心血管生理学(英文版)课件
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英文医学课件：10 血管生理学
Vascular Physiology
?
Hemodynamics（血流动力学）
• Blood flow Q= DP/R = (P1-P2)/R
Q= PA/R
Q: cardiac output, 5 L/min R: total peripheral resistance PA: aortic pressure
Which and what order? 1. Radial artery
Where and how?
•Radial side of wrist. •With tips of index and middle fingers.
2. Brachial artery
•Medial border of humerus at elbow medial to biceps tendon. •Either with thumb of examiner's right hand or index and middle of left hand.
To estimate systolic and diastolic pressures, pressure is released from an inflatable cuff on the upper arm while listening as blood flow returns to the lower arm.来自 我国四次高血压患病率调查结 果
引自中国高血压防治指南（2010）
中国高血压防治指南（2010）
Factors affecting arterial blood pressure
• Stroke volume • Heart rate
Ventricular ejection
?
Hemodynamics（血流动力学）
• Blood flow Q= DP/R = (P1-P2)/R
Q= PA/R
Q: cardiac output, 5 L/min R: total peripheral resistance PA: aortic pressure
Which and what order? 1. Radial artery
Where and how?
•Radial side of wrist. •With tips of index and middle fingers.
2. Brachial artery
•Medial border of humerus at elbow medial to biceps tendon. •Either with thumb of examiner's right hand or index and middle of left hand.
To estimate systolic and diastolic pressures, pressure is released from an inflatable cuff on the upper arm while listening as blood flow returns to the lower arm.来自 我国四次高血压患病率调查结 果
引自中国高血压防治指南（2010）
中国高血压防治指南（2010）
Factors affecting arterial blood pressure
• Stroke volume • Heart rate
Ventricular ejection
《心血管系统英》PPT课件
Arteries of pulmonary circulation
肺循环的动脉
Pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干 • Arises from right ven
tricle • Runs up, back ,and to
the left • Bifurcates inferior t
o aortic arch into ri ght and left pulmonar y arteries, one for e ach lung
• Consist of four chambers (r ight and left atria, right and left ventricles)
• Artery 动脉 a. carry blood away from the hear t
• Veins 静脉 v. carry blood back to the heart
• Celiac trunk 腹腔干 • Superior mesenteric a.
肠系膜上动脉
• Inferior mesenteric a.
肠系膜下动脉
Parietal branches
Arteries of pelvis
• Common iliac a. 髂总动
脉
• Internal iliac a. 髂内动
脉
• External iliac a. 髂外动
脉
Arteries of lower li mb
• Femoral a. 股动脉
• Popliteal a. 腘动脉
Angiology 脉管系统
Composition
• Cardiovascular system心
生理学血液循环双语PPT讲稿
─→前负荷──→初长度 • 异长自身调节──心肌细胞本身初长度的变化引起心肌收缩
力的变化，不需神经体液参与
Starling机制的意义──通过对搏出量的精细调节，防止心室 舒张末期压力和容积的过久、过度改变，维
持心室射血与静脉回流量的平衡
• 心室功能曲线
–正常 左室充盈压为5~~6 mmHg –最适前负荷 12~~15 mmHg –充盈压在15~~20 mmHg、甚至大于20mmHg时，搏出量不变或略微下
四、影响心脏泵血功能的因素
心输出量=每搏输出量×心率
(一)搏出量
取决于心室肌收缩的强度和速度
影响因素：(1) 前负荷（初长、心室舒张末期容积、
异长自身调节）
(二)心率
(2)后负荷（动脉血压） (3) 心室肌的收缩性能（等长自身调节）
❖ 心室舒张末期容积/压力
心肌初长( initial length) ；前负荷( preload)
