Significant figures
常用贴片电容品牌型号对应代码知识
250 = 250V 500 = 500V 1000 = 1000V
司
▶ MURATA : GRM188R71E104KA01D
公
GRM 18
8
Series
Size
Thickness
Ni Barrier
03 = 0201 15 = 0402 18 = 0603 21 = 0805 31 = 1206 32 = 1210 42 = 1808 43 = 1812 55 = 2220
F = ±1% G = ±2% J = ±5% K = ±10%
技
科 M = ±20%
Z = +80, -20% P = GMV,+100,-0%
2 = 7" Reel 4 = 13" Reel 7 = Cassette 9 = Bulk
A = Standard T = 0.66mm S = 0.56mm R = 0.46mm
N = C0G W = X7R X = X5R Z = Z5U
深S41 = 1210 S43 = 1812 S47 = 2220 S48 = 2225
Y = Y5V
2 significant figures
+ number of zeros Use "R" for decimal point
S49 = 1825
Z = +80,-20%
Q = 6.3V P = 10V O = 16V A = 25V B = 50V C = 100V D = 200V E = 250V G = 500V H = 630V I = 1000V
3 = 0.30 5 = 0.50 8 = 0.80 A = 0.65 C = 0.85 H = 1.60 I = 2.00 J = 2.50 L = 3.20
significant的用法归纳
significant的用法归纳关键信息项：1、词性：形容词2、释义：重要的；有意义的；显著的；意味深长的3、常见搭配：significant improvement（显著的改进）；significant effect（重大影响）；significant change（重大变化）；significant figure （有效数字）11 作为形容词的基本用法111 表示“重要的；有意义的”This is a significant event in our history（这是我们历史上的一个重要事件。
）The discovery was of significant importance（这一发现具有重要意义。
）112 表示“显著的；明显的”There has been a significant increase in population（人口有了显著的增长。
）The difference between the two groups was significant（两组之间的差异很显著。
）113 表示“意味深长的；别有深意的”He gave me a significant look（他意味深长地看了我一眼。
）Her words carried a significant message（她的话别有深意。
）12 常见搭配121 “significant improvement”The new policy has led to a significant improvement in the economy （新政策使经济有了显著的改善。
）We have seen a significant improvement in his performance（我们看到他的表现有了显著的提高。
）122 “significant effect”The medicine has a significant effect on the disease（这种药对这种疾病有显著的疗效。
4. 美国药典凡例
➢凡例和出现在通则中的常规要求以总结的形式为理解和应用美国药典的 标准、测试、定量分析、其他质量标准，提供了基本指导原则，并消除了 在全书的无数个案中重复那些要求的必要。在没有具体的言语指向对立情 况时，就适用在凡例和通则下的要求。
The General Notices and Requirements (hereinafter referred to as the General No tices) and general requirements appearing in General Chapters provide in summ ary form the basic guidelines for the interpretation and application of the standa rds, tests, assays, and other specifications of the United States Pharmacopeia and eliminate the need to repeat throughout the book those requirements that are p ertinent in numerous instances. Where no specific language is given to the contr ary, the requirements under the General Notices and General Chapters apply.
an article 是个论中所提到的一个产品，不是一个法定物质就是一个法定制剂。 an article is an item for which a monograph is provided, whether an official substance or an official preparation.
ScientificNotationandSignificantFiguresNotes科学记数法和
Dividing
◦ When dividing numbers in scientific notation, the exponents are subtracted
Ex. 9.0 x 105 / 3.0 x 102 = 3.0 x 103 Ex. 3.0 x 103 / 2.0 x 104 = 1.5 x 10-1
◦ Large numbers will have a positive exponent
Ex. 67,000 = 6.7 x 104
◦ Small numbers will have a negative exponent
Ex. 0.000031 = 3.1 x 10-5
Now try some!!!
Ex. 5.12 x 10-2 = 0.0512
Now try some!!
Going from scientific notation to standard number form.
Numbers in scientific notation should begin with a number between 1 and 10 and then should be followed by “x 10” with an exponent.
Example: 1.12 + 2.3 = 3.42
Math with Sig Figs
Multiplying/Dividing
◦ Answer should have the same number of SIG FIGS as the original number with the LEAST amount of sig figs.
