中英对照工业机器人
工业机器人外文翻译
中文2840字外文资料INDYSTIAL ROBOTSThere are a variety of definitions of the term robot.Depending on the definitino used,the number of robot installatinos wordwide varies widely.Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots.These machines are hardwired to perform a single function and cannot be reprogrammed to perform a different function.Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.This definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America.A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional.It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot form the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firms.The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program,and this program can be rewriten to accommodate a variety of manufacturning tasks.The term “multifunctional” means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-dffectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks.Definitions written around these two critical characteristics are becoming the accepted definitions among manufacturing professioals.The first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U.S.Atomic Energy Commission.In 1945,the first programmable robot was designed by George Devol.It was based on two important technologies:(1) Numerical control (NC) technology.(2) Remote manipulation technology.Numerical control technology provided a form of machine control ideally suited to robots.It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs.These programs contain data points to which the robot sequentially moves, timing signals to initiste action and to stop movement, and logic statements to allow for decision making.Remote manipulator technology allowed a machines to be more than just anotherNC machine.It allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environments.By merging these two technologies, Devol developed the first industrial robot, an unsophisticated programmable materials handling machine.The first commercially produced robot was developed in 1959.In 1962, the first industrial robot to be used on a production line was installed by General Motors Corporation.This robot was produced by Unimation.A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T-3 industrial robot controlled bya minicomputer.Numerical control and remote and remote manipulator technology prompted the wide-scale development and use of industrial robots.But major technological developments do not take place simply because of such new capabilities.Something must provide the impetus for taking advantage of these capabilities.In the case of industrial robots, the impetus was economics.The rapid inflation of wages experienced in the 1970s tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms.At the same time, foreign competition became a serious problem for U.S.manefacturers.Foreign manufacturers who had undertaken automation on a wide-scale basis, such as those in Japan, began to gain an increaaingly large share of the U.S.and world market for manufactured goods, particullarly automobiles.Through a variety of automation techniques, including robots, Japanese manufacturers, beginning in the 1970s, were able to produce better automobiles more cheaply than nonautomated U.S.manufacturers.Consequently, in order to survive, U.S.manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.It become imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive with foreign manufacturers.Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial robots.However, the principal rationale has always been, and is still, improved productivity.One of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans.Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humans.Even though robots are closely associsted with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous.Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and cinfigured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines.Robot work envelopes should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the envelope clearly marked off.Red flooring strips and barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robot is work envelope.Even with such precautions it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used.Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operations.Fault-tolerant computers and redundant systems can be installed to ensure proper shutdown of robotics systems to ensure a safe environment.The components of a tobot systerm could be discussed either forma physical of view or from a systems point of ciew.Physically, we would divide the system into the robot, power system, and controller(computer).Likewise, the robot itself could be partitioned anthropomorphically into base, shoulder, elbow, wrist, gripper, and tool.Most of these terms require little explanation.Consequently, we will describe the components of a tobot system from the point of view of information transfer.That is, what information or signal enters the component; what logical or arithmetic operation does the component perform; and what information or signal does the component produce? It is important to note that the same physical component may perform many different information processing operations (e.g., a central computer performs many different calculations on different data ).Likewise, two physically separate components may perform identical information operations (e.g., the shoulder and elbow actuators both convert signals to motion in very similar ways).Actuator Associated with each joint on the robot is an actuator which causes that joint to move.Typical actuators are electric motors and hydtraulic cylinders.Typically, a robot system will contain six actuators, since six are required for full control of position and orientation.Many robot applications do not require this full flexibility, and consequently, robots are often built with five or fewer actuators.Sensor To control and actuator, the computer must have information regarding the posetion and possibly the velocity of the actuator.In this contest, the term position refers to a displacement from some arbitrary zero reference point for that actuator.For example, in the case of a rotary actuator, “ position ” would really the angular posit ionand be measured in radians.Many types of sensors can provide indications of position and velocity.The various types of sensors require different menchanisms for interfacing to the computer.In addition, the industrial use of the manipulator requires that the interface be protected from the harsh electrical environment of the factroy.Sources of electrical noise such as are welders and large motors can easily make a digital system useless unless care is taken in design and construction of the interface.C omputation We could easily have labeled the computation module “ computer , ” as most of the function to be described are typically performed by digital computer.However, many of the functions may be performed in dedicated custom hardware or networks of the computers.We will, thus, discuss the computational component as if it were a simple computer, recognizing that the need for real-time control may require special equipment and that some of this equipment may even be analog, although the current trend is toward fully digital systems.One further note: We will tend to avoid the use of the term microprocessor in this book and simply say computer, although many current robot manufacturers use one or more microprocessors in their systerms.The computation component performs the following operations:Servo Given the current position and/or velocity of an actuator,determine the appropriate drive signal to move that actuator toward its desired position.This operation must be performed for each actuator.Kinematics Given the current state of the actuators ( position and velocity ), determine the current state of the gripper.Conversely, given a desired state of the hand, determine the desired state for each actuator.Dynamics Given konwledge of the loads on the arm ( inertia, friction, gravity, acceleration ), use this information to adjust the servo operation to achieve better performance.Workplace Sensor Analysis Given knowledge of the task to be performed, determine appropriate robot motion commands.This may include analyzing a TV picture of the workplace or measuring and compensating for forces applied at the hand.In addition to these easily identified components, there are also supervisory operations such as path planning and operator interaction.工业机器人有许多关于机器人这个术语的定义。
工业机器人专业英语
