Irony and Satire(反语与讽刺)
对于傲慢与偏见中反讽的译语赏析
对于傲慢与偏见中反讽的译语赏析一、引言英国女作家简?奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》,是一部脍炙人口的长篇佳作。
反讽在这一作品中的运用达到了戏谑、嘲弄及讽刺的效果,使作品生动幽默,富有艺术感染力。
令读者百读不厌。
在《傲慢与偏见》中,irony(反讽)是其艺术创作的精髓之所在。
奥斯汀的幽默和讽刺不动声色,微言大义,反话正说,令人常感余痛难消。
然而,反讽又是英语文学翻译中一个十分棘手的问题。
因此,译者在翻译时既要具慧眼识别,又要最大限度地传译,使读者能充分欣赏到原文的反讽特色。
本文拟对《傲慢与偏见》的两个译本(王科一译和孙致礼译)中对反讽的处理作一粗略比较,着重赏析两个译本在保留原小说艺术效果方面的不同处理。
以便求教于译界广大专家学者。
二、反讽反讽作为一种修辞手法,通常指故意用与原意相反的话来表达本意,以达到谐谑、嘲弄、讽刺、喜爱和亲昵的目的。
英语里irony的含义远比汉语里的广泛,它不仅指作为修辞格的verbal irony(反语),也指一种文学技巧(a literary device),主要包括:verbal irony dramatic irony(戏剧性反语)和situation irony(情况反常)即literary irony(嘲弄)。
此外,irony还被人们用来表示一种对世界的认识、态度和心态:对世界加以描述、分析与推断,或对世界的矛盾和对抗表现出的一种冷静的、超然物外的态度等等。
Irony作为英语辞格(verbal irony)和汉语的反语基本相同。
而翻译时能否成功再现英语原作中反讽的风格,使译文达到原文戏谑、嘲弄及讽刺的效果,却并非易事。
译者在翻译时既要具慧眼识别,又要最大限度地传译,使读者能充分欣赏到原文的反讽特色。
三、《傲慢与偏见》中反讽的译语对比赏析反讽手法的巧妙运用是《傲慢与偏见》最大的艺术特色之一。
反讽艺术渗透于《傲慢与偏见》整部小说中,贯穿于人物刻画、情节发展与小说结构之中。
而反讽又是英语文学翻译中一个十分棘手的问题。
外国幽默讽刺作文短篇英语
外国幽默讽刺作文短篇英语标题，Foreign Humor and Satire: A Cross-Cultural Exploration。
In the realm of humor, cultures around the worldexhibit their unique flavors and nuances. One particularly intriguing aspect is the use of satire to comment on societal norms, politics, and human behavior. Through a comparative lens, this essay delves into the essence of foreign humor and satire, exploring how different cultures wield wit and irony to entertain and provoke thought.Introduction。
Humor is a universal language, yet its expressions vary widely across cultures. Satire, a form of humor that employs irony, sarcasm, and ridicule to critique societal flaws, often reflects the values and concerns of a society. From the sharp wit of British satire to the surrealism of French humor, and the absurdity of American comedy, eachculture has its own unique approach to satire. By examining prominent examples of foreign humor and satire, we can gain insights into the cultural psyche and social dynamics of different societies.British Humor: The Art of Dry Wit。
傲慢与偏见中的反讽irony
此外，irony 还被人们用来表示一种对世界的认识、态度 和心态：对世界加以描述、分析与推断，或对世界的矛盾 和 对 抗 表现 出 的 一种 冷 静 的 、 超 然 物外 的 态 度等 等 。 Irony作为英语辞格（verbal irony）和汉语的反语基本相 同。
反讽（Irony）
《傲慢与偏见》中的这一开首句无疑可说是整个英语小说 中最著名的开篇语句了。原文里，反讽表现得淋漓尽致， 富有特效。主句使用了一个严肃的大字眼“It is a truth universally acknowledged ”，仿佛在宣读一则放之四 海而皆准的普遍真理和客观规律，然而从句的语调却急转 直下“that a single man must be in want of a wife”， 变得平淡无奇。整部小说的喜剧性反讽基调便由这一突降 法的开篇首句奠定。
Appreciation
首先，这是个强调句（The Emphatic Pattern）。“It is a truth…that…”,加强语气，使表达的观点更强烈鲜明。
其次，这句话用了对比对照修辞手法。对比对照 （antithesis）是文学作品中常见的修辞手法。in possession of 和in want of 形成对照，使有钱单身汉与有 个妻子形成鲜明对照。
反讽（Irony）
反讽作为一种修辞手法，通常指故意用与原意相反的话来 表达本意，以达到谐谑、嘲弄、讽刺、喜爱和亲昵的目的。 英语里 irony 的含义远比汉语里的广泛，它不仅指作为修 辞格的 verbal irony （反语），也指一种文学技巧（ a literary device ），主要包括 :verbal irony dramatic irony（戏剧性反语）和situation irony（情况反常）即 literary irony（嘲弄）。
Jonathan_swift
Treason叛国罪
Major themes
• The first voyage has been interpreted as an allegorical satire of the political events of the early eighteenth century, a commentary on the moral state of England. • The war with the tiny neighboring island represents England‘s rivalry between Whigs and Tories.
First voyage---Lilliput
On the very first voyage, Gulliver is shipwrecked.
Of all the ship’s crew he alone survives. He swims to the shore of a strange land, inhabited by Lilliputians, the tallest of whom is six inches high.
Second voyage---Brobdingnag
Gulliver finally escapes Lilliput and returns briefly to England before a second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag. While on shore, Gulliver is captured by giants, each of whom is the size of a water-tower.
