最新学术英语医学教师版Unit4课文翻译

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医学英语综合教程Unit 4 译文

Unit 4 病理学简介病理学是研究疾病的科学。

在临床实践和医学教学中，病理学的含义更为广泛：病理学由一系列的知识、观点和研究方法构成，它们对理解现代医学及医学实践至关重要。

病理学不等同于疾病组织的形态学，把两者等同起来是一种过时的看法。

病理学包括对疾病功能及结构的认识和理解，包含从分子水平到对个体的影响。

随着新科学方法的应用，人们更深入地了解疾病，病理学所涵盖的内容也会不断地改变、更新和拓展。

病理学的最终目的在于确定疾病的原因，从而达到防治疾病的基本目标。

病理学的范围病理学是医学科学和实践的基础。

没有病理学，医学实践也将无从谈起。

临床病理学和实验病理学人们对疾病的认识来自于对病人的观察，同样也来自于对动物和细胞培养的实验性研究。

而最大的贡献则来自于对病体组织和体液的深入研究。

临床病理学临床医学以对疾病的纵向研究为基础，即研究病人病史，检查、研究和治疗疾病。

而临床病理学更关注疾病本身的现况分析，深层次研究发病原因和机制，以及疾病对人体各个器官和系统的影响。

两者相辅相成、不可分割。

不理解病理学，临床医学无从开展；而没有了临床意义，病理学也就失去了存在价值。

实验病理学实验病理学观察诸如疾病动物模型或细胞培养等实验系统的操作效果。

幸运的是，细胞培养技术在进步，所以在医学研究和实验病理学中，人们对实验动物的使用减少了。

然而，通过细胞培养复制完整人体中普遍存在的生理环境仍然是一种极其困难的尝试。

病理学的分支病理学是一门拥有庞大分支的学科。

在实践中，病理学包含以下几大分支：组织病理学：通过对组织的检查研究和诊断疾病。

细胞病理学：通过对单个细胞的检查研究和诊断疾病。

血液病学：对血液中细胞成分和可凝结成分的异常进行研究。

微生物学：对传染性疾病及相关生物体进行研究。

免疫学：对机体特殊防御机制进行研究。

病理化学：从组织和体液的变化中研究和诊断疾病。

遗传学：对异常染色体和基因进行研究。

毒理学：对已知或疑似毒物的作用进行研究。

医学英语教程生物医学Unit 4课文翻译

Unit 4 Common Diseases and Ailments现代医疗与疾病There is no end in sight in the battle between human beings and the diseases that can destroy them. However, in the past few decades, the nature of the enemy has changed dramatically.人类与摧毁他们的疾病之间的战斗看来将永无休止的进行下去。

然而，在过去的几十年里，自然界的敌人已经发生了戏剧性的改变。

In countries where modern medical facilities are available, infectious diseases that were once widespread killers can now be prevented or diagnosed early and cured.在一些现代医疗设施齐备的国家，过去一度是大规模的杀手的传染性疾病现在已经可以被预防或者被很早地诊断出来并治愈。

Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, most of the dreaded epidemics of the past are not likely to recur.多亏了疫苗，抗生素，还有公共卫生条件的改善，过去绝大部分令人可怕的传染病已经不大可能会卷土重来了。

Today's major killers are noninfectious diseases-especially the various forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer. As life expectancy increases, people are more likely to succumb to degenerative conditions that the aging body is susceptible to.今天人类主要的杀手是那些没有传染性的疾病---------尤其是指各种各样类型的的心血管疾病和癌症。

学术英语(医学)_Unit 4

Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Text B
Critical Reading and Thinking
Difficult sentences
• The stage is now set for the next generation of young investigators interested in the “integration of Chinese and Western medicine” and the development of evidence-based, patient-centered participatory and financially sustainable models of care to make their contributions. (Para. 6)
对于下一代年轻的研究者来说，如果对“中西医结合”的研究感兴趣，如果对建立循证型、以病人为中心参与型、经济上可持续发展型的医疗保健模式感兴趣的话，给他们施展才华的舞台现在已经搭就，他们可以登台贡献。
Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Text B
Critical Reading and Thinking
Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Text B
Critical Reading and Thinking
Difficult sentences
• There is also now the prospect of moving beyond mechanistic and reductionistic studies each of which has the potential to offer disruptive scientific innovation, in order to simultaneously move to the realm of costeffectiveness research.

