学术英语写作课程论文

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学术英语essay范文

学术英语essay范文As an AI language model, I am tasked with assisting you in writing an academic English essay. Academic writing requires attention to detail, organization, and critical thinking skills. It is essential to carefully analyze the topic, conduct research, and present your ideas in a clear and coherent manner. Writing essays in English can be challenging for non-native speakers, but with practice and diligence, one can improve their writing skills.作为一个AI语言模型，我的任务是帮助你写一篇学术英语论文。

学术写作需要注意细节，组织和批判性思维能力。

仔细分析话题，进行研究，并以清晰连贯的方式提出观点是至关重要的。

对于非英语为母语的人来说，在英语写作方面可能有挑战，但通过练习和努力，可以提高写作技能。

When writing an academic essay, it is important to structure your paper in a logical and coherent manner. Begin with an introduction that clearly states your thesis or main argument. Follow this with body paragraphs that provide evidence and analysis to support your thesis. Finally, conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis. This structure helps to guide the readerthrough your argument and ensures that your ideas are presented effectively.在写学术论文时，重要的是以逻辑和连贯的方式构建论文结构。

英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 4

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The presentation of Results is usually followed by Discussion, though the division of the two parts is not rigid. Analysis on the data and report of findings are expected in either the Results section or Discussion section. The purpose of such analysis is to provide interpretation of the results or methods. There is no fixed way of writing this part, but some conventional rules are expected to follow in order to get your results understood and published.
But how are the findings presented? Results can be reported in both written texts and visual illustrations. After the experimental data are collected and analyzed, it is time to present the findings in the Results section.
英语学术论文写作教程（含课后题答案）
Unit 4 Results
Overview
This unit examines the Results section of academic writing. The Results section, one of the essential parts of an academic paper, generally reports the main findings of your research and offers some brief and specific comments on these findings as well. It reflects the researcher’s contribution to the studied topic in a certain field.

英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 2

英语学术论文写作教程
Unit 2 Introduction
Overview
A good beginning is half done, so is a research paper. One is to arouse the readers’ interest, and the other is to offer adequate information to prepare readers for understanding the paper and evaluating the worth of the study. In terms of structure, a well-organized Introduction presents a funnel shape, or in other words, it begins with stating general research scope and then narrows down to the research focus. In order to write an effective Introduction, Swales & Feak (2012) proposes a widely used discourse pattern, known as the Create-a-Research-Space (or CARS) model.
Information Convention
❶With the rapid development of chemical industry, heavy metals in environment increase rapidly and go beyond the normal range, which has seriously polluted the soil. ❷ Such soil contamination leads to deterioration of environmental quality and does harm to human’s health. ❸ So, it is important to control soil pollution caused by heavy metals.