工业机器人专业英语Industrial Robot Professional English1. Industrial robot: An industrial robot refers to a programmable machine capable of carrying out various tasks in an industrial setting, such as manufacturing, assembly, welding, and material handling.2. Manipulator: The manipulator is the mechanical arm of the industrial robot that is responsible for carrying out the desired tasks. It is typically equipped with various joints and grippers to interact with the environment.3. End-effector: The end-effector is the tool or device attached at the end of the robotic arm. It can bea gripper, welding torch, or any other tool required to perform specific tasks.4. Programming: Industrial robots are programmed to execute specific actions and movements. This involves writing code or using graphical interfaces to create motion paths and determine the robot's behavior.5. Automation: Automation refers to the use of industrial robots to replace human labor in repetitive or dangerous tasks. It enables increased efficiency, precision, and safety in manufacturing processes.6. Vision system: Many industrial robots are equipped with vision systems that use cameras and image processing technology to detect objects, locate positions, and guide the robot's movements.7. Safety precautions: Industrial robots should be operated following strict safety guidelines. These include implementing emergency stop buttons, protective barriers, and training personnel to work safely with the robots.8. Collaborative robot: Also known as a cobot, a collaborative robot is designed to work in close proximity to humans without the need for safety barriers. It can assist workers in tasks that require precision, strength, or repetitive actions.9. Sensor integration: Industrial robots can be integrated with various sensors, such as force/torque sensors, proximity sensors, and temperature sensors, to enhance their capabilities and enable them to interact with the environment more effectively.10. Internet of Things (IoT): Integration of industrial robots with the IoT allows for real-time monitoring, data analysis, and remote control of the robots. This enables companies to optimize production processes and improve overall productivity.11. Artificial Intelligence: With the advancements in AI technology, industrial robots can now learn from experience, adapt to changing situations, and make decisions on their own. This enables them to perform more complex tasks and collaborate with humans more effectively.。
机械工程英语第二部分翻译
Unit5 INDUSTRIAL ROBOT工业机器人INTRODUCTION介绍Industrial robots are relatively new electromechanical devices that are beginning to change the appearance of modern industry. Industrial robots are not like the science fiction devices that possesshuman-like abilities and provide companionship with space traveler、Research to enable robots to“see，"hear"，“touch"，and "listen" has been underway for two decades and is beginning to bearfruit. However，the current technology of industrial robots is such that most robots contain Onlyan arm rather than all the anatomy a human possesses. Current control only allows these devicesto move from point to point in space，performing relatively simple taskes. The Robotics Instituteof America defines a robot as“a reprogramrnab le multifunction manipulator designed to movematerial，parts, tools，or other specialized devices through variable programmed motions for theperformance of a variety of tasks. "' A NC machining center would qualify as a robotif one wereto interpret different types of machining as different functions- Most manufacturing engineers donot consider a NC machining center a robot，even though these machines hive a number of situ-ilarities. The power drive and controllers of both NC machines and robots can be quite similar.Robots, like NC machines can he powered by electrical motors，hydraulic systems，or pnetinlat tcsvsterns. Control for either device can lye either open-loop or closed-loop. In fact，many of thedevelopments used in robotics have evolved from the NC industry，and many of the manufactur-ers of robots also manufacture NC machines or NC controllers.工业机器人是相对来说较新的机电设备，它已经开始改变现代工业的面貌。
KUKA中英文对照学习
KUKA中英文对照学习KUKA 向您提供品种齐全的工业机器人系列。
我们可以针对任何高要求的任务向您提供合适的机器人：具有不同负载能力和工作范围的各种规格以及不同机型的六轴机器人用于实现人机之间直接合作的人机协作型轻型机器人用于极端环境条件下的耐热、耐脏型机器人具有很高卫生要求的净室型工业机器人防水型小型机器人，例如可用于机床中作为“Hygienic Machine（HM）”用于直接接触食品和药品的小型机器人冲压连线作业中用于装卸大型工件且具有极大工作范围的冲压连线机器人用于各类搬运任务的卸码垛机器人按照高精度和最高灵活度设计的焊接机器人各款架装式机器人用于有最高精度要求的高精度机器人您可以根据您的条件非常方便地筛选并获得与您的行业和应用情况完美匹配的解决方案。
KUKA offers a comprehensive range of industrial robots. You will always find the right, no matter how challenging the application:Six-axis robots in virtually all sizes with different payload capacities and reaches and a wide range of different variants HRC-capable lightweight robots for direct human-robot collaborationHeat- and dirt-resistant robots for extreme ambient conditions ?Industrial robots in cleanroom variants for strict hygiene requirementsSmall robots with waterproof equipment suitable for use inmachine toolsSmall robots as “Hygienic Machines (HM)” for direct contact with foodstuffs and pharmaceutical substances Press-to-press robots with enormous reaches for loading and unloading large parts in press-linking operations Palletizing robots for handling tasks of all kindsWelding robots designed for accuracy and utmost agilityShelf-mounted robots in all variantsHigh-accuracy robots for utmost precisionSimply filter according to your criteria and receive a solution that is perfectly tailored to your industry and application.漆装车间：不只是漂亮的外表漆装车间中汽车的漆装流程包括很多方面：从焊缝密封、空腔防锈到车蜡清洁。
工业机器人外文翻译
附录外文文献原文Industrial RobotsDefinition“A robot is a reprogrammable,multifunctional machine designed to manipulate materials,parts,tools,or specialized devices,through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”--Robotics Industries Association “A robot is an automatic device that performs functions normally ascribrd to humans or a machine in orm of a human.”--Websters Dictionary The industrial robot is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity . It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example , one of the first industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants . A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation . The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line , putting together small components , such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board . Thus , the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task . Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs , to serve the handicapped , and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society .The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-arm tool , sensor , and gripper to a preprogrammed location . When the robot arrives at this location , it will perform some sort of task . This task could be welding , sealing , machine loading , machine unloading , or a host of assembly jobs . Generally , this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being , except for programming and for turning the system on and off .The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following :1. A robot is a reprogrammable , multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts , materials , tools , or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task . This basic definition leads to other definitions , presented in the following paragraphs , that give a complete picture of a robotic system .2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work . At some of these locations , the robot will stop and perform some operation , such as assembly of parts , spray painting , or welding . These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s mem ory and are recalled later for continuous operation . Furthermore , these preprogrammed locations , as well as other program data , can be changed later as the work requirements change . Thus , with regard to this programming feature , an industrial robot is very much like a computer , where data can be stored and later recalled and edited .3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot . It allows the robot to bend , reach , and twist . This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes , also called the degrees of freedom of the robot . A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes . The term degrees of freedom of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot .4. The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself ; rather , they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm . These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts , spot-weld , paint , arc-weld , drill , deburr , and do a variety of tasks , depending on what is required of the robot .5. The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot . the work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task . Included within this cell may be the controller , the robot manipulator , a work table , safety features , or a conveyor . All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell . In addition , signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts , pick up parts , or unload parts to a conveyor .The robotic system has three basic components : the manipulator , the controller ,and the power source .A . ManipulatorThe manipulator , which does the physical work of the robotic system , consists of two sections : the mechanical section and the attached appendage . The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached . Fig.1 illustrates the connection of the base and the appendage of a robot .The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area . Sometimes , though , the base may be movable . In this case , the base is attached to either a rail or a track , allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to another .As mentioned previously , the appendage extends from the base of the robot . The appendage is the arm of the robot . It can be either a straight , movable arm or a jointed arm . the jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm .The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion . These axes are attached to a fixed base , which , in turn , is secured to a mounting . This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location。