On the whole, the Brobdingnagians are good-natured creatures, and they treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his tiny size and looked upon him as a plaything.
高二英语文学作品的艺术手法赏析单选题30题
高二英语文学作品的艺术手法赏析单选题30题1. In the novel "The Great Gatsby", the green light at the end of Daisy's dock symbolizes:A. Hope and longingB. Wealth and successC. Decay and corruptionD. Love and passion答案：A。
本题中，在《了不起的盖茨比》中，黛西码头尽头的绿灯象征着希望和渴望。
选项B“财富和成功”不符合绿灯在文中的象征意义；选项C“腐朽和堕落”与绿灯的象征无关；选项D“爱和激情”没有准确体现出绿灯所代表的那种遥远而难以触及的希望。
2. In "To Kill a Mockingbird", the mockingbird is often regarded as a symbol of:A. Innocence and purityB. Cruelty and violenceC. Wisdom and knowledgeD. Hypocrisy and deception答案：A。
在《杀死一只知更鸟》中，知更鸟常被视为天真和纯洁的象征。
选项B“残忍和暴力”与知更鸟的象征意义相悖；选项C“智慧和知识”并非知更鸟在文中的象征；选项D“虚伪和欺骗”不符合知更鸟的象征内涵。
3. The rose in the poem "A Red, Red Rose" can be seen as a symbolof:A. Beauty and loveB. Sorrow and painC. Fear and anxietyD. Freedom and independence答案：A。
在《一朵红红的玫瑰》这首诗中，玫瑰可以被看作是美丽和爱的象征。
选项B“悲伤和痛苦”不是玫瑰在该诗中的象征；选项C“恐惧和焦虑”与玫瑰的通常象征意义不符；选项D“自由和独立”不是玫瑰在此诗中的象征。
Irony反语
Hale Waihona Puke It saves a lot of trouble if, instead of having to earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it. (Winston Churchill) 假如你可以干脆去借钱, 以此代替赚钱与省钱, 那会省掉许多麻烦了。 After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. ( John Scopes: TheTrial That Rocked the World P169 Book I Advanced English) 用不了多久, 就会出现人与人、宗教与宗教之间互相争斗的局面, 直 到我们倒退到十六世纪那光辉的年代。那时, 如果有谁敢于给人类 带来智慧、知识和文化, 他就会被那些偏见、固执的宗教信徒们绑 在柴堆上活活烧死。
(冯翠华，1995： 213)
Irony是把词、词组或句子用于反意，以表示说话人对事物的批判 性的评价。为了使听众能真正理解到讽刺，必须有加强的语调， 有时甚至还须要加以手势和表情。在书面语中不可能有这些语音 手段，有时能使用引号、斜体等暗示讽刺。不过更主要的还是要 从语言环境或上下文来理解。
irony 翻译
irony 翻译Irony（讽刺）几乎在我们日常交流中随处可见，但要准确地将它翻译成中文却并非易事。
Irony具有多层次的含义和用法，它不仅出现在口语和书面语中，还是许多文化和艺术领域的重要元素。
本文将从语言学和翻译理论的角度出发，探讨irony的概念、种类和翻译方法，并提出应对irony翻译难题的几个建议。
一、Irony概念Irony是一个多义词，通常指语言、文字或行为的反差或冲突，暗示了一种更深层的意义或价值观。
Irony可以是一种交流策略，用于表达不同于字面意思的话语，也可以是一种思维方式，帮助我们赋予事物不同的看待方式。
Irony分为三类：1. Verbal Irony（言语讽刺）：言语讽刺指的是在说话时，说话人说的话和他的实际意图相反。
言语讽刺通常是通过使用语调、词汇选择和表情等非语言手段来达到的。
例如，“你真是太好了”这句话可能表明说话人对听话者的不满，而不是真正的赞美。
2. Situational Irony（情境讽刺）：情境讽刺指的是某个事件的实际结果与人们期望的结果相反，通常涉及到一个出乎意料的结局。
例如，在电影《泰坦尼克号》中，观众预计之后的剧情是两名主角会在一起生活，但实际情况是男主角牺牲了自己救了女主角。
3. Dramatic Irony（戏剧性讽刺）：在文学和戏剧中使用，指的是读者或观众知道故事的情节和真相，但故事中的角色不知道，导致讽刺效果。
例如，在莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中，观众知道哈姆雷特的朋友罗森克朵和吉尔德恩斯登是他的陷害者，但哈姆雷特却不知道，这增加了戏剧的紧张氛围和讽刺效果。
二、Irony翻译方法由于语言和文化差异，Irony的翻译常常是翻译工作者的难题。
正确理解和翻译Irony需要掌握以下几种方法：1. 上下文翻译Irony通常是一个语境相关的现象，它的意义和效果是由上下文环境和世界观来构成的。
所以，对于Irony的翻译，需要将它的语境和背景纳入翻译范畴。
irony 讽刺 反语
Categories
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Ironies can be divided into two categories: verbal irony and situational irony. Verbal irony is the simple form of irony. It is used in everyday life.Verbal irony can be subdivided into light irony and heavy irony. 反语通常分为两类：词义反语和情景反语。 情景反语的意义主要从特定的情景中，从 作者对所叙述的事物的真实态度中体现出 来。词义反语从字面意义上就能判断出来， 是常用的表达方式。
For example, when someone hates the weather which spoils his trips and says," what a fine day!" he is ironical. the word "fine" is actually intended to mean "bad", "awful" and "abominable".
