金融工程学第二版吴冲锋课后答案

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《金融工程学》作业参考答案

《金融工程学》作业参考答案一、选择题1.C2.B3.A4.C5.D6.C7. D 8. B 9. A 10.B 11.A 12.B二、填空题1.系统性风险2.资本市场3.多头4.风险5.股票价格指数6.美式期权7.信息 8.融资方式 9.创造价值10.期权 11.可转换债券12. 公司债券三、判断题（T代表正确，F代表错误）1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F 8. T 9. T 10.T 11.T 12.F四、简答题1.答：狭义的金融工程主要是指利用先进的数学及通讯工具，在各种现有基本金融产品的基础上，进行不同形式的组合分解，以设计出符合客户需要并具有特定风险和收益性的新的金融产品.广义的金融工程则是指一切利用工程化手段来解决金融问题的技术开发，它不仅包括金融产品设计，还包括金融产品定价、交易策略设计、金融风险管理等各个方面.（3分，注重设计新的金融产品进行套利和风险管理等，点到即可酌情给分）金融工程技术可以用于：①公司理财：设计适当的融资方案为公司经营活动筹措资金.②金融交易工具：开发具有套利性质的交易工具和交易策略.③投资管理④风险管理.（2分）2.场外交易市场之利：①按需定制，满足特殊需要；②适合大型投资者，降低交易成本；③避免暴露交易动身.弊：①在交易双方互不信任情况下，会出现信用风险；②流动性差；③合约在规定日期之前完成有难度.交易所交易市场之利：①交易效率高，流动性强；②市场信誉好，可减少金融风险；③交易公开，特别关注一些大交易商的交易活动及动向.弊：①交易品种缺乏灵活性；②政府管制会提高交易成本；③公开性时常受到异议.（每小点0.5分，酌情扣分）3.答：期权的要素包括，①敲定价，即敲定价格（标的物的执行价格），期权合同规定的购入或售出某种资产的价格；②到期日，期权合同规定的期权的最后有效日期为期权的到期日，③标的资产，期权合同规定的双方买入或卖出的资产为期权的标的资产；④权利金，买卖双方购买或出售期权的价格称为权利金或期权的价格.（3分）功能：①套期保值功能；②发现价格功能.（每小点1分，共2分）4.答：CAPM 模型的假设条件：资本市场没有摩擦；所有投资者依据期望和方差来评价证券组合的收益和风险水平；每个投资者对预期收益率及其标准差、证券之间的协方差有相同的预期.（3分，每小点1分）表达式： )][(][f m im f i R R E R R E -+=β其中m R 为市场组合的收益，f R 为无风险资产的收益或无风险利率.（2分）5.答：债券是债务人在筹集资金时，依照法律手续发行，向债权人承诺按约定利率和日期支付利息，并在特定日期偿还本金，从而明确债权债务关系的有价证券.(2分)债券包含的因素有：（1）债券的面值；（2）债券利率；（3）债券的偿还期限；（4）债券发行者名称. (3分，酌情扣分)6.答: 影响期权价格（期权费）的因素有：(1)标的物的市场价格；(2)标的物的协定价格；(3)期权的有效期；(4)标的物价格的波动率；(5)无风险利率；(6)标的物的收益.（每小点1分，酌情扣分）7.答：期货与远期很类似，但期货是在交易所进行标准化交易的远期，主要区别如下：（1）远期在场外柜台市场交易，而期货在期货交易所交易，这使得期货的流动性更好；（2）远期合约的条款由双方在签定时协商确定，而期货的所有条款都高度标准化，由期货交易所规定，如每一份期货合约的交易单位，交易金额，交割日等都是由期货交易所事先规定好的；（3）远期合约是由一方对另一方直接负责，信用风险很大，而期货交易则全部经过交易所，信用风险有交易所承担；（4）远期合约只在交割日结算，而期货合约则采用逐日盯市的方式，要求每日进行盈亏的保证金结算，从而保证各方都不违约.（每小点1分，酌情扣分）8.答：金融工程运作的六个步骤为（1）诊断:识别遇到的金融问题的本质和根源;（2）分析:分析寻找解决问题的最佳方案,这种方案一般是一种（一系列）新的金融工具,也可以是一个新的金融中介;（3）开发:根据分析运用工程技术方法开发新的金融产品;（4）定价:确定所开发的金融产品的价格；（5）修正:依据不同客户的需求进行修正；（6）商品化：将方案标准化，面向市场推广.（前四点每点1分，后两点每点0.5分）9．答：股指期货的功能有：①套期保值功能；②发现价格功能；③投机功能；④套利功能.（每小点0.5分）影响股指期货的因素：①股票指数值本身的高低；（1分）②成份股股票的股息率或红利收益率；（0.5分）③市场利率水平；（1分）④距期货合约到期时间等（0.5分）.10．答：（一）标的物不同期货交易的标的物是商品或期货合约，而期权交易的标的物则是一种商品或期货合约选择权的买卖权利.（二）投资者权利与义务的对称性不同期权是单向合约，期权的买方在支付保险金后即取得履行或不履行买卖期权合约的权利，而不必承担义务；期货合同则是双向合约，交易双方都要承担期货合约到期交割的义务.如果不愿实际交割，则必须在有效期内对冲.（三）履约保证不同期货合约的买卖双方都要交纳一定数额的履约保证金；而在期权交易中，买方不需交纳履约保证金，只要求卖方交纳履约保证金，以表明他具有相应的履行期权合约的财力.（四）现金流转不同在期权交易中，买方要向卖方支付保险费，这是期权的价格，大约为交易商品或期货合约价格的5％～10％；期权合约可以流通，其保险费则要根据交易商品或期货合约市场价格的变化而变化.在期货交易中，买卖双方都要交纳期货合约面值5％～10%的初始保证金，在交易期间还要根据价格变动对亏损方收取追加保证金；盈利方则可提取多余保证金.（五）盈亏的特点不同期权买方的收益随市场价格的变化而波动，是不固定的，其亏损则只限于购买期权的保险费；卖方的收益只是出售期权的保险费，其亏损则是不固定的.期货的交易双方则都面临着无限的盈利和无止境的亏损.（六）套期保值的作用与效果不同期货的套期保值不是对期货而是对期货合约的标的金融工具的实物（现货）进行保值，由于期货和现货价格的运动方向会最终趋同，故套期保值能收到保护现货价格和边际利润的效果.期权也能套期保值，对买方来说，即使放弃履约，也只损失保险费，对其购买资金保了值；对卖方来说，要么按原价出售商品，要么得到保险费也同样保了值.（每小点1分，酌情扣分）五、计算题1.解：买入1亿日元远期合约，该交易商支付0.008亿美元；若到期时汇率为0.0074美元/日元，则该交易商的1亿日元价值1×0.0074=0.0074亿美元，交易商亏损=0.008-0.0074=0.0006美元；若到期时汇率为0.0090美元/日元，则该交易商的1亿日元价值1×0.0090=0.0090亿美元，交易商盈利=0.0090-0.0080=0.001美元.2.