【8A版】常见逻辑谬误(中英对照Fallacy)

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Logical Fallacies逻辑谬误

Stereotypes about people (“pilot students are handsome," "grad students are nerdy," etc.) are common examples of hasty generalization.
Example
"My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I'm in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard!"
Examples
President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime.
The increase in taxes might or might not be one factor in the rising crime rates, but the argument hasn't shown us that one caused the other.
for example, if I register for a class, and my name later appears on the roll, it's true that the first event caused the one that came later.
But sometimes two events that seem related in time aren't really related as cause and effect. That is, correlation isn't the same thing as causation.

Fallacies 谬误

Logical Fallacies逻辑谬误These are famous types of bad logic and reasoning. If you know about these, you will be more clever at creating arguments and attacking your enemy’s arguments.1.Dicto Simpliciter, Unqualified GeneralizationMaking general statements about complicated situations when you don’t have evidence is a fallacy.Words like “always, all, never, every, most” can show an unqualified generalization.Example: All people from New York are rude.2.Hasty GeneralizationIt is wrong to make a generalization when you only have a few samples.Example: Prince William has blue eyes, Bill Clinton has blue eyes, my dad has blue eyes. White people have blue eyes.3.Ad Hominem, Poisoning the WellAttacking and insulting your enemy instead of focusing on the issue is a fallacy.Example: The President cheated on his wife and lied about it. He’s a dirty guy.We shouldn’t use his economic plan.4.Ad Populem, Appeal to the PeopleTelling people what they want to hear, or what they fear.Example: I know I can count on you for money, because you are generous.5.Ad Misercordiam, Appeal to PityMaking people feel pity and sadness to get what you want is a fallacy.Example: Look at these poor starving children. Send me money now!6.Testimonial, AssociationSomeone great or famous is associated with your argument.Beethoven was forced by his dad to play music. You should be too!7.Post Hoc, After That so Because Of ThatJust because event B happened after event A doesn’t mean A caused B.Example: President Obama was elected in 2008, and in 2011 America’s economy began to recover.Obama fixed the economy!8.Either-Or, Two AlternativesOffering people a choice between two things with no middle ground or other possibilities is often afallacy.Example: Do you want a class leader who is ugly and smart, or one who is pretty and stupid?9.Begging the Question, Circular ArgumentsInstead of proving the truth of your conclusion, you just assume that the conclusion is true. Basically, it just means you avoid giving real evidence.Example: Serious punishment prevents crime because it prevents criminals from doing bad things.10.Straw ManTo make a Straw Man argument, pretend your enemy said something that he didn’t really say, thenattack that argument. You will seem smart and he will seem stupid.Example: The school leaders think we’re too stupid and careless to keep water heaters in our rooms.Don’t they know this is a school with high requirements, and we all have high Gao Kao scores? We are not stupid at all!11.Slippery SlopeClaiming that one event will lead to other bad events is a slippery slope argument.Example: America must defeat the communists in Vietnam, or communist parties will take control of Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and then the world!Which fallacies are in these statements? Tell me why the logic is bad.1.We shouldn’t spend money to improve the canteen. The cooks are all wife-beating drunks.2.The school shouldn’t improve the dormitories because most Chinese dorms are horrible. It’s normalhere.3.Students should have more politics classes. Grades have gone up since we increased the number ofpolitics classes.4.Mao Zedong had a simple dormitory. You should have a simple dormitory too!5.If we spend more money on your dormitory, we won’t have money to hire good teachers. You’ll get abad education.6.We shouldn’t force the restaurant owners at the West Gate to clean up the street and their restaurants.They’re so poor! Lots of the cooks have no education, and their profit is so low. They’re struggling t o survive!7.The class leader is laughing behind your back, forcing you out of bed and making you go to long, boringmeetings, because she gets a thrill by hurting you. Class leaders can’t punish us for their pleasure! It’s cruel and abusive and unfair. Screw that class leader!8.We need class meetings! If we don’t have them, soon we won’t see each other, and then our class willhave no organization!9.We need long class meetings. Long class meetings are good for you.Class work: create a 1-paragraph argument for or against one of these statements. Use a fallacy that we learned about in your reasoning. Your partner will find the fallacy and argue against it.Topic choices:1.It is better to fight monsters than aliens.2.At weddings, everyone should kiss the bride.3.People who smoke in public should be killed.。

十种谬误中英对照

十种谬误中英对照了解基本逻辑，避免常见错误?要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文LoveIsAFallacy(作者MaxShulman)，这里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。

?1.草率前提(DictoSimpliciter)?例如：Womenareonave ragenotasstrongasmenandlessabletoperformwellpolitically.Therefore,womencan''tpulltheirweightingovernmentwork.?点评：虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。

?2.过度概化(HastyGeneralization)?例如：McDonald''sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition, andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideuswithnutritiousfoods.?点评：两个个例不足以推出一个真理。

?3.因果颠倒(PostHoc)?例如：Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheycommittheircrimes;obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency.点评：甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。

4.矛盾前提(ContradictoryPremises)?例如：IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan''tcarry??点评：前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误的。

?5.感性论证(AdMisericordiam)?例如：Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem??点评：抒情是不能当作论证的。