学术英语医学第二版unit4

学术英语医学第二版unit4英文回答：In Unit 4 of Academic English for Medicine (Second Edition), medical professionals are introduced to the concept of "evidence-based medicine" (EBM), a systematic approach to clinical practice that relies on the best available evidence from research studies. This unit delves into the principles of EBM, including the importance of critical appraisal of research findings and the integration of this evidence into clinical decision-making. Additionally, this unit explores the role of statistics and epidemiology in EBM and discusses the challenges associated with implementing EBM in clinical practice.中文回答：学术英语医学第二版第 4 单元。

在学术英语医学（第二版）第 4 单元中，医学专业人士接触到了“循证医学”（EBM）的概念，这是一种基于研究中最佳可用证据的系统性临床实践方法。

本单元深入探讨 EBM 的原则，包括对研究结果进行批判性评估以及将证据整合到临床决策的重要性。

此外，本单元探讨了统计学和流行病学在 EBM 中的作用，并讨论了在临床实践中实施 EBM 所面临的挑战。

医学学术英语(医学)课文翻译以及课后问题答案

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task ata time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate ontwo thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.»She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.»She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient» Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole» A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible» Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to awell-controlled laboratory setting.» Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designsdo not use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure andoutcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:»The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome»Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies) » The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them. ·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves. ·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions » Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people arecared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses,and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:»Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental”with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classesUnit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。

学术英语(医学)Unit1~4课文翻译汇总

Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。

虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。

我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。

我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。

有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。

奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。

她有点超重。

她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。

她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。

她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。

尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。

总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。

以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。

她做了血液化验，这是好事。

血糖好点了。

胆固醇不是很好。

可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。

她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。

我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。

糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。

我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。

我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。

学术英语医学第二版unit4

学术英语医学第二版unit4（中英文实用版）English:The academic English medical textbooks, second edition, Unit 4, covers a wide range of topics related to medical science.This unit focuses on the importance of research in the medical field and how it contributes to the development of new treatments and therapies.It also discusses the ethical considerations involved in medical research, including informed consent and the protection of patient privacy.中文：学术英语医学第二版Unit4教材涵盖了医学科学领域的众多主题。

本单元重点介绍了医学研究的重要性，以及它如何促进新治疗方法和疗法的开发。

此外，还讨论了医学研究中的伦理问题，包括知情同意和患者隐私保护。

English:In this unit, students will learn how to critically analyze scientific articles and extract relevant information from them.They will also practice writing abstracts and presenting scientific data in a clear and concise manner.Additionally, this unit emphasizes the development of communication skills, which are essential for healthcare professionals to effectively convey information to patients and colleagues.中文：在本单元中，学生将学习如何批判性地分析科学文章并从中提取相关信息。

学术英语(医学)教师版Unit4课文翻译

Unit 4 Text A传统中医和现代西医的融通人们对传统医学和补充医学的兴趣正在引起医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众等美国社会各界的关注。

越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学大开方便之门，现在大多数美国医学院也开设了传统医学课程。

艾森伯格的多项全国性研究表明也有更多人在使用补充疗法。

为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性，美国国家补充与替代医学中心于1999年获得了多达五千万美元的预算。

由于认识到除了要对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估之外，还需要提升植物药材科学数据的质量和数量，今年为此设立了两个研究中心，以研究植物药材的生物学作用。

许多患者传统模式和现代模式同时并用，这就需要将两种医学进行合理平稳地结合。

传统中医的理论和技术涵盖了美国归为补充医学的多数实践，在医疗保健体系中变得日益重要。

若运用得当，传统中医费用合理，技术含量低，安全且有效。

在全球，正在展开针对针灸、草药、按摩和太极的诸多研究，这可阐释传统中医的一些理论和实践。

雄心勃勃的研究设计提供的证据和巨大的患者需求正在推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合，而学术研究者和学术机构对两种治疗体系结合的潜力也有越来越浓厚的兴趣。

针刺基于1997年美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）专家共识会议审查的证据，NIH 专家共识发展小组保守建议针刺可以作为多种疾患的辅助疗法、替代疗法或综合管理方案的一部分。

该专家组确认针刺可用于治疗手术后出现的和化疗引起的恶心和呕吐，也可治疗术后牙痛。

专家组同时也建议针灸可作为辅助疗法或可接受的替代疗法，用以治疗成瘾、卒中康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘等。

