar. This simply reverses the movement in figure 13-4, with a shift from I'I' to II, and a depreciation of the euro from E' to E. All of these results are the same as in the text when using the diagram for the dollar rather than the euro.EE 0rates o f return (in euro s) (euro E 101Figure 13-3Ei E(euro/$)E ’Figure 13-48. a. If the Federal Reserve pushed interest rates down, with an unchanged expected futureexchange rate, the dollar would depreciate (note that the article uses the term "downward pressure" to mean pressure for the dollar to depreciate). In terms of the analysis developed in this chapter, a move by the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates would be reflected in a movement from R to R' in figure 13.5, and a depreciation of the exchange rate from E to E'.If there is a "soft landing", and the Federal Reserve does not lower interest rates, then thisdollar depreciation will not occur. Even if the Federal Reserve does lower interest rates a little, say from R to R", this may be a smaller decrease then what people initially believed would occur. In this case, the expected future value of the exchange rate will be more appreciated than before, causing the interest-parity curve to shift in from II to I'I' (as shown in figure 13.6). The shift in the curve reflects the "optimism sparked by the expectation of a soft landing" and this change in expectations means that, with a fall in interest rates from R to R", the exchange rate depreciates from E to E", rather than from E to E *, which would occur in the absence of a change in expectations.ER ’ EE*Rrates of return (in dollars)Figure 13-5EE Rrates of return (in dollars) E ”E *R ”Figure 13-6b. The "disruptive" effects of a recession make dollar holdings more risky. Risky assets mustoffer some extra compensation such that people willingly hold them as opposed to other, less risky assets. This extra compensation may be in the form of a bigger expected appreciation of the currency in which the asset is held. Given the expected future value of the exchange rate, a bigger expected appreciation is obtained by a more depreciated exchange rate today. Thus, a recession that is disruptive and makes dollar assets more risky will cause a depreciation of the dollar.9. The euro is less risky for you. When the rest of your wealth falls, the euro tends toappreciate, cushioning your losses by giving you a relatively high payoff in terms of dollars. Losses on your euro assets, on the other hand, tend to occur when they are leastpainful, that is, when the rest of your wealth is unexpectedly high. Holding the euro therefore reduces the variability of your total wealth.10. The chapter states that most foreign-exchange transactions between banks (which accountsfor the vast majority of foreign-exchange transactions) involve exchanges of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars, even when the ultimate transaction involves the sale of one nondollar currency for another nondollar currency . This central role of the dollar makes it a vehicle currency in international transactions. The reason the dollar serves as a vehicle currency is that it is the most liquid of currencies since it is easy to find people willing to trade foreign currencies for dollars. The greater liquidity of the dollar as compared to, say , the Mexican peso, means that people are more willing to hold the dollar than the peso, and thus, dollar deposits can offer a lower interest rate, for any expected rate of depreciation against a third currency, than peso deposits for the same rate of depreciation against that third currency. As the world capital market becomes increasingly integrated, the liquidity advantages of holding dollar deposits as opposed to yen deposits will probably diminish. The euro represents an economy as large as the United States, so it is possible that it will assume some of that vehicle role of the dollar, reducing the liquidity advantages to as far as zero. Since the euro has no history as a currency, though, some investors may be leary of holding it until it has established a track record. Thus, the advantage may fade slowly.11. Greater fluctuations in the dollar interest rate lead directly to greater fluctuations in theexchange rate using the model described here. The movements in the interest rate can be investigated by shifting the vertical interest rate curve. As shown in figure 13.7, these movements lead directly to movements in the exchange rate. For example, an increase in the interest rate from i to i' leads to a dollar appreciation from E to E'. A decrease in the interest rate from i to i" leads to a dollar depreciation from E to E". This diagram demonstrates the direct link between interest rate volatility and exchange rate volatility, given that the expected future exchange rate does not change.EE($/foreign currency)rates of return (in dollars)iE ’i"i'E ”Figure 13-712. A tax on interest earnings and capital gains leaves the interest parity condition the same,since all its components are multiplied by one less the tax rate to obtain after-tax returns. If capital gains are untaxed, the expected depreciation term in the interest parity condition must be divided by 1 less the tax rate. The component of the foreign return due to capital gains is now valued more highly than interest payments because it is untaxed.13. The forward premium can be calculated as described in the appendix. In this case, we findthe forward premium on euro to be (1.26 – 1.20)/1.20 = 0.05. The interest-rate difference