（二）心率（heart rate，HR）
➢ 生理差异 ➢ 心率变异性（HRV） ➢ 窦性心动过速/过缓
动脉瓣开 房室瓣关
心房收缩0.1s 心房舒张0.7s
心室收缩0.3s 动脉瓣关 房室瓣开
心室舒张0.5s
全心舒张期0.4s
心动周期中心房、心室活动顺序与时间关系
二. 心脏泵血——射血与充盈过程
两个重要因素：①心脏舒缩→压力变化→形成压力差→动力 ②瓣膜的启闭→控制血流的方向
降（心肌细胞抗伸展的特性）。
❖ 心肌收缩能力(cardiac contractility)
──心肌不依赖于前、后负荷而能改变其力学活动的一种
内在特性 • 决定于心肌细胞兴奋-收缩耦联各环节
(如：肌凝蛋白ATP酶的活性、被活化的横桥数目等 ) • 神经、体液及药物都可通过改变心肌收缩力来调节SV • 等长自身调节
力的变化，不需神经体液参与
Starling机制的意义──通过对搏出量的精细调节，防止心室 舒张末期压力和容积的过久、过度改变，维
持心室射血与静脉回流量的平衡
• 心室功能曲线
–正常 左室充盈压为5~~6 mmHg –最适前负荷 12~~15 mmHg –充盈压在15~~20 mmHg、甚至大于20mmHg时，搏出量不变或略微下
四、影响心脏泵血功能的因素
心输出量=每搏输出量×心率
(一)搏出量
取决于心室肌收缩的强度和速度
影响因素：(1) 前负荷（初长、心室舒张末期容积、
异长自身调节）
(二)心率
(2)后负荷（动脉血压） (3) 心室肌的收缩性能（等长自身调节）
❖ 心室舒张末期容积/压力
心肌初长( initial length) ；前负荷( preload)
（二）心率（heart rate，HR）
➢ 生理差异 ➢ 心率变异性（HRV） ➢ 窦性心动过速/过缓
动脉瓣开 房室瓣关
心房收缩0.1s 心房舒张0.7s
心室收缩0.3s 动脉瓣关 房室瓣开
心室舒张0.5s
全心舒张期0.4s
心动周期中心房、心室活动顺序与时间关系
二. 心脏泵血——射血与充盈过程
两个重要因素：①心脏舒缩→压力变化→形成压力差→动力 ②瓣膜的启闭→控制血流的方向
降（心肌细胞抗伸展的特性）。
❖ 心肌收缩能力(cardiac contractility)
──心肌不依赖于前、后负荷而能改变其力学活动的一种
内在特性 • 决定于心肌细胞兴奋-收缩耦联各环节
(如：肌凝蛋白ATP酶的活性、被活化的横桥数目等 ) • 神经、体液及药物都可通过改变心肌收缩力来调节SV • 等长自身调节
心血管系统英文PPT课件
14
Arteries of lower limb Femoral a. 股动脉 Popliteal a. 腘动脉 Posterior tibial a.
胫后动脉
Anterior tibial a.
胫前动脉
dorsal a. of foot
足背动脉
15
The Veins 静脉
General feature Thin walls, larger lumens,
12
Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉
Visceral branches 脏支
Paired branches
Middle suprarenal artery
肾上腺中动脉
Renal artery 肾动脉 Testicular (ovarian) artery
睾丸（卵巢）动脉
Unpaired branches
Left common carotid a. 左颈总动脉 Left subclavian a. 左锁骨下动脉
Descending aorta 降主动脉
Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉 Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉
9
Arteries of head and neck Common carotid a.颈总动脉
venous angle
19
Veins of upper limb
Deep vein: have the same names as their companion arteries
Superficial veins:
cephalic v. 头静脉 basilica v. 贵要静脉 median cubital v.
Lymphatic node
Arteries of lower limb Femoral a. 股动脉 Popliteal a. 腘动脉 Posterior tibial a.
胫后动脉
Anterior tibial a.
胫前动脉
dorsal a. of foot
足背动脉
15
The Veins 静脉
General feature Thin walls, larger lumens,
12
Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉
Visceral branches 脏支
Paired branches
Middle suprarenal artery
肾上腺中动脉
Renal artery 肾动脉 Testicular (ovarian) artery
睾丸（卵巢）动脉
Unpaired branches
Left common carotid a. 左颈总动脉 Left subclavian a. 左锁骨下动脉
Descending aorta 降主动脉
Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉 Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉
9
Arteries of head and neck Common carotid a.颈总动脉
venous angle
19
Veins of upper limb
Deep vein: have the same names as their companion arteries
Superficial veins:
cephalic v. 头静脉 basilica v. 贵要静脉 median cubital v.