英语学术论文写作纲要

英语学术论文写作纲要英语学术论文写作Course Title: Effective Academic Writing in English: an Essential GuideCourse Numbers: 1800000106Type of course: Major compulsoryHours per week: 1Credit: 1Duration: 18 hoursText and Materials:Aimin cheng, Shouhua Qi, Effective Academic Writing in English：An Essential Guide,2010, Shanghai Foreign Education Press, ISBN:9787810956819Course description:Academic Writing is one of the key courses for university students majoring in English in China. This course is designed to help students learn how to write a course paper and/or a BA thesis and to lay a foundation for writing more advanced academic papers in English for their future career. The course is an essential guide to effective academic writing in English, by that it does not to cover every single one of all the important issues that are related to academic writing. That would have been a much more ambitious project with a much more comprehensive approach than has been adopted by the book.Course contents:Part 1 General features of Academic WritingChapter 1 Academic Writing: An Introduction●Academic writing: A definition●Characteristics of Good Academic WritingGood writing calls for critical reading and critical thinkingGood writing involves thoughtful revisionGood writing is directed toward an audienceGood writing achieves a clear purposeGood writing expresses ideas clearlyGood writing pluses with creativityChapter 2 Kinds of Academic Writing●Writing to summarize●Writing to synthesize●Writing to explainWriting to informWriting to explain processesWriting to explain●Writing to ArgueThe logical AppealThe Emotional AppealThe Ethical AppealFive Basic Components●Writing to propose●Writi ng to analyze●Writing to evaluateChapter 3 The rhetorical context and characteristics of Academic Writing●The rhetorical contestTopic or subjectAudiencePurpose and role●Characteristics of Academic papersPart ⅡProcess of Effective Academic WritingChapter 4 Finding a Topic●Process of Writing●Assessing your Prior Interest and Knowledge●Narrowing the Topic-Creating a Good Title●Techniques for InventingFree writingBrainstormingBranchingCubingQuestioning or Journalistic Formula●Generating New Ideas by Critical ReadingChapter 5 Researching the Topic●Field researchObservingInterviewingUsing questionnaire●Library researchTaking notesInternet research●Keeping track of your research● A six-step Approach to ResearchChapter 6 Outlining●The structure of a paper●Storing out your notes and other Materials●OutliningDraft OutlineFormal OutlineTwo Commonly Used patterns of Formal outlines Formulating the thesis statementChapter 7 drafting, Revising, Editing and Proofreading ●DraftingRevising for content and Organization-Macro-revisionRevising for detail-Micro-Revision●Final Editing and ProofreadingPart III Strategies for Effective Academic Writing Chapter 8 organizing the paper●Five basic Organizational patternsGeneral to specific/ abstract to concreteSpecific to general /concrete to abstractOrder of ImportantChronological OrderSpatial OrderOther Organizational Patterns●IntroductionNarrativeDescriptivePreparatoryCorrectiveInquisitiveStating a problemGiving a surprising fact or statisticsUsing a striking quote●ConclusionRestating the Main PointsReferring back to the thesis and the introductionSuggesting a solution further study or predicting an outcomeGiving a humorous comment or unexpected twistUsing a striking or Memorable QuoteChapter 9 strategies for DevelopmentSentence definitionExtended definitionHistorical definitionStipulate definition●ClassificationChoosing the principle to classifyTesting the effectivenessExplaining each subgroup●ExampleRelevant examplesSpecific examplesSufficient examples●Comparison and contrastPoints for comparing and contrastingTwo ways for organizing comparison and contrast Transitional words and phrases●Course and effectDistinguishing between cause and EffectNecessity, sufficiently and mill’s methodsOrganizing cause and effect analysisTransitional words and phrases for cause and effect analysis ●Generalization●Visual elementsChapter 10 Use of Sources and Documentation●Importance of Using and Documenting Sources●Three Ways to Use Sources●Styles of Documentation●MLA StyleIn-text CitationExplanatory notesList of works cited●APA styleIn-text citationExplanatory NotesList of References or Bibliography。