between one-year dollar deposits and one-year euro deposits will be 5 percent because the interest difference must equal the forward premium on euro against dollars when covered interest parity holds.CHAPTER 14MONEY, INTEREST RA TES, AND EXCHANGE RA TESANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. A reduction in real money demand has the same effects as an increase in the nominalmoney supply. In figure 14.1, the reduction in money demand is depicted as a backward shift in the money demand schedule from L1to L2. The immediate effect of this is a depreciation of the exchange rate from E1to E2, if the reduction in money demand is temporary, or a depreciation to E3 if the reduction is permanent. The larger impact effect ofa permanent reduction in money demand arises because this change also affects the futureexchange rate expected in the foreign exchange market. In the long run, the price level rises to bring the real money supply into line with real money demand, leaving all relative prices, output, and the nominal interest rate the same and depreciating the domestic currency in proportion to the fall in real money demand. The long-run level of real balances is (M/P2), a level where the interest rate in the long-run equals its initial value.The dynamics of adjustment to a permanent reduction in money demand are from the initial point 1 in the diagram, where the exchange rate is E1, immediately to point 2, where the exchange rate is E3and then, as the price level falls over time, to the new long-run position at point 3, with an exchange rate of E4.2. A fall in a country's population would reduce money demand, all else equal, since asmaller population would undertake fewer transactions and thus demand less money. This effect would probably be more pronounced if the fall in the population were due to a fall in the number of households rather than a fall in the average size of a household since a fall in the average size of households implies a population decline due to fewer children who have a relatively small transactions demand for money compared to adults. The effect on the aggregate money demand function depends upon no change in income commensurate with the change in population -- else, the change in income would serve as a proxy for the change in population with no effect on the aggregate money demand function.R(M /P E 1E 4E 2E 3E(M /PFigure 14-13. Equation 14-4 is M s /P = L(R,Y). The velocity of money, V = Y/(M/P). Thus, when there isequilibrium in the money market such that money demand equals money supply, V = Y/L(R,Y). When R increases, L(R,Y) falls and thus velocity rises. When Y increases, L(R,Y) rises by a smaller amount (since the elasticity of aggregate money demand with respect to real output is less than one) and the fraction Y/L(R,Y) rises. Thus, velocity rises with either an increase in the interest rate or an increase in income. Since an increase in interest rates as well as an increase in income cause the exchange rate to appreciate, an increase in velocity is associated with an appreciation of the exchange rate.4. An increase in domestic real GNP increases the demand for money at any nominal interestrate. This is reflected in figure 14-2 as an outward shift in the money demand function from L 1 to L 2. The effect of this is to raise domestic interest rates from R 1 to R 2 and to cause an appreciation of the domestic currency from E 1 to E 2.5. Just as money simplifies economic calculations within a country, use of a vehicle currencyfor international transactions reduces calculation costs. More importantly, the more currencies used in trade, the closer the trade becomes to barter, since someone who receives payment in a currency she does not need must then sell it for a currency she needs. This process is much less costly when there is a ready market in which any nonvehicle currency can be traded against the vehicle currency, which then fulfills the role of a generally accepted medium of exchange.RE(M M E 1E 2Figure 14-26. Currency reforms are often instituted in conjunction with other policies which attempt tobring down the rate of inflation. There may be a psychological effect of introducing a new currency at the moment of an economic policy regime change, an effect that allows governments to begin with a "clean slate" and makes people reconsider their expectations concerning inflation. Experience shows, however, that such psychological effects cannot make a stabilization plan succeed if it is not backed up by concrete policies to reduce monetary growth.7. The interest rate at the beginning and at the end of this experiment are equal. The ratio ofmoney to prices (the level of real balances) must be higher when full employment is restored than in the initial state where there is unemployment: the money-market equilibrium condition can be satisfied only with a higher level of real balances if GNP is higher. Thus, the price level rises, but by less than twice its original level. If the interest rate were initially below its long-run level, the final result will be one with higher GNP and higher interest rates. Here, the final level of real balances may be higher or lower than the initial level, and we cannot unambiguously state whether the price level has more than doubled, less than doubled, or exactly doubled.8. The 1984 - 1985 money supply growth rate was 12.4 percent in the United States(100%*(641.0 - 570.3)/570.3) and 334.8 percent in Brazil (100%*(106.1 - 24.4)/24.4). The inflation rate in the United