有效数字
Precision and Accuracy
• 精密度（precision）和准确度（accuracy）
– 精密度表示测量值之间的相近性 – 准确度表示测量值与真实值之间的相近性
精密度高，准确度低 精密度低，准确度高 精密度高，准确度高
Significant Figures: Examples
• 加减法 150.0 + 0.507 = 150.507 = 150.5 2.0113 + 31.25 + 0.357 = 33.6183 = 33.62
• 乘除法 2.51 × 1.2 = 3.012 = 3.0 45.2 6.3578 = 7.1094 = 7.11
Significant Figures
• 有效数字：是指在分析工作中实际能够测量到的数字。
所谓能够测量到的是包括最后一位估计的、不确定的数 字。 我们把通过直读获得的准确数字叫做可靠数字；把 通过估读得到的那部分数字叫做存疑数字。把测量结果 中能够反映被测量大小的带有一位存疑数字的全部数字 叫有效数字。如举例中测得物体的长度5.16 cm。我们记 录的数据和实验结果表述中的数据便是有效数字。
入有效数字，如：3.0，0.0200； 5. 如果数字右侧有零，但是位于小数点之前，一般
不记入有效数字，如：130，10300。
Scientific Notation（科学计数法）
• 以10300为例 – 若有三位有效数字，记为：1.03×104 – 若有四位有效数字，记为：1.030×104 – 若有五位有效数字，记为：1.0300×104
• 修约规则 ---- “四舍六入五取偶” 14.2432保留三位有效数字，则为14.2 26.4843保留三位有效数字，则为26.5 1.0501保留两位有效数字，则为1.1 1.05保留两位有效数字，则为1.0（末位有效数字为偶数）
significant figures 有效数字
有效数字是指用来表示一个量值的数字中，对所测得的数值给出准确度的数字。
在科学实验和工程设计中，确定一个测量值的有效数字是非常重要的，它直接影响到实验结果或工程设计的准确性和可靠性。
在本文中，我们将探讨有效数字的相关概念、规则和应用，并探讨在实际工作中如何正确地应用有效数字。
一、有效数字的概念有效数字是指一个数字中能够表达出一个量值的准确度的数字。
在一个测量值中，有效数字通常是从左到右第一个非零数字开始，一直到最后一个数字为止。
对于测量值45.678，有效数字为4、5、6、7、8，因为它们都对测量值的准确度有贡献。
二、有效数字的规则1. 非零数字都是有效数字。
测量值123.45中的1、2、3、4、5都是有效数字。
2. 在非零数字之间的零都是有效数字。
测量值305.007中的3、5、7都是有效数字。
3. 在小数点后的零都是有效数字。
测量值0.00340中的3、4、0都是有效数字。
4. 在科学计数法下，所有表示数量的数字都是有效数字。
科学计数法下的测量值2.34×10^3中的2、3、4都是有效数字。
5. 数字中除了有效数字以外的其他数字，都属于非有效数字。
测量值1.23中的1和2是有效数字，而3属于非有效数字。
三、有效数字的运算规则在进行有效数字的加减运算时，结果的有效数字取决于有效数字最少的测量值。
在进行有效数字的乘除运算时，结果的有效数字取决于有效数字最少的测量值中有效数字的个数。
对于测量值3.21和5.743的乘法运算，结果的有效数字为3个。
四、有效数字的应用在科学实验和工程设计中，正确理解和应用有效数字是非常重要的。
在实验测量中，要根据仪器精度和测量范围选择合适的有效数字，以确保测量结果的准确性。
在工程设计中，要根据设计要求和制造工艺选择合适的有效数字，以确保产品的性能和质量。
五、有效数字的误差分析在测量中，由于仪器精度和人为因素等原因，测量结果往往存在一定的误差。
正确理解和应用有效数字可以帮助我们分析和评估测量误差，从而更准确地判断测量结果的可靠性和真实性。
significant figures
有效數字 普化教學組2007/9/26一、有效數字（significant figure ）滴定，右圖中的滴定管，它的最小測量單位是mL。
其中2.1右方的數值「5」則為估計值（uncertain digit ）mL 為3位有效數字。
稱量，得到1.10 g 及1.0745 g 。
記錄數字「1.10 g 」中的 0 很重要，不得略寫為。
（三位有效數字） 估計值 「0」這個數字的出現常會令有效位數有些困擾，其原則為：小數點後面的「0」均為有效數字，例如1.10為三位有效數字；夾在數字中間的「0」均為有效數字，例如1.0725為五位有效數字；所有非零數值前的「0」均不是有效數字，例如0.011 為二位有效數字。
然而在整數中的尾數若為「0」時會具有混淆性，例如「1500 mL 」可能是二位有效數字，但也可能為三位或四為有效數字，為正確表示「1500 mL 」測量值的有效數字，可根據最小測量單位，以科學記數法表示。
例如：1.5 × 103 mL（二位有效數字，表示 ±100 mL ） 1.50 × 103 mL（三位有效數字，表示 ±10 mL ） 1.500 × 103 mL（四位有效數字，表示 ±1 mL ）二、有效數字的四則運算當多個數字要進行四則運算時，必須注意有效位數的決定。
舉例說明如下：(1) 752.46 − 21 = 731.46，答案應表示為731，雖然752.46的不準度在小數點後第二位，但是21的不準度卻在個位，這將導致其差731.46中自個位起均為不準位數，按規定只能保留一位有誤差的數值，因此在此例中不準位取在最前面的個位，經四捨五入取捨後為752.46 − 21 = 731.46 ＝ 731(2) 若為乘除運算，所得答案須配合有效位數最少的數值，以下算式為例，最小有效位數為「0.011」的二位有效數字，所以最後答案也以二位有效數字表示。
分析化学专业英语-04
Follow your nose. 一直走。 inexact numbers: 不准确数字 oexample: any measurement. o例：任何量测
Follow your nose. 一直走。 If I quickly measure the width of a piece of notebook paper, I might get 22 mm (2 significant figures). o假如我快速量测一张笔记本纸的宽度，我可能得到22 mm （2位有效数字）。
Follow your nose. 一直走。 Conclusion: The number of significant figures is directly linked to a measurement. 结论：有效数字的位数与一次量测直接相关。
Follow your nose. 一直走。
Follow your nose. 一直走。 It includes one estimated digit. So, does the concept of significant figures deal with precision or accuracy? 它包括了一位估计的数字。因此，有效数字的内容是讨论精确 度和准确度？
Follow your nose. 一直走。 I'll answer this question after you peruse the next example. 你了解下一个例子后，我将回答这个问题。
Follow your nose. 一直走。 Let's look at an example where significant figures is important: measuring volume in the laboratory. 让我们来看一个有效数字很重要的例子：实验室里测量 体积
小学数学 有效数字和四舍五入 Significant Figures 英语双语练习题
Worksheet on Significant Figures有效数字练习题Take the guidance on the concept of Significant Figures by taking the help of Worksheet on Significant Figures. Practice all the problems present in the Significant Figures Worksheets and get a good grip on the topic. Test your subject knowledge by taking the practice tests available in the document. Also, you can easily enhance your problem-solving skills by solving Worksheet on Significant Figures on a daily basis. Assess your preparation standards and concentrate on the areas you are facing difficulty.借助有效数字练习题，对有效数字概念进行指导。
练习重要数字练习题中的所有问题，并掌握好这个主题。
通过文档里的提供的实践测试可以测试你的掌握程度。
此外，你可以轻松地提高你解决问题的能力，你可以每天练习。
评估你的标准，集中精力在你觉得困难的领域。
Significant Figures Examples with Answers重要数字题目示例（附答案）Check different problems impose on Significant Figures and get a grip on every concept available in the Significant Figures.检查对有效数字所问的不同问题，掌握有效数字中可用的每个概念。
专业基础课-《分析化学》课程教学大纲(英文班)
Syllabus of Chemistry AnalysisApplicable subjects：major in pharmacy（Credit：2 class hour：36 ）1. Course DescriptionAnalytical Chemistry is a required course in pharmacy. It is a measurement science, responsible for characterizing the composition of natural and artificial materials, both qualitatively and quantitatively. With the advancement of science, the current definition of analytical chemistry would be “analytical chemistry is the science of inventing and applying the concepts, principles, and strategies for measuring the characteristics of chemical systems and species”. The content is divided into two parts: chemical analysis and instrumental analysis. This course is major in chemical analysis. Chemical analysis mainly deals with the content of classical chemical analysis.2. Teaching contents, basic requirements and scheduleChapter 1 Introduction of Analytical ChemistryTo understand the nature, tasks, basic content, development trend of analytical chemistry and its function in pharmaceutical related specialties.To learn steps in the development of an Analytical Method, and classification of Quantitative Analytical Chemistry.Major contents1.1what is Analytical Chemistry1.2steps in the development of an Analytical Method1.3Classification of Quantitative Analytical Chemistry1.3.1Chemical Analysis1.3.2Instrumental AnalysisChapter 2 data analysisTo grasp the cause of error and the method of reduction, the method of expressing accuracy and precision; the distribution of random errors; significant figures and numerical rounding in calculaions.To be familiar with predicting the probability of random errors and confidence interval for population mean; the abandonment of the escape value, and statistical aids to hypothesis testing;To understand statistical data treatment; the influence of measurement error on the calculation result,Major contents2.1 error and classification2.1.1 