工业机器人翻译
Industrial Robotics工业机器人Most robots today can trace their origin to early industrial robot designs. Much of the technol-ogy that makes robots more human-friendly and adaptable for different applications has emerged from manufacturers of industrial robots. Indus-trial robots are by far the largest commercial application of robotics technology today. All the important foundations for robot control were ini-tially developed with industrial applications in mind. These applications deserve special atten-tion in order to understand the origin of robotics science and to appreciate many unsolved prob-lems that still prevent the wider use of robots in manufacturing. In this chapter we present a brief history and descriptions of typical indus-trial robotics applications. We show how robots with different mechanisms fit different applica-tions. Even though robots are well established in large-scale manufacturing, particularly in auto-mobile and related component assembly, there are still many challenging problems to solve. The range of feasible applications could signifi-cantly increase if robots were easier to install, to integrate with other manufacturing processes, and to program,particularly with adaptive sensing and automatic error recovery. We outline some of these remaining challenges for researchers.今天大多数的机器人的起源可以追溯到早期工业机器人的设计。
Robots机器人 中英文翻译
RobotsA robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, mani pulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements.The term”reprogrammabl e” implies two things:The robot operates according to a written program can b e rewritten to accomdate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurp ose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades,the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can per form certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are bei ng increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.Structures of RobotsThe typical structure of industrial robots consists of 4 major components: the manipulator, the end effector, the power supply and control syterm.The manipulator is a mechanical unite that provides motions similar to those of a human arm. It often has a shoulder joint,an elbow and a wrist. It can rotate or slide, strech out and withdraw in every possible direction with certain flexibility.The basic mechanical configurations of the robot manipulator are categorized as Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated.A robot with a Cartesian geometry can move its gripper to any position within the cube or rectangle defined as its working volum.Cylindrical coordinate robots can move the gripper within a volum that is described by a cylinder. The cylindrical coordinate robot is positioned in the work area by two linear movements in the X and Y directions and one angular rotation about the Z axis.Spherical arm geometry robots have an irregular work envelop. This type of robot has two main variants,vertically articulated and horizontally articulated.The end effector attaches itself to the end of the robot wrist, also called end-of-arm tooling.It is the device intended for performing the designed operations as a human hand can.End effectors are generally custom-made to meet special handling requirements. Mechanical grippers are the most commonly used and are equipped with two or more fingers.The selection of an appropriate end effector for a special application depends on such factors as the payload, enviyonment,reliability,and cost.The power supply is the actuator for moving the robot arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. The basic type of power sources include electrical,pneumatic, and hydraulic. Each source of energy and each type of motor has its own characteristics, advantages and limitations. An ac-powered motor or dc-powered motor may be used depending on the system design and applications. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the robot.Most new robots use electrical power supply. Pneumatic actuators have been used for high speed. Nonservo robots and are often used for powering tooling such as grippers. Hydraulic actuators have been used for heavier lift systems, typically where accuracy was not also requied.The contro system is the communications and information-processing system that gives commands for the movements of the robot. It is the brain of the robot; it sends signals to the power source to move the robot arm to a specific position and to the end effector.It is also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable to send out sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be taken by the robot.A open-loop controller is the simplest for of the control system, which controls the robot only by foolowing the predetermined step-by-step instructions.This system dose not have a self-correcting capability.A close-loop control system use feedback sensors to produce signals that reflct the current states of the controed objects. By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and the end effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.Classification of RobotIndustrial robots vary widely in size,shape, number of axes,degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influence the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are form point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by huanbeings.It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of productin tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use tools to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perfor drilling operaytions on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed relatively and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concers.机器人机器人是一种自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵机器的装置，它可以被固定在某地，还可以是移动的以在工业自动化工厂中使用。
工业机器人发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献The development of industrial robotsIndustrial robot is a robot, it consists of a CaoZuoJi. Controller. Servo drive system and detection sensor device composition, it is a kind of humanoid operating automatic control, can repeat programming, can finish all kinds of assignments in three difficulties in authorship space the electromechanical integration automation production equipment, especially suitable for many varieties, become batch flexible production. It to stabilize and improve the product quality, raise efficiency in production, improve working conditions of the rapid renewal plays an extremely important role.Widely used industrial robots can gradually improve working conditions, stronger and controllable production capacity, speed up product updating and upgrading. Improve production efficiency and guarantee the quality of its products, eliminate dull work, save labor, provide a safe working environment, reduces the labor intensity, and reduce labor risk, improve themachine tool, reduce the workload and reduce process production time and inventory, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.As technology advances, the development of industrial robot, the process can be divided into three generations -- generation, for demonstration reproduce, and it mainly consists of robot hand controller and demonstration teaching machines composed, can press advance box to record information guide action, the current industry repeated reappearance application of execution most. The second to feel robot, such as powerful sleep touch and vision, it has for some outside information feedback adjustment ability, currently has entered the application stage. Third generation of intelligent robot it has sense and understanding ability, in the external environment for the working environment changed circumstances, can also successfully complete the task, it is still in the experimental research phase.The United States is the birthplace of the robot, as early as in 1961, America's ConsolidedControlCorp and AMF companies developed the first practical demonstration emersion robot.After 40 years of development, the United States in the world of robotics has been in the lead position. Still