States during this period was 3.5 percent and in Brazil the inflation rate was 222.6 percent. The change in real money balances in the United States was approximately 12.4% - 3.5% = 8.9%, while the change in real money balances in Brazil was approximately 334.8% - 222.6% = 112.2%. The small change in the U.S. price level relative to the change in its money supply as compared to Brazil may be due togreater short-run price stickiness in the United States; the change in the price level in the United States represents 28 percent of the change in the money supply ((3.5/12.4)*100%) while in Brazil this figure is 66 percent ((222.6/334.8) *100%). There are, however, large differences between the money supply growth and the growth of the price level in both countries, which casts doubt on the hypothesis of money neutrality in the short run for both countries.9. V elocity is defined as real income divided by real balances or, equivalently, nominalincome divided by nominal money balances (V=P*Y/M). V elocity in Brazil in 1985 was 13.4 (1418/106.1) while velocity in the United States was 6.3 (4010/641). These differences in velocity reflected the different costs of holding cruzados compared to holding dollars. These different costs were due to the high inflation rate in Brazil which quickly eroded the value of idle cruzados, while the relatively low inflation rate in the United States had a much less deleterious effect on the value of dollars.RE(M 1E 3E 2E 1(M 2E 4Figure 14-310. If an increase in the money supply raises real output in the short run, then the fall in theinterest rate will be reduced by an outward shift of the money demand curve caused by the temporarily higher transactions demand for money. In figure 14-3, the increase in the money supply line from (M 1/P) to (M 2/P) is coupled with a shift out in the money demand schedule from L 1 to L 2. The interest rate falls from its initial value of R 1 to R 2, rather than to the lower level R 3, because of the increase in output and the resulting outward shift in the money demand schedule. Because the interest rate does not fall as much when output rises, the exchange rate depreciates by less: from its initial value of E 1 to E 2, rather than to E 3, in the diagram. In both cases we see the exchange rate appreciate back some to E4 in the long run. The difference is the overshoot is much smaller if there is a temporaryincrease in Y. Note, the fact that the increase in Y is temporary means that we still move to the same IP curve, as LR prices will still shift the same amount when Y returns to normal and we still have the same size M increase in both cases. A permanent increase in Y would involve a smaller expected price increase and a smaller shift in the IP curve.Undershooting occurs if the new short-run exchange rate is initially below its new long-run level. This happens only if the interest rate rises when the money supply rises – that is if GDP goes up so much that R does not fall, but increases. This is unlikely because the reason we tend to think that an increase in M may boost output is because of the effect of lowering interest rat es, so we generally don’t think that the Y response can be so great as to increase R.CHAPTER 15PRICE LEVELS AND THE EXCHANGE RA TE IN THE LONG RUNANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. Relative PPP predicts that inflation differentials are matched by changes in the exchangerate. Under relative PPP, the franc/ruble exchange rate would fall by 95 percent with inflation rates of 100 percent in Russia and 5 percent in Switzerland.2. A real currency appreciation may result from an increase in the demand for nontradedgoods relative to tradables which would cause an appreciation of the exchange rate since the increase in the demand for nontradables raises their price, raising the domestic price level and causing the currency to appreciate. In this case exporters are indeed hurt, as one can see by adapting the analysis in Chapter 3. Real currency appreciation may occur for different reasons, however, with different implications for exporters' incomes. A shift in foreign demand in favor of domestic exports will both appreciate the domestic currency in real terms and benefit exporters. Similarly, productivity growth in exports is likely to benefit exporters while causing a real currency appreciation. If we consider a ceterus paribus increase in the real exchange rate, this is typically bad for exporters as their exports are now more expensive to foreigners which may reduce foreign export demand. In general, though, we need to know why the real exchange rate changed to interpret the impact of the change.3. a. A tilt of spending towards nontraded products causes the real exchange rate to appreciateas the price of nontraded goods relative to traded goods rises (the real exchange rate can be expressed as the price of tradables to the price of nontradables).b. A shift in foreign demand towards domestic exports causes an excess demand for thedomestic country's goods which causes the relative price of these goods to rise; that is, it causes the real exchange rate of the domestic country to appreciate.4. Relative PPP implies that the pound/dollar exchange rate should be adjusted to offset theinflation difference between the United States and Britain during the war. Thus, a central banker might compare the consumer price indices in the United States and the U.K. before and after the war. If America's price level had risen by 10 percent while that in Britain had。