accuracry and precision2.1.2 errors and deviation2.1.3 systematic and random errors2.1.4 improve the accuracy of the method2.2 distribution of random errors2.2.1 frequency distribution2.2.2 normal distribution2.2.3 predicting the probability of random errors2.3 statistical data treatment2.3.1 estimation of Population Mean and Population Standard Deviation2.3.2 Confidence interval for population mean2.3.3 statistical aids to hypothesis testing2.3.4 detection of Gross Errors2.4 propagation of error2.4.1 systematic error2.4.2 random errors2.4.3 maximum errors2.4.4 distribution of errors2.5 significant figure convention2.5.1 significant figures2.5.2 numerical rounding in calculationsKey points:1.basic knowledge of error2.causes of error and ways of reduction and avoiding3.distribution of random errors4.confidence interval for population mean5. rejection of doubtful data and statistical aids to hypothesis testing6. significant figures and numerical rounding in calculationsNodus:1. causes of error and ways of reduction and avoiding2. confidience level and confidence interval3. statistical aids to hypothesis testing4. numerical rounding in calculationsChapter 3 principles of volumetric titrationTo grasp the basic concepts of titrimetric analysis, application of titrimetric analysis and calculation methods of titrimetric analylsis and to learn about the classification of titrimetric analysis.Major Contens3.1. Basic term, includes titrimetry, titrand, stoichiometric point, indicator, primary standards and standard solution.3.2 requirements of titration reactions3.3 classification of titration process3.4 primary standards and standard solutions3.5 basic apparatus in chemical analyses3.6 Calculations in volumetric titration3.6.1 preparation of standard solutions3.6.2 titration results.Key points1.Basic concepts and calculation methods of titrimetric analysis2.requirements of titration reactions3.primary standards and the preparation of standard solutionsChapter 4-1 acid-base titrationTo master proton condition equotion, pH calculations.To be familiar with the basic concept of the theory of Bronsted-Lowry, magnitude of dissociating species at a given pH, acid-base reactions and equilibria,.To understand the concept of the activity; buffer capacity and the preparation of buffer solutions.Major Contens4.1 acid-base equilibrium4.1.1 equilibrium constants and effect of electrolytes4.1.2 acid-base reactions and equilibriums4.1.2.1 acid-base bronsted concept4.1.2.2 dissociation of acid or base and acid-base equilibria4.1.2.3 magnitude of dissociating species at a given pH4.1.3 solving equlibrim calculations using pH calculations as an example4.1.3.1 general approaches (systematic approaches)① mass balance equation② charge-balance equation③ proton condition equotion4.1.3.2 pH calculations① weak monoprotic acids and bases② polyprotic acids③ amphiprotic species④ mixture of strong acid and weak acid4.1.4 buffer solutions4.1.4.1 pH calculation of buffer solution4.1.4.2 buffer capacity4.1.4.3 preparation of buffersKey points1.acid-base bronsted concept2.acid-base reactions and equilibriums3.magnitude of dissociating species at a given pH4.proton condition equation5. pH calculation in solution of weak monoprotic acids/bases, polyprotic acids, amphiprotic species, mixture of strong acid and weak acid, or buffer solutions.Nodus:1.distribution factor and distribution curve, confirmation of proton balance equation2.magnitude of dissociating species at a given pH3.calculation of acidity of ampholyteric compound solution and buffer solutions.Chapter 4-2 acid-base titrationTo master the principle of acid/base indicatorsTo be familiar with the factors influencing performance of acid/base indicators.To master the principle of method of titration, titration curve, end point judge, end point error, the way of choosing the right indicator and the calculation of titration results.To be familiar with the law of pH changing in various processes of acid-base titration; the application of acid-base titration; and the calculation of titration results..To understand the titration of polyfunctional weak acids (bases); the preparation of standard acid/base solutions.Major Contens:4.2 acid-base titration4.2.1 acid-base indicators① principle② examples③ factors infulencing performance4.2.2 titration curves and selection of indicators4.2.2.1 strong acids (base)4.2.2.2 monoprotic acids (bases4.2.2.3 polyfunctional weak acids (bases)4.2.3 titration error calculations4.2.4 preparation of standard solutions4.2.4.1 standard acid solutions4.2.4.2 standard base solutions4.2.5 examples of acid-base titrationsKey points1.principle of acid/base indicators2. basic concepts of acid-base titration (titration, end point, stoichiometric point, indicator, standard solution, standard substance)3. principle of acid-base titration analysis, titrate curve, end point judgement, end point error4. application of acid-base titration and calculation of titration result.Nodus:1.the law of pH changing in various processes of acid-base titration and the way of choosing the rightindicator.Chapter 5 complexation reaction and complexometric titrationTo master side reaction coefficients and conditional formation constants in complexation reaction, principle of metallochromic indicator and color-transition point pM for metallochromic indicators; the titration curves and titration errors.To understand metal EDTA compleses and frequently used metallochromic indicators; selective titrations of metal ions in the presence of multiple metal ions; and the titration methods and applications.To learn preparation of standard solutionsMajor contents:5.1 complexes and formation constants5.1.1 formation constants5.1.2 concentration of ML n in complexation equilibria5.1.3 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and metal EDTA compleses5.1.4 side reaction coefficients and conditional formation constants in complexation reactions5.2 metallochromic indicators5.2.1 how a metallochromic indicator works5.2.2 color transition point pM((pM)t) for metallochromic indicators5.2.3 frequently used metallochromic indicators5.3 titration curves and titration errors5.3.1 