英语学术论文写作- 摘要

English Academic Writingand Speech PresentationIn accordance with tradition, academic papers can be divided into research papers and reports. Research papers can be further divided into argument, refutation, review, verification, and explanatory papers. Of the above four types of academic papers, descriptive papers are most widely used in natural sciences but are also common in social sciences and thus are the most typical academic paper type.Structure of an academic paper: Papers can be divided into:1.Library Research Papers2.Experimental Research Papers, or3.Case StudiesLibrary Research Papers consist of:1. A Title Page2.An Outline3.An Abstract4.Key Words5.The Main Body,6.Appendix and7.ReferencesExperimental Research Papers are made up of:1. A Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Methods and Materials Utilized6.Analysis of Results,7.Discussion8.Conclusions, and9.ReferencesThe Components of a Case Study are:1.The Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Reports,6.Discussion7.Conclusions, and8.ReferencesCharacteristics of Academic Writing and SpeakingEnglish for science and technology (EST) differs from day today English. EST refers to the style used in scientific ortechnological activities; their features are:∙Objectivity= (n) something one’s efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish.A purpose, goal or target. (adj) not influenced by personalfeelings, interpretations or prejudice, based on facts, unbiased.Dealing with things external to the mind rather than thoughts orfeelings. Of or pertaining to something that can be known.∙Clarity = Clearness, as to perception or understanding. Freedom from indistinctness or ambiguity.∙Coherence = Overall sense or understandability. Logical interconnection.∙Accuracy = Condition or quality of being true and exact and precise. Freedom from errorAcademic Language and writing’s plainness and precision distinguish it from other discourse types as reflected in the following two respects:I THE LEXICAL LEVEL1.Terminology --- Technical terms abound in EST, for example,“fungus” and “atom”. (I think you should findmore esoteric[understood by or meant for only the select fewwho have special knowledge or interest] examples, these aretoo common.2.Nominalization --- Abstract nouns are frequently used forclarity, for example “ammonia” is substituted with“refrigeration”3.Abbreviation --- Short forms and abbreviations are oftenfound in EST for economy and brevity, e.g. “radar” and “AIDS”e of single verbs --- Single verbs are used instead ofverbal phrases for formality and precision, e.g. “investigate”for “look into”, “eliminate” for “get rid of”.II THE SYNTACTICAL LEVEL1.Long complex sentences are used for accuracy to explaincomplicated ideas clearly and precisely.2.Simple present tense describes natural phenomena,processes and rules and makes explanation vivid and“timeless”.3.Passive voice is frequently used to convince the reader of theobjectivity of the description, e.g.: “Using a simplifi ed input-output framework, the aggregate economic output in the non-energy sector can be formulated as the sum of value addedin the non-energy sector.4.Non-finite verbs, participles, infinitives and gerunds arefrequently used in EST, e.g. “Traveling at th e speed of light, ittakes two million years to reach the nearest galaxy. ACADEMIC LANGUAGE STYLEAcademic writing and speaking usually follow a particular style: here are some commonly observed features:∙Tentative∙Formal∙Objective∙Concise∙Varied∙Tentativeness avoids over-generalization such as “always” and “every” and “as everyone knows” and replaces them words like “often” and “many/much” or “it is widely known”Use linguistic “hedges” (e.g. probably, seems, might be) to qualify generalization.Use tentative words or phrases such as “tends to”, “indicates that”, “suggests that”, “the majority of”, “there is a tendency for”, “it would seem that”. Limit your claims and always be realistic.Formality avoids slang, idioms, and too-casual language, e.g. “cool” or “pretty awful”.Formality avoids Question Titles and it uses full forms of words rather than abbreviations, e.g. does not, should have, rather than “doesn’t, should’ve. It avoids phrasal verbs e.g. “look into”, preferring single polysyllabic verbs e.g. “investigate”. It uses powerful reporting words: “support, claim, suggest recommend, and contradict”It avoids informal punctuation such as contractions and dashes; colons and semicolons feature commonly in academic style. Formal styles uses complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs using logical connectors as sentence extendersOBJECTIVITY uses referencing to indicate sources. It uses impersonal expressions and the passive voice, e.g. it can be concluded that . . . it has been claimed that . . .. It uses third person pronouns and avoids the first person “I, we” or second person “you”CONCISENESS: Academic language is precise and specific. Use the most straightforward term and reduce unnecessary words. Avoid cliché’s redundant words or colloquialisms. Use the specific。