Its technology comprehensive, advanced, adaptability is strong.Japan imported from America in 1967, the first robot in 1976 later, with the rapid development of the microelectronics and the market demand has increased dramatically, Japan was labor significant deficiencies in enterprise, industrial robots by "savior"'s welcome, make its Japanese industrial robots get fast development, the number of now whether robots or robot densities are top of the world, known as the "robot kingdom," said. The robot introduced from Germany time than Britain and Sweden about late 1956, but the Labour shortages caused by war, national technical level is higher social environment, but for the development and application of industrial robot provides favorable conditions. In addition, in Germany, for some dangerous prescribed, poisonous or harmful jobs, robot instead of ordinary people to the labor. This is the use of robots exploit a wide range of markets, and promote the development of the industrial robot technology. At present, the German industrial robots total of the world, which only behind to Japan.The French government has been more important robot technology, and through a series of research program, support established a complete science and technology system, make the development of the French robot smoothly. In government organization project, pay special attention to the robot research based technique, the focus is on the application research on in robot. And by industry support the development application and development of work, both supplement each other, make robots in France enterprises develop rapidly and popularize and make France in the international industrial machine with indispensable if position.British jamie since the late 1970s, promote and implement a department measures listed support the development of policies and make robots British industrial robots than today's robot powers started to early, and once in Japan has made the early brilliance. However, at this time the government for industrial robots implemented the constraining errors. This mistake in Britain dust, the robot industry in Western Europe was almost in the bottom of it. In recent years, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland, Denmark and other countries because of its owndomestic robots market in great demand, development at a very fast pace. At present, the international on industrial robot company mainly divided into Japanese and European series. In AnChuan of Japanese are mainly the ethical products, the oTC, panasonic, FANLUC, not two more, etc. The products of the company kawasaki The main Asiatic KUKA, German CLOOS, Sweden's ABB, Italy CO work pelatiah U and Austria GM company.Industrial robot in China started in early 1970s, after 30 years development, roughly experienced three stages: in the 1970s and 1980s budding transplanter and the application of the 1990s initialization period. With the 20th century 70's world technology rapid development, the application of industrial robots in world created a climax, in this context, our country in 1972 start developing their industrial robots. Enter after the 1980s, with the further reform and opening, in high technology waves pound, our research and development of robot technology from the government's attention and support, "during the seventh state funds, thanked the parts were set robot and research, completed demonstration emersion type industrial robot complete technology development, developed spray paint, welding, arc welding and handling robot. , thenational high technology research and development program begin to carry out, after several years research and made a large number of scientific research. Successfully developed a batch of special robot.From 9O 2O century since the early, China's national economy achieve two fundamental period of transformation into a a new round of economic restructuring and technological progress, China's industrial robots upsurge in practice and have made strides, and have developed spot welding, welding, assembling, paint, cutting, handling, palletizing etc various USES of industrial robot, and implement a batch of robot application engineering, formed a batch of industrial robots for our country industrialization base, the industrial robot soar laid a foundation. But compared with the developed countries, China also has the very big disparity of industrial robots.Along with the development of industrial robot depth and the breadth and raise the level of robot, industrial robots are has been applied in many fields. From the traditional automobile manufacturing sector to the manufacturing extensions. Such as mining robots, building robots and hydropower system used formaintenance robots, etc. In defense of military, medicine and health, food processing and life service areas such as the application of industrial robots will be more and more. The manufacturing of automobiles is a technology and capital intensive industry, is also the most widely used of industrial robots, accounting for almost to the industry for more than half of the industrial robots. In China, the industrial robot first is also used in automobile and engineering machinery industries. In car production of industrial robot is a major in the equipment, the brake parts and whole production of arc welding, spot welding, painting, handling, glue, stamping process used in large amounts. Our country is forecast to rise period, entered the automobile ownership in the next few years, car will still growing at around 15 percent annually. So the next few years the industrial robot demand will show high growth trend, about 50% in growth, industrial robots in our automobile industry application will get a rapid development.Industrial robot in addition to the wide application of in the automotive industry in electronic, food processing, nonmetal processing, daily consumer goods and wood furniture processing industries for industrial robots demand is growingrapidly. In Asia, 2005 72,600 sets, installation industrial robots, compared with 2004 grew by 40%, and application in electronic industry accounted for about 31%. In Europe, according to statistics, since 2004 and 2005 in l: tI industry robot in the food processing industry increased 17% the application of left and right sides, in the application of nonmetal processing industry increased 20%, and daily necessities in consumption industries increased by 32% in wood furniture processing industry, up 18% or so. Industrial robot in oil has a wide application in, such as sea oil drilling, oil platforms, pipeline detection, refinery, large oil tank and tank welding etc all can use robots to complete. In the next few years, sensing technology, laser technology, engineering network technology will be widely used in industrial robots work areas, these technologies can cause the industrial robot application more efficient, high quality, lower cost. It is predicted that future robots will in medical and health care, biological technology and industry, education, relief, ocean exploitation, machine maintenance, transportation and agriculture and aquatic products applied field.In China, the industrial robot market share are mostlyforeign industrial robots enterprise holds. Before the gunman in the international, domestic industrial robots enterprise facing great pressure of competition. Now China is from a "manufacturing power" to "manufacturing power forward," Chinese manufacturing industry faces and the international community, participate in the international division of labor in the great challenge of industrial automation increase immediate, government must can increase the funds for robots and policy support, will give the industry of industrial robots development into new momentum. With independent brand "devil robot" MoShi special technology company dedicated to providing solutions to the mainboard and robot, is willing with all my colleagues a build domestic industrial robot happy tomorrow! ReferencesElectronic Measurement and Intrumenttations,Cambridge University Press,1996工业机器人的发展工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机．控制器．伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三难空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。
工业机器人英汉词汇
