社会工作专业英语讲义

Introduction to social work and social welfareChapter2Social work values and ethicsChapter3Empowerment and human diversityChapter4The process of generalist practiceChapter5Practice settingsChapter6An overview of social welfare and social work history Chapter7Policy and policy advocacyChapter8Poverty problemsChapter9Social work and social services for children and families Chapter10Social work and social services for older adultsChapter11Social work and social services for people with disabilities Chapter12Social work and social services in health careChapter13Social work and social services in mental healthChapter14Social work and substance use, abuse, and dependence Chapter15Social work and social services for youth and in the schools Chapter16Social work and social services in the criminal justice systemIntroduction to social work and social welfareCase AKeywords: adopt, family service, paperwork, family life planningCase B:Keywords: group session and group work; mental health; self-help group; mutual-help groupCase C:Keywords: Sexual Assault, match, funding-raisingWhat is Social work?Social work is the professional activity of help individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends:Helping people obtain tangible servicesProviding counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups. Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services Participating in relevant legislative processesFive themes:Social work concerns helping individuals, groups, or communities.Social work entails a solid foundation of values and principles.A firm basis of techniques and skills provides directions.Social works need to link people to recourses or advocate for service development for clients.Social workers participate legislative process to promote positive social changes.What is social welfare?Social welfare is a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.Two Dimensions:What people get from society (programs, benefits and services?)How well their needs (social, economic, educational, and health) are being met How are social welfare and social work related?Debates on social welfare:Individual responsibility: you get you deserveSociety responsibilityWho should assume responsibility for people's social welfare?Residual, institutional, and developmental perspectives on social welfare.1. Residual ModelSocial welfare benefit and service should be supplied only when people fail to provide adequately for themselves.Blame the victim (fault and failure)For instance: social assistanceFamilies in need receive limited and temporary financial assistance until they can get back on their feet.2. Institutional modelPeople have a right to get benefit and service.For instance: public education, fire and police protectionEvery one can get these services.3. Developmental modelThis approach seeks to identify social interventions that have a positive impact on economic development.(1) Invest in education, nutrition and health care(2) In vest in physical facilities(3) help people in need engage in productive employment and self-employment.Political ideology: conservatives, liberalism and radicalismConservatism is the philosophy that individuals are responsible for themselves, government should provide minimal interference in people's lives, and change is generally unnecessary.Liberalism is the philosophy that government should be involved in the social, political and economic structure so that all people's rights and privileges are protected in the name of social justice.Radicalism is the philosophy that the social and political system as it stands is not structurally capable of truly providing social justice. The fundamental changes are necessary in the basic social and political structure to achieve truly fair and equal treatment.Fields of practice in social work⏹Work with people in needs (children, youth, old people, the disable etc.)⏹Work with some occupationThe continuum of social work careers⏹Degree in social workBSW: prepare for the entry-level social workMSW: receive more specialized trainingDSW: teach at the college level or conduct researchSocial work builds on many disciplines⏹psychology⏹sociology⏹political science⏹economics⏹biology⏹psychiatry⏹council⏹cultural anthropology⏹social workSocial workers demonstrate competencies⏹Competencies are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised ofsufficient knowledge, skills, and values" and have the goal of practicing effective social work.Competency 1: identification as a professional social workerCompetency 2: the application of social work ethical principles to guide practice Competency 3: the application of critical thinking to inform professional judgmentsCompetency 4: engagement of diversity in practiceCompetency 5: the advancement of human rights and social economic justice. Competency 6: engagement in research-informed practiceEvidence-based practiceCompetency 7: application of knowledge of human behavior and the social environmentCompetency 8: engagement in policy proactive to advance social and economic well-beingCompetency 9: responsiveness to contexts that shape practiceCompetency 10: engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.Chapter 2 social work values and ethics1. Value and ethicsSocial worker is