常见逻辑谬误一览

常见逻辑谬误一览稻草人谬误Strawman蓄意错误歪曲表述对方的观点,使之成为易受攻击的目标稻草人;通过蓄意夸大、错误表述,或完全的捏造对方的观点,凸显己方观点更有理有据;例：Will 说俺们应该把更多的资源投入教育和医疗,Warren反驳曰：Will是如此的仇恨伟大祖国,居然要削减军费,丫这是要让俺们自废武功啊滑坡谬误 Slippery Slope断言如果允许A事件发生,Z事件将顺理成章的随之发生,所以：A事件断不可发生;此谬误逻辑的问题在于回避眼前争论的观点A,把争论转向毫无根据的极端臆造观点Z;如此这般,这种毫无根据的臆测将模糊化原观点下争论的意义;例：Colin Closet断言现如今儿,如果咱们允许同性婚配,那么,接下来也得同意丫挺的和他们的父母或他们的爱车,甚至他们的猴儿们结婚;片面辩护迷信谬误Special Pleading在己方论点被证伪后,改变规则或编造例外或特例;人类是种极为厌恶自个观点被证伪的傻乎乎的可笑物种;许多人不珍视通过提高自身认知能力来获得更多的收益,而是为了因循守旧臆造了各式各样的理由;例：Edward Johns 自称有通灵的能力,但在正儿八经的科学仪器测试中,神汉的超能力见鬼鸟;但神汉依然哭喊着要人们相信丫的超能力是“信则灵,不信不灵”;赌徒谬误The Gambler's Fallacy笃信事件“序列”是随机独立发生,如同旋转式轮盘赌,符合统计相关性;这个被普遍相信的谬误可以说确实有助于建立那个内华达沙漠中的城市赌城;尽管“撞大运”满贯的发生概率很低,但轮盘赌中每一转的结果肯定独立于后面的一转;例：看到轮盘中已连续6次翻红的盘面,Greg 确信下面绝对该TM翻黑了但是,因为经济学版本的自然选择规律,丫很快蚀光老本;黑白谬误Black-or-White在存在多种可能性时,却只提供两种可选的可能性;也称为两难推理谬误,这种阴险的策略表面上是一种符合逻辑的争论,实际上通过细致的审视,显然存在更多的可能,而不仅是所提供的“不是……,就是……”的两种可能;例：元首在忽悠人们支持丫损害公民权益的计划时,满怀慈悲地告诉老百姓：MD,不是站在老子这一边的,就TM是反贼那一边的钦此错误归因False Cause在讨论真实的或所观察到的事件之间的相互关系时,主观假定其中一个是其它事件的原因;许多人困惑于事件之间的相互联系事件同时发生或连续发生及因果关系其中一个事件确实是其它事件发生的原因;但有时事件的发生纯属巧合,或是因为共同的原因而触发;例：对着一张稀奇古怪的图表,Rodger正儿八经地指出过去的几个世纪全球在持续的,变暧了,而同时期的全球海盗活动持续的,减少了；所以呢,全球变暧纯属扯淡,因为当年啊,正是海盗们的折腾降低了地球温度;人身攻击Ad Hominem通过攻击对方的个性或个人特征来削弱对方的观点;人身攻击是通过攻击人格或置疑对方品性的形式进行;人身攻击的结果是伤害对方本人,却压根未涉及所争论观点的实质;例：关于税收制度更平等的问题,Sally 陈述了一个咄咄逼人、极有说服力的观点后,Sam 掉头问听众们：这个女子未婚啊,还被捕过一次,看上去怪怪的样子,你们能相信这个女子说的吗诱导性问题Loaded Question问题中预设了某种圈套,对方无论如何回答都难免负疚难堪;因其挑拨煽动式的内涵,诱导性问题在挠乱正常对话时特别有效：迫使对方可能陷入狼狈、尴尬的自卫;例：Grace和Helen都很想和帅哥Brad粘乎粘乎,一天呢,当帅哥近在咫尺时,绿茶Grace 亲昵地大声问Helen：美女,你是不是得过牛皮癣呀诉诸主流思想Bandwagon因为某观点吸引大众或从者多多,就以此验证此观点为真此谬误的缺陷是观点受欢迎或接受的程度高肯定不足以验证其为真实;如果这种观点成立,地球肯定应该是平的,因为在漫长的历史中人们普遍接受这个观点;例：酒桌上醉醺醺的Shamus指着Sean吼道：你给俺讲清楚,如果只是愚蠢的迷信,怎么可能有这么多人崇鬼拜神呢天雷滚滚,鬼哭神泣,喝得七荤八素的Sean 滑入桌底;窃取论点循环论证Begging the Question结论包含在论据中的循环论证;这种逻辑混乱的争论常常发生于人们心中存在根深蒂固的假设的情况下,因为人们已将这些深植内心的观点作为确定的观点;循环论证的坏处在于这些观点都是非真的;例：人们之所以认为伟大的Zorbo是毫无缺陷和完美的,是因为在名为最完美和最真的Zorbo圣书中说最好和最真的Zorbo的最好性和最真性是绝对正确和从未被置疑的;诉诸权威Appeal to Authority因为权威是这么认为的,所以肯定是正确的;需要指出这个谬误不可以用于驳斥专家的结论和科学的共识;诉诸权威的谬误在于其非有效的论点,但不可用于排斥已经证实的拥有专业知识的权威人士的合理观点,除非反驳方也拥有类似水平的专业能力;例：Bob在无法证明生物进化论“是错的”观点时,辩解说他认识的一位德高望重的科学家也怀疑进化论;认为他自个不是猴子变的;诉诸自然Appeal to