工业机器人英汉词汇Aabrasive wheel 砂轮绝对精度absolute accuracy交流变频器驱动AC inverter drive加速性能 acceleration performance加速时间acceleration time准确定位accurate positioning适应控制adaptive controladaptive robot 适应机器⼈附加轴additional axis附加负载additional loadadditional mass附加质量附加操作additional operation㬵黏剂密封adhesive sealingadvanced collision avoidance高级碰撞避免航空航天工业 aerospace industryagricultural robot农业机器人air robot 空中机器人air tube 空气管alignment pose 校准位姿全电动工业机器人 all-electric industrial robotant colony algorithm蚁群算法 anthropomorphic robot 拟人机器人应用程序application program圆弧示教arc teachingarc welding 点焊，电弧焊弧焊机器人arc welding purpose robot电弧焊机器人arc welding robotarch motion 圆弧运动arm 手臂手臂配置arm configuration关节模型articulated model铰接式机器人，关节(形)机器人 articulated robot关节结构articulated structure人工智能artificial intelligence流水线，装配线assembly lineassembly robot 装配机器人atomization air雾化空气attained pose 实到位姿增强现实技术 augmented reality technologyauto part 汽车零件自动码垛automated palletizingautomated production 自动化生产automatic assembly line自动装配线自动控制automatic control末端执行器自动更换装置 automatic end effector exchanger自动物流运输automatic logistics transportautomatic mode 自动模式自动操作automatic operation自动换刀automatic tool changerautomatically controlled自动控制automation technology 自动化技术汽车行业automotive industry辅助轴电缆auxiliary axis cableaxis 轴axis movement 轴运动BBase 机座机座坐标系base coordinate system机座安装面base mounting surfacebeltless structure无带结构bend motion 弯曲运动big data 大数据bio-inspired robotics仿生机器人制动过滤器brake filter制动电阻brake resistor内置碰撞检测功能 built-in collision detection feature内置控制器built-in controller内置梯形图逻辑处理 built-in ladder logic processingbus cable 总线电缆C电缆干扰cable interferencecamera sensor 相机传感器基于相机的工件定位 camera-based part locationCartesian coordinate笛卡尔坐标系笛卡尔坐标机器人 Cartesian coordinate robot直⻆坐标机器人cartesian robot儿童看护机器人child care robotclean room 洁净室clean room robot 清洁室机器人cloud computing 云计算云存储技术cloud storage technology协作机器人collaborative robot彩色触摸屏color touch screencombustible gas 可燃气体command pose 指令位姿commissioning 试运行communication feature 通信功能communication protocol 通信协议紧凑式六臂机器人compact six-axis robotcompliance 柔顺性component placemen 元件贴装复合材料composite materialcompound movement 复合运动compressed air 压缩空气计算机数控computer numerical control计算机数控机床 computer numerical control machine计算机数控系统 computer numerical control systemcomputing control 计算控制computing power 计算能力构形configuration无缝连接connect seamlessly可连接控制器connectable controllerconsumable part 中小型零部件消费类电子产品consumer electronicscontinuous path 连续路径连续路径控制continuous path control轨迹控制continuous- path controlled控制算法control algorithmcontrol electronics电子控制装置control movement 控制运动control program 控制程序control scheme 控制方案control system 控制系统控制器机柜;控制柜 controller cabinet控制器系统面板 controller system panel (CSP)人机协作 cooperation of humans and machines坐标变换 coordinate transformation核心竞争力core competitiveness对应关节corresponding joint曲线示教curve teaching网络物理系统cyber-physical systemcycle 循环cycle time 循环时间圆柱坐标系 cylindrical coordinate systemcylindrical joint圆柱关节圆柱坐标机器人cylindrical robotD达芬奇手术机器人 DaVinci surgical robot电弧焊机器人 dedicated arc welding robot防护等级degree of protectiondegrees of freedom 自由度Delta并联关节机器人 Delta parallel joint robotDelta robot Delta机器人DexTAR教育机器人 DexTAR educational robotdie-casting machine压铸机数字动力digital power直接空气管路direct air line直接耦合direct coupling直接驱动direct drive残障辅助机器人 disability auxiliary robotdisplacement machine 变位机距离准确度distance accuracy距离重复性distance repeatability分布关节distributed jointDOF 自由度double-arm SCARA robot 双臂SCARA机器人 drawing machine 拉丝机drift of pose accuracy位姿准确度漂移位姿重复性漂移 drift of pose repeatability伺服驱动器轴drive controller for axesdrive controller伺服驱动器drive mechanism 驱动机构drive power supply驱动电源驱动比drive ratio驱动单元drive unitdriving device驱动装置dual arm 双臂。
工业机器人的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文Introduction to Industrial RobotsIndustrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w ell shut up shop.”The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.DEFINITION OF A ROBOTThe Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:“A robot is a reprogrammabl e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.The definition goes on to say that a ro bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.JOBS FOR ROBOTSJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.Hazardous JobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doingextremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYIn addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.ROBOT SPEEDAlthough robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are notexceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice.Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on aperson working in the booth.FLEXIBLE AUTOMATIONRobots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITYOne very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOTThe major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.外文翻译工业机器人的介绍20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译
外文原文：RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to acc ommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunction manipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency andquality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by t he manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical siz e increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed bythe drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effectorthrough the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the power limit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations,manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion,automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear and corrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust portsof air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在，经过了40多年的发展，已被广泛应用于各个工业领域，已成为工业现代化的重要标志。
工业机算人的英语单词
工业机算人的英语单词单词：industrial robot1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词1.2释义：一种用于工业生产的机器人，可执行诸如焊接、装配、搬运等多种任务。
1.3英文释义：A robot used in industrial production that can perform various tasks such as welding, assembling, and transporting.1.4相关词汇：- 同义词：factory robot- 派生词：industrial robotics（工业机器人学）2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“industrial”源于拉丁语“industria”，表示勤奋、勤勉，后用于形容与工业相关的事物。
“robot”一词来源于捷克语“robota”，意为强迫劳动。
随着工业的发展，两者结合形成了“industrial robot”。
2.2趣闻：世界上第一个工业机器人Unimate诞生于1959年，它被安装在通用汽车公司的生产线上，主要用于压铸作业。
这一发明开启了工业自动化的新时代。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：- industrial robot arm：工业机器人手臂例句：The industrial robot arm can accurately pick up and place small parts.翻译：工业机器人手臂能够精准地拾取和放置小零件。
- intelligent industrial robot：智能工业机器人例句：The intelligent industrial robot can adjust its operation according to different tasks.翻译：智能工业机器人能够根据不同任务调整其操作。
- industrial robot system：工业机器人系统例句：The industrial robot system in this factory has been upgraded recently.翻译：这家工厂的工业机器人系统最近进行了升级。
工业机械手中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：ManipulatorRobot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial rob ot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and mac hines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operat ions and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national econom y and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, t here has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labo r productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usua lly still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consum ing and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fa ult more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydrau lic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and oth er fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.First, an overview of industrial manipulatorRobot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products ind ustry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Elect ronics and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very e arly in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in, beca use they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-relate d injuries fee challenges.With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and asse mbly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the ma nual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture , handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading ti me is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of production major, and sometime s man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could rep lace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hour s saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor produ ctivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve safe production; particularl y in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would l ike to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the comp ressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, do es not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental p rotection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas pa th pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the mate rial components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic t ransmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. As the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aer odynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velo city and not easily controlled. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following advantage s:Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impa ct on production. Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-d istance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefore the materi al and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 t o 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of th e outstanding merits of pneumatic.Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. It can be safely used in fl ammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection. Second, the composition, mechanical handRobot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the , Usually by the implementing agencies, transmis sion systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1.Implementing agenciesManipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are crawling institution s, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffin g of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down , left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the ar m can also be made mobile as needed.2. TransmissionThe actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly us ed manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power tra nsmission and other drive several forms.3. Control SystemManipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated co ntrol system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Actio n will have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer control. Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristicsRobots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not re quire manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be progra mmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is character ized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence tern ary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. I t originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a pa rticular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines suc h as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is ded icated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign count ries known as the "Mechanical Hand", which is the host of services, from the host-driven; excepti on of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features:First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stac king robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, p neumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, e tc.)Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam cran e)Four, industrial machinery, application of handManipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new ty pe of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology , which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the com bination of mechanization and automation.Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work an d labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example:(1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combinat ion machine tool use is more common.(2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to asse mble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry It can be used to assemble parts and compo nents.(3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working e nvironment to replace human labor.(4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods and haza rdous materials removal and so on..(5) Universe and ocean development.(6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, ma nual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving tec hnology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard d esign of series products. Customer application needs, creating customized cases. Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws ﹑ handling objects o r perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace t he people engaged in monotonous ﹑ repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and aut omation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 40, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material handling robot, human robot in a safe roo m to manipulate various operations and experimentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unl oading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completio n of the upper and lower material, or From the library take place knife knife and so on according t o fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly by the hand and sports instit utions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clamping ﹑ support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pn eumatic ﹑﹑ electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable ﹑rotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in me tallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixd procedure for the capture, handlingobjects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace human labor in order to achie ve the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can operate in hazardous environm ents to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, e lectronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment co mmonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manip ulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the workpiece (or t ool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational re quirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care suc h as holding. Sports organizations, so that the completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mo bile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by g rasping and posture.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece f eatures automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a ne w type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of ro bot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technol ogy, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of d uplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manip ulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts a ssembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC mach ine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component o f the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible man ufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume pr oduction, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterpr ises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to ma rket competition. At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application le vel and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrializatio n of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Theref ore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.译文：机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。
常用机械专业术语中英文对照
常用机械专业术语中英文对照机械工程是一个涵盖广泛的领域，其中包含了许多复杂的专业术语。
对于学习和工作在机械领域的人而言，掌握这些术语是非常重要的。
在此，我们将通过对常用机械专业术语的中英文对照进行分析和解释，为您提供帮助。
1. 传动系统：Transmission system2. 机械零件：Mechanical parts3. 摩擦力：Friction force4. 机械加工：Mechanical processing5. 各向同性：Isotropy6. 焊接：Welding7. 机械设计：Mechanical design8. 电机：Electric motor9. 压力传感器：Pressure sensor10. 材料力学：Material mechanics11. 钢铁材料：Steel materials12. 运动控制：Motion control13. 热处理：Heat treatment14. 机械系统：Mechanical system15. 变形：Deformation16. 自适应控制：Adaptive control17. 流体力学：Fluid mechanics18. 微机电系统：Micro-electromechanical systems19. 工业机器人：Industrial robot20. CNC加工：CNC machining以上就是常用机械专业术语的中英文对照。
这些术语是机械领域中非常重要的一部分，他们涵盖了机械材料、流体力学、控制系统和加工过程等领域。
对于机械工程师来说，能够正确地使用这些术语可以帮助他们更好地理解机械原理和操作方法。
此外，在不同的国家和地区，机械专业术语的使用可能会有所不同。
因此，在国际贸易和国际交流中，了解各种语言和文化的机械术语是非常有益的。
最后，学习这些机械专业术语需要具备一定的专业知识和背景知识。
因此，如果您想要更深入地了解机械领域，我们建议您课程或学习机械工程相关的教材。
中英对照工业机器人
外文资料译文工业机器人早在机器人变为现实之前，机器人与机器人学这两个术语就已经提出来了。
1923年，随着捷克剧作家卡雷尔·查陪克的剧本R.U.R（罗苏姆的通用机器人）英文译本的问世，机器人这一术语就开始进入英语。
机器人robot一词源于捷克语，该词意指奴隶或劳工。
1942年，另一位作家艾萨克·埃思穆乌（他曾经撰写过许多有关机器人的短篇小说）在创立机器人学三个法则时就提出了机器人学这个专业术语。
他曾推断，机器人应该有特殊电路，使其始终遵循下述三个基本原则：（1）机器人不能伤害人类，也不能通过不执行指令而使人类受到伤害；（2）在不违背第一条法则的前提下，机器人必须遵从人类意志；（3）再不违背第一、二条法则的前提下，机器人必须保护自身不受伤害。
当时撰写的这些故事纯属科学幻想。
今天，随着机器人变为现实，分析这些机器人法则，从中获得很有价值的理念，可供机器人专家设计人控制系统时参考。
1.机器人的定义机器人是一种可重复编程的多功能操作器，其设计用途是输送物料、工件、刀具及一些特殊装置，通过各种程控运动来完成多种不同任务。
以上定义被普遍认可，其特点是：工业机器人可以重复编程，且能够沿多种不同轨迹运动。
2.机器人的发展史随着数控机床的发展，模仿人类手臂操作工件的想法便自然地提出来了。
与常规观点相反，机器人学并非最近发展起来的。
事实上，早在20世纪60年代初期，美国人便制造出第一批机器人。
万能自动化公司于1961年就生产出机械手臂，其控制装置的时序是由操作者预设的。
然而，鉴于这项工作尚属试验，为了避免公众对该项目的抵制情绪，当时的仿形程度较低。
1974年，辛辛那提Millicron机器人成为首例以小型计算机控制的机器人。
然而，就在同一年，瑞典ASEA公司推出了它的IRB6机器人。
这种机器人一直在全球畅销，现在（1991年）还在生产，唯一的重大改进是控制柜电子装置与软件的升级。
所以，当人们以为美国正在建立机器人技术的时候，像日本和瑞典这样一些国家，机器人在工业中的应用已经达到很高的水平。
库卡中文注释
库卡中文注释
库卡（Kuka）是一家德国工业机器人和自动化设备制造商。
下面是对库卡一些常见名词的中文注释：
1. 工业机器人（Industrial Robot）：一种能够自动完成工业生产任务的可编程设备，用于代替人类劳动力执行重复性、危险或高精度工作。
2. 自动化设备（Automation Equipment）：包括工业机器人、传感器、控制系统等设备，用于实现生产过程的自动化，提高生产效率和质量。
3. 控制系统（Control System）：用于控制和监控工业机器人运动和操作的电子设备和软件系统。
4. 编程器（Programmer）：用于编写和修改工业机器人操作程序的设备，使机器人能够按照特定的步骤和要求执行任务。
5. 运动控制器（Motion Controller）：负责控制工业机器人的运动、速度和位置，使其能够准确地执行指定的动作和任务。
6. 末端执行器（End Effector）：安装在工业机器人末端的设备，用于与工件或其他对象进行接触或操作，例如夹具、工具等。
7. 传感器（Sensor）：用于检测和感知工业机器人周围环境和工件的设备，提供反馈信息以实现精确的位置控制和操作。
8. 安全装置（Safety Device）：用于保护工业机器人操作人员
和周围环境安全的设备，例如防护罩、光栅栏、安全传感器等。
9. 程序运行（Program Execution）：将编写好的工业机器人操
作程序加载到机器人控制系统中，并通过控制系统启动和运行程序，实现机器人自动执行任务。
以上是对库卡一些常见名词的中文注释，希望能够帮助您理解库卡及其相关设备和技术。
中英文翻译--工业机器人-精品