value-based profession.What is value?Value involves what you do and do not consider important and worthwhile, and also involve judgments and decisions about relative worth.What is Ethics?Ethics involve principles that specify what is good and what is bad. They clarify what should and should not be done•Difference between value and ethics:Value determine what beliefs are appropriate. Ethics address what to do with or how to apply those beliefs to do the right thing.The importance of ethics2. Value and ethics for social workersSix core values for social workers:(1) Service(2) Social justice(3) Dignity and worth of the person(4) Importance of human relationships(5) Integrity(6) CompetenceSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to clients:(1) Self-determinationPractitioners should nurture and support client self-extermination ：each individual's right to make his or her own decisions.(2)Privacy and confidentiality(3) Conflict of interest and Dual relationshipsThe clients' best interests must be protected to the maximum extent possible.(4) Sexual relationshipSocial workers’ Ethical responsibilities to colleagues(1) Respect(2) Referral for servicesSocial Workers’ Ethical responsibilities in Practice settingsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities as professionals•competence•against discrimination•honest•not solicit clients for the purpose of personal gainsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession.IntegrityResearchEvaluationSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the broader society(1) Advocate for people's welfare(2) Ensure fair and equal access to resources and opportunities.(3) Respect cultural diversity.(4) Prevent discrimination against or exploiting peopleTranslation exercises•Social workers must uphold client privacy and confidentiality. Privacy is the condition of being free from unauthorized observation or intrusion.We have established that confidentiality is the ethical principle that workers should not share information provided by a client or about a client unless they have the client's explicit permission to do so. There is more to confidentiality than may be immediately apparent.Confidentiality means more that not revealing information about clients to others. It also involves not asking for more information than is necessary, as well as informing clients about the limitations of confidentiality within the agency setting.Chapter 3 Empowerment and Human DiversityStereotype!•Women are too emotional to make good supervisors•Elderly people can't think well.•Gay and lesbian people really want to be opposite gender.•People with physical disabilities are unemployable.Discrimination, oppression, marginalization, alienation, stereotypes, and prejudice•Discrimination is the act of treating people differently based on the fact that they belong to some group rather than on merit.•Oppression involves putting extreme limitations and constraints on some person, group, or larger system.•Marginalization is the condition of having less power and being viewed as less important than others in the society because of belonging to some group or having some characteristic.•Alienation, related to marginalization, is the feeling that you don't fit in or aren't treated as well as others in the mainstream of society.• A stereotype is a fixed mental picture of member of some specified group based on some attribute or attributes that reflect an overly simplified view of that group, without consideration or appreciation of individual differences.•Prejudice is an opinion or prejudgment about an individual, group, or issue that is not based on fact.• A major social work value involves the importance of people being treated fairly and equally.Populations-at-risk and social economic justice•Diversity emphasizes the similarity and dissimilarity between numerousgroups in society that have distinguishing characteristics.•Populations-at-risk are people at greater risk of deprivation and unfair treatment because they share some identifiable characteristic that places them in diverse group.•Factors: gender, age, religion, culture, disability, class, immigration statusSocial and economic justiceEmpowerment and a Strengths perspectiveEmpowerment is the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations.• A strengths perspective:1. Every individual, group, family and community has strengths.2. Trauma and abuse, illness and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity.3. Social workers should assume that they do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual, group, and community aspirations seriously.4. Social workers best serve clients by collaborating with when.5. Every environment is full of resources.Resiliency: seeking strength amid adversityThe ability of an individual, family, group, community, or organization to recover from adversity and resume functioning even when suffering serious trouble, confusion, or hardship.Resiliency involves two dimensions: risk factors and protective factors.Risk factors involve stressful life events or adverse environmental conditions that increase the vulnerability of individuals or other systems.Protective factors involve buffer, moderate, and protect against those vulnerabilities.Human Diversity•Race and EthnicityRace implies a greater genetic determinant, whereas ethnicity often relates to cultural or national heritage.