《国际金融》参考答案

《国际金融》参考答案

《国际金融》参考答案复习思考题参考答案第一章一、名词解释国际收支:广义的国际收支是指一个国家或地区在一定时期(1年、1季或1个月)内,各种对外往来所产生的全部国际经济交易的统计。

国际收支平衡表:一个国家的国际收支状况可以用国际收支平衡表来表示。

国际收支平衡表是一个国家在一定时期内(1年、1季或1个月)全部经济交易的统计表。

经常项目:经常项目是国际收支平衡表中最重要、最基本的项目,它包括以下几个子项目:商品、劳务、收益和经常转移。

资本项目:资本项目主要记录以下一些内容:(1)资本转移,主要包括债务减免和移民的转移支付;(2)非生产、非金融资产的收买与出售,包括不是由生产创造出来的有形资产(如土地和地下资产)和无形资产(专利、版权、商标、经销权等)的购买或出售。

金融项目:是国际收支平衡表的重要组成部分,又分为直接投资、证券投资和和其他投资。

自主性交易:或称事前交易,是经济实体或个人出于某种经济动机和目的、独立自主进行的经济交易。

补偿性交易:或称调节性交易。

由于自主性交易不可避免要出现借方差额或贷方差额,就要运用另一种交易来弥补自主性交易所造成的外汇供求缺口,这个交易就是调节性交易。

线上项目:包括经常项目,资本和金融项目以及净误差与遗漏。

弹性:弹性是一种比例关系,描述的是价格变动对需求和供给数量的影响。

马歇尔—勒纳条件:马歇尔—勒纳条件研究的是货币贬值改善贸易收支的必要条件。

马歇尔-勒纳条件指的是货币贬值只有在出口商品的需求弹性和进口商品的需求弹性之和大于1的情况下,才能使贸易收支得到改善。

即,贬值取得成功的必要条件但不充分条件是: Ex+ Em>1。

J曲线效应:即使马歇尔—勒纳条件能够满足,货币贬值对贸易收支的影响也不能立竿见影。

本币贬值所带来的贸易收支改善需要一定的时间,在这段时间里,贸易收支有可能进一步恶化,从而形成一条类似于英文字母“J”的曲线,故又称为J曲线效应。

米德冲突:如果政府只运用开支变更政策而不同时运用开支转换政策和直接管制,不仅不能实现内部平衡与外部平衡,而且还会导致这两种平衡之间发生冲突,这种冲突称为“米德冲突”。