Lymphatic node
中英文双语PPT精品课件心血管系统Cardiovascular
Rapid but regular contractions of atria or ventricles
Cardiovascular System
Pathological Conditions
fibrillation 纤维颤动 xian wei chan dong Rapid, random, ineffectual and irregular contractions of the heart(350 beats or more per minute) Congenital heart disease先天性心脏病xian tian xing xin zang bing Abnormalities in the heart at birth
Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄zhu dong mai suo zhai
Narrowing of the aorta
Cardiovascular System
Pathological Conditions
Patent ductus arteriosus 动脉导管未闭dong mai dao guan wei bi A small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remain open Septal defects 间隔缺损jian ge que sun Small holes in the septa between the atria or the ventricles
舒张 shu zhang
endocardium
心内膜 xin nei mo
Cardiovascular System
Pathological Conditions
fibrillation 纤维颤动 xian wei chan dong Rapid, random, ineffectual and irregular contractions of the heart(350 beats or more per minute) Congenital heart disease先天性心脏病xian tian xing xin zang bing Abnormalities in the heart at birth
Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄zhu dong mai suo zhai
Narrowing of the aorta
Cardiovascular System
Pathological Conditions
Patent ductus arteriosus 动脉导管未闭dong mai dao guan wei bi A small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remain open Septal defects 间隔缺损jian ge que sun Small holes in the septa between the atria or the ventricles
舒张 shu zhang
endocardium
心内膜 xin nei mo
chapter心血管PPT课件
• sphygmogram [5sfi^mE7^rAm] 脉搏描记,脉搏曲线 • Sphygmocardiograph [7sfi^mE5kB:diEu^r B:f] 心动脉搏描记器 sphygmometer 脉博计
-penia
lack of, insufficiency
• Lymphocytopenia [7limfE7saitEu5pi:niE] 淋巴细胞减少(症) Ant. lymphocytosis • Neutropenia [7nju:trEu5pi:niE] (嗜)中性白细胞减少(症) • thrombocytopenia [7WrCmbEusaitEu5pi:niE] 血小板减少(症)
Aneurysm
• Cerebral aneurysm • Aortic aneurysm
–abdominal aneurysm –Thoracic aneurysm
• Ventrical aneurysm
Arrhythmia I
• Tachycardia
– Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动 – Atrial flutter 心房扑动 – Supraventricular tachycardia（SVT） 室上性心动过速 – Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) 吾-巴-怀三氏综合征/pre-excitation syndrome (预激综合征 ) – Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动 – Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速 – Long QT syndrome QT间期延长综合征
angi/o- vessel
• angioataxia [AndViu5tAsi] 血管紧张失调 • angiosarcoma [9AndVIEJsB:`kEJmE] 血管肉瘤 angioplasty [5AndVIEJ7plAsti] 血管成形术
-penia
lack of, insufficiency
• Lymphocytopenia [7limfE7saitEu5pi:niE] 淋巴细胞减少(症) Ant. lymphocytosis • Neutropenia [7nju:trEu5pi:niE] (嗜)中性白细胞减少(症) • thrombocytopenia [7WrCmbEusaitEu5pi:niE] 血小板减少(症)
Aneurysm
• Cerebral aneurysm • Aortic aneurysm
–abdominal aneurysm –Thoracic aneurysm
• Ventrical aneurysm
Arrhythmia I
• Tachycardia
– Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动 – Atrial flutter 心房扑动 – Supraventricular tachycardia（SVT） 室上性心动过速 – Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) 吾-巴-怀三氏综合征/pre-excitation syndrome (预激综合征 ) – Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动 – Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速 – Long QT syndrome QT间期延长综合征
angi/o- vessel
• angioataxia [AndViu5tAsi] 血管紧张失调 • angiosarcoma [9AndVIEJsB:`kEJmE] 血管肉瘤 angioplasty [5AndVIEJ7plAsti] 血管成形术
循环系统生理3(英文版)课件
Click here to play the Sphygmomanometry
Flash Animation
Classification of blood pressure for adults age 18 years and older
Category Normal Prehypertension
Cardiovascular Physiology
（心血管生理学）
Vascular Physiology（血管生理学）
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Lecture Outline
• Functional parts of blood vessels • Hemodynamics • Arterial blood pressure • Microcirculation • Venous pressure and venous return • The lymphatic system
Capacitance vessels（容量血管）
Hemodynamics（血流动力学）
• Blood flow Q= DP/R = (P1-P2)/R
Q= PA/R
Q: cardiac output, 5 L/min R: total peripheral resistance PA: aortic pressure
Resistance of blood flow
Poiseuille Law: Q=pDPr4/8hL
h: viscosity r: radius of the vessel L: length of the vessel
Q= DP/Rarie Poiseuille \pwä-'zəi\ (April 22, 1799 - December 26, 1869) was a French physician and physiologist. Poiseuille was born in Paris, France. From 1815 to 1816 he studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris. He was trained in physics and mathematics. In 1828 he earned his D.Sc. degree with a dissertation entitled Recherches sur la force du coeur aortique. He was interested in the flow of human blood in narrow tubes.