Industrial robotsThere are variety of definitions of the term robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely。
Numerous single—purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots。
These machines are hardwried to perform a single function and cannot be reprogrammed to preform a different function. Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.this definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America.A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional mainipulator designed to move material，parts, tools，or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional。
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外文资料译文工业机器人早在机器人变为现实之前，机器人与机器人学这两个术语就已经提出来了。
1923年，随着捷克剧作家卡雷尔·查陪克的剧本R.U.R（罗苏姆的通用机器人）英文译本的问世，机器人这一术语就开始进入英语。
机器人robot一词源于捷克语，该词意指奴隶或劳工。
1942年，另一位作家艾萨克·埃思穆乌（他曾经撰写过许多有关机器人的短篇小说）在创立机器人学三个法则时就提出了机器人学这个专业术语。
他曾推断，机器人应该有特殊电路，使其始终遵循下述三个基本原则：（1）机器人不能伤害人类，也不能通过不执行指令而使人类受到伤害；（2）在不违背第一条法则的前提下，机器人必须遵从人类意志；（3）再不违背第一、二条法则的前提下，机器人必须保护自身不受伤害。
当时撰写的这些故事纯属科学幻想。
今天，随着机器人变为现实，分析这些机器人法则，从中获得很有价值的理念，可供机器人专家设计人控制系统时参考。
1.机器人的定义机器人是一种可重复编程的多功能操作器，其设计用途是输送物料、工件、刀具及一些特殊装置，通过各种程控运动来完成多种不同任务。
以上定义被普遍认可，其特点是：工业机器人可以重复编程，且能够沿多种不同轨迹运动。
2.机器人的发展史随着数控机床的发展，模仿人类手臂操作工件的想法便自然地提出来了。
与常规观点相反，机器人学并非最近发展起来的。
事实上，早在20世纪60年代初期，美国人便制造出第一批机器人。
万能自动化公司于1961年就生产出机械手臂，其控制装置的时序是由操作者预设的。
然而，鉴于这项工作尚属试验，为了避免公众对该项目的抵制情绪，当时的仿形程度较低。
1974年，辛辛那提Millicron机器人成为首例以小型计算机控制的机器人。
然而，就在同一年，瑞典ASEA公司推出了它的IRB6机器人。
这种机器人一直在全球畅销，现在（1991年）还在生产，唯一的重大改进是控制柜电子装置与软件的升级。
所以，当人们以为美国正在建立机器人技术的时候，像日本和瑞典这样一些国家，机器人在工业中的应用已经达到很高的水平。
近来有许多原因促使人类愈来愈意识到应用工业机器人的重要性，其中有些原因是日益增加的花费所致：例如培训新工人的费用、改进设计与产品性能的花费、计算机与传感器技术飞速发展所致的费用，以及雇员们希望摆脱平淡、重复、有潜在危险工作环境的花费等。
3.机器人运动机构的确定为了划分一种工业机器人的设计属于何种类型，我们必须鉴别其运动结构。
为了确定运动结构，我们必须知道所有关节的类型与机械手臂具有的“自由度”。
与人类手臂一样，机器人手臂由一系列连杆与关节组成。
关节是连接两个连杆的部件，它允许两个连杆之间存在相对运动。
每个机器人都有一个基座，该基座一般稳定在地面上。
但是，基座亦可稳定在墙壁或者天花板上，并能归并到一个构台上。
所有这些都使机器人具有节省空间的优点，并增大了工作范围，从而增强了终端执行器（描述机器人手臂终端工具的一个通用术语）的操作能力。
机器人的手臂的第一个连杆与基座相连，最后一个连杆与终端执行器相连。
一般而言，机器人手臂上的关节越多，其动作就越灵活。
4.关节的类型下面罗列出在工业机器人手臂上使用的几类关节，机械手臂由其中某种关节组成，或由几种关节复合而成。
（1）回转关节：回转关节允许在两个连杆之间进行转动或旋转运动；（2）柱状关节：柱状关节允许在两个连杆之间进行直线运动；（3）球窝关节：球窝关节允许在两个连杆之间进行三种转动或旋转运动。
由于很难驱动，球窝关节在工业机器人上很少使用。
5.机器人的类别可以把机器人按它们的关节类型分为下列五组，其中距机器人基座最近的那三组关节将决定机器人的类别，其他两组关节给终端执行器以更大的运动柔性。
（1）笛卡尔型（2）圆柱形（3）球面型（4）平面关节型（5）垂直关节型6.自由度机械手臂所具有的“自由度”是定义其关节数的常用术语。
每一个关节允许在两个连杆之间进行相对运动，形成一个自由度。
若能沿着或绕着两个关节运动时，就是两个自由度，其余依次类推。
多数机器人有4-6个自由度。
与人相比，从肩膀到手腕，人的胳膊共有7个自由度，这还不包括手，它单独就有22个自由度！7.机器人的基本组件机器人系统有一系列基本组件：（1）操作机。
（2）控制器。
（3）动力设置。
（4）终端执行器（夹持器、点焊机、MIG焊机等）。
8.驱动装置操作机的运动由传动器或驱动装置控制，传动器或驱动装置使各轴在工作单元内运动。
驱动装置可使用电能、液压能或气压能工作。
驱动系统提供的能量通过各种机械驱动装置转换成机械能。
各驱动系统用机械联动装置连接起来，而这些联动装置又驱动机器人的各个轴的运动。
机械联动装置可由链、齿轮及滚珠丝杠组成。
9.其他（1）工作范围对于从事与机器人系统相关工作的人员来说，最重要的是弄清楚机器人究竟能触及多远。
人们把机器人能够触及到的区域定义为该系统的工作范围，而该范围内所有编程点都视为系统的组成部分。
这样，若把手臂终端辅具连到机器人上，系统工作范围就延伸了辅具长度。
这种工作范围的扩大对操作者的安全非常重要，在设计机器人工作单元时必须予以考虑。
（2）轨迹轨迹是一个技术用语，是指动点在某些约束下运动而描绘出的具有一定形状的踪迹。
机器人手臂末端在移动时扫出一条迹线，并可穿越空间形成许多三维迹线，这样便得到许多不同的轨迹。
机械手臂被限制在由其实际几何形状所决定的哪些路径上运动。
机械手臂所能产生的全部轨迹联合形成一个三维的工作区域，该区域就称为工作区域。
（3）控制器控制器是机器人系统运行的中枢。
控制器的功能大体归为以下几类：·控制各个轴的移动、位置与速度；·程序控制、各轴之间的协调；·控制输入、输出设备；·控制整个系统，机器人可能只是该系统的一个组成部分。
（4）动力装置动力装置给控制器与操纵机提供动力。
有两种能量可供机器人系统使用：一种是交流电，供操纵控制器使用；另一种用来驱动操纵机的各个运动轴，可能是压力能、气压能或电能。
（5）工业机器人的自动化与集成化随着工业革命的到来，制造工艺变得既专业化，又机械化。
不再是一个人设计制造和交付产品，而是工人和/或机床来完成这些宽广的领域中每个领域内的专门任务。
这些独立机构间的通讯是用图纸、技术要求、任务书、工艺规程以及其它通讯辅助手段来完成的。
为了保证成品件与计划的产品相匹配，引入了质量控制的概念。
机械化阶段积极的一面是：它允许批量生产、零件的互换性、不同级别的精度以及一致性；缺点在于缺乏集成化而导致大量浪费。
自动化提高和增强了专业化制造部分中人与机器的性能和能力。
例如：CAD 增强了设计人员和起草者的能力。
CNC增强了机械师和计算机辅助规划人员的能力。
但是自动化带来的进步在独立的部分或小岛内是孤立的。
因此，自动化并不能总是实现自己的潜力。
为了理解自动化关于总的生产力提高的局限性，思考以下的类比。
假设一辆汽车的各个子系统（如发动机、转向、刹车）都是自动化的，以使驾驶员的工作更轻松。
自动加速、减速、转向和刹车当然比手操纵型更有效率。
然而，想一下如果这些各种各样的自动化子系统没有以一种允许它们即时不断的交流和共享精确、最新的信息的方式联系在一起，将会发生什么事情。
一个系统可能试图给汽车加速而另一个子系统正想刹车。
在自动化制造的环境中有同样的局限性。
正是这些局限性导致制造发展到现在的阶段，即集成化阶段的出现。
随着计算机时代的来临，制造业已经完成了整个发展循环。
它开始时是一个集成的概念，而CIM又一次变成了一个集成的概念。
然而，今天的制造集成化与过去手工时代的集成化有重要的区别。
首先，手工时代集成化的仪器是人的大脑。
现代制造的集成化的仪器是计算机。
其次，现代制造环境中的工艺依旧是专业化与自动化。
另一个观察CIM发展史的方法是检查在过去的一些年里一些CIM单独的部分发展的道路。
这些部分如设计、规划以及生产已经作为一种工艺，和用来完成这些工艺所用到的工具和设备也进行了演变。
设计已经从使用诸如直尺、三角板、铅笔、比例尺和橡皮擦的手工工艺演变成为一种称为CAD的自动化工艺。
工艺规划已经从使用诸如规程表、图解和图表的手工工艺演变成为一种称为计算机辅助规划（CAPP）的自动化工艺。
生产已经从包含手工机器的手工工艺演变成为一种称为计算机辅助制造（CAM）的自动化的工艺。
这些单独的制造部分演变多年后成为独立的自动化小岛，然而在这些小岛之间的通讯仍然是人工处理。
这限制了整个制造工艺中可能实现的生产力发展的水平。
当通过计算机网络将这些小岛和其他的自动化制造部分联系起来时，这些局限性就可以得到克服（6）为何使用机器人对于使用工业机器人这件事情，机器人行业的主要理由集中在：装备机器人能够提高生产效率、改进质量管理、提高工人的工作满意程度。
说明这个理由时，人们最常用的例子是：机器人把人们从危险恶劣的环境中解脱出来，使人们不再从事枯燥无味的工作。
增加效益管理的主要功能在于提高、至少维持效益。
实施证明，如果正确选择与安装工业机器人，它便可以长期执行任务，多数情况下比人类生产效率更高，并能不知疲倦地持续工作。
在工作性质特殊而使生产效率持续波动的场合，使用机器人有助于稳定生产效率。
不论是哪一种情况，运用机器人技术一般意味着提高企业的生产效率。
可以用一个实例说明这是如何实现的。
例如在货物装运时，一个正常工作日需要雇佣两名工人，那么他们的工作可以用一个机器人来取代。
这样，失业者的行列中就又会增加两人。
如果该公司为了满足生产需要采用两班或三班制，那么，使用工业机器人后就会有六人空闲。
质量管理质量管理问题经常为人们所忽视。
使用合理设计的机器人设备，可以保证产品质量的稳定性，从而消除“周五轿车”现象与其他劣质产品。
质量的提高使昂贵的回收与顾客索赔减少、销售更好，进而导致雇佣更多的工人，以生产更多的产品。
Industrial RobotThe term robot and robotics were created well before robots became the reality. The term robots first entered the English language with the translation of Czechoslovakian playwright Karel Capek’s play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Uni versal Robots), in 1923. The word robot comes from the Czech robot that means slave or worker. In 1942, another author Isaac Asimov (who wrote many short stories about robot), created the term robotics when he established his Three Laws of Robotics. Robots, he reasoned would have special circuitry to make the robot always conform to these basic laws:(1) A robot must not harm a human being, nor through inaction allow one to come to harm;(2) A robot must always obey human beings, unless that is in conflict with thefirst law;(3) A robot must protect itself from harm, unless that is in conflict with the first or second law.When these stories were written they were pure science fiction. Today with robots a reality, analyzing these laws of robotics provides a worthwhile concept for roboticists to consider when designing robot control systems.Robot DefinitionA robot is a re-programmable, multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools and special devices through a variety of programmed motions for the performance campaigns to control a variety of different tasks.This definition is universally recognized. The main point is that industrial robots are re-programmable, and are capable of different types of path movements.The Development of RobotsWith the development of numerically controlled machines the concept of imitating a human arm to manipulate parts became a natural progression.In contrast with the conventional view, robotics was not developed recently. In fact, the first robots were created in the early 1960’s in American. Unimation produced a robot arm in 1961 with the control unit sequence set by the operator. But due to the experimental nature of the work a low profile was kept mainly to avoid adverse public reaction to the project. In 1974 Cincinnati Millicron was the first mini-computer controlled robot. However, in the same year, the IRB6 robot was introduced by the Swedish company ASEA. This robot has been marketed all over the world and is still in production today (1991) with the only significant improvements in the control counter electronic devices and software upgrades. Therefore, when the United States may be credited for establishing the technology for robotics, countries like Japan and Sweden have utilized it to a greater extent in industrial applications.Many reasons can be attributed to the increase in awareness and use of industrial robots in recent tine; some being the ever increasing cost of unskilled labor, better design and performance, the rapid advances in computer and sensory technology, the desire to take employees away from mundane, repetitive or potentially dangerous work environments.Determining a Robot’s Kinematic StructureTo be able to classify to what order of design an industrial robot belongs to, we must be able to identify its kinematic structure. In order to determine the kinematic structure, we need to recognize the joint types used and the "degree of freedom" the arm has.Like the human arm, the robot arm is made up of a series of links and joints. The joint is the part of the arm that connects two links and allows relative movement between the connecting rod.Each robot has a base that is normally secured to the floor. However, the base can also be secured to a wall or ceiling and can also be incorporated into a gantry. All give the advantage of saving floor space and improve the robots reach, thus giving the End Effector (which is a general term used to describe the tooling on the end of the robots arm) greater manipulative power. The first link of the robot arm is connected tothe base and the last link is connected to the end effector. In general, the more joints in the robot arm the greater the dexterity it has.Joint TypesThe list below shows the types of joints that can be used for industrial robot arms, the arm is constructed from either one particular group of joints or a combination of these:(1) Revolute: Revolute joints are simply those that allow revolute, or rotary motion between two links;(2) Prismatic: Prismatic joints allow linear motion between the two links;(3) Ball and Socket: Ball and socket joints allow three revolute or rotary motions between the two links. Ball and socket joints in robots are seldom used due to a greater difficulty in activating them.Classification of RobotsRobots can be classified by their joint types into one of the following five groups. The three groups closest to the robot’s base will determine its classification; the other joints are included to give the end effector greater flexibility of movement.