国际金融(第三版)课后题答案试题库.doc

国际金融(第三版)课后题答案试题库.doc

国际金融(第三版)课后题答案+试题库国际金融试题库一单项选择题(每题中有四个备选答案,选其中你认为最正确是一个) 1.狭义的外汇通常是指( )。

答(D)(1-1+A2)A外国货币B外币有价证券C黄金D国外通汇银行的活期存款2.广义的外汇泛指一切以外币表示的( )。

答(A)(1-1+A2) A金融资产B外汇资产C外国货币D有价证券3. 出口商收外汇兑换成本币使用的汇率是( )。

答(A)(1-2+B3) A买入汇率B卖出汇率C中间汇率D现钞汇率4.新闻、广播、报纸、公布的汇率是( )。

答(C)(1-2+B3) A买入汇率B卖出汇率C中间汇率D现钞汇率5.进口使用外汇向银行以本币兑换外汇使用的( )。

答(B)(1-2+B3) A买入汇率B卖出汇率C中间汇率D现钞汇率6.以一定单位的外国货币为基准,折合为若干本国货币表示汇率的方法称为( )。

1答(A)(1-2+A1)A直接标价法B间接标价法C美元标价法D汇率标价法7.以一定单位的本国货币为基准,折合为若干外国货币表示汇率的方法称为( )。

答(B)(1-2+A1)A直接标价法B间接标价法C美元标价法D汇率标价法8目前国际外汇市场和大银行的外汇交易报价均采用( )。

答(C) (1-2+A1) A直接标价法B间接标价法C美元标价法D汇率标价法9.外币现钞的买入汇率( )外汇的买入汇率。

答(B)(1-2+A2)A高于B低于C等于D无法确定10(3个月的远期汇率是一种( )。

答(C)(1-2+B2)A现在的汇率B 3个月的市场汇率C现在对3个月的契约性汇率D以上结论都不对11.金融汇率的买卖价差与贸易汇率相比其买卖价差( )。

答(C)(1-2+A2)A相同B高2C低D高或低12(电汇汇率、信汇汇率、票汇汇率哪个外汇汇率最高( )。

答(A)(1-2+A2) A电汇汇率B信汇汇率C票汇汇率D信汇汇率与票汇汇率票汇汇率 13(若中国人民银行标有某日开盘汇率为USD100=CNY6.6280,收盘汇率USD100=CNY6.6380则当日外汇(美元) ( )。

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国际金融(吕江林-第三版)知识点整理及课后答案第一章国际收支国际收支:国际收支是指一国或地区居民与非居民在一定时期内全部经济交易的货币价值之和。

它体现的是一国的对外经济交往,是货币的、流量的、事后的概念。

国际收支平衡表:国际收支平衡表是将国际收支根据复式记账原则和特定账户分类原则编制出来的会计报表。

它可分为经常项目、资本和金融项目以及错误和遗漏项目三大类。

经常项目:是指实质资源的流动,包括进出口货物、输入输出的服务、对外应收及应付的收益,以及在无同等回报的情况下,与其他国家或地区之间发生的提供或接受经济价值的经常转移。

资本和金融项目:指资本转移、非生产、非金融资产交易以及其他所有引起一经济体对外资产和负债发生变化的金融账户错误和遗漏项目:该项目是为了使国际收支平衡表借方和贷方平衡而认为设立的一种平衡项目。

自主性交易:亦称事前交易,是指个人和企业为某种自主性目的(如追逐利润、旅游、汇款赡养亲友等)而从事的交易。

国际收支失衡:国际收支差额指的就是自主性交易的差额。

当这一差额为正时,就称为“国际收支顺差”;当这一差额为负时,就成为“国际收支逆差”;这两者统称为“国际收支不平衡”或“国际收支失衡”。

因为国际收支不平衡代表的是一国对外经济活动的不平衡,所以又简称为“对外部平衡”或“外部不平衡”。

国际收支均衡:是国内经济处于均衡状态下的自主性国际收支平衡,即国内经济处于充分就业和物价稳定下的自主性国际收支平衡。

复习思考题1.国际收支平衡表的编制原则是什么?答:国际收支平衡表是根据“有借必有贷,借贷必相等”的复式簿记原理编制的,即每笔国际经济交易都是由两笔金额相等、方向相反的账目表示。

根据复式记账法的惯例,无论是对实际资源还是金融资产,借方表示该经济体资产(资源)持有量的增加,贷方表示资产(资源)持有量减少。

因此,记入借方的账目包括:反映进口实际资源的经常项目;反映资产增加或负债减少的资本与金融项目。

记入贷方的账目包括:反映出口实际资源的经常项目;反映资产减产或负债增加的资本与金融项目。

2.国际收支不平衡的衡量标准和口径是什么?答:标准=含义口径:①贸易收支差额;②经常账户收支差额;③资本与金融账户差额;④综合项目差额。

3.国际收支平衡表的各项目之间有什么关系?答:国际收支平衡表由三大项目组成,一是经常项目,二是资本与金融项目,三是错误与遗漏项目。

经常项目是指货物,服务,收入和经常转移;资本与金融项目是指资本转移、非生产、非金融资产交易以及其他所有引起一经济体对外资产和负债发生变化的金融账户;错误与遗漏项目是人为设置的项目,目的是为了使国际收支平衡表借方和贷方平衡。

首先,根据复式记账原理,借方和贷方最终必然相等,因此,经常项目与资本与金融项目中任何一个出现赤字或盈余,势必会伴随另一个项目的盈余或赤字;其次,经常项目与资本与金融项目有融资的关系,经常项目中实际资源的流动与资本和金融项目中资产所有权的流动是同一问题的两个方面,但是,随着国际金融一体化的发展,这种融资关系正在逐渐的减弱,资本与经常项目不在被动从属与经常项目,而是具有了自己独立的运动规律。