解：到期时，投资者有三种选择：①不执行看跌期权且不履行看涨期权，就意味着到期时黄金价格为430美元/盎司.这时，投资者的期货合约盈利=430-428.5-5.5+4.5=0.5美元/盎司.②执行看跌期权，就意味着到期日黄金价格下跌，期货和约多头头寸用于执行看跌期权.这时总盈利=430-428.5-5.5+4.5=0.5美元/盎司.③履行看涨期权，意味着到期日期权价格上涨，期货合约多头用以履行看涨期权.这时总盈利=430-428.5-5.5+4.5=0.5美元/盎司.可见，在任何情况下，投资者的净收益均为0.5美元/盎司.3.解：首先，根据股票现金流估价模型中的不变增长模型，得出Ａ公司股票当前的合理价格P 为：Ｐ＝0.5／（ｋ－0.10），其中ｋ为必要收益率，其次，根据CAPM 模型有：ｋ＝f R ＋β（Ｅ（mR ）－f R ）＝0.03＋0.08*1.5＝0.15 （5分）最后，得出Ａ公司股票的当前价格：Ｐ＝0.5／（ｋ－0.10）＝0.5／（0.15－0.10）＝10元 (5分)4.解：贴现债券的发行价格为：Ｐ＝1000×（１－10.5％×180／360）＝947.5元（5分）到期收益率为：Ｙ＝（1000－947.5）／947.5×180／360×100％＝11.24％（5分）5．解：首先，根据股票现金流估价模型中的不变增长模型，得出Ａ公司股票当前的合理价格Ｐ为：Ｐ＝0.9／（ｋ－0.10），其中ｋ为必要收益率，其次，根据ＣＡＰＭ模型有：ｋ＝f R ＋β（Ｅ（m R ）－f R ）＝0.04＋0.12＊1.5＝0.22最后，得出Ａ公司股票的当前价格：Ｐ＝0.9／（ｋ－0.10）＝0.9／（0.22－0.10）＝7.5元6．解：组合P 的期望收益率为E(Rp)=Xa*Ra+ Xb*Rb =10%*30%+5%*70%=6.5%（5分）组合P 方差为：Var(P)= Xa^2 * Sa^2+ Xb^2 * Sb^2+ Xa * Xb * Sa * Sb *=0.3^2 * 0.06^2 + 0.02^2 * 0.7^2 + 0.3 * 0.7 * 0.06 * 0.02 * 0.12=0.0327（5分）．7.解：题中，在到期日，甲方以6.80元人民币/美元的价格买入美元，然后在市场上以6.85元人民币/美元的价格卖出美元，则甲方是获利的（2分），且获利为：100000*（6.85—6.80）=5000元人民币（3分）乙方以6.80元人民币/美元的价格卖出美元，再以6.85元人民币/美元的价格在市场上买入美元，则乙方是亏损的（2分），且损失为5000元人民币（3分）.六、论述题（一）投资人可以通过下述三种方式来表达看好该项资产的“多方头寸”：（1）买入该资产或者远期合同；（2）买入该资产的买方期权（多头买权）；（3）卖出该资产的卖方期权（空头卖权）.图4—3（a ）表示投资人直接买入某项资产，这是我们最常见的表达“多方寸头”的方式.比如：买入股票、房产和其他具有不确定性的资产.因为我们“看好”其升值前景.这是三种做多方式中最保守、最安全的一种“做多”方式.因为投资人直接买入某项资产后，即使该资产价格下跌一定幅度，投资人手中的实际资产仍然有一定的价值.买入该资产(a) 多头买权 (b)空头卖权 (c)买图4—3（b ）表示投资人买入该资产的卖方期权（或称看涨期权），设施一项多头买权，这项买方期权允许投资人在该项资产升值的情况下，按照事先固定的低价买入该资产，进而抛售获利.如果该资产在未来一段时间内不仅没升值，反而价值缩水，那么，投资人就要承担相当于这个买方期权价格的损失.在图4—3（a ）中表示为低于水平线以下的黑色粗线.这种做法的风险是预先可见的，即便该项资产价格下跌很多，投资人的损失也就是期权价格而已，不会有更大的损失.图4—3（c ）表示投资人卖出该资产的卖方期权（称看跌期权）,或称设施一项空头卖权.在这种情况下，投资人确信该项资产未来必然升值，故而向其他投资人出售了一项权力：当该项资产的价格跌破某一事先协议价格时，允许其他投资人有权将该项资产按照该协议价出售该投资人.投资人事先不需要任何资金的投资人，只要该项资产的价格上升，投资人就可以获得相当于卖方期权价格的利润.但是，这种做法在三种做多方式中，风险最大，因为投资人事先承诺在资产价格下跌时，要按照原先的价格收购那些已经缩水的资产.这种做法的收益是事先可见的（就相当于卖方期权的价格），而损失却是无法预见的，因此，具有最大的风险.（二）投资人也有三种方法来实现对某项资产的空方头寸：（1）卖出该资产或者远期合约；（2）卖出该资产的买方期权（空头买权）.（3图4—4（a ）表示投资人直接卖出某项资产，或者出售某项资产的远期合约，这是我们最常见的表达“空方寸头”的方式.比如：卖出股票、房产和其他具有不确定性的资产.因为我们“看空”其升值前景，判断该项资产未来价值有可能下跌.这是三种做空方式中最保守、最安全的一种“做空”方式.因为投资人直接卖出某项资产后，即使该资产价格上升，投资人手中已经握有现金，损失的只是该项资产的升值部分的价值.图4—4（b ）表示投资人卖出该资产的买方期权或称实施一项空头买权，这项买方期权允许其购买者在该项资产升值的情况下，按照事先固定的低价从该投资人手中买入该资产，进而抛售获利.如果该资产在未来一段时间内不仅没升值，反而价值缩水，那么，投资人就赚取了这个买方期权价格的部分.在图4—4（b ）中表示为高于水平线部分的黑色粗线.这种做法的收益是预先可见的，就是该资产的买方期权的价格，而其损失确实是不可预见的.如果该项资产的价格大幅上升，投资人就必须承担该资产上涨之后的价格和其买方期权价格的差价，因而有可能卖出该资产(a) 空头买权 (b) 多头卖权 (c)承担比较大的损失.这是三种做空方式中，风险最大的一种，一般不推荐普通投资人采用，而是往往被机构投资者中的套利交易商大量采用.这些套利交易商确定自己对某项资产价格的判断是正确的，从而采用这种方式以便获得高额的收益.图4—4（c）表示投资人买入该资产的卖方期权或称设施一项多头卖权.该项卖方期权允许投资人在未来该项资产价格下跌时，按照事先固定的比较好的价格出售该资产.在这种安排下，如果该项资产未来价格下跌，那么投资人就获利.而如果该资产价格上涨，投资人的损失也是预先确定的：就等于是损失了原先购买卖方期权的价格.普通投资人往往采用这种方法配合其对该资产的多方头寸，以锁定该项资产的价格风险.（三）金融工程是金融深化和金融创新发展到相当程度的产物，金融工程的迅猛发展是一系列因素综合作用的结果。