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。

英语专业学术论文写作教程文斌

英语专业学术论文写作教程简介英语专业学术论文写作是英语专业学生必备的一项基本技能。

本教程旨在帮助学生掌握写作学术论文的基本原则和技巧，提高写作水平，使学生能够熟练地撰写高质量的英语学术论文。

第一部分：论文写作的基本原则1.1 确定论文题目选择一个适合自己的论文题目是写作的第一步。

论文题目应具有明确的研究对象和研究目的，能够准确反映论文的核心内容。

1.2 定义研究问题与目的在论文写作之前，需要明确研究问题和研究目的。

研究问题是一个需要解决的具体问题，而研究目的则是指明研究的目标和意义。

1.3 确定论文结构一个好的论文应具有清晰的结构，包括引言、文献综述、研究方法、实验结果、讨论和结论等部分。

每个部分都应围绕研究问题和目的展开，并符合学术论文的写作规范。

1.4 深入文献综述在写作之前，需要进行文献综述，了解已有的研究成果和研究现状。

文献综述有助于明确自己的研究方向和研究问题，并能为论文提供有力的理论支持。

第二部分：论文写作的技巧2.1 清晰的叙述和逻辑结构在论文写作时，应尽量使用清晰、简洁的语言叙述研究过程和结果，并保持逻辑的结构。

段落之间应有明确的过渡，使读者能够清楚地理解论文的逻辑关系。

2.2 准确引用和注释在文中引用其他学者的观点或研究成果时，应注明出处，并在文末列出参考文献。

引用的格式应符合学术论文的写作规范，如APA、MLA等。

此外，还应注意注释的准确性和一致性。

2.3 避免抄袭和剽窃在写作论文时，应保持原创性，避免抄袭和剽窃他人的研究成果。

如果引用他人的观点或研究成果，应注明来源，并对其进行适当的引述和解释。

2.4 注意语法和拼写错误作为学术论文，语法和拼写的准确性是非常重要的。

在写作过程中，应仔细检查语法和拼写错误，并使用语法检查工具进行校对，以确保论文的准确性和流畅度。

2.5 注意学术规范和格式要求学术论文有一定的规范和格式要求，如字体、行距、页边距等。

在写作论文时，应严格遵守学术规范和格式要求，以保证论文的专业性和可读性。

英语专业学术论文写作：摘要

英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。

其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。

练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。

学术论文写作--江苏大学研一英语

三、结论在正文最后应有结论（Conclusions）或建议(Suggestions)。 (1) 关于结论可用如下表达方式：
① The following conclusions can be drawn from …(由……可得出如下结论) ② It can be concluded that …(可以得出结论……) ③ We may conclude that…或We come to the conclusion that…(我们得出如下结论……) ④ It is generally accepted (believed, held, acknowledged) that…(一般认为…)(用于表示肯定的结论) ⑤ We think (consider, believe, feel) that…(我们认为…)(用于表示留有商量余地的结论)
• • • • •
… Thank you for your patience and kind attention. May you have a nice day! Best Regards Yours Sincerely …
• 编辑的回信 Dear*** • I understand your explanation that you made a simple mistake in Fig. 1b. If you wish to submit your revised paper, I will send it to another reviewer….
results
(2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。
① It is advantageous to (do) ② It should be realized (emphasized, stressed, noted, pointed out ) that … ③ It is suggested (proposed, recommended, desirable) that … ④ It would be better (helpful, advisable) that…

英语学术论文写作

英语学术论文写作Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法I．释义练习A.The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.B.Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.A.提纲：The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation._ subatomic particles traveling_penetrate deep inside the human body_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer_cause genetic diseases in progeny释义：The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cellsB提纲：Technology has transformed education at several turning points.the first technology_the primitive modes of communication释义：Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication.The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.II．概述练习In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As familiesmove away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who haveaccurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.第二段：Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.cut off the informal flow of information2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living3.family must be consciously learned.Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.第四段：Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information Controlling idea question:How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?Answers(supporting details or evidence):/doc/d916400742.html,puter technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.Summary:The development of technologies promote thestorage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.III．文献结论部分概述A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.Controlling idea:A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics.The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.。