titration curves5.3.2 titration errors5.3.3 pH control in complexometric titrations5.4 selective titrations of metal ions in the presence of multiple metal ions5.4.1 selective titration by regulating Ph5.4.2 selective titration using masking reagents5.5 applications of complexometric titrations5.5.1 buffer selection in complexometric titrations5.5.2 titration methods and applications5.5.3 preparation of standard solutionsKey points1.the principle of complexometry2.formation constants and the concentration of ML n in complexation equilibria3.side reaction coefficients and conditional formation constants in complexation reactions and theircalculation4.the principle of a metallochromic indicator works5 titration curves6. titration errors7. buffer selection in complexometric titrationsNodus:1.The concept of side reaction coefficients and conditional formation constants in complexation reactionsand their calculation.2.color transition point pM((pM)t) for metallochromic indicators3. selective titrations of metal ions in the presence of multiple metal ions.4. buffer selection in complexometric titrationsChapter 6 redox equlibrium and titrationTo master the concept of the Nernst equation, standard electrode potentials, formal potentials, the equilibrium constant of redox reaction and their calculation; basic concepts of redox titration analysis (titration, end point, stoichometric point, indicator, standard solution, standard substance); the principle and titration curves of potassium permanganate redox titrations; and the calculation of titration result.To be familiar with the way of choosing the right condition for redox titration.To be understand factors affecting the reaction rateTo learn the other redox titrations.Major contents:6.1 standard electrode potentials, formal potentials and redox equilibria6.1.1 standard electrode potentials6.1.2 the Nernst equation and formal potentials6.1.3 factors affecting the formal potential6.1.4 the equilibrium constant of redox reaction6.2 factors affecting the reaction rate6.2.1 concentration6.2.2 temperature6.2.3 catalysis and reaction rate6.2.4 induced reaction6.3 redox titration6.3.1 constructing redox titration curves6.3.2 indicators6.3.3 auxiliary oxidizing and reducing agents6.4 examples of redox titrations6.4.1 potassium permanganate6.4.2 potassium dichromate6.4.3 iodine: iodimetry and iodometry6.4.4 potassium bromate6.4.5 ceric sulfateKey points1.The concepts of the Nernst equation, standard electrode potentials, formal potentials, the equilibriumconstant of redox reaction and their calculation.2.basic concepts of redox titration analysis (titration, end point, stoichometric point, indicator, standardsolution, standard substance)3.principle of potassium permanganate redox titrations, and their titrate curve, end point judge, titrationerror4.application of redox titration analysis and calculation of titration result.Nodus:1.the concept of formal potentials and its calculation.2.basic concepts of redox titration analysis(titration, end point, stoichometric point, indicator, standardsolution, standard substance)3.potassium permanganate redox titrations, and their titrate curve, end point judge, titration errorChapter 7 precipitation equilibrium, titration, and gravimetryTo master the contents and relative calculations about precipitation equilibria and solubility, factors that affect the solubility of precipitates. ②the principle of precipitation titration analysis, end point judge.To be familiar with the feature of gravimetric method and its principle and process and how to obtaining high purity precipitation.To understand the precipitate formation and requirements for precipitation.Major contents:7.1 precipitation equilibria and solubility7.1.1 solubility of precipitation in pure water7.1.2 ionic strength and the solubility of precipitates7.1.3 common ion and the solubility of precipitates7.1.4 pH and the solubility of precipitates7.1.5 complexing agents and the solubility of precipitates7.2 precipitation titations7.2.1 titration curves7.2.2 examples of methods classified by endpoint indication7.2.3 preparation of standard solutions7.3 precipitation gravimetry7.3.1 classification of gravimetric methods of analysis7.3.2 general precedure and requirements for precipitation7.3.3 precipitate formation7.3.4 obtaining high purity precipitation7.3.5 experimental consideration7.3.6 examples of organic precipitating reagentsKey points1.precipitation-dissolution equilibrium, solubility product principle2.precipitation titration analysis and calculation of titration result3.gravimetric method and its principle and process4.how to obtaining high purity precipitation.Nodus1.precipitation equilibria and factors that affect the solubility of precipitates.2.principle of precipitation titration analysis and end point judge3.how to obtaining high purity precipitation.3. schedual4. recommended teaching materials1. analytical chemistry(seventh version)，edited by Yufeng Cai, et al. ISBN 798-7-117-14378-3/R-14379, People’s Medical Publishing House2. analytical chemistry(fifth version)，edited by Wuhan university, IBSN 978-7-04-019382-4, Higher Education Press.3. Quantitative chemical analysis (first version), edited by Li Na et al. IBSN 978-7-301-15659-9/O·0786, Peking university press.。
significant 数学
significant 数学
在数学中，“significant”这个词可能出现在几个上下文中。
下面是其中几个常见的例子：
1.统计显著性（Statistical Significance）：这是统计学中经常使用的一个概念。
当某个事件或实验
结果的观察频率或观测值与预期或模型的预测之间存在明显差异时，我们说这个结果是统计显著的。
通常，我们会使用p值或z分数等工具来评估这种显著性。
2.有效数字（Significant Figures）：在数值表示中，有效数字是指那些具体表示数值大小的数字。
例如，在数字12345中，“2”是一个有效数字，因为它确实代表了一个具体的数值。
与此相关的是“有效位数”，它是那些非零的数字。
3.重要样本（Significant Samples）：在进行统计推断或实验设计时，某些样本或数据点可能对结
果有显著影响。
这些样本被称为重要样本。
4.显著性检验（Significance Tests）：这是统计学中的一种方法，用于评估一个假设是否可以被数
据拒绝。
例如，t检验、z检验和卡方检验等都是显著性检验的例子。
在以上例子中，“significant”表示的是一种相对重要性或显著性，强调了某个数字、事件或结果相对于其他可能的值、事件或结果的特殊性或重要性。
在具体的上下文中，“significant”可以有不同的含义和解释，需要结合具体语境进行理解。
介绍鲁迅的英语作文60词