@WPS官方微博 @kingsoftwps
我们很幸运。到达彼岸的那一天是12月13 日，那是我们真的感到很愉快。
Situational irony 情景反语
Situational irony occurs when there is a discrepancy or incongruity betthe case and the real state of affairs.
①If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarette, don't listen...They're probably trying to trick you into living.
英语讽刺反讽修辞
Ridicule (嘲弄/嘲笑):
One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related. "The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. ” • 还有一个承包商租了一个商店橱窗来展出一只猿猴。有些人便 花钱去观看这只猿猴,并思量着自己是否可能与它有什么渊源。“ 这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者 这 样写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。” (P26、27) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (P35) • 布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶。IFra bibliotekony（反语）：
Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan university on a hill-top over looking the valley.(P47) • 前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我 眼中，小镇景物依旧，只是多了一所威廉•詹宁斯•布莱恩大学 ，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着下面的山谷。 It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of it’s cruelty and ferocious aggression. • 纳粹政权在残酷镇压和疯狂侵略方面极为拿手, 人类过去这方 面的一切卑劣行径都望尘末及。
2010Irony反语(1)(1)
------“Could you wait a few days for the money? I haven’t any small change about me.” -------“Ｏh, you haven’t? well, of course I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.”
它是以一种嘲笑和挖苦的方式来攻击，它的目的是贬低和伤 害被攻击人的感情。)
When children call a boy “Four Eyes” because he wears glasses, they are speaking in sarcasm.
In a group they were brave. He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need. I hear he makes long speeches. Yes, he likes to listen to him.
innuendo
My husband has been sober several times in the past five years. Innuendo is a figure of speech in which moderate and allusive words and tone are used to make comments or pass criticisms upon a person or thing. “暗讽”innuendo辞格是一种温和、委婉的词 语论述、评及事或人物，它不是直截了当地 用语言表达出来，但语言中含有这种意思。
反语的幽默属性和语用功能_0
反语的幽默属性和语用功能[Abstract] Verbal irony, as a widely used figure of speech, has recEived considerable attention from cognitive psychologists and linguists. The traditional study of verbal irony from rhetorical and aesthetical approaches has been shifted to current cognitive and pragmatic investigation. In this paper, focus will be laid upon the humor feature of verbal irony from the perspective of pragmatics. First, through the comparison of different kinds of definitions of irony, a general idea about what is irony is established. Then, this paper examines the Cooperative Principle (CP for short) of American linguist Grice which put forwards that irony acts as a violation of CP. Last but not the least, with the help of the comparison of the pragmatic functions of English irony and Chinese irony, the humor feature of verbal irony can be well displayed. In English, irony could be used to state one’s negative attitude to something. It could be used as a means to satirize, an approach to politeness, an approach to humor. Chinese irony can be classified into five types from the perspective of pragmatic functions as follows: irony for commendation and derogation, irony for satire, irony for fun,irony for affection and irony for emphasis. The pragmatic functions of irony in both languages are similar.[Key Words] verbal irony; pragmatic function; humor; English and Chinese ironies【摘要】反语作为一种普遍使用的修辞格，引起了认知心理学家和语言学家的关注。
讽刺是一种文学手法
Satire is primarily a literary genre or form, although in practice it can also be found in the graphic and performing arts. In satire, vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, and society itself, into improvement.[1] Although satire is usually meant to be funny, its greater purpose is constructive social criticism, using wit as a weapon.A common feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm—"in satire, irony is militant"[2]—but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This"militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to attack.Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, and media such as lyrics.Satire is a rhetorical strategy in which human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, or other methods, ideally with an intent to bring about improvement.[1] In the strict sense satire is a literary genre, but the larger notion of satire, poking fun at the foibles of others, is also found in the graphic and performing arts.Although satire is usually intended to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humor as much as criticism, using the weapon of wit. A very common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony or sarcasm, using parody, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre.Satire is often aimed at hypocrisy in social institutions or used for political commentary, but great satire often takes as its target human self-deception in one form or another. Satire can vary in tone from bemused tolerance to bitter indignation. Voltaire's Candide (1759) gleefully poked fun at the fashionable optimism associated with the philosopher Leibniz and is among the most recognized satires in the Western literary canon. George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945), in contrast, savagely criticized the totalitarian machinery of government that emerged in the Soviet Union following the Utopian promises of the Russian Revolution.Like most criticism, satire can be constructive and salutary or motivated by an intent to draw opprobrium on the object of criticism. As a literary genre, it is generally didactic. It rarely aspires to hold up a mirror to life or to explore universal aspects of human experience as a primary objective.TermThe word satire comes from Latin satura lanx, meaning "medley, dish of colorful fruits," and was held by Quintilian to be a "wholly Roman phenomenon." This derivation properly has nothing to do with the Greek mythological satyr[2]. To Quintilian, satire was a strict literary form, but the term soon escaped from its original narrow definition. Princeton University scholar Robert Elliott wrote that"[a]s soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamours for extension; and satura (which had had no verbal, adverbial,or adjectival forms) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for “satyr” (satyros) and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English “satire” comes from the Latin satura; but “satirize,” “satiric,” etc., are of Greek origin. By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies 'a satirist in prose' ('satyricus scriptor in prosa'). Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire: satura becomes satyra, and in England, by the 16th century, it was written 'satyre.'" "Satire" Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004[3]Satire (in the modern sense of the word) is found in many artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, and media such as song lyrics. The term is also today applied to many works other than those which would have been considered satire by Quintilian - including, for instance, ancient Greek authors predating the first Roman satires. Public opinion in the Athenian democracy, for example, was remarkably influenced by the political satire written by such comic poets as Aristophanes for the theatre.[4][5]HistoryAncient EgyptThe so-called Satire of the Trades dates to the beginning of the second millennium B.C.E. and is one of the oldest texts using hyperbole in order to achieve a didactic aim.[6] It describes the various trades in an exaggeratedly disparaging fashion in order to convince students tired of studying that their lot as scribes will be far superior to that of their less fortunate brethren. Some scholars think that, rather than satirical, the descriptions were intended to be serious and factual.[7]The Papyrus Anastasi I (late 2nd millennium B.C.E.) contains the text of a satirical letter in which the writer at first praises the virtues but then mercilessly mocks the meager knowledge and achievements of the recipient of the letter.[8]Ancient GreeceThe Greeks had no word for what later would be called "satire," although cynicism and parody were common techniques. In retrospect, the Greek playwright Aristophanes is one of the best known early satirists; he is particularly recognized for his political satire, for example The Knights, which criticize the powerful Cleon for the persecution the playwright underwent.[9]The oldest form of satire still in use is the Menippean satire named after the Greek cynic Menippus of Gadara. Menippean satire is a term broadly used to refer to prose satires that are rhapsodic in nature, combining many different targets of ridicule into a fragmented satiric narrative similar to a novel. The term is used by classicalgrammarians and by philologists mostly to refer to satires in prose (cf. the verse satires of Juvenal and his imitators).Menippus, whose works are now lost, influenced the works of Lucian and Marcus Terentius Varro; such satires are sometimes termed Varronian satire, althoughVarro's own 150 books of Menippean satires survive only through quotations. The genre continued in the writings of Seneca the Younger, whose Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii (The Pumpkinification of the Divine Claudius) is the only near-complete classical Menippean satire to survive. The Menippean tradition is later evident in Petronius's' Satyricon, especially in the banquet scene "Cena Trimalchionis," which combines epic, tragedy, and philosophy with verse and prose. In Apuleius' Golden Ass, the form is combined with the comic novel.Menippean satire moves rapidly between styles and points of view. Such satires deal less with human characters than with the single-minded mental attitudes, or "humors," that they represent: the pedant, the braggart, the bigot, the miser, the quack, the seducer, etc. Critic Northrop Frye observed that "the novelist sees evil and folly as social diseases, but the Menippean satirist sees them as diseases of the intellect"; he illustrated this distinction by positing Squire Western (from The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling) as a character rooted in novelistic realism, but the tutors Thwackum and Square as figures of Menippean satire.Menippean satire plays a special role in Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the novel. In Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, Bakhtin treats Menippean satire as one of the classical "serio-comic" genres, alongside Socratic dialogue and other forms that Bakhtin claims are united by a "carnival sense of the world," wherein "carnival is the past millennia's way of sensing the world as one great communal performance" and is "opposed to that one-sided and gloomy official seriousness which is dogmatic and hostile to evolution and change." Authors of "Menippea" in Bakhtin's sense include Voltaire, Diderot and E.T.A. Hoffmann.[10]Contemporary scholars including Frye classify Swift's A Tale of a Tub and Gulliver's Travels,Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus,François Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel and Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Flann O'Brien's The Third Policeman as Menippean satires.Roman satireThe two most influential Latin satirists from Roman antiquity are Horace and Juvenal, who lived during the early days of the Roman Empire. Other Roman satirists include Lucilius and Persius. In the ancient world, the first to discuss satire critically was Quintilian, who invented the term to describe the writings of Lucilius. Pliny reports that the 6th century B.C.E. poet Hipponax wrote satirae that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves.[11]Criticism of Roman emperors (notably Augustus) needed to be presented in veiled, ironic terms - but the term "satire" when applied to Latin works actually is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly colored humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent.Middle AgesExamples from the Early Middle Ages include songs by goliards or vagants now best known as an anthology called Carmina Burana and made famous as texts of a composition by the twentieth century composer Carl Orff. Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular, although little has survived. With the advent of the High Middle Ages and the birth of modern vernacular literature in the twelfth century, it began to be used again, most notably by Chaucer. The disrespectful tone of satire was considered "un-Christian" and discouraged, with the exception of "moral satire," which criticized misbehavior from a Christian perspective. Examples include Livre des Manières (~1170) as well as some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Epic poetry as well as aspects of feudal society were also satirized, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre.After the reawakening of Roman literary traditions in the Renaissance, the satires Till Eulenspiegel (a cycle of tales popular in the Middle Ages) and Reynard the Fox (a series of versified animal tales) were published. New satires, such as Sebastian Brant's Ship of Fools, (Narrenschiff) (1494), Erasmus's' Moriae Encomium (1509), and Thomas More's Utopia (1516) were also widely disseminated.Early modern satireThe English writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude, coarse and sharp "satyr" play. Elizabethan "satire" (typically in pamphlet form) therefore contains