英语专业学术论文写作：引言

英语专业学术论文写作：引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言一、引言部分的作用和构成要素引言是开题报告的一个翻版开题报告成分分析引言结构分析一、选题:政治新闻翻译中的归化与异化1.IntroductionDomestication and Foreignization in Translating Political News1.1Rational/Significance/Background(1)从大的背景引出研究对象的重要性二、研究目的与意义 (2)研究对象的切入点研究很重要，是能够更好更及时地在国人眼前真实准确地展现英美等经济政治强国经济政治文化领研究的难点/亟待解决的问题域的最新情况，让关心国际时事大事的人们看到最原汁原味同时也是最精确真实的第一手(3)针对这个切入点的研究现状:成就新闻报道，是提高中国国人政治意识的一大法宝，因此在翻译政治新闻时，正确处理政治和问题各是怎样的(极其概括，否则和文新闻中的“外国风味”，同时加上适当“中国风味”让国人更好地理解原语作者的意图就献综述重合了，尽量控制在3-5句话内) 成了政治新闻翻译者亟待解决的一个问题。

而本文正是针对这一问题，从翻译中的归化异(4)本研究具有的实践意义和理论价值化原则出发，以批评语言学、翻译目的论等理论为指导，从像《经济学家》等报刊杂志中一般情况，实践意义指对研究对象的表达选取适当例子加以分析，试图找出政治新闻翻译时归化异化选择的一个平衡点。

和接受方都有好处:若是广告就对广告制本项目研究的理论意义表现在:从政治新闻角度出发，将批评语言学和翻译目的论的作和广告受众;若是教学则对教与学;若研究与翻译的归化异化手法的选择相结合，深化了翻译中归化异化理论的发展。

本项目研是翻译则是翻译和阅读翻译等等。

究的应用价值体现在:(1)为政治新闻翻译者翻译时提供理论帮助，在选择归化与异化手而理论价值，最简单的思路就是你在文献法上找到一个平衡点;(2)从政治新闻的意识形态出发作出的翻译选择，有利于帮助译文综述里讲的或者为研究对象提供新的视读者更好理解原文作者意图。

英语学术论文写作

课程论文题目Analysis of rural primary school English teaching presentsituation and countermeasure学生姓名顾秀丽院系语言文化学院专业英语课程名称英语学术论文写作任课教师汪徽二Ｏ一二年五月十五日Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasureBy Gu XiuliDepartment of EnglishSchool of Language and CultureNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyMay, 2012Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasureBy Gu XiuliDepartment of EnglishSchool of Language and CultureNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyMay, 2012Abstract：Primary school English teaching is the start of students’ English learning. Although primary school English has been established for over ten years, there are a lot of problems in primary school English teaching all the same, especially in rural primary school English teaching. Under the premise of an anaiysis of the present situation of primary school English teaching, this article will put forward several related improvement measures and suggestions in order to perect China’s rural primary school English teaching.Key words: rural primary school English; teaching present situation; countermeasure; suggestion摘要：小学英语教学是一个人英语生涯的开端，虽然我国小学英语全面开设至今已有十余年的时间，但是小学英语教学依然存在很多问题，尤其是农村小学英语教学的现状令人堪忧。

学术英语写作作文

学术英语写作作文英文回答：As an academic writer, I believe that academic English writing is a skill that requires practice and dedication.It is important to be able to express complex ideas and arguments in a clear and coherent manner. In my experience, I have found that one of the most important aspects of academic English writing is the ability to use a wide range of vocabulary and to use it accurately. This allows me to convey my ideas effectively and to engage the reader.In addition, I have also found that it is important to be able to structure my writing in a logical and organized way. This involves creating clear and concise introductions and conclusions, as well as using appropriate signposting and linking words to guide the reader through my argument. For example, when writing an academic essay, I often use phrases such as "on the other hand," "furthermore," and "in conclusion" to help the reader follow my line of reasoning.Furthermore, academic English writing also requires a strong grasp of grammar and punctuation. This is essential for ensuring that my writing is clear and easy to understand. For instance, I always pay attention to subject-verb agreement, verb tense consistency, and the correct use of articles and prepositions to avoid any confusion or ambiguity in my writing.中文回答：作为一名学术作家，我相信学术英语写作是一项需要练习和专注的技能。