介绍鲁迅的英语作文1Lu Xun is one of the most significant figures in modern Chinese literature. Born in 1881, he embarked on a journey of seeking knowledge early in his life. His pursuit of learning led him to study medicine abroad, but a profound realization made him abandon this path and turn to literature.The decision to switch from medicine to literature was a crucial one for Lu Xun. He witnessed the numbness and ignorance of the people and believed that changing their minds through literature was more crucial than treating their physical ailments. His works, such as "Diary of a Madman" and "The True Story of Ah Q," exposed the harsh social realities and the deep-rooted problems of Chinese society at that time."Diary of a Madman" sharply criticized the feudal ethical code and traditional culture, while "The True Story of Ah Q" depicted the tragic fate and distorted mentality of the common people. These works not only reflected social issues but also aroused people's consciousness and reflection.Lu Xun's literary achievements had a profound impact on the development of modern Chinese literature. His incisive writing style and profound thoughts inspired countless writers. He led the way in exploring new forms and themes, making significant contributions to themodernization and innovation of Chinese literature.In conclusion, Lu Xun's life and works are a precious heritage. His spirit of caring about the nation and the people, as well as his pursuit of truth and justice, will always inspire us.2Lu Xun is one of the most renowned and influential figures in Chinese literature. His works are characterized by a sharp and incisive writing style, fearlessly criticizing the feudal ethical code that shackled the minds and spirits of the people.His literary works, such as "The True Story of Ah Q" and "Diary of a Madman", exposed the dark and backward aspects of society with great courage and insight. Through his vivid descriptions and profound analysis, he unveiled the hypocrisy and oppression beneath the surface of traditional customs.Lu Xun's famous quotes are full of profound wisdom. For instance, "Hope is like a path in the countryside. Originally there was no path, but once people walk on it frequently, a path appears." This statement reflects his profound understanding of human nature and the pursuit of progress.His status in the history of literature is unparalleled. His works not only influenced his contemporaries but also continue to inspire generations of writers. Many modern authors draw inspiration from his bold exploration of social reality and his unwavering pursuit of truth and justice.In conclusion, Lu Xun's contributions to Chinese literature are immeasurable. His thoughts and writings remain a valuable asset, guiding us to think deeply about society and human nature.3Lu Xun is one of the most influential figures in modern Chinese literature. His works and spirit have had a profound impact on Chinese society.Lu Xun dedicated his life to awakening the public. He was acutely aware of the numerous problems plaguing Chinese society at that time. Through his sharp insights and brave voices, he exposed the darkness and injustice, hoping to stir the consciousness of the people. For instance, his works such as "A Madman's Diary" sharply criticized the feudal ethical code that oppressed people's minds.His writing style was unique and powerful. He used vivid and straightforward language to depict the reality, making people face the truth directly. His works sparked widespread discussions and even brought about certain changes in society. Many people began to reflect on the problems he pointed out and sought solutions.Lu Xun's spirit of perseverance and his sense of responsibility for society are highly valuable. Even in today's world, we still need to learn from his spirit. We should have the courage to face problems, think independently, and strive to make positive changes for the betterment ofsociety.In conclusion, Lu Xun's contributions and spirit will always be remembered and inspire generations to come.4Lu Xun is one of the most renowned literary figures in modern Chinese literature. His works have had a profound and lasting impact on Chinese society and literature.The characteristics and value of Lu Xun's literary works are multi-faceted. Take "朝花夕拾" for instance, it is filled with tender and warm memories. Through his vivid descriptions and delicate emotions, readers can feel the depth and warmth of human nature. Another masterpiece, "呐喊", has a powerful and deafening effect. It bravely exposes the dark sides of society and awakens people's consciousness.The language style of Lu Xun's works is distinctive. He uses concise and forceful words to convey profound thoughts. His characters are meticulously crafted, each with unique personalities and destinies, reflecting the complexity of society. The themes he expresses often delve into social reality, human nature, and the pursuit of justice and truth.In conclusion, Lu Xun's works not only have high literary value but also play a significant role in guiding people's thinking and promoting social progress. They are treasures in the literary world that deserve our in-depth study and appreciation.5Lu Xun is one of the most significant figures in modern Chinese literature. Born in a time of great social upheaval and transformation, he witnessed the struggles and hopes of the Chinese people.The historical background in which Lu Xun emerged was marked by China's efforts to modernize and confront its internal and external challenges. His works became a powerful voice against the feudalism and traditional norms that hindered progress.In terms of cultural inheritance, Lu Xun played a crucial role. He not only criticized the outdated aspects of traditional culture but also sought to extract the essence and values that could contribute to the nation's development. His writings served as a bridge between the past and the future, inspiring a new generation to think critically and strive for change.The influence of Lu Xun's works extends far beyond China's borders. They have been translated into various languages, introducing the world to the complexity and depth of Chinese society and human nature during that era. His insights and observations on human existence and social issues resonate with readers globally.When comparing Lu Xun with other writers of his time, one notable difference lies in his unique style and perspective. While some focused on romanticism or idealism, Lu Xun was known for his stark realism and unflinching examination of the harsh realities. However, they all shared acommon goal of awakening the consciousness of the people and contributing to the cultural and social renewal of the country.In conclusion, Lu Xun's significance lies in his ability to capture the essence of a changing China, to inspire reflection and action, and to leave a lasting legacy that continues to shape our understanding of literature and society.。