生理学--心血管活动的调节 PPT课件
2.延髓以上的心血管中枢
下丘脑：重要的整合部位integration
小脑：如刺激顶核，BP↑,与姿势、体
位调整相适应
大脑(尤其是边缘系统)，可影响上述
心血管N元活动
(三)心血管反射Cardiovascular
reflex 1.颈动脉窦－主动脉弓压力感受性反射 (又称减压反射) Carotid sinus －aortic arch baroreceptor reflex
心肺感受器反射对血量及体液的量和成分 的调节有重要意义。
3.颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受性反射 chemoreflex Po2↓
血中 Pco2↑
[H+]↑ 呼吸N元㈩ 心率↓ 心输出量↓ 冠脉舒张 内脏 骨骼肌>血管收缩
→化学感受器→窦N,迷走N→
延髓 孤束核
①呼吸加深加快 ②缩血管效应>心
输出量减少效应 → BP↑
窦内压与动脉血压的关系
(压力感受性反射功能曲线)
窦内压在平均动脉 压(100mmHg)水平范 围变动时,反射最敏 感,纠偏能力最强。
调 定 点
高血压者曲线右移, 表现为调定点上移
2.心肺感受器引起的心血管反射 Cardiopulmonary receptor
在心房、心室和肺循环大血管壁存在的调节心血管活动的感受 器称为心肺感受器。 机械牵拉 交感N紧张↓ 化学物质 心肺感受器→迷走N→中枢→ 迷走N紧张↑> 心率↓,心输出量↓,外周阻力↓→ BP↓ 肾血流量↑,排水↑,排钠↑ ADH释放↓→排水↑
第四节 心血管活动的调节 Regulation of cardiovascular activity
一、神经调节 nervous regulation (一)心血管的神经支配innervation 1.心脏的神经支配
心血管系统(英文)ppt课件
160mmHg≥ Systolic pressure≥140mmHg and/or 95mmHg≥ diastolic pressure≥90mmHg。
* physiological variation of arterial blood pressure
Gender；
Age； different physiological status； different segment of arterial system
C) Factors that affect arterial blood pressure
* Stroke volume
* Heart rate * Peripheral resistance * Compliance
* Proportion of circulation volume/ capacity of vascular system
* Decent phase
----dicrotic notch and dicrotic wave
Peripheral resistance aortic valve
3.1.4 venous blood pressure and venous return
A. venous blood pressure
*Cardiac contraction force
different phenomenon of left and right congestive heart failure
*Contraction of skeletal muscle *Respiratory movement
3.1.5 microcirculation
3.1.3 Arterial Blood Pressure and arterial pulse
* physiological variation of arterial blood pressure
Gender；
Age； different physiological status； different segment of arterial system
C) Factors that affect arterial blood pressure
* Stroke volume
* Heart rate * Peripheral resistance * Compliance
* Proportion of circulation volume/ capacity of vascular system
* Decent phase
----dicrotic notch and dicrotic wave
Peripheral resistance aortic valve
3.1.4 venous blood pressure and venous return
A. venous blood pressure
*Cardiac contraction force
different phenomenon of left and right congestive heart failure
*Contraction of skeletal muscle *Respiratory movement
3.1.5 microcirculation
3.1.3 Arterial Blood Pressure and arterial pulse
心脏血管生理_PPT课件
(张力速度曲线)
等容收缩相室内压峰值 (室内压要升 得较高才能超过主A压引起射血)
等容收缩相延长(射血相缩短)
搏出量减少
3. 心肌收缩能力的改变对搏出量的调节
心肌收缩能力(cardiac contractility)： 心肌不依赖于前、后负荷而能改变其力学活动（包括收缩的强度 和速度）的一种内在特性— 心肌的变力状态。
房室瓣开，动脉瓣关 ↓
心室盈量2/3） ↓
心室容积迅速↑
特点：快速充盈期末的
室内压最低。
(3)减慢充盈期： 随着心室内血液的充盈，
心室与心房、大V间的压力 差减小，血液流入心室的 速度减慢。
(4)房缩期 心房缩，房压
房内血挤入心室，
心室容积达最大
小结：
①心动周期中的4对矛盾： 心脏缩与舒（主要矛盾） 压力升与降 瓣膜开与关 血液进与出
用心脏作功量评价心脏泵血功能
从作功的角度来评价心脏泵血功能，比单纯看输出量更有意义。 因为心脏的收缩不仅仅是排出一定量的血液，而且这部分血液具 有很高的压强能。在动脉血压升高的情况下，心室要射出与原先 同等量的血液就必须加强收缩,增加作功量。
心肌的耗氧量与心肌的做功量是相平行的。
心脏所完成的外功
心脏的效率=
2.每分输出量和心指数