•Culture and cultural competenceCulture is the sum total of life patterns passed on from generation to generation within a group of people and includes institutions, language, religious ideals, habits of thinking, and patterns of social and interpersonal relationships. Social workers need to have cultural competence to address the cultural needs of individuals, families, groups, and communities.叮叮小文库National Origin and immigration statusFour experiences which newcomer faced:Social isolationCultural shockCultural changeGoal-striving•class or social class•political ideology•gender, gender identity, and gender expression•Sexual orientationHomosexual or heterosexual (bisexual)AgeDisabilityReligion and spiritualityChapter 4: Generalist practiceConcepts in the definition of generalist practice1. Acquiring an eclectic knowledge baseA. systems theoryB. ecological perspectiveC. Curriculum content areas1) Values and ethics2) Diversity3) populations-at-risk and social and economic justice4) Human behavior and the social environment5) Social welfare policy and services6) Social work practice7) Research8) Field educationD. Fields of practice2. Emphasizing client empowerment3. Using professional valuesA. social works code of ethicsB. application of professional values to solve ethical dilemma4. Applying a wide range of skillsA. microB. mezzoC. macro5. T argeting any size systemA. microB. mezzoC. Marco6. Working in an organizational structure7. Using supervision appropriately8. Assuming a wide range of professional roles9. Following the principles of evidence-based practice10. Employing critical thinking skills11. Using a planned-change processA. engagementB. assessmentC. planningD. implementationE. evaluationF. terminationG. follow-upWorking in an organizational structure under supervision•What is organizational structure?Organizational structure is the formal or informal manner in which tasks and responsibilities, lines of authority, channels of communication, and dimensions of power are established and coordinated within an organization.•What is supervision?Supervision is the process by which a designated supervisor watches over a workers’ performance.A wide range of roles•counselor•educator•broker•case manager•mobilizer•mediator•facilitator•advocate•supervisors•managers3 skills (technical, people and conceptual)Evidence-based practiceEvidence-based practice is a process in which practitioners make practice decisions in light of the best research evidence available.Tools, models, methods and policies must be validated by research and consequence evaluation also should use scientific research methodsCritical thinking skillsAvoiding the fallacy trap1. Relying on case examples2. being vague3. Being biased or not objective4. Believing that if it’s writ ten down it must be right•asking questions•assessing fact•asserting a conclusionPlanned-change process•Planned change and problem-solvingStep1 engagementStep2 assessmentStep3 planningStep4 implementationStep5 evaluationStep6 termination•Engagement: social workers begin to establish communication and a relationship with others and orient themselves to the problems.•skillsVerbal communication and nonverbal communication (cultural variations) Conveying warmth, empathy, and genuinenessAlleviating initial client anxiety and introducing the worker's purpose and role•Assessment: gather and analyze information to provide a concise picture of the client and his or her needs and strengths.•skillsLooking beyond individual and examine other factors in their environment Finding strengthsPaying attention human diversity•Planning: what should be done?Alternatives and consequences•implementation: following the plans to achieve the goals•Evaluation: determine whether a given change effort was worthwhile.•termination: the end of the professional social work-client relationship •types:Natural, forced, and unplanned•skillsAppropriate timingChapter 5: Practice SettingSetting in Social Work Practice: Organizations and Communities •Organizations are entities made up of people that have rules and structure to achieve specified goals.•Social services in the context of social agencies.Social services include the wide range of activities that social workers perform to help people solve problems and improve their personal well-being.A social agency is an organization providing social services that typically employs social workers in addition to office staff, and sometimes volunteers. Forms:Public or private;Nonprofit or proprietary (for profit)•Social work practice in the context of communitiesA community is “a number of people who have something in summon with one another that connects them in some way and that distinguishes them from others.Some mutual characteristic, such as "location, interest, identification, culture, and activities"Types:Locality-based community;Non geographic communityThe special circumstances of social work practice in rural communities.Low population densitySocial problems faced by rural residents:poverty, lack of transportation, inadequate child care, unemployment, substandard housing, and insufficient health care and so on.Four special issues for rural social workers:(1)true gene lists(work with different level case systems and use a wide of skills)(2) Interagency cooperation.