Nature因为某事物是“自然的”,所以它肯定是合理的、正当的、不可避免的、好的、理想的;许多“自然的”事物被认为“是好的”的观点可能使我们的思维产生偏见；事物的自然性并不能使之具有好或坏的属性;比如谋杀可以看作很自然的事件,但这并不表明谋杀是正当的事儿;例：江湖郎中推着小车进村了,兜售各式各样的自然疗法,比如江湖神水等等;郎中说：神药出自然老少爷们千万当心人造药品,如抗生素什么的;合成谬误Composition/Division认为一个事物的部分所具有的特性,也是适用其其它部分或整体;一个事物的部分所具有的特性适用于其整体的情况确实常见,但并不总是如此的,不可以想当然的误以为真;我们需要给出存在这种整体一致性的证据;例：Danial是个早慧的小P孩,他居然知道原子是不可见的和他自个也是原子构成的,所以呢,他认为自个儿也应该是不可见的;然后呢,他信心满满地加入了捉迷藏的游戏……;轶事证据Anecdotal用个人经验或孤立事件取代有效的论证,特别是拒绝接受有力的统计证据;相比于用完整连续的方法去理解事物的变化,人们常常易于偏信个体的一家之言;在绝大多数情况下,科学和统计的方法得出的结论比个人经验、个人认知要更加可信;例：Jason说他爷爷一天抽30支烟活到97,所有的事儿都好好的,所以呢,千万别相信读到的通过大数据分析证实的抽烟和早死的因果关系;诉诸感情Appeal to Emotion试图通过操纵对方的感情反应来替代正当有力的论述;诉诸感情可能包括恐惧、嫉妒、仇恨、怜悯、内疚等等;尽管逻辑严谨的论述会有激发别人情感反应的一面,但是必须注意情绪化反应不可以模糊化或替代推理论证;例：Luke对着神厨老爸的绵羊脑碎肝包菜饭实在咽不下去,老Luke语重心长地教导儿子：想想第三世界那些饥饿的穷孩子吧,有些不幸的孩子甚至就根本没吃的诉诸虚伪Tu Quoque不去正面回应对方的批评,而是以批评对方作为回复：以批评应对批评;“你不也曾经……”式的谬误是试图扯开话题时常用的有效方式,回避了受对方指责时的辩护责任,却反诘对方以图转换争论的焦点;例：辩论中Nichole指出Hannah犯了一个逻辑错误,Hannah不但不为自个的错误作出解释,斥责道：你TM前面也有一个逻辑错误,还有脸说我举证责任Burden of Proof认为举证责任不在观点提出方,而在此观点的质疑方;举证是提出观点方的责任,不在质疑方;观点不能或不愿被证伪,不会使此观点正当合理;当然我们必须有最好的可提供的证据;例：Bertrand扯淡说：此时此刻,有一个茶壶正在位于地球和火星之间的轨道绕日公转,你们肯定没法证伪吧,所以呢,这个淡扯的对;没有真正的苏格兰人诉诸纯洁No true Scotsman试图用“诉诸纯洁”的方式来回避对方的批评和掩盖己方观点的漏洞;此伎俩常作为己方已失败观点的最后维护手法;在对方批评有效的情况下拒绝承认,并试图引入新基准来撇清自己和己方的观点;例：Angus 宣称苏格兰人喝粥时是不放糖的,Lachlan说：俺苏格兰人,俺喝粥时放糖的;Angus发出苏格兰人的怒吼：放P粥里放糖的绝不是真正的苏格兰人德克萨斯神枪手The Texas Sharpshooter在数据链中精心挑选对自方观点有利的证据,或找出一个适用己方假设的模式;此谬误在于捏造：让神枪手先对着靶子开枪,然后在靶子上弹孔集中的区域画上靶心;数据链是自然的体现了偶然性,并不必然表现因果关系;例：含糖饮料制造商指着研究报告扯淡说含糖甜饮料在5个国家全面旺销,而且其中3个国家列入了地球上最健康的10个国家,所以呢,俺家的糖水肯定是健康嘀谬误之谬误The Fallacy Fallacy因为对方的论述中有谬误,就断定对方的结论必定是错误的;如同正确的观点可能在表述中包含诸多谬误或差劲的论据一样,错误的观点也可能以逻辑严密的方式表述出来;例：Amanda在争论中犯了逻辑谬误,因为营养学家推荐说这是十分受欢迎的健康食品,所以她就说应该啃这个东东;Alyse认为正因为介TM太扯淡了,所以呢,还是暴啃培根+双份奶酪汉堡王才对头;个人怀疑Personal Incredulity因为自己难以理解某事物,就断言此事物非真;复杂的学科如生物进化需要经过复杂自然选择的进程,正确地领会这些知识需要人们拥有较好的基础知识和理解能力;此谬误源于不懂装懂;例：Kirk画了条鱼和一个人后,轻蔑地问Richard：你真TM认为鱼儿能随随便便的、经过漫长的演化就能变成人吗语义模糊Ambiguity用双关语或者模糊的表述误导或歪曲事实;政客们在经受问责时,常使用模糊表述以误导听众和诡辩：他们仅仅是策略性的陈述,而非纯属撒谎;这是特别狡猾和精心预谋的伎俩;例：当法官责问被告为什么仍拒绝支付停车罚款,被告诡辩说：俺不应该支付罚款,因为交通标识上清楚写着：于此停车是Fine的所以,他理解在此停车当然OK.基因谬误Genetic判断事物的好与坏的基准是根据此事物的出处或其出身;诉诸围绕事物起源的偏见是另一种转移注意力,以回避正面讨论的谬误;这种谬误的效果类似于“人身攻击谬误”,不过此谬误是通过围绕目标事物的源头或背景上的偏见进行;例：参议员被6点新闻指控其腐败和受贿后,参议员义愤填膺地告诫民众千万要当心这家媒体,因为大家都应该知道这家媒体是特TM不靠谱中间立场Middle Ground认为在两个对立极端观点之间的妥协或持中间立场的观点肯定为真;虽然大多数情形中,真相确实存在于两种极端观点的中间地带;但是这可能会产生思维偏见：有时观点本身就是错的,在其中妥协的观点也仍是错的；在谎言和真相之间的折衷观点也可能依然是谎言;例：Holly说注射疫苗会使儿童患上自闭症,她的朋友Caleb,科技书籍爱好者,说这个已被证实纯属扯淡;这时,他们的朋友Alice给出折衷观点：注射疫苗会使部分儿童患上自闭症;作此译文,纯属玩儿;欢迎阅读,谢绝打赏。