未来在传统中医架构下进行的针刺临床试验与当前这一代主要主要从生物医学的角度对针刺疗效进行评判的临床试验相比，可能对针刺的疗效提供更恰当更有临床意义的评估。

临床研究中现有的科学严谨性必须保持。

然而，NIH数据分析的方法过于严格，限制了潜在的适应症。

学术英语(医学)Unit4

• Issues to be covered • Suggested answers
Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Lead-in Issues to be covered
1. Complementary and alternative medicine
2. What traditional or alternative therapies can and cannot do
• Adoption / Use
-Proven useful in additional areas -Used not only for treatment but also for prevention and promotion of wellness -Exploration and perfection to be continued
CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine
Complementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicine
E 10.yoga
A. 听诊法 B. 气功 C. 推拿 D. 食疗 E. 瑜伽术 F. 问诊 G. 冥想 H. 催眠术 I. 针灸 J. 切脉
Unit 4 Alternative medicine
Text A
• Critical reading and thinking – Topics for presentation – Useful expressions – Difficult sentences

医学英语教程生物医学Unit 4课文翻译

然而，在过去的几十年里，自然界的敌人已经发生了戏剧性的改变。

学术英语—医学Unit 4整理

学术英语医学Academic English for MedicineUnit 4 Alternative medicineText ATopics for presentation1. Give a brief explanation of the two concepts: complementary medicine and alternative medicine. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine Complementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicineAlternative medicine: use of CAM in place of conventional medicine2. To what extent do you agree with the authors opinion on traditional Chinese medicine being “affordable, low tech, safe and effective”? Facilities: simple, inexpensiveTechnology: needles, cups, coinsMost procedures and operations: noninvasiveThe substances used as medicine: indeed all natural, from nature, raw herbs or abstracts from them Effectiveness: proven and ensured with a long history The theories and practices: new light shed with ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi3. Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture.An adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program forpost-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting post-operative dental painAddiction stroke rehabilitation headache menstrual cramps tennis elbow fibromyalgia myofascial pain osteoarthritis low back pain carpal tunnel syndrome and asthma4 Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US?●Research: TCM framework VS BiomedicalModality●Future clinical trials that test acupuncture withinthe framework of traditional Chinese medicine are likely to provide a more appropriate and clinically meaningful assessment of acupuncture efficacythan the current generation of clinical trials which use a diagnosis framed primarily in biomedicalterms4. Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US?●Research: The right track to follow●Unlike drugs, acupuncture is more akin tosurgery and physical therapy in terms oftherapeutic modalities.●For the time being, evidence based on largecase series should be considered in determiningrecommendations for clinical practice.●Adoption / Use●-Proven useful in additional areas●-Used not only for treatment but also forprevention and promotion of wellness●-Exploration and perfection to becontinued5. Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications.Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance -Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient-Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulasDigression from either of the above conditions, misuses of herbs, will result in complications in patient6．Various approaches to herbal study are mentioned in the text. Pick one to discuss the advantages and limitations.randomized controlled trialsquasi-experimentscohort studiescase-control studies“N=1”trials7. What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies?Dependence of synthesis of evidence on-The completeness of the literature search (Unavailable for foreign studies)-The accuracy of evaluationNo answers to be found for the questions of interestRequirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western medicine?Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in societyResearch and educationPolitical, economic and social factorsUseful expressions●…Panel conservatively recommended thatacupuncture may be used as an adjuncttreatment…(Para.3)●The panel ascertained that acupuncture can beused to treat …(Para.3)●It is also recommended as an adjunct treatmentor…(Para.3)●When appropriately prepared and used, herbscan be safe and effective. (Para.8)●Clinical research methodologists should take thetheoretical construct and clinical approach ofTCM into consideration when designing trials.(Para.9)●Research designs such as randomized controlledtrials26 have advantages and disadvantages indetermining the efficacy of any therapeuticintervention, and can be carried out for botanicals, as seen by a study on herbal formulas for irritable bowel syndrome. (Para.9)●It is essential that researchers and practitionersbe educated in both traditional and westernmedicines in order to perform researchappropriately and treat patients effectively.(Para.10)Difficult Sentences●Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture,herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on someof the theories and practices of TCM.●全世界有关针灸、草药、按摩和太极拳的持续研究已阐明了中医的有些理论和实践。

医药英语教程第四单元课文翻译

Computing from basement to bedside从地下室到床旁的计算The use of computers inareas related to medicine dates from the mid-1960s,and very costly. Their main use-automating simple repetitive tasks was not well suited to the complex nature of medicine,though they had potential user in related areas.An example of this was the use of computers to automate the creation of Index Medicus,an index of articles published in medical journals.Subsequently,the database was made available online, under the name Medline ,increasing speed and efficiency in locating relevant puters also began to be used in laboratories in simple testing and for making results available.在医学史上于上世纪60年代中期计算机的使用是非常昂贵的。