金融学第二版课后习题答案

金融学第二版课后习题答案
金融学第二版课后习题答案：深入理解金融学知识
金融学是一个涉及广泛的领域，涵盖了货币、银行、投资、风险管理等多个方面。

对于学习金融学的学生来说，课后习题是巩固知识、提高理解的重要途径。

本文将以金融学第二版课后习题答案为标题，深入探讨金融学知识的重要性和
应用。

首先，金融学知识对于个人和企业来说都是非常重要的。

对于个人来说，理解
金融学知识可以帮助他们更好地管理个人财务，进行投资和理财规划。

而对于
企业来说，金融学知识可以帮助他们进行资金管理、风险管理和投资决策，从
而更好地实现经营目标。

其次，金融学知识的应用范围非常广泛。

无论是在银行、证券公司、保险公司
等金融机构，还是在企业、政府和非营利组织，金融学知识都有着重要的应用
价值。

只有深入理解金融学知识，才能更好地应对各种金融风险和挑战，实现
财务目标。

金融学第二版课后习题答案提供了学生们检验自己掌握程度的重要途径。

通过
仔细分析和思考课后习题答案，学生们可以更好地理解金融学知识，发现自己
的不足之处，并及时进行补充和提高。

这对于他们将来在金融领域的发展和应
用都是非常有益的。

总之，金融学知识对于个人和企业来说都是非常重要的，它的应用范围也非常
广泛。

通过深入理解金融学知识，我们可以更好地管理个人和企业财务，更好
地应对各种金融风险和挑战。

金融学第二版课后习题答案为我们提供了一个重
要的学习工具，帮助我们更好地掌握金融学知识，实现个人和企业的财务目标。

上海交通大学金融工程学吴冲锋第3章(1).pdf

金融工程学第3章金融产品创新原理一、金融产品创新链与价值（增值）链1 、为什么要进行创新2 、股权创新中的价值链3 、债权创新中的价值链4 、创新的价值变化（增值或减值）因素金融创新分类•金融制度的创新•金融组织的创新•金融业务的创新1 为什么要进行创新‐‐‐‐(1) 基金产品中创新（封闭式基金？开放式基金？复制基金? 分拆基金? 分级基金？分离交易基金？多次分红基金？伞型基金？）(2) 银行产品中创新（各种理财产品？各种存款产品？各种贷款产品？）(3) 股票市场中（发红利？送红股? 送权证？股票回购？融资融券？）(4) 债券产品中创新（可转换债券? 可转换可回售债券？可转换可赎回债券？可转换可回售可回售债券？可分离交易转债？）(5) 衍生产品创新（股票指数期货？外汇期权？权证？）2、股权创新中的价值链……创新过程企业股票期权开放基金股权（帐面价值BV ）债务创新过程股票（市场价格P ）指数一组资产…………指数基金（ETF ）指数期货期货期权封闭基金（共同、私募基金等）可回售其它收益凭证创新过程创新过程创新过程创新过程创新过程创新过程创新过程创新过程债务贷款债券发行债券可转换可回售可赎回可转换债券（可转换价值）可回售债券（可回售价值）可回售可赎回债券（可回售可赎回价值）可转换可回售债券（可转换可回售价值）可赎回债券（可赎回价值）+++3、债权创新中的价值链可转换回售可赎回债券（可转换可回售可赎回价值）4、创新的价值变化（增值或减值）因素1）流动性增加？2）风险减少？3）税收减少？4）减少代理成本？5）减低交易成本？6）规避管制？7）满足投资者偏好？8）提高交易方便性和便捷性？二、金融产品创新与设计方法1、金融创新的两个轮子2、金融创新目标3、需求因素驱动的金融创新（8大因素）4、金融产品创新的方法和技术（六种方法，十个“可”）1 金融创新的两个轮子•需求拉动型：常常是被动式创新，是零星的，随机的，案例型的创新，倾向于经验性的创新实践活动•供给推动型（方法和技术驱动）：常常是主动式创新，是系统的，功能型的创新，倾向于理论指导的创新实践活动2 金融创新目标纵观金融创新历史，可以说，金融创新活动的结果，从其实质来看，或是能以更低的成本达到其它方式能达到的经营目标，或是能够实现已有的工具和技术无法实现的目标，前者使市场更有效率，后者使市场更加完全。