每分输出量： 一侧心室每分钟射出的血液总量，即心输出量(cardiac
output, CO)，= 搏出量×心率。 心指数：
以单位体表面积(m2)计算的心输出量。 中等身材成人1.61.7m2，心输出量约56L/min，心指 数约为3.03.5L/(min*m2)。 不同生理条件下，由于代谢水平的变化，心输出量和 心指数也不同。
在整体：
等容收缩期↑、射血期↓
等容收缩相室内压峰值 (室内压要升 得较高才能超过主A压引起射血)
等容收缩相延长(射血相缩短)
搏出量减少
3. 心肌收缩能力的改变对搏出量的调节
心肌收缩能力(cardiac contractility)： 心肌不依赖于前、后负荷而能改变其力学活动（包括收缩的强度 和速度）的一种内在特性— 心肌的变力状态。
房室瓣开，动脉瓣关 ↓
心室盈量2/3） ↓
心室容积迅速↑
特点：快速充盈期末的
室内压最低。
(3)减慢充盈期： 随着心室内血液的充盈，
心室与心房、大V间的压力 差减小，血液流入心室的 速度减慢。
(4)房缩期 心房缩，房压
房内血挤入心室，
心室容积达最大
小结：
①心动周期中的4对矛盾： 心脏缩与舒（主要矛盾） 压力升与降 瓣膜开与关 血液进与出
用心脏作功量评价心脏泵血功能
从作功的角度来评价心脏泵血功能，比单纯看输出量更有意义。 因为心脏的收缩不仅仅是排出一定量的血液，而且这部分血液具 有很高的压强能。在动脉血压升高的情况下，心室要射出与原先 同等量的血液就必须加强收缩,增加作功量。
心肌的耗氧量与心肌的做功量是相平行的。
心脏所完成的外功
心脏的效率=
2.每分输出量和心指数
每分输出量： 一侧心室每分钟射出的血液总量，即心输出量(cardiac
output, CO)，= 搏出量×心率。 心指数：
以单位体表面积(m2)计算的心输出量。 中等身材成人1.61.7m2，心输出量约56L/min，心指 数约为3.03.5L/(min*m2)。 不同生理条件下，由于代谢水平的变化，心输出量和 心指数也不同。
在整体：
等容收缩期↑、射血期↓
心血管生理学培训课件
A 1/2 B 1/4 C 1/8 D 1/16 E 1/32
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Decreasing the radius of a vessel by one-half its original radius will have what effect upon blood flow to distal portion?
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r: main determinant of blood flow
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If the radius of an arteriole is halved, its resistance will fall to ___ of its original value.
A Blood flow will decrease to 50% of original flow.
B Blood flow will decrease by 25% of original flow.
C Blood flow will decrease to 10% of original flow.
Capacitance vessels（容量血管）
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Hemodynamics（血流动力学）
• Blood flow Q= DP/R = (P1-P2)/R
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文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Decreasing the radius of a vessel by one-half its original radius will have what effect upon blood flow to distal portion?
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
r: main determinant of blood flow
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
If the radius of an arteriole is halved, its resistance will fall to ___ of its original value.
A Blood flow will decrease to 50% of original flow.
B Blood flow will decrease by 25% of original flow.
C Blood flow will decrease to 10% of original flow.
Capacitance vessels（容量血管）
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
Hemodynamics（血流动力学）
• Blood flow Q= DP/R = (P1-P2)/R
文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。
英文医学课件：8 心血管系统概述心肌细胞电活动点活动
specialized conductive system • Excitation-contraction coupling • Muscle contraction
Transmembrane potentials recorded in different heart regions
Transmembrane potential of ventricular cells and its ionic mechanisms
The sinoatrial node is the heart’s pacemaker because it initiates each wave of excitation with atrial contraction.