虽然他们在相关领域有潜在用户，但他们的主要用途是简单的重复性任务，不适合复杂性质的药物。

这方面的一个例子是电脑自动索引的创建使用，发表在医学期刊论文索引。

随后，在名称索引下，数据基地提供了可在线使用，提高速度和效率在定位相关文章。

电脑也开始被用于简单的测试和在实验室的制造研发中可用。

医学英语新教材下册unit4翻译(DOC)

Section B ReadingsPassage 1Hyperactivity Disorder多动症Symptoms and Signs1 For over 50 years physicians have been evaluating and treating children who show various combinations of motoric overactivity, impulsivity, distractibility, and inattentiveness. During that time, the terminology describing these children has changed, reflecting the shifting ideas about etiology and about the relationship of the symptoms of overactivity to the symptoms of inattentiveness. Called at different times minimal brain damage, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperactive child syndrome, hyperactive reaction of childhood, and attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, the syndrome is now known as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In DSM-IV, ADHD is divided into three subtypes：a combined type (most frequent), a pre- dominantly inattentive type, and a predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type. This most recent diagnostic terminology reflects current thinking about the possible heterogeneity of this disorder.症状和体征1 内科医生们一直在进行着对一类孩子长达五十多年的诊断和治疗，这些孩子都体现出了一种或几种如下特点，即：肢体运动过于活跃，性格易冲动，注意力涣散，和粗心大意。

学术英语听力课文翻译unit4

Unit4The Men’s Movement: What Does It Mean to Be a Man?男人的运动：做一个男人意味着什么？As a result of the Women’s Movement, more women are working outside the home, and many men are playing a more active role in family life and are taking on some of the tasks involved in child care and housework. In addition to these changes inside the home, men are today entering occupations that used to be considered women’s jobs. More men are becoming nurses and teachers of young children. Other men are finding that they have more female colleagues and bosses at work than ever before, and they are having to adapt to women’s styles of communication and management, which can differ considerably from those of men. At work, as well as at home, many men today in modern North American society have to play very different roles than their fathers did. They are, as a result, joining with other men in a countermovement called the Men’s Movement to seek to provide one another with the support they need to cope with the roles expected of men i n today’s world.由于妇女运动，越来越多的妇女在家外工作，许多男人正在家庭生活中扮演着一个更积极的角色，并承担了一些涉及儿童保健和家务的任务。

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Unit 4 Text A
传统中医和现代西医的融通
人们对传统医学和补充医学的兴趣正在引起医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众
等美国社会各界的关注。

越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学大开
方便之门，现在大多数美国医学院也开设了传统医学课程。

艾森伯格的多项全国
性研究表明也有更多人在使用补充疗法。

为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性，美国
年获得了多达五千万美元的预算。

由于认识到国家补充与替代医学中心于1999
除了要对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估之外，还需要提升植物药材
科学数据的质量和数量，今年为此设立了两个研究中心，以研究植物药材的生物
学作用。

许多患者传统模式和现代模式同时并用，这就需要将两种医学进行合理平稳地结合。

传统中医的理论和技术涵盖了美国归为补充医学的多数实践，在医疗保
健体系中变得日益重要。

若运用得当，传统中医费用合理，技术含量低，安全且
有效。

在全球，正在展开针对针灸、草药、按摩和太极的诸多研究，这可阐释传
统中医的一些理论和实践。

雄心勃勃的研究设计提供的证据和巨大的患者需求正
在推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合，而学术研究者和学术机构对两种
治疗体系结合的潜力也有越来越浓厚的兴趣。

针刺
基于1997年美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）专家共识会议审查的证据，NIH
专家共识发展小组保守建议针刺可以作为多种疾患的辅助疗法、替代疗法或综合
管理方案的一部分。

该专家组确认针刺可用于治疗手术后出现的和化疗引起的恶
心和呕吐，也可治疗术后牙痛。

专家组同时也建议针灸可作为辅助疗法或可接受
的替代疗法，用以治疗成瘾、卒中康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋
膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘等。

未来在传统中医架构下进行的针刺临床试验与当前这一代主要主要从生物
医学的角度对针刺疗效进行评判的临床试验相比，可能对针刺的疗效提供更恰当
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更有临床意义的评估。

临床研究中现有的科学严谨性必须保持。

然而，NIH数据
分析的方法过于严格，限制了潜在的适应症。

就治疗形态而言，针刺不同于药物，
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而更接近于手术和理疗。