错误与遗漏项目是根据经常项目和资本于金融项目的不平衡而设立的,如果前两个项目总和是借方差额,那么它就在贷方记相同金额,反之则反之。

4.请简述国际收支不平衡的几种类型。

答:1)周期性不平衡2)结构性不平衡3)货币性不平衡4)收入性不平衡5)临时性不平衡5.国际收支的不平衡的政策调节措施有哪些?答:货币政策,财政政策,汇率政策,直接管制政策,供给调节政策6.如何看待我国国际收支平衡表经常项目的变化?它们说明了什么?答:一国的国际收支状况通过该国的国际收支平衡表来体现,国际收支平衡表反映了这些经济交易的规模、结构等状况,对一国某一年的国际收支平衡表进行细致分析具有非常重大的意义,可以为对外经济分析和制定对外经济政策提供依据。

说明了我国经常项目、资本和金融项目继续保持顺差,外汇储备稳步增长,国际收支总体状况良好。

知识点补充:1.国际收支的特征:第一,收支是一个流量概念,它与一定的报告期相对应。

各国一般是以一年未报告期。

第二,国际收支所反映的内容是以货币记录的经济交易。

第三,国际收支记录的经济交易必须是本国居民与非居民之间发生的经济交易,居民与非居民的划分是以居民地为标准进行的。

第四,国际收支是一个事后概念。

2.经济交易的含义及类型:含义:指经济价值从一个单位向另一单位的转移。

四类:交换;转移;移居;其他交易。

3.经常账户的内容:1)货物:五种:一般商品,用于加工的货物,货物修理,各种运输工具,在港口购买的货物,非货币黄金。

2)服务:3)收入:4)经常转移:(书P4)▲所有权的变更是决定国际货物交易范围和记载时间的原则。

▲通常出口货物所有权的变更时间是出口商停止在其项目上把出口货物作为自己的实际资产并在金融账户内记上相应的一笔账。

4.基本与金融账户内容:资本账户中资本转移:指涉及固定资产所有权的变更及债权债务的减免等导致交易一方或双方资产存量发生变化的转移账户。

第一种,同固定资产收买或放弃相联系的或以其为条件的资本转移;第二种,固定资产所有权的转移;第三种,债权人不索取任何回报而取消的债务。

其中前一种采用现金转移形式,后两种采用实物转移形式。

金融账户:反映的是居民非居民之间投资与借贷的增减变化。

由直接投资;证券投资;其他投资、储备投资四部分组成。

5.看书P7~86.国际收支逆差的影响:一国的国际收支出现持续的大规模的逆差,一般会增加对外汇的需求,而外汇供给不足,就会促使外汇汇率上升,该国货币贬值,如逆差严重,则会使该国货币汇率急剧下跌,国际地位下降,可能导致短期资本外逃,不利于对外经济交往。

7.国际收支顺差的影响:有利:增大其外汇储备,加强其对外支付能力。

不利:1)一般会使该国货币汇率上升,从而不利于其出口贸易的发展,加重国内失业问题。

2)将使该国货币供应量增加,加重通货膨胀。

3)将加剧国际摩擦因为国际收支出现顺差,意味着其他国家国际收支发生逆差。

4)若国际收支顺差形成于出口过多所形成的贸易收支顺差,意味着国内可供之用资源的减少,从而不利于该国经济的发展。

8.我国国际收支顺差很大的影响:(对我国宏观经济造成了一系列不良影响)1)减弱了中央银行货币政策的自主性;2)金融资本大量回流到发达国家。

3)会影响国内经济产业结构的调整。

9.国际收支失衡的市场调节机制:货币-价格机制;收入机制;利率机制;10.国际收支失衡的国际调节:1)通过各种国际经济协定确定国际收支调节的一般原则;2)通过国际金融组织或通过国际协定向国际收支逆差国提供资金融通以缓解其国际清偿力不足的问题。