金融学第二版讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第八章

CHAPTER 8VALUATION OF KNOWN CASH FLOWS: BONDSObjectives«To show how to value con tracts and securities that promise a stream of cash flows that areknown with certa inty.«To un dersta nd the shape of the yield curve .«To un dersta nd how bond prices and yields cha nge over time.Outline8.1 Us ing Prese nt Value Formulas to Value Known Cash Flows8.2 The Basic Build ing Blocks: Pure Discou nt Bonds8.3 Coupon Bo nds, Curre nt Yield, and Yield to Maturity8.4 Readi ng Bond Listi ngs8.5 Why Yields for the Same Maturity Differ8.6 The Behavior of Bond Prices over TimeSummary* A cha nge in market in terest rates causes a cha nge in the opposite directi on in the market values of all exist ing con tracts promisi ng fixed payme nts in the future.* The market prices of $1 to be received at every possible date in the future are the basic building blocks for valuing all other streams of known cash flows. These prices are inferred from the observed market prices of traded bonds and the n applied to other streams of known cash flows to value them.* An equivale nt valuati on can be carried out by appl ying a discou nted cash flow formula with a differe nt discou nt rate for each future time period.* Differe nces in the prices of fixed-i ncome securities of a give n maturity arise from differe nces in coup on rates, default risk, tax treatme nt, callability, con vertibility, and other features.* Over time the prices of bonds con verge towards their face value. Before maturity, however, bond prices can fluctuatea great deal as a result of cha nges in market in terest rates.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterBond Valuation with a Flat Term Structure1. Suppose you want to know the price of a 10-year 7% coupon Treasury bond that pays interest annually. a. You have been told that the yield to maturity is 8%. What is the price?b. What is the price if coupons are paid semiannually, and the yield to maturity is 8% per year?c. Now you have been told that the yield to maturity is 7% per year. What is the price? Could you have guessedthe answer without calculating it? What if coupons are paid semiannually?c. Price = 100. When the coup on rate and yield to maturity are the same, the bond sells at par value (i.e. the price equalsthe face value of the bon d).2. Assume six months ago the US Treasury yield curve was flat at a rate of 4% per year (with annualcompounding) and you bought a 30-year US Treasury bond. Today it is flat at a rate of 5% per year. What rate of return did you earn on your initial investment: a. If the bond was a 4% coupon bond? b. If the bond was a zero coupon bond?c. How do your answer change if compounding is semiannual? SOLUTION: a and b.Coupon = 4% 30 4 ? 100 4 PV =100 Zero coupon30 4 ? 100 0 PV =30.83Step 2: Find prices of the bonds today: Coupon = 4% 29.5 5?100 4 84.74 Zero coupon29.5 5 ? 100 0 23.71Step 3: Find rates of retur n:Rate of retur n = (coup on + cha nge in price)/in itial price4% coupon bond: r = (4 + 84.74 —100)/100 = -0.1126 or —11.26%Zero-coupon bon d: r = (0 + 23.71 —30.83)/30.83 = -0.2309 or -23.09%. Note that the zero-coupon bo nd is more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n the 4% coup on bond. c.Step 1: Find prices of the bonds six mon ths ago:Coup on=4% 60 2 ?100 2 PV =100 Zero coupon 60 2 ? 100 0 PV =30.48 Step 2: Find prices of the bonds today:Coup on=4% 59 2.5? 100 2 84.66 Zero coupon59 2.5 ?10023.30SOLUTION:a. With coup ons paid once a year:Price = 93.29b. With coup ons paid twice a year:Price = 93.20Step 3: Find rates of retur n:Rate of return = (coupon + change in price) / initial price4% coupon bond: r = (2 + 84.66 -100)/100 = -0.1334 or -13.34%Zero coupon bond: r = (0 + 23.30 - 30.48)/30.48 = -0.2356 or -23.56%. Note that the zero-coupon bond is more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n the 4% coup on bond.Bond Valuatio n With a Non-Flat Term Structure3. Suppose you observe the following prices for zero-coupon bonds (pure discount bonds) that have no risk of default:a. What should be the price of a 2-year coupon bond that pays a 6% coupon rate, assuming coupon paymentsare made once a year starting one year from now?b. Find the missing entry in the table.c. What should be the yield to maturity of the 2-year coupon bond in Part a?d. Why are your answers to parts b and c of this question different?SOLUTION:a. Present value of first year's cash flow = 6 x .97 = 5.82Prese nt value of sec ond year's cash flow = 106 x .90 = 95.4Total prese nt value = 101.22 b^Th^y^^tomaturityon^^^^arzerocoupo^bon^wrt^pr^eof9^an^facevalu^of1^3i^5^^^^^^^^2 I ? I -90 I 100 I 0 1 i = 5.41%c. The yield to maturity on a 2-year 6% coup on bond with price of 101.22 isd. The two bonds are differe nt because they have differe nt coup on rates. Thus they have differe nt yields to maturity.Coupon Stripping4. You would like to create a 2-year synthetic zero-coupon bond. Assume you are aware of the following information: 1-year zero- coupon bonds are trading for $0.93 per dollar of face value and 2-year 7% coupon bonds (annual payments) are selling at $985.30 (Face value = $1,000).a. What are the two cash flows from the 2-year coupon bond?b. Assume you can purchase the 2-year coupon bond and unbundle the two cash flows and sell them.i. How much will you receive from the sale of the first payment?ii. How much do you need to receive from the sale of the 2-year Treasury strip to break even?SOLUTION:a. $70 at the end of the first year and $1070 at the end of year 2.b. i. I would receive .93 x $70 = $65.10 from the sale of the first payment.ii. To break even, I would need to receive $985.30- $65.10 = $920.20 from the sale of the 2-year strip.The Law of One price and Bond Pricing5. Assume that all of the bonds listed in the following table are the same except for their pattern of promised cash flows over time. Prices are quoted per $1 of face value. Use the information in the table and the Law of One Price to infer the values of the missing entries. Assume that coupon payments are annual.6% 2 years 5.5%0 2 years7% 2 years0 1 year $0.95From Bond 1 and Bond 4, we can get the miss ing en tries for the 2-year zero-coup on bond. We know from bond 1 that:2 21.0092 = 0.06/1.055 +1.06/(1.055) . This is also equal to 0.06/(1+z 1) + 1.06/(1+z 2) where z 1 and Z2 are the yields to maturity on on e-year zero-coup on and two-year zero-coup on bonds respectively. From bond 4 , we have z 1, we can find z2.1.0092 -0.06/1.0526 = 1.06/(1+z 2)2, hence z = 5.51%.To get the price P per $1 face value of the 2-year zero-coup on bond, using the same reasoning:1.0092 -0.06x0.95 = 1.06xP, he nee P = 0.8983To find the entries for bond 3: first find the price, then the yield to maturity. To find the price, we can use z 1 and Z2 found earlier: PV of coupon payment in year 1: 0.07 x 0.95 = 0.0665PV of coupon + pri ncipal payme nts in year 2: 1.07 x 0.8983 =0.9612「otal prese nt value of bond 3 二 1.02772 ? 0.07 -1.0277 1 i = 5.50%Hence the table becomes:6% 2 years $1.0092 5.5%0 2 years $0.8983 5.51%SOLUTION:Bond 1:Bond 4:Bond Features and Bond Valuation6. What effect would adding the following features have on the market price of a similar bond which does not have this feature?a. 10-year bond is callable by the company after 5 years (compare to a 10-year non-callable bond);b. bond is convertible into 10 shares of common stock at any time (compare to a non-convertible bond);c. 10-year bond can be “ put back ” to the company after 3 years at par (puttable boiumipare to a 10year non-puttablebond)d. 25-year bond has tax-exempt coupon paymentsSOLUTION:a. The callable bond would have a lower price tha n the non-callable bond to compe nsate the bon dholders for gra nti ng theissuer the right to call the bon ds.b. The con vertible bond would have a higher price because it gives the bon dholders the right to con vert their bonds intoshares of stock.c. The puttable bond would have a higher price because it gives the bondholders the right to sell their bonds back to the issuerat par.d. The bond with the tax-exempt coup on has a higher price because the bon dholder is exempted from pay ing taxes on thecoup ons. (Coup ons are usually con sidered and taxed as pers onal in come).Inferring the Value of a Bond Guarantee7. Suppose that the yield curve on dollar bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 6% per year. A 2-year 10% coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) issued by Dafolto Corporation is rates B, and it is currently trading at a market price of $918. Aside from its risk of default, the Dafolto bond has no other financially significant features. How much should an investor be willing to pay for a guarantee against Dafolto ' s defaulting on this bond?The difference between the price of the bond if it were free of default and its actual price (with risk of default) is the value of a guarantee against default: 1073.3-918 = $155.3The implied Value of a Call Provision and Convertibility8. Suppose that the yield curve on bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 5% per year. A 20-year default-free coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) that becomes callable after 10 years is trading at par and has a coupon rate of 5.5%.a. What is the implied value of the call provision?b. A Safeco Corporation bond which is otherwise identical to the callable 5.5% coupon bond describedabove, is also convertible into 10 shares of Safeco stock at any time up to the bond ' s maturity. If its yield to maturity is currently 3.5% per year, what is the implied value of the conversion feature?SOLUTION:a. We have to find the price of the bond if it were only free of the risk of default.The bond is traded at par value, hence the differe nee betwee n the value calculated above and the actual traded value is the implied value of the call provisio n: 1062.3 T000 = $62.3Note that the call provisi on decreases the value of the bond.b. We have to find the price of the Safeco Corporati on:This bond has the same features as the 5.5% default free callable bond described above, plus an additional feature: it is con vertible into stocks. Hence the implied value of the con versi on feature is the differe nee betwee n the values of both bonds: 1284.2-1000 = $284.25. Note that the con version feature in creases the value of the bond.Changes in Interest Rates and Bond Prices9. All else being equal, if interest rates rise along the entire yield curve, you should expect that:i. Bond prices will fallii. Bond prices will riseiii. Prices on long-term bonds will fall more than prices on short-term bonds.iv. Prices on long-term bonds will rise more than prices on short-term bondsa. ii and iv are correctb. We can ' t be certain that prices will changec. Only i is correctd. Only ii is correcte. i and iii are correctSOLUTION:The correct an swer is e.Bond prices are in versely proporti onal to yields hence whe n yields in crease, bond prices fall. Lon g-term bonds are more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n short-term bon ds.。

上海交通大学金融工程学吴冲锋第2章无套利定价原理

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江西铜业权证中的套利问题?
• 2010年4月21日 • 权证价为4.198 • 股票价为35.78 • 执行价为15.4 • 执行比例4:1 • 15.4+4.198*4=132.192(不考虑时间价值) • 35.78-32.192=3.588(不考虑融券成本) • 3.588/16.792=21%
2008年10月29日创下5.90元最低价,合并停牌日12月20日.
《金融工程》讲义，吴冲锋、吴文锋等, 2006
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金牛能源与转债之间套利的例子
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转股价10.81元，100元转9.2507 股,134.6元
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• （2）存在两个相同成本的资产组合，但是第一个组合在所有的可能状态下的损益都不低于第二个组合，而且至少存在一种状态，在此状态下第一个组合的损益要大于第二个组合的损益。
• （3）一个组合其构建的成本为零，但在所有可能状态下，这个组合的损益都不小于零，而且至少存在一种状态，在此状态下这个组合的损益要大于零。
《金融工程》讲义，吴冲锋、吴文锋等, 2006
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江西铜业 2010.09.03-11.05
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价差走势图
3600
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3200
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6040 2800来自2026000
2010.4.16-11.05 沪深300即期期货指数-现货指数
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上海交通大学金融工程学吴冲锋

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• 我必须一提的是，那些指望着从本世纪的股市中每年收益10%的人--2%的收益来自红利，从价格变动上赢得另外8%--就是在不切实际的期盼着道琼斯工业指数能在2100年达到2400万点。如果你的股票经理人向你吹嘘着每年两位数的股市收益率时，讲这个故事给他，一定让他狼狈不堪。许多投资经理人和所谓的顾问，显然是爱丽丝仙境中那个女王的直系后裔，吵嚷着："为什么，我有时会在早餐前同时想起六件不可能的事情。"一定要对巧舌如簧的经理人和顾问保持清醒，他们在往你手中塞满幻想的同时，也往自己的钱包里塞满了咨询费。
• 期权平价定理，复合期权 • 二项定价模型、红利影响、套头定
价法、得尔塔对冲、期权价格的行为。
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第三部分(续)
• 波动率组合、套利组合、利率上限、下限和领子期权
• 期权在风险管理中的运用—— 案例分析
• 综合案例：企业外汇风险管理与增值
•
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第四部分
• 学生作业交流与案例交流、讨论
几乎可以瞬时产生
供应量
需求量功用
有限
短期内变化小消费或生产
如果允许卖空,保证金允许,供应量可以达到很大
短期内可能变化大
投机或投资
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2）需求易变性
个人信心、预期等存在巨大的不确定性，影响个人需求行为
对金融产品的需求脱离了人的基本需求，甚至与基本需求无关
脱离基本需求的衍生品容易受个人信心和预期影响，容易出现不稳定波动和突变。
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很自然的，每个人都期盼着超越平凡，超越平均收益。基金经理人以及擅长说谎的顾问肯定也会不断地激励他们的客户们，给他们灌输这个观念。但是基金经理们以及顾问们给顾客带来的收入肯定是平均线之下的。为什么?