因此，针刺的疗效评估应类似于上述治疗干预方法。

目
前，人们正在通过进行严格研究设计取得证据，与此同时，在确立临床实践建议时也应该考虑进行大型病例系列分析得来的证据。

为了阐明针刺机理并研究针刺在各种情况中的作用，人们开始运用功能性核
磁共振造影（FMRI）、正电子发射断层摄影（PET）、单光子发射计算机断层摄
影（SPECT）和脑磁波描记（MEG）等新兴技术。

人们正在研究针刺的神经解
剖/神经生理基础、生物电特性、止痛作用和对胃肠、免疫、心血管功能等领域的调节作用。

美国和世界其他地方的研究更深入，投入更大，规模更大，有望发现针刺有效的其他领域。

这将进一步推动针刺作为通用的治疗方法被人接受，不仅用于治疗，也用于预防疾病和促进健康。

随着技术的进步，人们将继续探究并完善刺激穴位的新方法。

针刺的基础研究也有助于促进人们对神经科学和人类生理、机能等领域的理解。

由于患者需求提高，也由于研究和临床经验深化了人们对针刺在医疗保健中作用的理解，生物医学界、医疗保险业、医生和其他医疗提供者开始对针刺治疗感兴趣。

迟早，排斥针刺治疗者将处于不利地位。

针刺的治疗作用和降低成本的可能性得到更广泛的认可，这会进一步推动更多的保险公司、医疗集团、甚至联邦医疗保险扩大针刺治疗的偿付范围。

我们将目睹针刺治疗越来越多地用于门诊部门、医院、康复机构和临终关怀医院。

在各种临床机构里越来越多的有行医执照和无行医执照的针刺师从事针刺治疗。

在有些专业领域，一些执业针刺专家和医学博士一起共事。

在新千年，引导针刺治疗发展的不仅是传统中医理念，而且是来自多领域研究所形成的数据，包括神经科学、分子生物学、时间生物学、计算机和信息科学、能量学、综合生理学和临床试验创新方法。

草药
自古以来，人类和动物一直尝试并运用植物药材缓解病症。

服用中草药前，
需要对病人正确辩“证”（病理生理型态），选择相应的治疗策略和原则以指导草
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药/草药配方的挑选。

如果配制、运用得当，草药安全有效。

但是，如果没有合
理用药指导，也可能导致一系列并发症。

针对植物性医药的现代科学研究正世界各地都在进行，其中包括植物联合用
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药临床试验。

在设计这些试验时，临床研究的设计者应该考虑到中医理论框架和临床方法。

随机对照试验等研究设计在确定治疗疗效时既有优点又有缺点，可用于植物药材的研究，一项用草药配方治疗肠道易激综合症的临床研究已经证明了这一点。

然而，评估每种药品的安全性和疗效时，除了进行临床试验，我们还应该寻找其他的研究方法。

随机对照试验的替代方法包括准实验、定群研究、病例对照研究和“单项”试验。

这些方法既有优势，也有局限性，但用以评估草药疗效可能更为适合。

无论何种研究设计，准确测定以患者为中心的试验结果很重要，不管是普遍性结果，亦或是疾病特异性结果。

不管怎么说，合理的研究设计取决于提出的研究问题和要被验证的假设。

评估证据既难取得又带有主观性。

除了评估的准确性，证据的综合分析完全取
决于文献检索的完整性，而海外研究常常做不到这一点。

而且，由于不同研究所针对的人群不同，所以有些情况下不管是随机对照试验还是数据库分析均无法独立对相应的问题给出答案。

在医疗保健对现实世界中，要取得一致性常常需要运用不太严格的数据而不是所谓的硬数据。

有鉴于此，在推荐临床疗法时，我们应该认可中国、韩国和日本的草药研究和治疗。

相关研究已经确定了多种草药的药理基础；只要安全性得到保证，推荐治疗时应该考虑这些研究结果。

为了适当开展研究并有效治疗患者，研究者和从业者必须同时接受传统医学和西方医学教育，这十分必要。

中西医结合
传统医学和现代医学的融通不仅仅是用现代研究设计或科学方法评估传统
医学，还应该包括评估传统医学的社会内在价值。

在两种治疗传统的最终融合中，
政治、经济和社会因素与研究和教育一样，也起着重要作用。

在临床层面上，融合涉及两个体系的理念和技术的结合，即现代医学的分析、
定量和机械方法和传统中医的系统、整体和个体方法的结合。

这种构架贯穿诊断、
预防、治疗和康复的整个过程，并引导技术的恰当运用，这样可以取传统中医之长补现代西医之短。

随着老龄化社会遭受日益增多的慢性病侵害，我们需要的医
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疗模式既能解决问题，又能为所有人提供费用合理的有效医疗。

我们相信中西医结合就是这样的候选医疗模式。

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