more straightforward abuse than subtle irony. The French Huguenot Isaac Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian's writing and thus presented the original meaning of the term. He pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilized. Wittiness again became more important, and seventeenth-century English satire again increasingly aimed at the "amendment of vices."Gulliver Exhibited to the Brobdingnag Farmer by Richard RedgraveFarcical texts such as the works of François Rabelais tackled more serious issues (and incurred the wrath of the crown as a result). In the Age of Enlightenment, astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon of such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, and Alexander Pope. John Dryden also wrote an influential essay on satire that helped fix its definition in the literary world.Swift was one of the greatest of Anglo-Irish satirists, and one of the first to practice modern journalistic satire. For instance, his "A Modest Proposal" suggested that poor Irish parents be encouraged to sell their children as food, a program he disingenuously argued would benefit both society and parents. His essay "The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters"' satirically argued that dissenters from established Church doctrine should be vigorously persecuted. And in his best-known work, Gulliver's Travels Swift examined the flaws in human society and English life in particular through a traveler's encounter with fanciful societies compromised by familiar human foibles. Swift created a moral fiction in which parents do not have their primary responsibility to protect their children from harm, or in which freedom of religion is reduced to the freedom to conform. His purpose was to attack indifference to the plight of the desperately poor, and to advocate freedom of conscience.The French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire was perhaps the most influential figure of the Enlightenment and his comic novella Candide (1759) remains one of the most entertaining and widely read satires in the Western literary canon. The book pillories the fashionable optimism associated with the philosopher Leibniz, but was widely banned because of its political and religious criticisms and scandalous sexual content. In the book, Dr. Pangloss teaches Candide that, despite appearances, they live in the "best of all possible worlds." Following a horrific series of misadventures, including the destruction of Lisbon by the great earthquake, tsunami, and fire in 1755, and imprisonment by the Portuguese Inquisition, Pangloss is left as a beggar infected with syphilis. Yet the philosopher remains unshaken in is principles. "I still hold to my original opinions, because, after all, I'm a philosopher, and it wouldn't be proper for me to recant, since Leibniz cannot be wrong, and since preestablished harmony is the most beautiful thing in the world, along with the plenum and subtle matter."[12] "Panglossian" has since entered the lexicon as an expression of simple-minded optimism.Satire in the Victorian eraSeveral satiric papers competed for the public's attention in the Victorian era and Edwardian period, such as Punch and Fun. Perhaps the most enduring examples of Victorian satire, however, are to be found in the Savoy Operas of W. S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan. In fact, in The Yeomen of the Guard, a jester is given lines that paint a very neat picture of the method and purpose of the satirist, and might almost be taken as a statement of Gilbert's own intent:"I can set a braggart quailing with a quip,The upstart I can wither with a whim;He may wear a merry laugh upon his lip,But his laughter has an echo that is grim!"Mark Twain was a perhaps the greatest American satirist. His novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, set in the antebellum South, uses Huck's naive innate goodness tolampoon prevailing racist attitudes. His hero, Huck, is a rather simple butgood-hearted lad who is ashamed of the "sinful temptation" that leads him to help a runaway slave. His conscience—warped by the distorted moral world he has grown up in—often bothers him most at the moment that he seeks to follow his good impulses against what passes for morality in society.Twain's younger contemporary Ambrose Bierce gained notoriety as a cynic, pessimist and black humorist with his dark, bitterly ironic stories, many set during the American Civil War, which satirized the limitations of human perception and reason. Bierce's most famous work of satire is probably The Devil's Dictionary, (begun 1881 to 1906), in which the definitions mock cant, hypocrisy and received wisdom.In nineteenth century autocratic Russia, literature, especially satire, was the only form of political speech that could pass through censorship. Aleksandr Pushkin, often considered the father of Russian literature, satirized the aristocratic conventions and fashions of the day in his colloquial tales of Russian life, such as the novel in verse Eugene Onegin. The works of Nikolai Gogol, especially his short stories "The Nose" and "The Overcoat" as well as his play "The Inspector General" and his great black comic novel, Dead Souls, lampooned the bureaucracy as well as the brutishness of provincial life. Gogol's works operate on a more profound level as well, addressing not only the hypocrisy of a country obsessed with social status, but the foibles of the human soul.Twentieth century satireIn the early twentieth century, satire was put to serious use by authors such as Aldous Huxley and George Orwell to address the dangers of the sweeping technological and social changes as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the development of modern ideologies, such as communism. Huxley's Brave New World is a grim, in many ways prescient story of a futuristic society in which free will has been virtually extirpated. Citizens are monitored for "antisocial" tendencies; sex is ubiquitous recreation, even among children, and drugs are administered as part of a policy to ensure that people remain docile. George Orwell's novel 1984, written in 1947/1948 as a result of the Spanish Civil War's atrocities, describes a much harsher and punitive dystopia in which every action is monitored by all-knowing Big Brother, a god-like authority recalling the cult of personality of communist rulers such as Joseph Stalin. Orwell's Animal Farm is a political parable in which animals overthrow the authority of the farmer and take power. The novel satirizes the rise of political tyranny after the Russian Revolution and communist promise of proletarian power, freedom from authoritarian rule, and the eventual withering away