(3) The importance of understanding the community, knowing its values and developing relationships with rural residents (informal relationship)(4) Emphasizing strengths inherent in rural communities. (Informal supporting system)Urban social workUrban social work is practice within the context of large cities, with their vast array of social problems, exceptional diversity, and potential range of resources. Five problems in urban areas:(1)Social problems occur with greater frequency and therefore are more visible(2) Widespread occurrence of discriminatory behavior.(3) Migration problems.(4) Financial shortfalls or unavailability of resources.(5)Greater amount of psychological stressSkills necessary for urban social work(1) Paying attention to human diversity(2) Understanding their agency environment(3) Seeking resources in the external urban environment(4) Using advocacyMicro practice: social work with individuals•counselor•educator•broker•facilitator•advocateMicro/mezzo practice: social work with families•The primary purpose of family social work is to help families learn to function more competently while meeting the development and emotional needs of all members.•The task of family social workers(1) Be responsive to the styles and values of families from other special populations.(2) Break complex tasks into smaller specific steps.(3) Assess the key skills needed for less stressful family interaction.(4) Explain and model appropriate skills.(5) Assess individual learning styles and ways to teach adults and children(6) Establish homework and other means of ensuring generalization of skills from one setting to another.(7) Promote and reward skill acquisition.(8) Emphasize strategies that help develop the strengths of family members(9) Motivate the family to stay involved even when faced with challenges and setback.•The importance of social networks for families.Social network: the structure and number of people and groups with whom you have contact or consider yourself to be in contact.Emotional support, instrumental support, informational support and appraisal supportMezzo practice: social work with groupTreatment groupMacro practice: social work with organizations and communities •social action•social planning•locality developmentMacro skills(1) Agency or public social policies may require change.(2) Entail initiating and conducting projects within agency or community contexts(3) Planning and implementing new social service programs within an agency or community.Chapter 6: An overview of social welfare and social work historyEarly European Approaches to Social Welfare•FeudalismLands owner vs. landless serfMedieval hospitalChurchPeople have little mobility, free choice, potential for change.Judeo-Christian thought: "Good deeds, love of one's enemies, and entry into heaven through mercy and charity".•England after feudalism's demisePeople gained mobility and independence but lost much of the safety and security the old feudal system had provided.Government regains social control by passing some statute, such as: Keeping people from moving;Forbidding able-bodied people from begging.•The English Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601Recipients are categorized into:1. Dependent children2. Impotent poor3. The able-bodied poor1662 Law of settlement established a new principle of social welfare provision: residency requirement.•The Speenhamland SystemThe first Minimum income maintenance system•The English Poor Law reforms of 1834Government would not provide outdoor relief for able-bodied people.Blame the victimU. S. Social welfare History: Early Colonization to the mid-1800s •Services reflected a mix of public and private collaboration.Government assumed responsibility of administration aid but often called upon local churches for help.Residency requirement was established.•Focus on Mental Health and Mental illnessMoral treatment: humane treatment in structured institutional settingsThe Civil War Era•Freeman Bureau: the first federal welfare agency1870-1900•Two trends:Industrialization;Urbanization•Focus on children: early policiesInstitutional care: almshouse and orphanageFoster care•Settlement House, Charity Organization Societies, and Generalist social work•Settlement House were places where ministers, students, or humanitarians 'settle' to interact with poor slum dwellers with the purpose of alleviating the condition of capitalism.•Characters1. Settle house approach address the problems in the context of environment.2. Emphasize on advocacy3. Emphasize on empowerment of people•Charity Organization SocietiesFriendly visitorEstablish a base of scientific knowledge and apply it to the helping process Focus on curing individualThe Progressive period: 1900 to 1930The Great Depression and the 1930s•The Great Depression and New DealCash reliefShort-term work relief,Expansion of employment•The Social Security Act of 1935Social insurance (for old age, disability, death of a breadwinner, unemployment, and work-related injury and sickness)Public Assistance (old people, children and blind people)The 1960s and the War on Poverty•More people of color are in poverty than white people.