(1) Cartesian(2) Cylindrical(3) Spherical(4) Horizontally articulated (SCARA)(5) Vertically articulated.Degrees of FreedomA common term define the number of joints in a robot arm is the “Degree of Freedom” an arm has. Each j oint allows relative motion between the two links, giving it one degree of freedom. When motion is possible along or around two joints then there are two degrees of freedom and so on. Most robots have between four and six degrees of freedom. As a comparison the human arm has seven degrees of freedom from the shoulder to the wrist, but including the land which has twenty-two degrees of freedom alone!Basic Robot ComponentsThe robot system has a series of basic components:(1)Manipulater.(2) Controller.(3)Power Supply.(4) End Effector (grippers, spot or MIG welders etc).Drive Systems:The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator or drive system allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears and ball screws.OthersWork EnvelopsThe most important characteristic to any individual working near the robotic system is how far the robot can reach. The reach of the robot is define as the work envelope of the system. All programmed points within the reach of the robot are part of the system. Thus any end-of-arm tooling is attached to the robot, the work envelope size will increase by the length of the end-of-arm tooling. This increased dimension is very important for the safety of the operators and must be considered in the design of the robot’s work cell.Locus and LociA locus is a technical term for the shape of a path trahed out by a point constrained to move under certain condition.The end point of a robot’s arm traces out a path when it is caused to move and is capable of traversing a great number of paths in three dimensions, thus producing many different loci. The arm is considered to move in paths determined by its physical and geometrical configuration. The sum of all the possible loci which the robot arm is capable of generating combines to from a three-dimension working volume called a working envelope.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The practical aspects of the controller fall broadly into the following categories.·Control of axis movement, position and velocity;·Program control and axis coordination;·Control of input and output devices;·Overall system control of which the robot may be just one element.Power SupplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of the power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axis of the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source or an electric power source.The Automation and Integration of the Industrial RobotWith the advent of the industrial revolution, manufacturing processes became both specialized and mechanized. Instead of one person designing, producing, and delivering a product, workers and/or machines performed specialized tasks within each of these broad areas. Communication among these separate entities was achieved using drawings, specification, job orders, process plans, and a variety of other communication aids. To ensure that the finished product matched the planned product, the concept of quality control was introduced.The positive side of the mechanization stage was that it permitted mass production, interchangeability of parts, different levels of accuracy, and uniformity. The disadvantage is that the lack of integration led to a great deal of waste.Automation improved the performance and enhanced the capabilities of both people and machines within specialized manufacturing components. For example,CAD enhanced the capability of designers and drafters. CNC enhanced the capabilities of machinists and computer-assisted planners. But the improvements brought on by automation were isolated within individual components or islands. Because of this, automation did not always live up to its potential.To understand the limitation of automation with regard to overall productivity improvement, consider the following analogy. Suppose that various subsystems of an automobile (i. e., the engine, steering, brakes) were automated to make the driver’s job easier. Automatic acceleration, deceleration, steering, and braking would certainly be more efficient than the manual versions. However, consider what would happen if these various automated subsystems were not tied together in a way that allowed them to communicate and share accurate up-to-date information instantly and continually. One system might be attempting to accelerate the automobile while another system was attempting to apply the brakes. The same limitations apply in an automated manufacturing, integration. These limitations are what led to the current stage in the development of manufacturing, integration.With the advent of the computer age, manufacturing has developed full circle. It began as a totally integrated concept and, with CIM, has once again become one. However, there are major differences in the manufacturing integration of today and that of the manual era of the past. First, the instrument of integration in the manual era was the human mind. The instrument of integration in modern manufacturing is the computer. Second, processes in the modern manufacturing setting are still specialized and automated.Another way to view the historical development of CIM is by examining the ways in which some of the individual components of CIM have developed over the years. Such components as design, planning, and production have evolved both as processes and in the tools and equipment used to accomplish the processes.Design has evolved from a manual process using such tools as slide rules, triangles, pencils, scales, and erasers into an automated process known as computer-aided design (CAD). Process planning has evolved from a manual process using planning tables, diagrams, and charts into an automated process known as computer-aided process planning (CAPP). Production has evolved from a manual process involving manually controlled machines into an automated process known as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).These individual components of manufacturing evolved over the years into separate islands of automation. However, communication among these islands was still handled manually. This limited the level of improvement in productivity that could be accomplished in the overall manufacturing process. When these islands and other automated components of manufacturing are linked together through computer networks, these limitations can be overcome.Why Use RobotsThe main arguments presented by the robot industry for implementing industrical robots center around the ideals that they are installed to increase productivity, improve quality control and to improve job satisfaction for the worker. The examples most frequently used are that robots free people from having to work in: dangerous orunpleasant environments; and on boring and mundane tasks.Increasing profitsThe main function of management is the increase of, or at least the maintaining of profits. It is a proven fact that if selected and installed correctly industrial robots, they will perform a task for longer working periods, in most cases have higher productivity than their human counterpart and work at a constant speed during that time (they don’t suffer from fatigue). In areas where production rates constantly fluctuate because of the nature of the task, the implementation of robots would help to maintain a reliable production rate. In either case robotics would generally mean increase profits for the company.An example can be used to demonstrate how this is possible. In a palletizing operation, if tow workers are employed during a normal working day, and their jobs are now replaced by an industrial robot, it is quite possible that two more candidates for the unemployment line could be the result. If the company already ran two or three shifts to meet production requirements, the industrial robot would now effectively make up to six people redundant!Quality managementOne effect that is often overlooked is quality control. A correctly designed robotic installation will always give consistent quality products thus eliminating the "Friday Car" and other poor quality items. The improved quality will result in fewer expensive recalls and warrantee claims and more sales which may led to more workers employed to produce more products.。