of the machinery of the state.In film, similar uses of satire included Charlie Chaplin's film Modern Times about the dehumanization of modern technology, and The Great Dictator (1940) about the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazism. Many social critics of the time, such as Dorothy Parker and H. L. Mencken used satire as their main weapon, and Mencken in particular isnoted for having said that "one horse-laugh is worth ten thousand syllogisms" in the persuasion of the public to accept a criticism. Novelist Sinclair Lewis was known for his satirical stories such as Babbitt,Main Street, and It Can't Happen Here. His books often explored and satirized contemporary American values.The Simpsons television comedyLater in the century, Joseph Heller's great satiric novel, Catch-22, (first published in 1961) lampooned the mentality of bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century[13]. The title of his novel has become the very expression used to convey a situation in which a desired outcome is impossible to attain because of a set of inherently illogical conditions.The Stanley Kubrick film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb from 1964 was a popular black comedy in the vein of Catch-22 that satirized the Cold War. A more humorous brand of satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the Satire Boom, led by such luminaries as Peter Cook, John Cleese, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, David Frost, Eleanor Bron and Dudley Moore and the television programme That Was The Week That Was.Tom Wolfe's late novels, such as Bonfire of the Vanities and A Man in Full, presented panoramic pictures of modern life using many of the standard devises of satire while consciously utilizing the realistic novel form of such nineteenth-century literary masters as Fyodor Dostoevsky, George Elliot, and Honore Balzac.Satire continues to be a popular and relevant form of political and social criticism. American television program Saturday Night Live's mockery of the mild press scrutiny of the Barak Obama presidential campaign, for example, led to an almost immediate reevaluation of press coverage and much harsher questioning by reporters and debate moderators. Other popular programs, such as the mock right-wing Colbert Report and John Stewart Show, present stinging, generally one-sided critiques of conservative policies. The popular, long running animated comedy The Simpsons playfully satirizes virtually every aspect of modern society by presenting exaggerated caricatures of modern character types, lifestyles, and even celebrity personalities. Satire and CensorshipBecause satire is criticism usually cloaked in humor, it frequently escapes censorship. Periodically, however, it runs into serious opposition. In 1599, the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and the Bishop of London George Abbot, whose offices had the function of licensing books for publication in England, issued a decree banning verse satire. The decree ordered the burning of certain volumes of satire byJohn Marston, Thomas Middleton, Joseph Hall, and others. It also required histories and plays to be specially approved by a member of the Queen's Privy Council, and it prohibited the future printing of satire in verse.[14] The motives for the ban are obscure, particularly since some of the books banned had been licensed by the same authorities less than a year earlier. Various scholars have argued that the target was obscenity, libel, or sedition. It seems likely that lingering anxiety about the Martin Marprelate controversy, in which the bishops themselves had employed satirists, played a role; both Thomas Nashe and Gabriel Harvey, two of the key figures in that controversy, suffered a complete ban on all their works. In the event, though, the ban was little enforced, even by the licensing authority itself.In the early years of the United States, the press engaged in vicious satirical attacks on many of the leading statesmen of the founding era, notably Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams. The immoderate attacks by crude pamphleteers such as James Callendar during the Adams administration led in part to the ill-advised Alien and Sedition Acts, which censored political speech as seditious. The Acts were soon nullified, but Adams suffered politically as a result and lost the election of 1800 to his arch rival Jefferson.More recently, in Italy the media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi threatened to sue RAI Television for its satirical series, Raiot,Satyricon, and Sciuscià, and even a special series on Berlusconi himself, arguing that they were vulgar and full of disrespect to the government. RAI stopped the show, but in legal proceedings won the right to broadcast. However, the show never went on air again.Perhaps the most famous recent example occurred in 2005, when the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in Denmark caused global protests by offended Muslims and violent demonstrations throughout the Muslim world. It was not the first case of Muslim protests against criticism in the form of satire, but the Western world was surprised by the hostility of the reaction in which embassies were attacked and 139 people died. Leaders throughout Europe agreed that satire was a protected aspect of the freedom of speech, while Muslims and many ecumenical leaders of other faiths denounced the inflammatory cartoons as gratuitously insulting to people of faith. Satire has often been used to mock sincerely held religious beliefs, moral convictions, and traditional values. Much modern theater, film, and music have satirized moral and religious beliefs as hopelessly dated, anti-progressive, and motivated by hate or ignorance. Through such extreme caricature—which is how satire achieves its biting effect—ever more boundary-breaking types of entertainment and behavior have avoided censorship and criminal prosecution, at least in the Western world where freedom of speech and freedom of expression are held sacred.。
Irony and Satire(反语与讽刺)
Irony can be classified into two categories: antiphrase and situation irony.
• Anti-phrase (words used obviously with meanings
• •
opposite to their literal one, the simple form of irony.) i.e. 1. this hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hourຫໍສະໝຸດ per week.Satire
• Satire is a literary genre in which ridicule
is thrown something by stressing its worst figures, often by the use of irony, thus assuming or affirming a norm by which aberrations are judged. As a rhetorical device, it often uses sharp and acrimonious words and tone to expose and mock at people‟s faults, stupidity or ugliness, etc. Here are some examples.