12种电容规格书
▶ AVX : 06033C104KAT2A
0603 3
C
104
K
A
T
Size
Voltage
Dielectric Capacitance Tolerance
Failure Rate Termination
0201 0402 0603 0805 1206 1210 1812 2220 2225
Size
Dielectric Capacitance
2 significant figures
+ number of zeros
R07 = 0402 R14 = 0603 R15 = 0805 R18 = 1206 S41 = 1210 S43 = 1812 S47 = 2220 S48 = 2225 S49 = 1825 S54 = 3640
Z = +80,-20%
Q = 6.3V P = 10V O = 16V A = 25V B = 50V C = 100V D = 200V E = 250V G = 500V H = 630V I = 1000V
Thickness
3 = 0.30 5 = 0.50 8 = 0.80 A = 0.65 C = 0.85 H = 1.60 I = 2.00 J = 2.50 L = 3.20
▶ MURATA : GRM188R71E104KA01D
GRM 18
8
R7
1E
Series
Size
Thickness
Dielectric
Voltage
Ni Barrier
SignificantFigur...
Significant Figures HandoutThere are three rules on determining how many significant figures are in a number:1.Non-zero digits are always significant.2.Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.Focus on these rules and learn them well. They will be used extensively throughout the remainder of this course. You would be well advised to do as many problems as needed to nail the concept of significant figures down tight and then do some more, just to be sure.Please remember that, in science, all numbers are based upon measurements (except for a very few that are defined). Since all measurements are uncertain, we must only use those numbers that are meaningful. A common ruler cannot measure something to be 22.4072643 cm long. Not all of the digits have meaning (significance) and, therefore, should not be written down. In science, only the numbers that have significance (derived from measurement) are written.If you're not convinced significant figures are important, you may want to read this Significant Figure Fable at the end of this handout.Rule 1: Non-zero digits are always significant.Hopefully, this rule seems rather obvious. If you measure something and the device you use (ruler, thermometer, triple-beam balance, etc.) returns a number to you, then you have made a measurement decision and that ACT of measuring gives significance to that particular numeral (or digit) in the overall value you obtain.Hence a number like 26.38 would have four significant figures and 7.94 would have three. The problem comes with numbers like0.00980 or 28.09.Rule 2: Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.Suppose you had a number like 406. By the first rule, the 4 and the 6 are significant. However, to make a measurement decision on the 4 (in the hundred's place) and the 6 (in the unit's place), you HAD to have made a decision on the ten's place. The measurement scale for this number would have hundreds and tens marked with an estimation made in the unit's place. Like this:Rule 3: A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.This rule causes the most difficulty with ChemTeam students. Here are two examples of this rule with the zeros this rule affects in boldface:0.005000.03040Here are two more examples where the significant zeros are in boldface:2.30 x 10¯54.500 x 1012What Zeros are Not Discussed AboveZero Type #1: Space holding zeros on numbers less than one.Here are the first two numbers from just above with the digits that are NOT significant in boldface:0.005000.03040These zeros serve only as space holders. They are there to put the decimal point in its correct location. They DO NOT involve measurement decisions. Upon writing the numbers in scientific notation (5.00 x 10¯3 and 3.040 x 10¯2), the non-significant zeros disappear.Zero Type #2: the zero to the left of the decimal point on numbers less than one.When a number like 0.00500 is written, the very first zero (to the left of the decimal point) is put there by convention. Its sole function is to communicate unambiguously that the decimal point is a deciaml point. If the number were written like this, .00500, there is a possibility that the decimal point might be mistaken for a period. Many students omit that zero. They should not.Zero Type #3: trailing zeros in a whole number.200 is considered to have only ONE significant figure while 25,000 has two.This is based on the way each number is written. When whole number are written as above, the zeros, BY DEFINITION, did not require a measurement decision, thus they are not significant.However, it is entirely possible that 200 really does have two or three significnt figures. If it does, it will be written in a different manner than 200.Typically, scientific notation is used for this purpose. If 200 has two significant figures, then 2.0 x 102 is used. If it has three, then 2.00 x 102 is used. If it had four, then 200.0 is sufficient. See rule #2 above.How will you know how many significant figures are in a number like 200? In a problem like below, divorced of all scientific context, you will be told. If you were doing an experiment, the context of the experiment and its measuring devices would tell you how many significant figures to report to people who read the report of your work.Zero Type #4: leading zeros in a whole number.00250 has two significant figures. 