高英-logic-fallacy-八大逻辑谬误

滑坡谬误
总结词
指论证中假设一个初步行动会导致一系列不太可能的后续事件，最终导致极端的负面结果。
详细描述
滑坡谬误是一种常见的逻辑谬误，表现为在论证中假设一个初步行动会导致一系列不太可能的后续事件，最终导致极端的负面结果。这种谬误的错误在于假设初步行动必然导致负面结果，而没有提供足够的证据来支持这一连串的事件必然发生。滑坡谬误常常出现在政策辩论和商业决策中，由于缺乏足够的证据支持，因此这种推理方式并不具有说服力。
间的感受和安排。
假因谬误的案例分析
总结词
假因谬误是指将一个事件视为另一个事件发生的原因，尽管实际上两者并无因果关系。
详细描述
例如，有人认为“自从我开始戴这个护身符，我就没有感冒过”，认为护身符是防止感冒的原因。但实际上，很可能只是巧合，护身符与不感冒并无因果关系。
倒置因果的案例分析
总结词
倒置因果是指将事件发生的顺序颠倒，错误地认为前一事件是后一事件的原因。
高英-logicfallacy-八大逻辑谬误
contents
目录
• 八大逻辑谬误概述 • 形式逻辑谬误 • 非形式逻辑谬误 • 应用与实践 • 案例分析
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CATALOGUE
八大逻辑谬误概述
定义与特点
定义
逻辑谬误是指论证中存在的逻辑缺陷或错误，导致论点或结论不可靠。
特点
逻辑谬误通常表现为推理过程中的不合逻辑或不严谨，可能源于错误的推理规则或概念使用不当。
要点二
详细描述
以人废言是指因为一个人的身份或观点而否定其言论的价值或真实性。例如，有人可能会因为某位专家的政治立场而否定其关于气候变化的观点，或者因为某位作家的性别而否定其关于性别平等的观点。这种谬误忽略了言论本身的逻辑和证据价值，而仅仅因为持有某种立场或观点的人的身份而对其言论进行否定。

八大逻辑谬误举例英文

八大逻辑谬误举例英文逻辑谬误是在推理或论证中出现的错误推断，导致结论不可靠或不合理。

以下是八大逻辑谬误的一些例子，用英文举例：1.Ad Hominem Fallacy（人身攻击谬误）:-Example:"Don't believe Jane's argument about the economy;she's always making mistakes in her personal life."2.Appeal to Authority Fallacy（权威引证谬误）:-Example:"This new medicine must be effective because Dr.Smith,a famous doctor,recommends it."3.Circular Reasoning Fallacy（循环论证谬误）:-Example:"I believe the Bible is true because it says that God wrote it,and I believe in God because the Bible says so."4.False Cause Fallacy（虚假因果谬误）:-Example:"Every time the rooster crows,the sun rises.Therefore,the rooster's crowing causes the sun to rise."5.Hasty Generalization Fallacy（草率概括谬误）:-Example:"I met two people from New York,and they were both rude.All New Yorkers must be rude."6.Red Herring Fallacy（引入误导谬误）:-Example:"We shouldn't worry about climate change;there are more urgent issues like unemployment to address."7.Straw Man Fallacy（打倒草人谬误）:-Example:"Opponents of the tax reform argue that we need to cut spending. But that would mean cutting essential services and harming the poor."8.False Dilemma Fallacy（虚假二分法谬误）:-Example:"Either you support every aspect of the government's policy,oryou're against your country."这些例子帮助说明了逻辑谬误是如何在不同的情境中发生的，以及它们为什么会导致不可靠的推理。

英语作文逻辑谬误例子

英语作文逻辑谬误例子Logical fallacies are common pitfalls in English writing, often leading to flawed arguments or misleading conclusions. Here are several examples of logical fallacies that you might encounter in English composition:1. Ad Hominem: This fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself. For example:"You can't trust Bob's opinion on climate change because he's not a scientist."2. Straw Man: This occurs when someone misrepresents their opponent's argument to make it easier to attack. For instance:"Opponents of the new healthcare policy want to see people suffer without any medical care."3. Appeal to Authority: Relying on the opinion of an authority figure rather than presenting evidence or reasoned arguments. For example:"Dr. Smith says that eating three meals a day is unhealthy, so it must be true."4. False Dilemma: Presenting only two options when there are actually more available. For instance:"Either we ban all cars or we destroy the environment."5. Circular Reasoning: When the conclusion of an argument is essentially the same as one of its premises, making the argument invalid. For example:"The Bible is true because it says so, and it's the word of God."6. Appeal to Ignorance: Asserting that a claim is true simply because it hasn't been proven false, or vice versa.For example:"There's no evidence that aliens don't exist, sothey must exist."7. Hasty Generalization: Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. For instance:"I met two rude French people, so all French people must be rude."8. Red Herring: Introducing irrelevant information to divert attention from the topic at hand. For example:"Yes, I forgot to do my homework, but let's talk about how hard the assignment was instead."9. Appeal to Emotion: Using emotions such as fear, pity, or joy to manipulate an audience rather than presentingvalid arguments. For instance:"If we don't pass this law, think of all thechildren who will suffer!"10. Begging the Question: Assuming the truth of the conclusion in the premise. For example:"The death penalty is wrong because it is immoral to take a life."These are just a few examples of logical fallacies that writers should be aware of when crafting arguments or essays in English. Recognizing and avoiding these fallacies can help strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of your writing.。