•Public assistance roll were escalating even unemployment decreased.•the public welfare amendments of 1962Supportive social service to help welfare recipients to self-supporting.•War on povertyHead Start; Volunteers in Service to America• A Return to Conservatism in the 1970s•Conservative extremes in the 1980s and early 1990s.Translation•Social Workers have difficulties with empowerment strategies because their agencies are part of a social system which routinely devalues certain minority groups. Making equal responses to all people who come to an agency may reduce discrimination. Since negative valuations are so widespread, agencies may unthinkingly implement them. Consequently, we discourage potential clients from using the agency and they do not receive the equal treatment available.Chapter 7: Policy, Policy Analysis, Policy Practice, and Policy Advocacy Social welfare policy•Policy: rules that govern people's lives and dictate expectations for behavior.•Social Welfare Policy: Laws and regulations that govern which social welfare programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a given program.•Agency Policy: standards adopted by organizations and programs that provide services.Social Welfare Policy Development•phase 1Recognizing society's values about what is considered important or worthwhile.•Phase 2Identifying problems and needs that require attention.•Phase 3Identification of public opinion about an identified problem and people's related needs.Normative orientation•phase 4Legislators confronted with a problem or need and swamped with public opinion undertake the complicated formulation of social welfare policy to address the issues.•Phase 5Implementation through a social welfare program.•Phase 6Social services are delivered by social workers and other staff in the context of social services agencies.Structural components of social welfare programs1. What are people's needs and program goals?I.e. the food stamp program2. What kinds of benefits are provided?Cash and in-kind3. What are the eligibility criteria for the program?Means test4. Who pays for the programs?General tax, state lottery, social security tax; private agency; client5. How is the program administered and run?National, state, or local?Value perspectives and political ideology: effects on social responsibility and social welfare program development•The conservative-liberal continuum•radicalism•residual and institutional perspectives on social welfare policy and program development•universal versus selective service provisionFive-E Approach•How effective is the policy?•How efficient is the policy?•Is the policy ethically sound?•What does evaluation of potential alternative policies reveal?•What recommendations can be established for positive changes? Policy Practice and Policy AdvocacyChapter 8: Social work and services in health careHealth problemsFactors causing health problems:1. Unhealthful lifestyles2. Physical injured3. Enviromental factors4. Poverty5. ContagiousSocial Work Roles in Health Care：medical social workerSocial work roles in direct health care practice1. Hospital, medical clinics and so on(1) Help patients understand and interpret technical medical jargon(2) Offer emotional support(3) Help terminally ill people deal with their feelings and make end-of-life plans.(4) Help patient’s adjust their lives and lifestyles to accommodate to new conditions when they return home after medical treatment(5) Help parents of children who have serious illnesses or disabilities cope with these conditions and respond to children's needs.(6) Serve as brokers who link patients with necessary supportive resources andservices after leaving the medical facility.(7) Help patients make financial arrangements to pay hospital and other medical bills.(8) Provide health education aimed at establishing a healthful lifestyle and preventing illness.2. Public Health Departments and other health care contexts(1) Preventing diseases(2) Prolonging life(3) Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort3. Managed care settingsTraditional healthy insurance (fee-for-service basis)Assessment to determine whether patients are eligible for benefits and which are most appropriate.Macro Practice in Health care: seeking empowermentAdvocating for health coverage and health care legislation, policies and resourcesHealth Care policy and problems in the macro environmentThe escalating cost of health care1. The rapid acceleration of technological advances has increased the types of services, drugs, and testing available.2. The population is aging.Unequal access to health careNational health insurance vs. contribution-based health insuranceProblems in managed careCapitationCost and health-care outcomeCultural competenceAPI cultural:Filial pietyCollective versus individual decision makingEmphasis on Harmony versus conflictNonverbal communicationsFatalismShame at asking for helpInternational perspectives: AIDS-A Global CrisisAIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndromeHIV: human immunodeficiency virusEmpowerment for people living with AIDS victims vs. People living with AIDS Social work roles and empowerment for people living with AIDS Counseling;Educator;Crisis intervention;Empowerment and reconnection (support system);。