chap.6.2
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COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS
WHAT IS COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS?
• • • • • • • Definition of Cognitive Linguistics Construal（识解） and Construal Operations Categorization （范畴化） Image Schemas （意象图式） Metaphor （隐喻） Metonymy （换喻/转喻） Blending theory（合成空间论）
体。因为，运动物体是典型的突出物，成为典型的图形，而其余的刺激 构成了背景。
• In order to distinguish between static and dynamic figure /ground relations, Langacker (1987) uses the term TRAJECTOR（ 射 体 - 表 示 运 动 的 或 动 态 的 图 形 ） for a moving figure and LANDMARK（路标-表示为 运动图形所提供的背景） for the ground of a moving figure.
研究，背景充当了介词宾语和表征空间关系的介词。
• It also applies to our perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constituent the ground. 这种关系也适用于我们感知运动的物
(2) Judgment / Comparison
• The construal operations of judgment / comparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else. • This is a very fundamental cognitive capacity and the cognitive operations of judgment are also very fundamental to the human experience.
述的能力，这种能力是通过详细程度、不同的心理扫描、指向 性、优势点、图形—背景分离等成分加以实现的。
•
• Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.
(1) Basic level
• The categories at the BASIC LEVEL are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. • This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the world. • So it is at this level that we can find the idealized configuration of feature of a category.
基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。
Construal and Construal Operations
• CONSTRUAL is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. 识解或诠释是一种用交替的方式对同一场景进行想象和描
的全新方法，发轫于上世纪70年代，是对当时盛行的转换生成 研究范式的反动，转换生成研究范式追求语言的自足性。
•
Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. 认知语言学是
• 识解操作是人类在语言处理过程中概念化的过程。或者说，识 解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和心理来源。
(1) Attention / Salience（突显）
• The operation grouped under SALIENCE have to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us. In perception, we can direct our attention towards parts of the perceived scenery.
• Consequently, basic level categories are also the most economical ones in that it is at this level that you can find the most relevant information. • The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level that we conjure up the general gestalt of the category. • 基本层次范畴是最经济的层次，在此层次你 可以发现许多相关信息。我们与外界事物相 互作用所产生的许多信息均储存于此层次， 正是在这个层次我们可以构成范畴的格式塔。
Definition of Cognitive Linguistics
• COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS is a newly established approach to the study of lang来自百度文库age that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language.认知语言学是语言研究
• DEIXIS involves linguistic forms that point at something from the speech situation. In cognitive terms, deixis is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness to designate something in the scene. • There are many other types of deixis: 1) person deixis construes the relations between the participants in the speech situation; 2) social deixis construes social relationships between participants in the discourse; 3) textual / discursive deixis construes the relation to previous mention in discourse.
• All these characteristics can be summed up under Croft and Cruse’s four points (2004:83): • (i) The most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioral interaction; • (ii) The most inclusive level for which a clear visual image can be formed; • (iii) The most inclusive level at which part-whole information is represented; • (iv) The level used for everyday reference.
Categorization
• CATEGORIZATIOPN is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. • Categorization is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones. • There are three levels in categories: the basic level, the super-ordinate level, and the subordinate level.
• In that sense, we direct the attention towards the relevant concepts. • Attention / salience relates to language, among other things, because we use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.
(3) Perspective / Situatedness
（位置）
• Another construal operation in cognitive linguistics is regarded to be perspective, in which we view a scene in terms of our situatedness. • Perspective generally depends on two things. Firstly, it depends on where we are situated in relation to the scene we’re viewing. Secondly, it depends on how the scene is arranged in relation to our situatedness.
• The figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration.图形-背景关系似乎可以运用于空间
WHAT IS COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS?
• • • • • • • Definition of Cognitive Linguistics Construal（识解） and Construal Operations Categorization （范畴化） Image Schemas （意象图式） Metaphor （隐喻） Metonymy （换喻/转喻） Blending theory（合成空间论）
体。因为，运动物体是典型的突出物，成为典型的图形，而其余的刺激 构成了背景。
• In order to distinguish between static and dynamic figure /ground relations, Langacker (1987) uses the term TRAJECTOR（ 射 体 - 表 示 运 动 的 或 动 态 的 图 形 ） for a moving figure and LANDMARK（路标-表示为 运动图形所提供的背景） for the ground of a moving figure.
研究，背景充当了介词宾语和表征空间关系的介词。
• It also applies to our perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constituent the ground. 这种关系也适用于我们感知运动的物
(2) Judgment / Comparison
• The construal operations of judgment / comparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else. • This is a very fundamental cognitive capacity and the cognitive operations of judgment are also very fundamental to the human experience.
述的能力，这种能力是通过详细程度、不同的心理扫描、指向 性、优势点、图形—背景分离等成分加以实现的。
•
• Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.
(1) Basic level
• The categories at the BASIC LEVEL are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. • This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the world. • So it is at this level that we can find the idealized configuration of feature of a category.
基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。
Construal and Construal Operations
• CONSTRUAL is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. 识解或诠释是一种用交替的方式对同一场景进行想象和描
的全新方法，发轫于上世纪70年代，是对当时盛行的转换生成 研究范式的反动，转换生成研究范式追求语言的自足性。
•
Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. 认知语言学是
• 识解操作是人类在语言处理过程中概念化的过程。或者说，识 解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和心理来源。
(1) Attention / Salience（突显）
• The operation grouped under SALIENCE have to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us. In perception, we can direct our attention towards parts of the perceived scenery.
• Consequently, basic level categories are also the most economical ones in that it is at this level that you can find the most relevant information. • The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level that we conjure up the general gestalt of the category. • 基本层次范畴是最经济的层次，在此层次你 可以发现许多相关信息。我们与外界事物相 互作用所产生的许多信息均储存于此层次， 正是在这个层次我们可以构成范畴的格式塔。
Definition of Cognitive Linguistics
• COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS is a newly established approach to the study of lang来自百度文库age that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language.认知语言学是语言研究
• DEIXIS involves linguistic forms that point at something from the speech situation. In cognitive terms, deixis is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness to designate something in the scene. • There are many other types of deixis: 1) person deixis construes the relations between the participants in the speech situation; 2) social deixis construes social relationships between participants in the discourse; 3) textual / discursive deixis construes the relation to previous mention in discourse.
• All these characteristics can be summed up under Croft and Cruse’s four points (2004:83): • (i) The most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioral interaction; • (ii) The most inclusive level for which a clear visual image can be formed; • (iii) The most inclusive level at which part-whole information is represented; • (iv) The level used for everyday reference.
Categorization
• CATEGORIZATIOPN is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. • Categorization is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones. • There are three levels in categories: the basic level, the super-ordinate level, and the subordinate level.
• In that sense, we direct the attention towards the relevant concepts. • Attention / salience relates to language, among other things, because we use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.
(3) Perspective / Situatedness
（位置）
• Another construal operation in cognitive linguistics is regarded to be perspective, in which we view a scene in terms of our situatedness. • Perspective generally depends on two things. Firstly, it depends on where we are situated in relation to the scene we’re viewing. Secondly, it depends on how the scene is arranged in relation to our situatedness.
• The figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration.图形-背景关系似乎可以运用于空间