金融工程学吴冲锋答案

金融工程学吴冲锋答案【篇一：2014年省培在线课程列表】培在线学习先是选课环节，每位老师可以选2门课程，请把课程对应的序号私聊发到我qq上，我汇总后激活课程，学习流程于8月4号-6号发至群共享，请届时查看并自行开展在线学习。

【篇二：第五届2014春季中国量化投资国际峰会26日下午金融工程学科建设专场速记稿】xt>时间：2014年04月26日地点：上海主持人：尊敬的各位领导、各位来宾、女士们、先生们大家下午好，我们今天下午的金融工程专场论坛马上开始，今天非常荣幸邀请到国泰安高级副总裁仇旭东先生担任本场论坛的专场主席，我是上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院的董姗姗博士。

下面请允许我介绍一下仇旭东先生：毕业于复旦大学emba，高级职业经理人，兼任安徽大学简直教授、硕士生导师。

担任集团公司高管30年之久，曾担任国内某大型家电集团公司董事长ceo，主持某中外合资公司上市并担任董事长。

曾任美国和国内多家公司的战略管理、市场营销和项目投资顾问专家。

仇旭东先生阅历丰富，领导和组织能力强，既有公司ceo的领导驾驭能力，也有传媒单位一把手的掌控经验，精通企业并购、战略、投资、法务方面的能力知识，善于探索品牌发展新思路。

接下来让我们以热烈的掌声欢迎仇旭东先生主持。

仇旭东：大家好，很高兴担任今天下午论坛的主持人。

首先，我对参加我们今天下午论坛的各位来宾表示热烈的欢迎。

今天下午，我们要进行的论坛是量化投资行业发展人才需求及金融工程学科建设思路，主要的议题有量化投资行业特殊的要求，基于量化投资行业发展的金融工程学科人才培养探讨，量化投资行业发展展望。

我们非常荣幸的邀请到了中国量化投资研究员常务副院长清华大学深圳研究生院教授林建武先生。

邀请到了北京大学数学学院教授博士生导师，金融数学系副主任杨静平先生，我们还邀请到了同济大学风险管理研究所金融工程特聘教授博士生导师袁先智先生，他们将给我们带来精彩的演讲。

林建武先生，是毕业于清华大学，获得双学士及硕士学位，并获得美国宾夕法尼亚大学数学工程博士和数学工程和网络工程双学士。

金融工程第二版课后习题完整答案

第1章7、讨论以下观点是否正确：看涨期权空头可以被视为其他条件都相同的看跌期权空头与标的资产现货空头（其出售价格等于期权执行价格）的组合。

(1)9、如果连续复利年利率为5%，10000元现值在4.82年后的终值是多少？ (1)10、每季度记一次复利年利率为14%，请计算与之等价的每年记一年复利的年利率和连续复利年利率。

(1)11、每月记一次复利的年利率为15%，请计算与之等价的连续复利年利率。

(1)12、某笔存款的连续复利年利率为12%，但实际上利息是每季度支付一次。

请问1万元存款每季度能得到多少利息？ (1)7.该说法是正确的。

从图1.3中可以看出，如果将等式左边的标的资产多头移至等式右边，整个等式左边就是看涨期权空头，右边则是看跌期权空头和标的资产空头的组合。

9.()5%4.821000012725.21e ××=元10.每年计一次复利的年利率=（1+0.14/4）4-1=14.75%连续复利年利率=4ln(1+0.14/4)=13.76%。

11.连续复利年利率=12ln(1+0.15/12)=14.91%。

12.12%连续复利利率等价的每季度支付一次利息的年利率=4（e 0.03-1）=12.18%。

因此每个季度可得的利息=10000×12.8%/4=304.55元。

第2章1、2007年4月16日，中国某公司签订了一份跨国订单，预计半年后将支付1000000美元，为规避汇率风险，该公司于当天向中国工商银行买入了半年期的10000000美元远期，起息日为2007年10月8日，工商银行的实际美元现汇买入价与卖出价分别为749.63和752.63。

请问该公司在远期合同上的盈亏如何？ (1)2、设投资者在2007年9月25日以1530点（每点250美元）的价格买入一笔2007年12月到期的S^P500指数期货，按CME 的规定，S^P500指数期货的初始保证金为19688美元，维持保证金为15750美元。