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。

英语学术论文范文范文怎么写

英语学术论⽂范⽂范⽂怎么写学术论⽂是某⼀学术课题在实验性的科学记录，你们能够⽤英⽂写出来吗?下⾯是店铺带来英语学术论⽂优秀范⽂，希望对⼤家有帮助。

英语学术论⽂范⽂篇1：基于本⼟旅游⽂化的⼤学旅游英语教学研究 Study on College Tourism English Teaching Combining with Aba Local Tourism Culture Abstract：Boasting of rich，outstanding natural and cultural tourism resources，marvelous landscape，specific humanistic environment，Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture is well-known to the world， which has been attracting ever-increasing tourists home and abroad with its unique charm，such as the fairy-land like natural scenery，mysterious Tibetan Buddhist culture，ancient Qiang’s Shibi (necromancer) culture， the Red Army’s Long March culture and so on. These rich natural and cultural tourism resources raise the economic benefits of cultural tourism development emphasis. Aba is an ethnic minority area leading with the tourism industry; after years of development，tourism has become the main source of income for the local ethnic minorities. More and more foreign tourists have been attracted into this area， particularly， Europe， the United States and other English-speaking countries have become the major source countries; a large number of high-qualified tourism professionals are in urgent need， and tourism English teaching plays a very important role for cultivating High quality talents who are both proficient in English， grasping high level tourism skills， and quite familiar with Aba tourism resources. This paper analyzes and puts forward some constructive measures on how to combine Aba tourism resources， local culture with college tourism English teaching. Key words： Aba tourism resources local culture college tourism English teaching Introduction： After joining WTO， China gets more and more intimacy communication opportunities with the world; has been attracting ever-increasing foreign tourists and foreign tourism industry is rapidly developing. However，the development of the tourism industry and excellent tourism practitioners can not be synchronized， particularly high quality foreign tourism practitioners are seriously lacking， which causing the deve lopment of China’s foreign tourism lag，especially the local tourism resources and cultural characteristics can not be good publicized. Most of the local colleges are in charge of cultivating qualified personnel for local economic development， many vocational colleges set up Tourism English major， but because of teaching conception， method and practice are old-fashioned and out of touch， it results in Tourism English graduates are unable to adapt to the development needs of the tourism industry， and not well for the local tourism economy. Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture boasts abundant tourism resources and unique ethnic culture，which needs more high quality tourism practitioners who are skilled with foreign communicative ability and having comprehensive local culture knowledge to publicize the local culture and bring to a great height of development. Thus， the local college tourism English teaching should attach great importance to the needs of penetrating the local tourism and culture， and combining the introduction of local characteristics and cultural tourism with English teaching has very important significance. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇2：英语专业学⽣写作的影响因素及对策分析 Analyzing the Factors and Corresponding Measures for English Majors’ Writing 【Abstract】As we know， English writing is an important part of communicative competence. But for many English majors， it is hard to express their thoughts clearly. In order to find out the main problems and corresponding measures，the author analyzes many compositions written by English majors. With some academic opinions and the author’s own analysis， some problems existing in students’ writing are listed. According to the problems， the author summarizes some influencing factors. Finally， the author gives some relevant solutions. Through analyzing those samples， the author hopes it has some help for English majors’ writing. 【Key words】Writing;English major;Influencing factors;Effective measures 0 Introduction “English writing is a re-creation process where students use the knowledge of the language through thinking. So writing skills can reflect students’ language competence” (Bai 2009：99). But for many English majors，English writing is a difficulty for them. So many reasons have led to this kind of phenomenon. The author summarizes several types of mistakes that English majors often make， such as vocabulary mistakes，grammar mistakes. According to these problems，the author analyzes the influencing factors and tries to find suitable ways to solve this problem. 1 Influencing Factors 1.1 Vocabulary Mistakes Generally there are three kinds of vocabulary mistakes existing in English majors’ writing. They are spelling mistake，collocation mistake and part of speech problem. In the following part，they are discussed one by one. First，the spelling mistakes are common in their compositions. “Vocabulary is the requisite element of English writing” (He 2008：141). If students want to write a good composition to express their thoughts， they should grasp enough vocabulary and understand words correctly. However， most English majors do not learn vocabulary like that. For example， the words “indepadent” is not correct in spelling; the words “indepondance” and “independent” are not correct; the words “dapt”，“nowdays” are not spelled correctly. This is because students neglect the spelling when they learn the word at the beginning. What’s more， many students recite the word in accordance with pronunciation. Second，collocation mistakes occur frequently. Collocation is the key point of vocabulary learning. It plays a vital role in expressing the author’s intention. As we all know， the English collocation is very different from Chinese. Some students are used to thinking in Chinese and then directly translate Chinese into English literally. Such literal translations will definitely lead to mistakes. Generally speaking，the words do not appear isolated from others. That is to say， there are fixed about collocation between adjective and noun，verb and object noun etc. However，students often do not pay attention to this collocation and accumulate the words mechanically， leading to inappropriate expression in English. For example， “look dinner” and “leave earth” are not appropriate. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇3：马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style. Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, analysis, speech. 马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析摘要:本⽂⾸先阐述了⽂体学的定义,并在此基础上对对美国着名⿊⼈领袖马丁. 路德.⾦的着名演讲《我有⼀个梦》中所使⽤的⽂体⼿段进⾏了详尽的分析,进⽽对演讲⽂体的风格进⾏了简要的论述。