常见逻辑谬误一览

常见逻辑谬误一览稻草人错误Strawman蓄意错误歪曲表述对方的见解，使之成为易受攻击的目标（稻草人）。

经过蓄意夸张、错误表述，或完好的捏造对方的见解，突显己方见解更有理有据。

例：Will说俺们应该把更多的资源投入教育和医疗，Warren辩驳曰：Will是这样的恼恨伟大祖国，竟然要减少军费，丫这是要让俺们自废武功啊！滑坡错误SlipperySlope?断言若是赞同A事件发生，Z事件将理所应该的随之发生，因此：A事件断不行发生。

此错误逻辑的问题在于回避眼前争辩的见解（A），把争辩转向毫无依据的极端臆造见解（Z）。

这样这般，这类毫无依据的揣摩将模糊化原见解下争辩的意义。

例：ColinCloset断言现现在儿，若是我们赞同同性婚配，那么，接下来也得赞同丫挺的和他们的父亲母亲或他们的爱车，甚至他们的猴儿们结婚。

片面辩解（迷信错误）SpecialPleading?在己方论点被证伪后，改变规则或捏造例外或特例。

人类是种极为厌恶自个见解被证伪的傻乎乎的可笑物种。

好多人不珍爱经过提升自己认知能力来获取更多的收益，而是为了因循保守臆造了各式各样的原由。

例：EdwardJohns自称有通灵的能力，但在正儿八经的科学仪器测试中，神汉的超能力见鬼鸟。

但神汉仍旧哭喊着要人们相信丫的超能力是“信则灵，不信不灵”。

赌徒错误TheGambler'sFallacy?笃信事件“序列”是随机独立发生，仿佛旋转式轮盘赌，吻合统计有关性。

这个被宽泛相信的错误能够说确实有助于建立那个内华达沙漠中的城市（赌城）。

只管“撞大运”满贯的发生概率很低，但轮盘赌中每一转的结果一定独立于后边的一转。

例：看到轮盘中已连续6次翻红的盘面，Greg确信下边绝对该TM翻黑了！但是，由于经济学版本的自然选择规律，丫很快蚀光老本。

黑白错误Black-or-White?在存在多种可能性时，却只供给两种可选的可能性。

也称为两难推理错误，这类阴险的策略表面上是一种吻合逻辑的争辩，实质上经过认真的审察，显然存在更多的可能，而不单是所供给的“不是，就是”的两种可能。

十种谬误中英对照

?1.草率前提(DictoSimpliciter)?例如：Womenareonaveragenotasstrongasmenandlessabletoperformwellpolitically.Therefore,womencan''tpulltheirweightingovernmentwork.?点评：虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。

?2.过度概化(HastyGeneralization)?例如：McDonald''sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition,andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideuswithnutritiousfoods.?点评：两个个例不足以推出一个真理。

?3.因果颠倒(PostHoc)?例如：Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheycommitt heircrimes;obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency.点评：甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。

?4.矛盾前提(ContradictoryPremises)?例如：IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan''tcarry??点评：前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误的。

?5.感性论证(AdMisericordiam)?例如：Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem??点评：抒情是不能当作论证的。