005.00 x 10¯4 has three.Exact NumbersExact numbers, such as the number of people in a room, have an infinite number of significant figures. Exact numbers are counting up how many of something are present, they are not measurements made with instruments. Another example of this are defined numbers, such as 1 foot = 12 inches. There are exactly 12 inches in one foot. Therefore, if a number is exact, it DOES NOT affect the accuracy of a calculation nor the precision of the expression. Some more examples:There are 100 years in a century.2 molecules of hydrogen react with 1 molecule of oxygen to form 2 molecules of water.There are 500 sheets of paper in one ream.Interestingly, the speed of light is now a defined quantity. By definition, the value is 299,792,458 meters per second.Are Significant Figures Important? A FableA student once needed a cube of metal which had to have a mass of 83 grams. He knew the density of this metal was 8.67 g/mL, which told him the cube's volume. Believing significant figures were invented just to make life difficult for chemistry students and had no practical use in the real world, he calculated the volume of the cube as 9.573 mL. He thus determined that the edge of the cube had to be 2.097 cm. He took his plans to the machine shop where his friend had the same type of work done the previous year. The shop foreman said, "Yes, we can make this according to your specifications - but it will be expensive.""That's OK," replied the student. "It's important." He knew his friend has paid $35, and he had been given $50 out of the school's research budget to get the job done.He returned the next day, expecting the job to be done. "Sorry," said the foreman. "We're still working on it. Try next week." Finally the day came, and our friend got his cube. It looked very, very smooth and shiny and beautiful in its velvet case. Seeing it, our hero had a premonition of disaster and became a bit nervous. But he summoned up enough courage to ask for the bill. "$500, and cheap at the price. We had a terrific job getting it right -- had to make three before we got one right.""But--but--my friend paid only $35 for the same thing!""No. He wanted a cube 2.1 cm on an edge, and your specifications called for 2.097. We had yours roughed out to 2.1 that very afternoon, but it was the precision grinding and lapping to get it down to 2.097 which took so long and cost the big money. The first one we made was 2.089 on one edge when we got finshed, so we had to scrap it. The second was closer, but still not what you specified. That's why the three tries.""Oh!Practice ProblemsIdentify the number of significant figures:1) 3.08002) 0.004183) 7.09 x 10¯54) 91,6005) 0.0030056) 3.200 x 1097) 2508) 780,000,0009) 0.010110) 0.00800Answers1) 3.0800 - five significant figures. All the rules are illustrated by this problem. Rule one - the 3 and the 8. Rule Two - the zero between the 3 and 8. Rule three - the two trailing zeros after the 8.2) 0.00418 - three significant figures: the 4, the 1, and the 8. This is a typical type of problem where the student errs by giving five significant figures as the answer.3) 7.09 x 10¯5 - three significant figures. When a number is written in scientific notation, only significant figures are placed into the numerical portion. If this number were taken out of scientific notation, it would be 0.0000709.4) 91,600 - three significant figures. The last two zeros are not considered to be significant (at least normally). Suppose you had information that showed the zero in the tens place to be significant. How would you show it to be different from the zero in the ones place, which is not significant? The answer is scientific notation. Here is how it would be written: 9.160 x 104. This CLEARLY indicates the presence of four significant figures.5) 0.003005- four significant figures. No matter how many zeros there are between two significant figures, all the zeros are to be considered significant. A number like 70.000001 would have 8 significant figures.6) 3.200 x 109 - four significant figures. Notice the use of scientific notation to indicate that there are two zeros which should be significant. If this number were to be written without scientific notation (3,200,000,000) the significance of those two zeros would be lost and you would - wrongly - say that there were only two significant figures.7) 28) 29) 310) 3。
英语作文 介绍一位中国历史人物
英语作文介绍一位中国历史人物As one of the most significant figures in Chinese history, Confucius, also known as Kong Fuzi, was a philosopher, teacher, and political figure during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. Born in 551 BC in the state of Lu, Confucius devoted his life to teaching and advocating for moral values, ethical conduct, and social harmony.Confucius' teachings, which focused on the importance of maintaining harmonious relationships in all aspects of life, greatly influenced the development of Chinese culture and society. His philosophy, known as Confucianism, emphasizedthe importance of the Five Relationships: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, and friend and friend. He believed that by adheringto these relationships and practicing filial piety, respect,and moral integrity, individuals could contribute to thewell-being of society as a whole.Aside from his philosophical teachings, Confucius also played a crucial role in education and politics. He established a system of learning that focused on classical texts, ethics, and moral values, which became the foundation of Chinese education for centuries to come. He also served as an advisor to several political rulers, offering his wisdom and guidance on how to govern with virtue and benevolence.Even though Confucius faced many challenges and setbacks during his lifetime, his ideas and teachings eventually gained widespread acceptance and influence. Today, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers and philosophers in Chinese history, and his impact is still felt in various aspects of Chinese culture, including family life, education, and government.Overall, Confucius' enduring legacy is a testament to his profound influence on Chinese society and culture. His teachings continue to inspire people around the world to strive for moral excellence, ethical conduct, and social harmony. Confucius' timeless wisdom and principles continue to resonate with people from all walks of life, making him a truly remarkable and revered figure in Chinese history.。
Significant figures
0.0052 →2 Sig
10
3. Logarithm: The number of Significant Figures depend on the decimal digits. 对数：有效数字位数仅取决于小数部分数字的 位数 pH=12.68 →2 Sig Figs
pH 12.68 [H ] 2.110
5
6
2.35 cm
Recording Significant Figures Significant Figures in a measurement include the known digits plus a final estimated digit.