金融学第二版讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第十章

CHAPTER 10AN OVERVIEW OF RISK MANAGEMENTObjectives« To explore how risk affects finan cial decisi on-mak ing.« To provide a con ceptual framework for the man ageme nt of risk.«To explain how the financial system facilitates the efficient allocation of risk-bearing.Outline10.1 What Is Risk?10.2 Risk and Econo mic Decisi ons10.3 The Risk Ma nageme nt Process10.4 The Three Dime nsions of Risk Tran sfer10.5 Risk Tran sfer and Econo mic Efficie ncy10.6 In stituti ons for Risk Man ageme nt10.7 Portfolio Theory: Quan titative An alysis for Optimal Risk Man ageme nt10.8 Probability Distributions of ReturnsSummary* Risk is defined as uncertainty that matters to people. Risk management is the process of formulating the benefit- cost trade-offs of risk-reduction and deciding on a course of action to take. Portfolio theory is the quantitative analysis of those trade-offs to find an optimal course of action.* All risks are ultimately borne by people in their capacity as consumers, stakeholders of firms and other econo mic orga ni zati ons, or taxpayers.* The risk in ess of an asset or a tra nsacti on cannot be assessed in isolati on or in the abstract; it depe nds on the specific frame of refere nee. In on e con text, the purchase or sale of a particular asset may add to one ' s risk exposure; in another, the same transaction may be risk-reducing.* Speculators are in vestors who take positi ons that in crease their exposure to certa in risks in the hope of in creas ing their wealth. In con trast, hedgers take positi ons to reduce their exposures. The same pers on can be a speculator on some exposures and a hedger on others.* Many resource-allocation decisions, such as saving, investment, and financing decisions, are significantly in flue need by the prese nee of risk and therefore are partly risk-ma nageme nt decisi ons.* We disti nguish among five major categories of risk exposures for households: sick ness, disability, and death job loss; consumer-durable asset risk ; liability risk ; and financial asset risk .* Firms face several categories of risks: production risk , price risk of outputs , and price risk of in puts .* There are five steps in the risk-management process: risk identification, risk assessment, selection of riskman ageme nt tech ni ques, impleme ntati on, review.* There are four techniques of risk management: r isk avoidanee, loss prevention and control, risk retention, risk tra nsfer.* There are three dimensions of risk transfer: hedging , insuring , and diversifying .* Diversificati on improves welfare by spread ing risks among many people, so that the existi ng un certa inty matters less. * From society ' s perspective-n^ageme nt in stituti ons con tribute to econo mic efficie ncy in two importa nt ways. First, they shift risk away from those who are least willing or able to bear it to those who are most willing to bear it. Second, they cause a reallocation of resources to production and consumption in accordance with the new distribution of risk-bearing.By allowing people to reduce their exposure to the risk of undertaking certain bus in ess ven tures, they may en courage en trepre neurial behavior that can have a ben efit to society.* Over the cen turies, various econo mic orga ni zati ons and con tractual arra ngeme nts have evolved to facilitate a more efficient allocation of risk-bearing by expanding the scope of diversification and the types of risk that are shifted.* Among the factors limit ing the efficie nt allocati on of risks are tra nsacti ons costs and problems of adverse selecti on and moral hazard.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterOn the Nature of Risk and Risk Management1. Suppose that you and a friend have decided to go to a movie together next Saturday. You will select any movie for which tickets are available when you get to the theater. Is this a risky situation for you? Explain. Now suppose that your friend has already purchased a ticket for a movie that is going to be released this Saturday. Why is this a risky situation? How would you deal with the risk?SOLUTION:No, the uncertainty doesn ' t represienncteriysokusdo not care which movie you see. However, if your friend has a ticket already, and if you wait till Saturday to buy yours, the show may be sold out. To eliminate the risk that you may not be able to sit with your friend and see the same movie, you might buy your ticket in advance.2. Suppose you are aware of the following investment opportunity: You could open a coffee shop around the corner from your home for $25,000. If business is strong, you could net $15,000 in after-tax cash flows each year over the next 5 years.a. If you knew for certain the business would be a success, would this be a risky investment?b. Now assume this is a risky venture and that there is a 50% chance it is a success and a 50% chance you gobankrupt within 2 years. You decide to go ahead and invest. If the business subsequently goes bankrupt, did you make the wrong decision based on the information you had at the time? Why or why not?SOLUTION:a. No, this investment would not be risky.b. No, you did not make a “ wrong ” decision. When you made your decision, you did not know for certain that thecompany would go bankrupt. You decided to invest for many reasons, including the possibility of making a lot of money.Given your tolerance for risk and the fact that you based our decision on the information available at the time, your decision was not wrong and may have been optimal at the time.3. Suppose you are a pension fund manager and you know today that you need to make a $100,000 payment in 3 months.a. What would be a risk-free investment for you?b. If you had to make that payment in 20 years instead, what would be a risk free investment?c. What do you conclude from your answers to Parts a and b of this question?SOLUTION:a. A risk-free investment for you would be a Treasury Bill (default risk free) which matures in exactly 3 months.b. A risk-free investment would be a zero coupon U.S. Treasury security maturing in 20 years and which would have thesame single payment of $100,000.c. Because risk is dependent upon circumstances, what is risk-free for one individual may be risky for another too. There canbe any number of risk-free investments depending upon circumstances. Your investment time horizon is critical tochoosing the best risk-free investment (so payments in can exactly match payments out so that you are left with no risk).4. Is it riskier to make a loan denominated in dollars or in yen?SOLUTION:It depends on the context. For people whose income and expenses are denominated in dollars (perhaps because they live in the U.S), denominating a loan in yen would be riskier than denominating it in dollars. But for someone whose income and expenses are denominated in yen, denominating the loan in yen would be less risky than in dollars.5. Which risk management technique has been chosen in each of the following situations?« Installing a smoke detector in your home« Investing savings in T-bills rather than in stocks« Deciding not to purchase collision insurance on your car« Purchasing a life insurance policy for yourselfSOLUTION:« Loss preve nti on and con trol.・Risk avoida nee« Risk rete nti on・Risk tran sfer6. You are considering a choice between investing $1,000 in a conventional one-year T-Bill offering an interest rate of 8% and a one-year Index 丄inked Inflation Plus T-Bill offering 3% plus the rate of inflation.a. Which is the safer investment?b. Which offers the higher expected return?c. What is the real return on the Index 丄inked Bond?SOLUTION:a. The inflation-indexed T-Bill offers a fixed real rate of return of 3% over the life of the investment. The realreturn on the conventional T- Bill ' s real return depends upon the expected rate of inflation over the life of thein vestme nt. The safer in vestme nt is the In flati on Plus T-Bill.b. The real rate of return on the conventional T-Bill depends upon the expected rate of inflation over the life of thein vestme nt. You do not know which expected retur n is higher unl ess you know what in flati on is expected to be.c. The real retur n on the in dex-l in ked T-Bill is 3%.Hedging and Insurance7. Suppose you are interested in financing your new home purchase. You have your choice of a myriad financing options. You could enter into any one of the following agreements: 8% fixed rate for 7 years, 8.5% fixed rate for 15 years, 9% fixed for 30 years. In addition, you could finance with a 30-year variable rate that begins at 5% and increases and decreases with the prime rate, or you could finance with a 30year variable rate that begins at 6% with ceilings of 2% per year to a maximum of 12% and no minimum.a. Suppose you believe that interest rates are on the rise. If you want to completely eliminate your risk of risinginterest rates for the longest period of time, which option should you choose?b. Would you consider that hedging or insuring? Why?c. What does you r risk management decision “ cost ” you in terms of quoted interest rates during the firstyear?SOLUTION:a. You would choose the 30-year fixed rate at 9%.b. That would be a hedge because you have elim in ated both the upside (decli ning rates) or dow nside ( rising rates).c. This costs me at least 4% since I could get a variable rate loa n at 5%.8. Referring to the information in problem 7, answer the following:a. Suppose you believe interest rates are going to fall, which option should you choose?b. What risk do you face in that transaction?c. How might you insure against that risk? What does that cost you (in terms of quoted interest rates?). SOLUTION:a. You would want one of the variable rate options, in particular the variable loan tied to the prime rate, currently equal to5%.b. You face the risk of rising rates.c. You could in sure aga inst that risk by purchas ing the opti on to have a 12% ceil ing on the rate (2% in crease per year.This option cost you 1% (the difference between 6% and 5%).9. Suppose you are thinking of investing in real estate. How might you achieve a diversified real estate investment?SOLUTION:« You could own several differe nt build ings in the same gen eral area.« You could own several differe nt build ings in differe nt geographic areas.« You could sell some of your equity own ership to other owners to lower your own in dividual exposure to decli ning market values.10. Suppose the following represents the historical returns for Microsoft and Lotus Development Corporation:Historical ReturnsYear MSFT LOTS110%9%215%12%3-12%-7%420%18%57%5%a. What is the mean return for Microsoft? For Lotus?b. What is the standard deviation of returns for Microsoft? For Lotus?c. Suppose the returns for Microsoft and Lotus have normally distributed returns with means and standarddeviations calculated above. For each stock, determine the range of returns within one expected standard deviation of the mean and within two standard deviations of the mean.SOLUTION:a. Mea n return Microsoft: 8.0%; Lotus: 7.4%b. If you use the formula for the sta ndard deviati on based on a sample of size n:You find that the standard deviations are: MSFT: 10.94%; Lotus: 8.357%.However, if you use the formula for the population standard deviation:You find that the standard deviations are: MSFT 12.23% and LOTS 9.34%.c. Range of returns within 1 standard deviation Microsoft: -2.94% to +18.94% Range of returns within 1 standarddeviation Lotus: -0.957% to + 15.76% Range of returns within 2 standard deviations Microsoft: -13.88% to+29.88% Range of returns within 1 standard deviation Lotus: -9.31% to + 24.11%。

金融工程学各章习题及答案

金融工程学各章习题及答案第一章综合远期外汇协议（SAFE交易）1.请简述金融衍生产品的功能。

2.金融工程的应用领域。

3.金融远期合约有哪些优点？又有哪些缺点？4.请简述远期外汇市场的卖出者包括那些人。

5.请简述远期外汇市场的买入者包括那些人。

6.常见的远期合约有哪几种?7.远期交易主要应用在哪些领域?8.某交易商拥有1亿日元远期空头,远期汇率为0.008美元/日元.如果合约到期时汇率分别为0.0074美元/日元和0.0090美元/日元,请计算该交易商的盈亏状况。

9.某日美元对瑞郎即期汇率为USD/CHF1.2200－1.2210，若l个月美元对瑞郎远期汇率点数为20－30，l个月美元对瑞郎远期汇率点数为45－40，分别求l 个月和3个月美元对瑞郎远期汇率。