常见逻辑谬误（Commonfallacy）

常见逻辑谬误（Common fallacy）Common fallacyOrder tyrantIn the current China network, all kinds of controversy never dissipate too wolf. However, a large part of the debate was nonsense, tangled up, speak the same situation, let a person feel very helpless. One of the main reasons for the lack of information and knowledge in the debate is that one of the main reasons is the confusion of logical thinking, which leads to the emergence of various logical fallacies and sophistry. In the article, the author wanted to take stock of various common logical fallacies.Logic fallacy is divided into formal logic, false logic and non formal logic fallacy.Formal logic fallacy refers to the logical fallacy resulting from reasoning, deduction and argument without formal logic reasoning rules:Negative antecedent fallacy: "if A is then B; non A; so non B"."Example: if it is a bird, then it will die; people are not birds; therefore, people will not die."This is the misuse of categorical syllogism. The correct form of categorical syllogism should be: "if A is then B; A; so B?"."Sure post fallacy: "if A is then B; B; so A?";"Example: if it is fried dough sticks, then it is delicious; bread is delicious; therefore, bread is a fried bread stick."This is also the misuse of categorical syllogism.False dilemma reasoning: "A" or "B" or "C"; non A; so B."This is a misuse of disjunctive syllogism. Disjunctive syllogism is of the form: "A or B; A; B." The concatenation is in this form: "P1" or "P2" or "P3"...... Or Pn; non P2 and non P3...... And not Pn; so P1." In Holmes's words, "when all the other possibilities are eliminated and there is one left, it is the truth, no matter how unlikely it may seem."."The fallacy is called "false dilemma reasoning" because it is often expressed in such a form: "support China or support the United States; you do not support China; so you support the United States."." The formulation of sophist deliberately "neutral" option to hide, cause the illusion of disjunctive syllogism. It is worth noting that some people tend to classify false dilemma into informal logic fallacy.There are many forms of logic fallacy, most of which have not yet been formally named, and are not expressed here. The following focuses on informal logic fallacy:Appeal to ignorance: to judge that a thing is right, simply because it has not been proved wrong; or to judge that a thing is wrong, because it is not proved to be right.The logic of many conspiracy theorists, for example, is this: you can't disprove my theory, so my theory is right.For example, some "Chinese medicine powder" logic: science can not falsify the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, so the theory of Chinese medicine is correct. It looks like a beehiveOf course, "Chinese medicine powder" will attack people who do not accept Chinese medicine. They are resorting to ignorance: "at present, the theory of traditional Chinese medicine can not be scientifically proved, but it does not mean that Chinese medicine is wrong."." In fact, this is not to resort to ignorance, because people in this life threatening medical things, people not only do not accept the falsification of the theory, also do not accept unproven and not falsifiable theory, and only accept the proven theory.Circular reasoning. Also called "expected reasons" and "begging for magic"". This is the logical fallacy of using hypotheses to prove hypotheses.Typical form: "if P, then Q, if Q, then R, if R is P then; assume P; so P."."Example: "XX" says that God exists; because XX is the word of God, XX must not be wrong; therefore, God exists."Of course, when using the circle argument, the quibble will go around a big circle, making it seem impossible.When it comes to circular reasoning, by the way, the loopdefinition. A real example is used (it seems nineteenth Century) circles on the kilogram is defined as "from the standard air quality," a liter of water, and the definition of the standard atmospheric pressure is 101325 Pa, and the definition of the unit of pressure is the "Newton Pa (N/ per square metre" (m^2 the definition of the unit)), Newton of force is "so that the quality of a kilogram to produce a square meters per second acceleration force" (kg - m/ (s^2)), thus resulting in a circular definition. Later, in order to avoid circular definitions, kilograms were used to define the quality of an international kilogram of raw materials.Landslide fallacy. A logical fallacy that transforms "possibility" into "necessity".Those who use the fallacy of landslide often use a long string of reasoning linked together. Many of these reasoning are probabilistic (even small to negligible probabilities), whereas the quibble is deliberately stated as inevitability,Thus, one can eventually produce "almost no connection" results from one thing.Example: "if you buy the Japanese goods, the Japanese company will be profitable; if the Japanese corporate earnings, then development of Japanese companies to expand; if Japanese companies grow, the national strength of Japan will become the first in the world; if the power of Japan to become the world's first, then Japan will Chinese aggression. So if you buy Japanese goods, you're helping Japan invade china."All kinds of "exaggeration" is often used in landslide fallacy.Overgeneralization。

LogicalFallacies逻辑谬误

summary
Loose generalization/Dicto simpliciter(过度概括）
Post hoc fallacy/False cause
(牵强附会）
Weak/False analogy
(错误类比）
Bandwagon effect
（随波逐流）
Hasty Generalization
Slippery-Slope（滑坡效应）
It presumes a chain of events that is only likely to occur from one original event.
I can’t allow my son to join that mountain climbing club. If he does, he will be climbing mountains at least once a week, then twice a week. Before you know it, he will spend all of his time climbing mountains and won’t be able to keep up with his studies.
Post Hoc Fallacy/False Cause （牵强附会/假性因果）
It is a fallacy in which one event is said to have caused another simply because they occurred in sequence.
Page71, Para80~85
summary?loosegeneralizationdictosimpliciter过度概括?posthocfallacyfalsecause牵强附会?weakfalseanalogy错误类比?bandwagoneffect随波逐流?hastygeneralization草率结论?contradictorypremises矛盾前提?admisericordiam文不对题?hypothesiscontrary与事实相反的假设?poisoningthewell井里投毒?blackandwhitethinking二分法思考?circularreasoning循环论证?slipperyslope滑坡效应whylearnlogicalfallacies1

常见逻辑谬误（中英对照Fallacy）

分散注意力的谬误‎（Fallaci‎e s of Di‎s tractio‎n）两难推理‎（False D‎i lemma）∙‎错谬：为多于一个‎答案的问题提供不‎足（通常两个）的‎选择，即是隐藏了‎一些选择，最典型‎的表现是非黑即白‎观点。

∙例子：‎萨达姆是邪恶的，‎所以美军是正义之‎师。

∙解释：除‎正邪之争外，还有‎邪邪之争及许多难‎分正邪的纷争，所‎以不能单以萨达姆‎邪恶便认定美军正‎义。

诉诸无‎知（From I‎g norance‎）∙错谬：因为不‎能否定，所以必然‎肯定，反之亦然。

‎∙例子：没有人‎能证明鬼不存在，‎那么鬼肯定存在。

‎∙解释：总有些‎事是既不能否定，‎亦不能肯定的。

除‎了肯定和否定，我‎们还可以存疑吧！‎滑坡谬误（‎S lippery‎Slope）∙‎错谬：不合理使用‎连串因果关系。

‎∙例子：迟到的学‎生要判死刑。

因为‎迟到是不用功的表‎现；将来工作也不‎勤力；不勤力导致‎公司损失；公司损‎失就会倒闭；公司‎倒闭会使人失业；‎失业造成家庭问题‎；家庭问题导致自‎杀率上升，为了防‎止自杀率上升，我‎们应判迟到的学生‎死刑。

∙解释：‎滑坡谬误中假定了‎连串“可能性”为‎“必然性”。

比方‎说，迟到是否“必‎然”是不用功的表‎现？将来工作又是‎否“必然”不勤力‎？答案可想而知。

‎例子虽然夸张，但‎其实许多时候大家‎亦会犯相同错误而‎不自知。

复‎合问题（Comp‎l ex Ques‎t ion）∙错谬‎：一条问题内包含‎两个无关的重点。

‎∙例子：你还有‎没有干那非法勾当‎？（你有干非法勾‎当吗？是否还有继‎续？）∙解释：‎简单的一句提问，‎其实隐藏了两个问‎题。

你给予其中一‎条问题的答案，并‎不一定和另外一条‎的一样。

例如你有‎干非法勾当，但未‎必等于你还有继续‎。

‎诉诸其‎他支持（Appe‎a ls to M‎o tiv es i‎n Place ‎o f Suppo‎r t）诉诸势‎力（Appeal‎to Forc‎e）∙错谬：以势‎力服人。