英文学术论文写作

英文学术论文写作学术论文写作用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流;二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。

不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。

了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。

对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。

用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。

关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。

此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。

一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。

在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。

也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。

因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。

学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。

学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)

学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统（The pprisl Systems）是对系统功能语言学的新进展。

系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。

评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。

该研究由Mrtin指导，Croline Coffin，Rick Iedem，Henrike Korner，Dvid Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。

这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。

评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。

三大次系统又可以次系统化。

态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的推断。

态度有积极和消极之分。

任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。

态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。

态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。

态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如hppy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like；通过情态状语表达，如hppily。

态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。

推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。

鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。

介入系统深受Bkhtin （1981，1986）对话性和多语性的影响。

从这个意义层面上讲，介入资源是一种方式，通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中，一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音，或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。

介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。

对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属；对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。

介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现，如my，it is sid tht等。

级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。

语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。

级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如some，plusible等。

3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。

英语学术论文写作(第三版)--第2章--Research Proposal

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home Main Exercise
Chapter Two Part One: Research Proposal Writing
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1. Definition of Research Proposal
Research proposal is a brief (up to two pages or more) overview of your research paper, giving the reader sufficient information about the work you have done, about the way you did it and the value of this work.
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3. Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
The following are the common mistakes in proposal writing.
●Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question. ● Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research. ● Failure to cite landmark studies. ● Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers. ● Failure to stay focused on the research question.

英语学术论文写作

英语学术论文写作学术论文的概念及分类学术论文（Research Papers）又称科学论文或研究论文，是对某一学科领域中的课题进行探讨、研究，表达新的科学研究成果或创见的文章，简称“论文”。

论文的突出特点科学性、创新性、学术性、专业性、实用性。

一般说来在论文写作过程中，既重视运用，又重视理论分析。

学术论文包括各学科领域中专业人员所写的论文和学生写的学业论文（即学年论文、毕业论文和学位论文）以及报告类论文。

不同专业的科技论文的内容和表示形式不尽相同。

可将论文分为理论型、实验型和描述型三种。

理论型论文的主要研究方法是理论分析；实验型论文的主要研究方法是设计实验、实验过程研究和实验结果分析；描述型论文的主要研究方法是描述说明，目的是介绍新发现的事物或现象及其所具有的科学价值，重点说明这一新事物是什么现象或不是什么现象。