7
注：
1、有效数字末位数字是估计出来的，但它并不是 臆造，也是测量数据应该保留； 2、有效数字不仅反应数量的大小，同时也反应测 量精度。 3、有效数字的位数与单位无关；
b. zeros at the end of a decimal Байду номын сангаасumber are Significant Figure 非零小数后的“0” 是有效数字 5.0 →2 Sig Figs
c. all other zeros are not Significant Figure
“0”在其它位置 不是有效数字 Figs
13
11
Exercise
23.55 402 0.0040 pH＝10.20 4 Sig Figs 3 Sig Figs 2 Sig Figs 2 Sig Figs
12
13
2
For example, nurses use measurement each time they take a patient’s temperature, height, weight and blood pressure.
significant figures在数学中的意思
significant figures在数学中的意思
在数学中，significant figures指的是一个数字中重要的部分，也就是除了零以外的数字部分。
这些数字部分能够表达出该数字的精确度。
例如，数字1234567890，其中12345是significant figures，而后面的67890是多余的零，没有实际意义。
“significant figures”翻译成中文是“有效数字”或“重要数字”。
在科学计算中，有效数字是表示测量结果可信度的关键因素之一。
有效数字是指在分析工作中实际能够测量到的数字，包括最后一位估计的，不确定的数字。
在数学中，有效数字是指在一个数中，从该数的第一个非零数字起，直到末尾数字止的数字称为有效数字。
例如，样品称重为0.5000g，滴定体积为24.01mL等都是有效数字。
有效数字的位数即有效位数，是指数字中具有明确意义的位数，包括最后一位不确定但可估计的数字。
父母会关心我英语作文
父母会关心我英语作文题目，父母会关心我（Parents Care About Me）。
作文：Parents are always the most significant figures in our lives. They not only give us life but also nurture and support us throughout our journey. One aspect of their care that stands out is their concern for our well-being, especially in areas like education. In this essay, I will delve into how parents care about their children's English learning, drawing from personal experiences and common observations.First and foremost, parents understand the importanceof English proficiency in today's globalized world. They recognize that a strong command of English opens up opportunities for higher education, better career prospects, and improved communication on a global scale. As a result, they often take proactive measures to ensure their childrenexcel in English.One way parents show their concern is by investing in their children's education. They may enroll them in English language courses or hire tutors to provide personalized instruction. Additionally, parents may allocate time and resources for educational materials such as books, online resources, and language learning apps. By doing so, they demonstrate their commitment to their children's academic success and future prospects.Moreover, parents actively engage in their children's English learning process. They may set aside time to review homework, practice speaking English together, or even participate in language exchange programs as a family. This hands-on approach not only reinforces the importance of English but also strengthens the bond between parents and children through shared learning experiences.Furthermore, parents provide emotional support and encouragement to bolster their children's confidence in learning English. They understand that language acquisitioncan be challenging and may involve setbacks and frustrations. Therefore, they offer words of encouragement, praise their children's progress, and provide reassurance during times of difficulty. This support system plays a crucial role in motivating children to persist in their language learning journey.Additionally, parents actively involve themselves in their children's English education by communicating with teachers and monitoring their progress. They attend parent-teacher meetings, seek feedback on their children's performance, and collaborate with educators to address any areas of improvement. By being actively involved in their children's academic lives, parents demonstrate their dedication to providing the necessary support and resources for success.In conclusion, parents' concern for their children's English learning is evident through their investments, active engagement, emotional support, and collaboration with educators. Their efforts stem from a desire to equip their children with the necessary skills and opportunitiesfor a bright future. As beneficiaries of their care and guidance, it is incumbent upon us to appreciate their efforts and strive for excellence in our English education.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
5
6
Байду номын сангаас
2.35 cm
Recording Significant Figures Significant Figures in a measurement include the known digits plus a final estimated digit.
7
注：
1、有效数字末位数字是估计出来的，但它并不是 臆造，也是测量数据应该保留； 2、有效数字不仅反应数量的大小，同时也反应测 量精度。 3、有效数字的位数与单位无关；
0.0052 →2 Sig
10
3. Logarithm: The number of Significant Figures depend on the decimal digits. 对数：有效数字位数仅取决于小数部分数字的 位数 pH=12.68 →2 Sig Figs
pH 12.68 [H ] 2.110
13
11
Exercise
23.55 402 0.0040 pH＝10.20 4 Sig Figs 3 Sig Figs 2 Sig Figs 2 Sig Figs
12
13
b. zeros at the end of a decimal number are Significant Figure 非零小数后的“0” 是有效数字 5.0 →2 Sig Figs
c. all other zeros are not Significant Figure
“0”在其它位置 不是有效数字 Figs
4、有效数字中末位数字的绝对误差是±1个单位
8
1.2 Counting of Significant Figures (有效数字位数的确定)
The rules for determining the number of Significant Figures are as follows: 1. All non-zero digits are Significant Figure
In measured number, the Significant Figures are all the reported numbers including the estimated digit.
有效数字：分析工作中实际上能测量到的数 字，包含最后一位的估读数字。
4
Measured numbers are the numbers you obtain when you use a measuring tool to determine your height, weight, temperature and so on.
2
For example, nurses use measurement each time they take a patient’s temperature, height, weight and blood pressure.
3
1.1 Significant Figures (有效数字)
Significant Figures
Measurement is an essential part of health careers such as nursing(护理), dental hygiene(口腔卫生), respiratory therapy(呼吸治疗), nutrition(营养) and veterinary(兽医)technology. If you intend to go into a health career, the measurement and an understanding of measured values will be an important part of your evaluation of the health of a patient.
所有的非零数字都是有效数字
23.26ml →4 Sig Figs 1.2398g →5 Sig Figs
9
2. Position of zeros ：
a. zeros between non-zero digits are Significant Figure
“0”在非零数字中间是有效数字 1.0005 →5 Sig Figs