高英 logic fallacy 八大逻辑谬误ppt课件

No!
8
Post hoc 牵强附会
McDonald's and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.
No!
Making an analogy between different things.
12
Hypothesis contrary to fact
与事实相反的假设
If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test .
No!
14
Poisoning the well 井下放毒
My opponent is a notorious liar. You can't believe a word that he is going to say.
No!
P.oisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may
No!
Drawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture.
13
Poisoning the well 井下放毒
My opponent is a notorious liar. You can't believe a word that he . is going to say.

逻辑谬误24种英语例子

逻辑谬误24种英语例子逻辑谬误是一种常见的错误推理，它们常常出现在我们的日常生活中。

这些错误推理会导致我们做出错误的判断，从而影响我们的决策和行为。

在本文中，我们将介绍逻辑谬误的24种类型，并提供英语例子来帮助读者更好地理解这些谬误。

1. Ad Hominem Fallacy（人身攻击谬误）这种谬误是通过攻击对手的人格或品德来质疑他们的观点的有效性。

例如：'你不能相信他的观点，因为他是一个酗酒者。

'2. Appeal to Authority Fallacy（权威谬误）这种谬误是基于权威人士的观点而不是事实或逻辑来支持某个观点。

例如：'我的医生说这种药是最好的，所以我会服用它。

'3. Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy（无知谬误）这种谬误是基于缺乏证据来证明某个事情或观点是正确的，或者缺乏证据来证明它是错误的。

例如：'没有人能够证明外星人不存在，所以他们一定存在。

'4. Appeal to Emotion Fallacy（情感谬误）这种谬误是基于情感而不是事实或逻辑来支持某个观点。

例如： '我们必须支持这个计划，因为它会让我们的孩子更加安全。

' 5. Bandwagon Fallacy（跟风谬误）这种谬误是基于大多数人支持某个观点而不是事实或逻辑来支持它。

例如：'大多数人都支持这个政党，所以我会投票给它。

'6. Begging the Question Fallacy（迎合问题谬误）这种谬误是基于假设某个事情是正确的而不是提供证据来证明它是正确的。

例如：'这个计划是正确的，因为我们都同意这个计划是正确的。

'7. False Dichotomy Fallacy（伪二元论谬误）这种谬误是基于错误的二元论，即只有两个选项可供选择。

例如： '你是要支持我们的计划，还是反对我们的计划？'8. Slippery Slope Fallacy（滑坡谬误）这种谬误是基于假设一个事件的发生将导致不可避免的结果。

logical fallacy 逻辑错误

(一)了解基本逻辑，避免常见错误要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者Max Shulman)，这里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。

1.草率前提 (Dicto Simpliciter)例如：Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women can't pull their weight in government work.点评：虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。

2.过度概化 (Hasty Generalization)例如：McDonald's and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.点评：两个个例不足以推出一个真理。

3.因果颠倒 (Post Hoc)例如：Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.点评：甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。

4.矛盾前提 (Contradictory Premises)例如：If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he can't carry?点评：前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误的。