10．有些学者认为，远期汇率是对未来汇率的无偏预测。

请问在什么情况下这种观点是正确的？11.请简述影响期货汇率波动的主要因素。

12.请简述有效的外汇风险管理步骤。

第一章答案1.答：1.规避市场风险2.套利3.投机4.提高效率5.促进金融市场的完善2.答：1.公司理财方面2.金融工具及其交易策略3.投资与货币管理方面4.风险管理技术与手段3.答：优点主要是具有较大的灵活性；缺点是市场效率较低、流动性较差、违约风险较高。

4.答：1.有远期外汇收入的出口商2.持有未到期外汇的债权人3.输出短期资本的牟利者4.对远期外汇看跌的投机者5.答：1.有远期外汇支出的进口商2.负有未到期外汇的债务人3.输入短期资本的牟利者4.对远期外汇看涨的投机者6.常见的远期合约主要包括远期利率协议和远期外汇协议。

7.主要应用于利率风险和外汇风险防范。

8.若合约到期时汇率为0.0075美元/日元，则他赢利1亿（0.008-0.0074）=6万美元。

若合约到期时汇率为0.0090美元/日元，则他赢利1亿（0.008-0.009）=-10万美元。

9. l个月美元对瑞郎远期汇率为USD/CHF：（1.2200+0.0020）－（1.2210+30）=1.2220－1.2240。

《金融学（第二版）》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解十三章

《⾦融学（第⼆版）》讲义⼤纲及课后习题答案详解⼗三章CHAPTER 13THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODELObjectivesExplain the theory behind the CAPM.Explain how to use the CAPM to establish benchmarks for measuring the performance of investment portfolios. Explain how to infer from the CAPM the correct risk-adjusted discount rate to use in discounted-cash-flow valuation models. Explain the APT and its relationship to the CAPM.Outline13.1 The Capital Asset Pricing Model in Brief13.2 Determinants of the Risk Premium on the Market Portfolio13.3 Beta and Risk Premiums on Individual Securities13.4 Using the CAPM in Portfolio Selection13.5 Valuation and Regulating Rates of Return13.6 Extensions, Modifications, and Alternatives to the CAPMSummaryThe CAPM has three main implications:In equilibrium, ev eryone’s relative holding of risky assets are the same as in the market portfolio.The size of the risk-premium of the market portfolio is determined by the risk-aversion of investors.The risk premium on any asset is equal to its beta times the risk premium on the market portfolio.Whether or not the CAPM is strictly true, it provides a rationale for a very simple passive portfolio strategy: Diversify your holdings of risky assets in the proportions of the market portfolio, andMix this portfolio with the risk-free asset to achieve a desired risk-reward combination.The CAPM is used in portfolio management primarily in two ways:To establish a logical and convenient starting point in asset allocation and security selectionTo establish a benchmark for evaluating portfolio management ability on a risk-adjusted basis.In corporate finance the CAPM is used to determine the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate in valuation models of the firm and in capital budgeting decisions. The CAPM is also used to establish a “fair” rate of return on invested capital for regulated firms and in cost-plus pricing.Today few financial scholars consider the CAPM in its simplest form to be an accurate model for explaining or predicting risk premiums on risky assets. However, modified versions of the model are still a central feature of the theory and practice of finance.The APT gives a rationale for the expected return-beta relationship that relies on the condition that there be no arbitrage profit opportunities; the CAPM requires that investors be portfolio optimizers. The APT and CAPM are not incompatible; rather, they complement each other.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterComposition of the Market Portfolio1. Capital markets in Flatland exhibit trade in four securities, the stocks X, Y and Z, and a risklessgovernment security. Evaluated at current prices in US dollars, the total market values of these assets are, respectively, $24 billion, $36 billion, $24 billion and $16 billion.a. Determine the relative proportions of each asset in the market portfolio.b. If one trader with a $100,000 portfolio holds $40,000 in the riskless security, $15,000 in X, $12,000 in Y, and$33,000 in Z, determine the holdings of the three risky assets of a second trader who invests $20, 000 of a $200, 000 portfolio in the riskless security.SOLUTION:The total value of all assets in the economy is 100 billion dollars. a. The proportions of each asset relative to the value of all assets are, respectively, .24 (X), .36 (Y),b. .24 (Z) and .16 (riskless bond.) The proportions of each risky asset to the total value of all risky assets are, respectively, (2/7) (X), (3/7) (Y) and (2/7) (Z).c. . Ignore the question as it appears in the First Edition of the textbook. Instead, the question should be: If aninvestor has $100,000 with $30,000 invested in the riskless asset, how much is invested in securities X, Y, and Z? The answer to this question is $20,000 in X and Z, and $30,000 in Y.Implications of CAPM2. The riskless rate of interest is .06 per year, and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio is .15 per year.a. According to the CAPM , what is the efficient way for an investor to achieve an expected rate of returnof .10 per year?b. If the standard deviation of the rate of return on the market portfolio is .20, what is the standarddeviation on the above portfolio?c. Draw the CML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.d. Draw the SML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.e. Estimate the value of a stock with an expected dividend per share of $5 this coming year, an expecteddividend growth rate of 4% per year forever, and a beta of .8. If its market price is less than the value you have estimated, i.e., if it is under-priced, what is true of its mean rate of return?SOLUTION: a.So one would hold a portfolio that is 4/9 invested in the market portfolio and 5/9 in the riskless asset. b.c. The formula for the CML is9415.)1(06.10.)()1()(=+-=?+-?=x xx x r E x r r E M f 08889.)20(.94==?=M x σσσσσ45.06.)()(+=-+=MfM f r r E r r Ed. The formula for the SML ise. Use constant growth rate DDM and find r using the SML relationIf the market price of the stock is less than this, then its expected return is higher than the 13.2% required rate.()ββ09.06.)()(+=-+=f M f r r E r r E 35.54$04.132.504.510=-=-=-=r g r D P 132.8.09.06.09.06.=?+=+=βr3. If the CAPM is valid, which of the following situations is possible? Explain. Consider each situation independently. a.PortfolioExpected ReturnBeta A 0.20 1.4B 0.25 1.2b.PortfolioExpected ReturnStandard DeviationA 0.300.35B 0.400.25c.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A 0.160.12d.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A0.200.22SOLUTION:a. Impossible. Since the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive, a security with a higher beta must have ahigher expected return.b. Possible. Since portfolios A & B are not necessarily efficient, A can have a higher standard deviation and alower expected return than B.c. Impossible. Portfolio A lies above the CML, implying that the CML is not efficient. If the standard deviation ofA is .12, then according to the CML its expected return cannot be greater than .14.d. Impossible. Portfolio A has a lower standard deviation and a higher mean return than the market portfolio,implying that the market portfolio is not efficient.4. If the Treasury bill rate is currently 4% and the expected return to the market portfolio over the same period is 12%, determine the risk premium on the market. If the standard deviation of the return on the market is .20, what is the equation of the Capital Market Line?SOLUTION: The risk premium on the market portfolio is .08. The slope of the CML is .08/.2 = .4. Thus, the equation of the CML is:Determinants of the Market Risk Premium5. Consider an economy in which the expected return on the market portfolio over a particular period is .25, the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio over this same period is .25, and the averagedegree of risk aversion among traders is 3. If the government wishes to issue risk-free zero-coupon bonds with a term to maturity of one period and a face value per bond of $100,000, how much can the government expect to receive per bond? []σσσ4.04.)