英语写作手册复习资料

Part One

You should do everything——--—writing the tile, leaving margins，indenting, capitalizing，and diving words——-—according to generally accepted rules.

Ⅰ.Arrangement

1. Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words(including words following hyphens in compound words）except articles，coordinating conjunctions，prepositions, and the to in infinitives

2。No period is used at the end of a tile. ［'pærəɡrɑ：f]

3。Indent ［ɪn'dent］the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.

comma 逗号period 句号semicolon 分号colon 冒号question mark 问号exclamation mark 感叹号bracket 括号parentheses 小括号quotation mark 引号hyphen 破折号

Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon [ˌsemiˈkəʊlən］, a colon, a question mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks. The hyphen that indicated a divided word is put at the end，not at the beginning, of a line.

Ⅱ.Capitalization［ˌkæpɪtəlaɪ’zeɪʃn］(大写）

Capitals are used mainly at three places：the first words if sentences, key words in titles，and proper names.

Ⅲ。Word Division（移行）

The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line. 详见书P3

Ⅳ。Punctuation［ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃn］ (标点)

Use a period （full stop）at the end of a complete sentence，however short it is.

Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction, or a semicolon.

Make your commas different form your periods. A comma has a little tail （,); a period is a dot(.)，not a tiny circle (。），which is used in written Chinese。

Use a question mark at the end of a direct question；do not use one at the end of a indirect question.

Use the exclamation mark only after an emphatic interjection or words that express very strong emotion. Do not overuse it。

Put direct speech between quotation marks。The subject and verb that introduce a quotation may be put before，after，or in the middle of the quotation。

Part Two

Ⅰ.Levels of Words (Style or types）

The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types:

formal, common，and informal。

Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words，or “big” words. Many such words contain three syllables. They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes。

The people used every day, and appear in all kinds of writing。Because of this, they are called common words。

There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their use is to record people' s thoughts and dialogs [’daɪəlɒg]（会话)。They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin。We call them informal words。

Slang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funny.

Ⅱ。The Meaning of Words

The meaning of word has two aspects：denotative [dɪ’nəʊtətɪv] and connotative[kə'nəʊtətɪv].（原义和涵义）A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary；its connotation is the felling or idea suggested by it.

Big and large are both commonly used words, but large is slightly more formal and may be used to describe things that are unusually big, so it is more emphatic than big。Huge，which is more literary[ˈlɪtərəri](文雅)than these two words, means extremely large，and is more emphatic than large.

Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some difference in emotional coloring between them。Small is objective (客观的），while little may imply a felling of fondness（主观色彩）.

Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not。Humble often connotes undue self-depression. So they are different in tone: one is laudatory [ˈlɔ：dətəri］（褒义词) and the other is derogatory[dɪˈrɔgəˌtɔ：ri：, -ˌtəʊri:] (贬义词).

Ⅲ。General and Specific Words

Specific words help to make writing clear，exact，vivid，and striking（准确）, for they are more informative (信息量大) and expressive(表现力强）than general words.

Ⅳ。Idioms［ˈɪdiəm] (习语、成语)

An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different form the meanings of the words that form it。The “read between the lines”is an idiom.

Idiom are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make one’s language sound natural and idiomatic（地道）.

Ⅴ。Figures of Speech (修辞格)

1.Simile[’sɪməlɪ](明喻/直喻）

It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.

The discrepancy［dɪs’krepənsɪ] (矛盾) between the two things compared makes their similarity