The Bundle of His and other parts of the conducting system deliver the excitation to the apex of the heart so that ventricular contraction occurs in an upward sweep.
Duration of current Activation kinetics Inactivation kinetics Threshold cAMP/cGMP-regulated Phosphorylation-regulated Openers Blockers
Inactivation by [Ca2+]i Patch-clamp recording
The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures changes in skin electrical voltage/potential caused by electrical currents generated by the heart
Transmembrane potentials recorded in different heart regions
Transmembrane potential of ventricular cells and its ionic mechanisms
The sinoatrial node is the heart’s pacemaker because it initiates each wave of excitation with atrial contraction.
The Bundle of His and other parts of the conducting system deliver the excitation to the apex of the heart so that ventricular contraction occurs in an upward sweep.
Duration of current Activation kinetics Inactivation kinetics Threshold cAMP/cGMP-regulated Phosphorylation-regulated Openers Blockers
Inactivation by [Ca2+]i Patch-clamp recording
The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures changes in skin electrical voltage/potential caused by electrical currents generated by the heart
心血管生理学ppt课件
自动去极化的机制：
①If递增 ②IK递减
可编辑课件PPT
16
2.窦房结P细胞 （慢反应自律细胞）
与浦肯野细胞比较：
① 最大复极电位及
阈电位的绝对值均较小
② AP幅度较小（约70mV）
0期时程较长（约7ms）
且速度较慢
③ 无明显的1、2期
④ 4期速度较快
•
图4-3 窦房结P细胞的动作电位
可编辑课件PPT
兴奋性低于正常
SNP
(3)超常期:
兴奋性高于正常
ERP
可编辑课件PPT
25
3.兴奋性的周期性变化与心肌收缩活动的关系
(1)不产生完全强直收缩:
有效不应期特别长, 使收缩、舒张交替进行， 实现心脏泵血功能
RRP SNP
ERP
可编辑课件PPT
26
(2)期前收缩和代偿间歇
❖ 期前收缩(早搏): 在有效不应期之后，心肌受到 人工或来自异位起搏点的激动而产生的收缩。
持续时间、波形、产生机制亦不相同
Slow
Fast
可编辑课件PPT
10
2.动作电位
心室肌AP
特点： ①复极过程复杂 ②持续时间长 ③升降支不对称
可编辑课件PPT
11
机制：(1) 0期(去极化过程) : INa
(2) 1期(快速复极初期) : Ito
(3) 2期(平台期) :
ICa-L , INa , IK
第四章 血液循环
第一节 心脏的生物电活动 第二节 心脏的泵血功能 第三节 血管生理 第四节 心血管活动的调节 第五节 器官循环
可编辑课件PPT
1
Blood Circulation
可编辑课件PPT
心血管课件
• Inferior vena cava blood enters the right atrium and most of it is shunted immediately across the foramen ovale into the left atrium, left ventricle and ascending aorta, which supplies the heart, brain and arms. Only a small amount of it is, distributed through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. • The returning blood from the upper part of the body enters the right atrium through the superior vena cava and then passes into the right ventricle. Because pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction maintains high resistance in the pulmonary circuit, most main pulmonic blood from the right ventricle traverses the ductus arteriosus to the descending aorta, rather than to the branch pulmonary arteries and lungs. The right ventricle, therefore, provides blood to the descending aorta which supplies the abdomen and legs, finally, returning to the placenta. • So the concentration of oxygen is the highest in the liver, next is the upper part of the body and the last is the lower part of the body.