LogicalFallacies因果分析中的逻辑谬误

LogicalFallacies因果分析中的逻辑谬误Logical Fallacies 因果分析中的逻辑谬误These are famous types of bad logic and reasoning. If you know about these, you will be more clever at creating arguments and attacking your enemy’s arguments.1.Dicto Simpliciter, Unqualified Generalization 绝对判断Making general statements about complicated situations when you don’t have evidence is a fallacy. Words like “always, all, never, every, most” can show an unqualified ge neralization.Example: All people from New York are rude.2.Hasty Generalization 轻率判断It is wrong to make a generalization when you only have a few samples.Example: Prince William has blue eyes, Bill Clinton has blue eyes, my dad has blue eyes. White people have blue eyes.3.Ad Hominem, Poisoning the Well 人身攻击/井下放毒Attacking and insulting your enemy instead of focusing on the issue is a fallacy.Example: The President cheated on his wife and lied about it. He’s a dirty guy.We shouldn’t use his economic pla n.4.Ad Populem, Appeal to the People 投其所好Telling people what they want to hear, or what they fear.Example: I know I can count on you for money, because you are generous.5.Ad Misercordiam, Appeal to Pity 诉诸同情Making people feel pity and sadness to get what you want is a fallacy.Example: Look at these poor starving children. Send me money now!6.Testimonial, Association，证言证据/权威联想Someone great or famous is associated with your argument.Example: Beethoven was forced by his dad to play music. You should be too!7.Post Hoc, After That so Because Of That 牵强附会/假性因果Just because event B happened after event A doesn’t mean A caused B.Example:President Obama was elected in 2008, and in 2011 America’s economy began to recover. Obama fixed the economy!8.Either-Or, Two Alternatives 两难推理Offering people a choice between two things with no middle ground or other possibilities is often a fallacy.Example: Do you want a class leader who is ugly and smart, or one who is pretty and stupid?9.Begging the Question, Circular Arguments 循环论证Instead of proving the truth of your conclusion, you just assume that the conclusion is true.Basically, it just means you avoid giving real evidence.Example:Serious punishment prevents crime because it prevents criminals from doing bad things.10.Slippery Slope 滑坡理论Claiming that one event will lead to other bad events is a slippery slope argument.Example:America must defeat the communists in Vietnam, or communist parties will take control of Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and then the world!11. Straw Man 稻草人谬误To make a Straw Man argument, pretend your enemy said something that he didn’t really say, then attack that argument.You will seem smart and he will seem stupid.Example: The school leaders think we’re too stupid and carel ess to keep water heaters in our rooms. Don’t they know this is a school with high requirements, and we all have high Gao Kao scores? We are not stupid at all!12.False AnalogyTo make an argument based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons. Also known as faulty analogy, weak analogy, wrongful comparison, metaphor as argument, and analogical fallacy.E xample: Harvard University doesn’t teach freshmen writing, so our high school shouldn’t teach students writing, too.13.Appeal to the Wrong AuthorityThis fallacy is committed when the person in question is not a legitimate authority on the subject. More formally, if person A is not qualified to make reliable claims in subject S, then the argument will be fallaciousExample: Dr. Johan Skarn, won the Nobel Prize in physics, says that abortion is always morally wrong, regardless of the situation. He has to be right, after all, he is a respected expert in his field.14.Non Sequitur 不依据前提的推理A fallacy in which a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it.Example: "We realize that it would be in the best interest of the community and our children to address the issue expeditiously. In order to make this happen, I respectfully request an eight-month payment delay calling for payment of the $10 million obligation on August 31, 2015."15.Red Herring 转移话题A Red Herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic.Example: "We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous."16. Contradictory Premises 二立背反\大前提有矛盾An argument (generally considered a logical fallacy) that draws a conclusionfrom inconsistent or incompatible premises.Essentially, a proposition is contradictory when it asserts and denies the same thing.Example: If God can do anything, He can make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it.Which fallacies are in these statements? Tell me why the logic is bad.1.We shouldn’t spend money to improve the canteen. The cooks are all wife-beating drunks.2.The school shouldn’t improve the dormitories be cause most Chinese dorms are horrible. It’s normal here.3.Students should have more politics classes. Grades have gone up since we increased the number of politics classes.4.Mao Zedong had a simple dormitory. You should have a simple dormitory too!5.If we spend more money on your dormitory, we won’t have money to hire good teachers. You’ll get a bad education.6.We shouldn’t force the restaurant owners at the West Gate to clean up the street and their restaurants. They’re so poor! Lots of the cooks have no education, and their profit is solow. They’re struggling to survive!7.The class leader is laughing behind your back, forcing you out of bed and making you go to long, boring meetings, because she gets a thrill by hurting you. Class leaders can’t punis h us for their pleasure! It’s cruel and abusive and unfair. Screw that class leader!8.We need class meetings! If we don’t have them, soon we won’t see each other, and then our class will have no organization!9.We need long class meetings. Long class meetings are good for you.Class work: create a 1-paragraph argument for or against one of these statements. Use a fallacy that we learned about in your reasoning. Your partner will find the fallacy and argue against it.Topic choices:1.It is better to fight monsters than aliens.2.At weddings, everyone should kiss the bride.3.People who smoke in public should be killed.。

八个逻辑错误

(1). Dicto Simpliciter Fallacy(绝对判断谬误):It occurs when an acceptable exception is ignored or eliminatedFor example:1. The Plane is the fastest tool of transportation. Therefore, every time when we go for a business trip, we should take the plane.2. Tertiary education is important, so everyone in China should study hard for a bachelor degree.(2). Hasty Generalization Fallacy(草率结论谬误)It reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence.For example:1. Lucy is a prime student. Mary is a prime student. Steve is a prime student, too. Therefore, all the students in this college are prime students.2. I haven’t seen a UFO; Jason hasn’t either; Ms Yan hasn’t probably; so no UFO in the world at all.(3).Post Hoc Fallacy (牵强附会)It is a logical fallacy of the questionable cause that states, "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one."For example:1. Don’t sing this song. Each time you sing this song, I get sick.2. That old man is very wealthy, so he must be very healthy.3. Your eyes are really big, so you must have very good eyesight.(4). Contradictory Premises Fallacy (矛盾前提谬误)The conclusion is contradictory to the premiseFor example:1. This is the mightiest sword which is able to shatter any shield, and that is the most indestructible shield which is capable of enduring any stroke.2. If God can do anything, can he make a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? And If God is all powerful, can he put himself out of existence and come back with twice the power he had before?(5). Ad Misericordiam Fallacy(诉诸同情，文不对题)It is also called an appeal to pity. It is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting the opponent's sympathy or guilt.For example:1. Maybe I am not qualified enough for this job, but think about my poor living conditions, my two twin girls who are now in hospital.2. “ Why are you late for class again?” “ Because I got up late this morning, and unfortunately I fell down from my bike when riding to school.”(6). False Analogy Fallacy(错误类比谬误)It is a fallacy in which an argument is based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons.For example:1. Since we have moon cakes in the Moon Festival, why don’t we have spring cakes in the Spring Festival?2. Before the building of the library, we all studied in the classroom. So I think you should also study in the classroom.(7). Hypothesis Contrary to Fact(与事实相反的假设)For example:1. If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment by watching TV programme.2. If the paper hadn’t been invented by the talented Chinese, there wouldn’t have been so many books in the world.(8). Poisoning the Well (投毒下井)It involves trying to discredit what a person might later claim by presenting unfavorable information about the person.For example：1. Don't talk to Sam, for he's a scoundrel.2. I suggest that you do not listen to any word from Pro Smith, for he is a real jerk. I think he is some sort of eurocentric fascist."。