• Most of the abolitionists belong to nations that spend half their
annual income on weapons of war and that honor research to perfect means of killing. “It‟s no use going to see little Hans in winter”, the Miller used to say to his wife, “when people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them”. That is my idea of friendship, and I‟m sure I‟m right. So I shall wait till spring comes, and then I should visit him and he will give me a large bouquet of primroses, and that will make him very happy. “You think so much about others”, said his wife, “It‟s a pleasure to hear what you say about friendship. I‟m sure the priest himself cannot say such a beautiful things as you do, though he lives in a three-storied house, and wear a gold ring in his little finger!” Oscar Wilde, the Devoted friend
comedy
Comedy, as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse or work generally intended to amuse by creating laughter, especially in television, film, and stand-up comedy单人脱口秀.Greeks and Romans confined the word "comedy" to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. In the Middle Ages, the term expanded toinclude narrative poems with happy endings and a lighter tone. As time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the term "comedy" became synonymous with satire讽刺；讽刺文学，讽刺作品. They viewed comedy as simply the "art ofreprehension"非难；指责, and made no reference to light and cheerful events. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term "comedy" thus gained a more general semantic meaning in medieval literature.In the late 20th century, emerged among scholars the tendency to pragmatically prefer the term laughter to comprehensively refer to thewhole gamut整个范围of the comic, to avoid the classification in ambiguous and problematically defined genres and fields like humour, grotesque奇异风格；怪异的东西, irony讽刺；反语, and satire讽刺；讽刺文学，讽刺作品.The advent of cinema in the late 19th century, and later radio and television in the 20th century broadened the access of comedians to thegeneral public. Charlie Chaplin, through silent film, became one of the best known faces on earth. The silent tradition lived on well into the 20th century through mime 哑剧；小丑；滑稽戏artists like Marcel Marceau, and the physical comedy of artists like Rowan Atkinson as Mr Bean憨豆先生. The tradition of the circus clown also continued, with such asBozo the Clown(美国20世纪50年代电视上流行的)马戏团丑角in the United States and Oleg Popov in Russia. Radio provided new possibilities - with Britain producing the influential Goon呆子；怪诞的人Show after the Second World War. American cinema has produced a great number of globally renowned comedy artists, from Laurel and Hardy, theThree Stooges, Abbott and Costello, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, as well as Bob Hope during the mid-20th century, to performers like George Carlin, Robin Williams, and Eddie Murphy at the end of the century. Hollywood attracted many international talents like Canadian comics Dan Aykroyd, Jim Carrey, and Mike Myers.American television has also been an influential force in world comedy: with American series like The Simpsons achieving large followings around the world. British television comedy also remains influential, with quintessential精髓的，精萃的works including Fawlty Towers, Monty Python, Dad's Army, Blackadder, and The Office.Comedy may be divided into multiple genres based on the source of humor, the method of delivery, and the context in which it is delivered. The different forms often overlap, and most comedy can fit into multiple genres.Satire讽刺；讽刺文学，讽刺作品and political satire use ironic comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous ones. Satire isa type of comedy. Screwball 怪人comedy derives its humor largely from bizarre 奇异的（指态度，容貌，款式等）, surprising (and improbable) situations or characters. Black comedy is defined by dark humor that makes light of so called dark or evil elements in human nature. Similarly humor creates comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways. A comedy ofmanners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society (usually upper class society) and uses humor to parody拙劣模仿or satirize the behavior and mannerisms特殊习惯；矫揉造作；怪癖of its members. Romantic comedy is a popular genre that depicts burgeoning增长迅速的romance in humorous terms, and focuses on the foibles弱点；小缺点；癖好of those who are falling in love.。
喜剧的技巧名称
喜剧的技巧名称
喜剧的技巧名称包括：
1. 夸张（Exaggeration）：夸大表现或描述以增加观众的笑点。
2. 对比（Contrast）：通过对比不同的元素或情境，产生笑点。
3. 反讽（Irony）：用与实际意义相反的话语或情节来嘲笑或讽刺。
4. 双关语（Pun）：使用同音异义词或类似发音来制造幽默效果。
5. 反讽与幽默的隐喻（Metaphors of Irony and Humor）：使用具有隐喻意义的词语或表达来制造喜剧效果。
6. 突然转变（Sudden Change）：突然改变情节或情境来制造笑点。
7. 误会（Misunderstanding）：通过角色之间的误解或误会来制造喜剧效果。
8. 重复（Repetition）：反复出现相同的词语、动作或情节来制造喜剧效果。
9. 突出个体（Highlighting the Individual）：通过夸张一个角色的特质或个性来制造喜剧效果。
10. 社会讽刺（Satire）：以嘲笑或讽刺社会或个人行为、价值观等为手法制造喜剧效果。
这些技巧可以被喜剧演员、剧作家、编剧以及导演们用来创造各种类型的喜剧作品。
【SAT写作反语明喻篇】 你逃不过的那些修辞方法和写作手段
Irony(反语)所谓的Irony，就是我们说的正话反说或反话正说，即表面说的意思和真正要表达的意思是相反的，以取得幽默或讽刺的效果。
比如你上课迟到了，然后告诉老师说因为你在路上帮一个老太太过马路，老师说，That’s a fine excuse(这个理由真棒)，其实老师表面上看在表扬你，其实是老师根本就不相信你说的话，这就是个irony。
再比如，你考了7次SAT，每一次的SAT总分都比上一次提高了10分，你的同学说，Whata great progress，这也是个irony。
Great本来是个好词，但是用在这里是实际要表达的是你的进步太缓慢了，虽然很有规律(每次雷打不动提高10分)。
假设一个人出了车祸，手上伤口愈合后留下了一块疤，有意思的是这个疤乍一看像一朵花，这个时候他说，What’s a beautiful scar，这句话也是个irony，用来表达此人的自嘲和揶揄。