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• Ca2+ influx , [Ca2+ ]i , contractility
Cardiac effect of parasympathetic stimulation
Interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Predominance of autonomic nerves
sympathetic constrictor nerve, vagus nerve • Effector: heart & blood vessels
Baroreceptor neurons function as sensors in the homeostatic maintenance of MAP by constantly monitoring pressure in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
Cardiovascular Center
A collection of functionally similar neurons that help to regulate HR, SV, and blood vessel tone
Vasomotor center
Located bilaterally mainly in the reticular substance of the medulla and of the lower third of the pons
180 mmHg ➢Receptors within the aortic arch are less
sensitive than the carotid sinus receptors
The action potential frequency in baroreceptor neurons is represented here as being directly proportional to MAP.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Regulation of Cardiovascular Activities
Lecture Outline
•Nervous Regulation •Humoral Regulation •Autoregulation
Nervous Regulation
• If , phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, autorhythmicity
• Ca2+ influx , phase 0 amplitude & velocity , conductivity
• Ca2+ influx , Ca2+ release , [Ca2+ ]i , contractility
– Vasoconstrictor area – Vasodilator area – Cardioinhibitor area – dorsal nuclei of the
vagus nerves and ambiguous nucleus – Sensory area – tractus solitarius
Asymmetrical innervation of sympathetic nerve
Cardiac mechanisms of acetylcholine
Mechanisms of acetylcholine —increase K+ & decrease Ca2+ permeability
Baroreceptor Reflexes
• Arterial baroreceptors – Carotid sinus receptor – Aortic arch receptor
• Afferent nerves (Buffer nerves) • Cardiovascular center: medulla • Efferent nerves: cardiac sympathetic nerve,
Innervation of cardiovascular system
Nervous regulation of the circulaephrine
Mechanisms of norepinephrine
—increase Na+ & Ca2+ permeability
• K+ outward , |MRP| , phase 4 spontaneous depolarization , autorhythmicity
• Inhibition of Ca2+ channel, phase 0 amplitude & velocity , conductivity
Characteristics of baroreceptors:
➢Sensitive to stretching of the vessel walls ➢Proportional firing rate to increased
stretching ➢Responding to pressures ranging from 60-
Vasomotor center
Higher cardiovascular centers
– Reticular substance of the pons
– Mesencephalon – Diencephalon – Hypothalamus – Cerebral cortex – Cerebellum
i.e., MAP is above
homeostatic set point
i.e., reduce cardiac output
Baroreceptor neurons deliver MAP information to the medulla oblongata’s cardiovascular control center (CVCC); the CVCC determines autonomic output to the heart.
Cardiac effect of parasympathetic stimulation
Interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Predominance of autonomic nerves
sympathetic constrictor nerve, vagus nerve • Effector: heart & blood vessels
Baroreceptor neurons function as sensors in the homeostatic maintenance of MAP by constantly monitoring pressure in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
Cardiovascular Center
A collection of functionally similar neurons that help to regulate HR, SV, and blood vessel tone
Vasomotor center
Located bilaterally mainly in the reticular substance of the medulla and of the lower third of the pons
180 mmHg ➢Receptors within the aortic arch are less
sensitive than the carotid sinus receptors
The action potential frequency in baroreceptor neurons is represented here as being directly proportional to MAP.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Regulation of Cardiovascular Activities
Lecture Outline
•Nervous Regulation •Humoral Regulation •Autoregulation
Nervous Regulation
• If , phase 4 spontaneous depolarization, autorhythmicity
• Ca2+ influx , phase 0 amplitude & velocity , conductivity
• Ca2+ influx , Ca2+ release , [Ca2+ ]i , contractility
– Vasoconstrictor area – Vasodilator area – Cardioinhibitor area – dorsal nuclei of the
vagus nerves and ambiguous nucleus – Sensory area – tractus solitarius
Asymmetrical innervation of sympathetic nerve
Cardiac mechanisms of acetylcholine
Mechanisms of acetylcholine —increase K+ & decrease Ca2+ permeability
Baroreceptor Reflexes
• Arterial baroreceptors – Carotid sinus receptor – Aortic arch receptor
• Afferent nerves (Buffer nerves) • Cardiovascular center: medulla • Efferent nerves: cardiac sympathetic nerve,
Innervation of cardiovascular system
Nervous regulation of the circulaephrine
Mechanisms of norepinephrine
—increase Na+ & Ca2+ permeability
• K+ outward , |MRP| , phase 4 spontaneous depolarization , autorhythmicity
• Inhibition of Ca2+ channel, phase 0 amplitude & velocity , conductivity
Characteristics of baroreceptors:
➢Sensitive to stretching of the vessel walls ➢Proportional firing rate to increased
stretching ➢Responding to pressures ranging from 60-
Vasomotor center
Higher cardiovascular centers
– Reticular substance of the pons
– Mesencephalon – Diencephalon – Hypothalamus – Cerebral cortex – Cerebellum
i.e., MAP is above
homeostatic set point
i.e., reduce cardiac output
Baroreceptor neurons deliver MAP information to the medulla oblongata’s cardiovascular control center (CVCC); the CVCC determines autonomic output to the heart.