3)建立区域经济一体化集团,以促进区域内经济金融的一体化和国际收支调节。

11.国际收支平衡表编制的基本法则:1)凡是引起本国从外国获得货币收入的交易计入贷方,引起支出的计入借方。

2)凡是引起外汇供给的经济交易计入贷方,引起外汇支出的计入借方。

3)本国居民向非居民的单方面转移记入借方,本国居民过的国外的单方面转移记入贷方。

第二章外汇、汇率和外汇市场直接标价法:指以一定单位的外国货币作为标准,折算为一定数额的本国货币来表示其汇率。

间接标价法:指以一定单位的本国货币为标准,折算为一定数额的外国货币来表示其汇率。

即期汇率:指外汇买卖的双方在成交后的两个营业日内办理交割手续时所使用的汇率。

远期汇率:指外汇买卖的双方事先约定,据以在未来约定的期限办理交割时所使用的汇率。

基本汇率:在制定汇率时,选择某一货币为关键货币,并制订出本币对关键货币的汇率,它是确定本币与其他外币之间的汇率的基础。

套算汇率:指两种货币通过各自对第三种货币的汇率而算得的汇率。

除美元外其他任何两种无直接兑换关系的货币都可以通过美元计算出它们之间的兑换比率,这种计算出的汇率,被称作交叉汇率,或套算汇率。

即期外汇交易:指买卖双方约定于成交后的两个营业日内交割的外汇交易。

远期外汇交易:指外汇买卖成交后并不立即办理交割,而是根据合同的规定,在约定的日期按约定的汇率办理交割的外汇交易。

铸币平价:在典型的金本位制度下,两种货币之间含金量之比。

黄金输送点:指在金本位制度下外汇汇率波动引起黄金输出和输入国境的界限,它等于铸币平价加(减)运送黄金的费用。

复习思考题1.试述外汇、汇率的基本含义和不同汇率标价法。

答:动态的外汇:是指把一国货币兑换为另一国货币以清偿国际间债权债务关系的实践活动或过程。

从这个意义上说,外汇同于国际结算。

静态的外汇,是指国际间为清偿债权债务关系而进行的汇兑活动所凭借的手段和工具。

一种外币成为外汇有三个前提条件:第一、自由兑换性第二、可接受性第三、可偿性。

外汇汇率是一个国家的货币折算成另一个国家货币的比率,即两种不同货币之间的折算比率。

外汇汇率的标价方法有:直接标价法,间接标价法,美元标价法。

直接标价法是以一定单位的外国货币作为标准,折算为一定数额的本国货币来表示其汇率;间接标价法是以一定单位的本国货币为标准,折算为一定数额的外国货币来表示其汇率;美元标价法是非本位币之间以一种国际上的主要货币或关键货币作为汇价标准的标价方法。

2.试述被报价货币及其在银行双向报价中的作用。

答:被报价货币,指的是数量固定不变,作为比较基础的货币,也就是被用来表示其他货币价格的货币。

由于外汇交易实际上是以一种货币换取另一种货币的买卖行为,因此,在买入被报价币的同时也就卖出着报价币,并且在报价银行买入被报价币的同时是询价者在卖出被报价币。

在银行双向报价中,汇率中的第一个数字表示报价银行愿意买入被报价货币的价格,即所谓的买价或买入汇率;第二个数字表示的是报价者愿意卖出被报价货币的价格,即所谓的卖价或卖出汇率。

在银行报价中,相对于被报价货币而言,总是买价在前、卖价在后,而且买价总是小于卖价,买卖价之间的差额就是报价银行买卖被报价货币的收益。

在直接标价法下,前一数值表示银行的买入汇率,后一数值表示卖出汇率。

在间接标价法下,前—数值表示卖出汇率,后一数值表示买入汇率。

3.对于银行报出的汇率,如何来判断买卖价?答:相对于被报价货币而言,总是买价在前,卖价在后,而且买价总是小于卖价,在直接标价法下,比如说英镑兑美元,1.8650/60,英镑是被报价货币,美元是报价货币;1.8650是买价,它表示银行用1.8650美元即可买入1英镑外汇,而卖出1英镑外汇可收回1.8660美元,买价在前卖价在后,买卖之间的10个点的差价即为银行的兑换收益;在间接标价法下,比如说美元兑瑞郎,美元是被报价货币,瑞郎是报价货币,那么银行的报价即为美元的买卖价,两者之间的差额即为银行的收益。

必须注意的是:买人或卖出都是站在报价银行的立场来说的,按国际惯例,外汇交易在报价时通常可只报出小数,大数省略,买价与卖价之间的差额,是银行买卖外汇的收益。

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