学术论文的特点学术论文具有清楚、确切，和简明、直接的特点，尽力使文字简练，用最少的字句把意思表达清楚。

同时要客观、朴素，大多用第三人称（文内人称要统一）。

常用被动式语气，避免用俗语、土话、口语等，能肯定的不用“maybe”、“probably”。

引用他人注意不要把别人的结果说成像是自己的结果；与别人比较时，不用苛刻狡辩的语气；对于别人的研究工作进行评论，应该就事实和文字进行讨论，不可有推测别人的动机的口气。

在论文里，不需要用一些华丽的或是带情感的词句。

比喻要视论文性质而定。

通俗读物，初级教科书或非正式的科技文章中，有时用些比喻来帮助叙述科学理论，可使普通读者感兴趣、容易看懂。

科技期刊所发表的科技论文通常是严格限制用比喻的。

不应把比喻和类比相混淆，类比是科学研究工作中常用的推理方法。

在论文要使用恰当的假说，假说必须有实验可以证明。

不能夸大结论，因果关系要明确。

不能主观臆断，不要把假定当作结论，不要把未经证实的意见当作真实的。

名词的定义应清楚、确切。

对于专业名词，如果不知道它的确切含义，万勿随便使用。

学术英语作文必背范文

学术英语作文必背范文作为一名研究英语的学生，我们确实需要经常阅读一些优秀的范文，通过模仿来提高自己的英语水平。

以下是一些学术英语作文的必背范文：议论文范文一题目：Should college education be free?正文：There is much debate nowadays on whether college education should be free or not. Supporters claim that free college education will help more young people to get higher education. While opponents argue that free college education will cause financial burden on the government.Personally, I am in favor of the idea that college education should be free. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, college education is a publicgood that benefits both the individual and society. By providing free college education, more people will be able to access higher education, which will not only improve their lives, but also contribute to the development of society. Secondly, education is a basic human right that should be enjoyed by everyone regardless of their economic status. It is unfair to deny some people the opportunity to pursue higher education simply because they cannot afford it. Lastly, providing free college education will ultimately benefit the economy by producing a more educated and skilled workforce.In conclusion, I believe that free college education is a necessity for our society. Although it may cause some financial burden on the government, the benefits it brings to individuals and society far outweigh the costs.说明文范文二题目：How to improve your study efficiency?正文：As a student, it is important to achieve high efficiency in study. However, many students find it difficult to concentrate and maintain focus during study sessions. Here are some tips to help improve study efficiency:1. Create a study schedule: Make a plan for what you need to study and when you will study it. Having a schedule will help you stay organized and focused.2. Eliminate distractions: Try to study in a quiet environment with minimal distractions. Turn off your phone and avoid social media during your study session.3. Break up study sessions: It is difficult to maintain focus for long periods of time. Take breaks every hour or so to give your brain a chance to rest.4. Use active learning methods: Rather than simply reading through material, actively engage with it. This could include taking notes, summarizing key points, or discussing the material with other students.By following these tips, students can improve their study efficiency and achieve better academic results.以上是两篇学术英语作文的范文，读者可以通过模仿这些范文来提高自己的英语写作水平。

学术英语写作课程论文

学术英语essay范文

英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 4

英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 2

英语学术论文写作纲要

英语学术论文写作- 摘要

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法

英语专业学术论文写作教程 文斌

英语专业学术论文写作：摘要

学术论文写作--江苏大学研一英语

英语学术论文写作

英语专业学术论文写作：引言

英语学术论文写作

学术英语写作作文

英语学术论文写作范文 学术英语写作 范文17篇

英语学术论文范文范文怎么写

英文学术论文写作

学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)

英语学术论文写作(第三版)--第2章--Research Proposal

英语学术论文写作

学术英语作文必背范文

英语专业学术论文写作教程文斌

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