再看这一句：He is such amarvelous teacher that he will water any spark of genius found in his students (他真的是一个了不起的老师，只要他发现他的学生中有点天才的火花，他一定会浇灭它)，这句话的marvelous其实是反话正说，他只会浇灭学生的天才火花，但却说他marvelous，这个字表面是褒，其实是在对这个老师进行嘲讽挖苦。
We send missionaries to China so the Chinese can get to heaven,but we don’t let them into our country. (我们派遣传教士去中国，帮助中国人能够上天堂，但我们却禁止中国人进入美国)当时美国政府禁止中国人移居美国，Pearl Buck借助irony讽刺这个事情：美国政府说要让中国人上天堂，但却不给中国人移居美国。
Buck的真正意思是，连在人间的美国中国人都去不了，难到还能去天堂?以上讲的irony，都是通过用字来达到讽刺和自嘲的效果，这样的irony叫verbal irony。
文学英语单词
文学英语单词当我们谈论文学时，我们通常会用到许多专业术语。
以下是一些与文学相关的常用英语单词和短语。
1. prose （散文）Prose是一种不用诗歌的形式写作的文学，通常采用直接的语言和故事情节。
许多小说，短篇小说以及戏剧都属于散文体裁。
2. poetry （诗歌）诗歌是一种用特殊的形式、韵律和语言写成的文学作品。
它的目的是通过美丽的措辞和创造性的形象来表达情感和思想。
3. fiction （小说）小说是一种虚构的故事，通常以一个或多个主角为中心。
它可以是现实主义，超现实主义，科幻或神话。
4. non-fiction （非小说）非小说是指不虚构的写作，例如传记，历史和科学文献。
5. genre （文学流派）文学流派是指文学作品根据特定的主题或元素所分类的方法。
一些流派包括浪漫主义，现代主义和古典主义。
6. symbolism （象征主义）象征主义是指一种文学或艺术运动，通过使用象征或隐喻来表达主题或情感。
7. metaphor （隐喻）隐喻是一种文学技巧，在其中一个事物与另一个不相关的事物做比较，来描述一种情感或思想。
8. imagery （意象）意象是指文学作品中用来表达思想和情感的生动形象的集合。
它可以由形容词，名词，动词和比喻组成。
9. irony （反语）反语是通过使用表达相反意思的言辞来表达一种情感或观点的技巧。
10. alliteration （头韵）头韵是一种文学技巧，在其中一个句子中的一些单词使用相同的第一个辅音音素。
11. allegory （寓言）寓言是一种文学技巧，其中故事中的人物，情节和情感都代表着一些更大的哲学或宗教观点。
12. satire （讽刺）讽刺是一种文学技巧，通过使用幽默和夸张来揭示某些问题的错误和问题，以激发改变。
当我们谈论文学时，这些英语单词和短语是必不可少的，它们的使用可以帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏文学作品。
赏析英语幽默中的修辞现象
- 162-校园英语 / 语言文化研究赏析英语幽默中的修辞现象徐州市第一中学高一(15)班/蔡瑞辰【摘要】英语幽默既是一种语言现象，又是一种文化现象。
它是思想、学识、智慧、灵感和文化背景在语言中的结晶。
幽默产生的方式多种多样，除了内容、语境等方面的原因外，还在于它借助了一定的修辞手法。
本文结合一些英语文学作品和生活中的一些幽默句子、小品、故事等，对其中常见的修辞格，进行了简要的归纳和分析。
【关键词】英语幽默 修辞格 赏析【Abstract 】English humor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cultural one. It comes into being from thoughts, knowledge, wisdom, inspiration and culture. There are various forms in English humor which can be obtained from contents, contexts and so on, as well as from rhetorical devices. In this paper the author discusses and classifies the most frequently used rhetorical devices by analyzing a lot of English humorous examples.【Key words 】English humor; rhetorical devices; appreciation莎士比亚曾经说过：“幽默和风趣是智慧的体现。
”特别是在西方国家中，幽默不论在生活中，在社会上，还是在文学作品里，都有着十分重要的地位。
它以事物的矛盾为基调，采取善意的态度，在表面的滑稽、形式的逗笑中，揭示出生活中的乖戾和不合理之处。
Irony paradox innuendo 反语 反论 暗讽
For examples:
1. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达) 2. In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well.(The writer is making a very significant point here--that students who are taught to be highly grammar conscious do not necessarily speak or write good idiomatic English.) 3. It’s amazing how stylish anti-style can be. (This implies that to appear anti-style can be very popular, in some circles. 4. Burma---the richest of poor countries. (The implication is that the country, though economically backward, is rich in precious stones.)
Paradox(反论)
A paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to certain a succinct(简洁的) point.
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Satire
• Satire is a literary genre in which ridicule
is thrown something by stressing its worst figures, often by the use of irony, thus assuming or affirming a norm by which aberrations are judged. As a rhetorical device, it often uses sharp and acrimonious words and tone to expose and mock at people‟s faults, stupidity or ugliness, etc. Here are some examples.
• 2. Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble
act.
Situation irony (words used with implied meaning which
can not be taken literally but from the context.)
J.K. Chesterton, „What I saw in American ‟
• 2. I have been assured by a very knowing
American of acquaintance in London that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or ragout.
Irony
• Irony is a figure of slly expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm. Sometimes, irony is used to show people‟s intimate feelings, but in most cases it is used to criticize or expose bad and ugly things. In certain context, it can hold the reader‟s attention and deepen his impression.
1. Now prohibition, whether as a proposal in England or a pretence in America, simply means that the man who has drunk less shall have all the drink. It means that the old gentle man shall be carried home in a cab drunker than ever; but that, in order to make it quite safe for him to drink even in moderation. That is what it means, that is all it ever mean.
Irony can be classified into two categories: antiphrase and situation irony.
• Anti-phrase (words used obviously with meanings
• •
opposite to their literal one, the simple form of irony.) i.e. 1. this hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.
• Most of the abolitionists belong to nations that spend half their
annual income on weapons of war and that honor research to perfect means of killing. “It‟s no use going to see little Hans in winter”, the Miller used to say to his wife, “when people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them”. That is my idea of friendship, and I‟m sure I‟m right. So I shall wait till spring comes, and then I should visit him and he will give me a large bouquet of primroses, and that will make him very happy. “You think so much about others”, said his wife, “It‟s a pleasure to hear what you say about friendship. I‟m sure the priest himself cannot say such a beautiful things as you do, though he lives in a three-storied house, and wear a gold ring in his little finger!” Oscar Wilde, the Devoted friend
Jonathan Swift, „A Modest proposal‟