()(+=++=MfMf r rE r r ESOLUTION:According to the CAPM, E(r M) - r f = Aσ2, so that r f = E(r M) - Aσ2.Substituting into this formula we find: r f = .25 – 3 x .252 = .0625Therefore the revenue raised by the government per bond issued is $100,000 = $94,117.651.06256. . Norma Swanson has invested 40% of her wealth in MGM stock and 60% in Industrial Light and Magic stock. Norma believes the returns to these stocks have a correlation of .06 and that their respective means and standard deviations are: MGM ILMExpected Return (%) 10 15Standard Deviation (%) 15 25a.Determine the expected value and standard deviation of the return on Norma’s portfolio.b.Would a risk-averse investor such as Norma prefer a portfolio composed entirely of only MGM stock? Ofonly ILM stock? Why or why not?SOLUTION:a.The expected return is .13, and the standard deviation is .1649.b. A risk averse investor will not want to hold a portfolio composed entirely of MGM or of ILM stock, becauseone can, in general, achieve the same expected return with a lower standard deviation by combining a portfolio of MGM and ILM with the risk-free asset.7. Consider a portfolio exhibiting an expected return of 20% in an economy in which the riskless interest rate is 8%, the expected return to the market portfolio is thirteen percent, and the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio is .25. Assuming this portfolio is efficient, determine:a.its beta.b.the standard deviation of its return.c.its correlation with the market return.SOLUTION:/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the security market line to infer that the beta of this portfolio is 2.4:.20 = .08 + β(.13 - .08)β = (.20 - .08)/(.13 - .08) = .12/.05 = 2.4/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the capital market line to infer that the standard deviation of the yield to this portfolio is .6:.20 = .08+ (.13 - .08) σ = .08+ .2 σ.25σ = .12/.2 = .6c.By definition the following relationships hold:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσiσMwhere ρ denotes the correlation coefficient. We know that β = 2.4, σM = .25, and σi = .6.So from the definition of β, we get that the cov is 2.4 x .252 = .15. Substituting this into the definition of ρ: ρ = cov = .15 __ = 1σiσM .6 x .25Application of CAPM to Corporate Finance8. . The Suzuki Motor Company is contemplating issuing stock to finance investment in producing a new sports-utility vehicle, the Seppuku. Financial analysts within Suzuki forecast that this investment will have precisely the same risk as the market portfolio, where the annual return to the market portfolio is expected to be 15% and the current risk-free interest rate is 5%. The analysts further believe that the expected return to the Seppuku project will be 20% annually. Derive the maximal beta value that would induce Suzuki to issue the stock.SOLUTION:The project would be on the borderline if its required return were 20% per year. Since the risk-free rate is 5% and the risk premium on the market portfolio is 10%, the required return would be 20% if the beta were 1.5.9. . Roobel and Associates, a firm of financial analysts specializing in Russian financial markets, forecasts that the stock of the Yablonsky Toy Company will be worth 1,000 roubles per share one year from today. If the riskless interest rate on Russian government securities is 10% and the expected return to the market portfolio is 18% determine how much you would pay for a share of Yablonsky stock today if:a.the beta of Yablonsky is 3.b.the beta of Yablonsky is 0.5.SOLUTION:Use the security market line in each case to determine a required rate of return, then infer the current price from the forecasted price of 1,000 roubles and the required rate of return you have determined.a.If beta is 3, the required return is .10+ 3x.08 = .34. You would pay 1,000/1.34 = 746.27 roubles;b.If beta is .5, the required return is .10+ .5x.08 = .14. You would pay 1,000/1.14 = 877.19 roubles.Application of CAPM to Portfolio Management10. Suppose that the stock of the new cologne manufacturer, Eau de Rodman, Inc., has been forecast to havea return with standard deviation .30 and a correlation with the market portfolio of .9. If the standard deviation of the yield on the market is .20, determine the relative holdings of the market portfolio and Eau de Rodman stock to form a portfolio with a beta of 1.8.SOLUTION: By definition:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσrσMTherefore, β = ρσr/σM. The beta of Rodman stock is therefore .9x.3/.2 = 1.35.The beta of a portfolio is a weighted average of the betas of the component securities. Let A be a fraction of the portfolio invested in Rodman stock to produce a beta of 1.8. Then we have:1.35A + (1-A) = 1.8.35A = .8A = 2.286So the portfolio would have to have 228.6% invested in Rodman stock and a short position in the market portfolio equal to 128.6%.11. The current price of a share of stock in the Vo Giap Clothing Company of Vietnam is 50 dong and its expected yield over the year is 14%. The market risk premium in Vietnam is 8% and the riskless interest rate 6%. What would happen to the stock’s current price if its expected future payout remains co nstant while the covariance of its rate of return with the market portfolio falls by 50%?SOLUTION:Deduce that the expected future price of a share of Vo Giap is 57 dong, so that a reduction in this stock’s beta of 50% implies, by the security market relation, that the required yield on Vo Giap is now 10%, so that its current share price rises by 3.64% toa new value of 51.82 dong.12. Suppose that you believe that the price of a share of IBM stock a year from today will be equal to the sumof the price of a share of General Motors stock plus the price of a share of Exxon, and further you believethat the price of a share of IBM stock in one year will be $100 whereas the price of a share of General Motors today is $30. If the annualized yield on 91-day T-bills (the riskless rate you use) is 5%, the expected yield on the market is 15%, the variance of the market portfolio is 1, and the beta of IBM is 2, what price would you be willing to pay for one share of Exxon stock today?SOLUTION:Expected return = .05 + 2(.15 - .05) = 25%; (100 - x)/x = .25 → x = $80Deduce that the current price of a share of IBM stock is $80, so that the upper bound on the price of a share of Exxon is ($80 -$30 = $50).13. Ascertain whether the following quotation is true or false, and state why:“When arbitrage is absent from financial markets, and investors are each concerned with only the risk and return to their portfolios, then each investor can eliminate all the riskiness of his investments through diversification, and as a consequence the expected yield on each available asset will depend only on the covariance of its yield with the covariance of the yield on the diversified portfolio of risky assets each investor holds.”SOLUTION:False. You cannot eliminate all risk through diversification, only the unsystematic risk.Application of CAPM to Measuring Portfolio Performance14. During the most recent 5-year period, the Pizzaro mutual fund earned an average annualized rate of return of 12% and had an annualized standard deviation of 30%. The average risk-free rate was 5% per year. The average rate of return in the market index over that same period was 10% per year and the standard deviation was 20%. How well did Pizzaro perform on a risk-adjusted basis?SOLUTION:Compute the ratio of average excess return to standard deviation for Pizzaro and compare it to that of the market portfolio: Pizzaro risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.12-.05)/.30 = .233Market portfolio risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.1-.05)/.2 = .250So, on a risk-adjusted basis, Pizzaro did worse than the market index.Challenge ProblemCAPM with only 2 Risky Assets15. There are only two risky assets in the economy: stocks and real estate and their relative supplies are 50% stocks and 50% real estate. Thus, the market portfolio will be half stocks and half real estate. The standard deviations are .20 for stocks, .20 for real estate, and the correlation between them is 0. The coefficient of relative risk aversion of the average market participant (A) is 3. r f is .08 per year.a.According to the CAPM what must be the equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio, on stocks,and on real estate?b.Draw the Capital Market Line. What is its slope? Where is the point representing stocks located relativeto the CML?c.Draw the SML. What is its formula? Where is the point representing stocks located relative to the SML? SOLUTION: a.The market portfolio consists of half stocks and half real estate. It has a standard deviation of .1414, computedas follows:σ2M = w2σ2s + (1-w)2σ2r+ 2 w(1-w) cov s,rσ2M = 2 x (1/2)2 .22 = .02σM = .1414The equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio is E(r M)-r f = Aσ2M = 3x.02 = .06.The market portfolio’s expected rate of return is also a weighted average of the expected rates of return on stocks and real estate, where the weights are each 1/2. Stocks and real estate must have the same risk premiumbecause they have the same standard deviation and correlation with the market. Therefore the risk premium on stocks and real estate must be .06, the same as the market portfolio’s risk premium.b.The slope of the CML is .06/.1414 = .424. The point representing stocks is M, it is to the right of the CML.equaling to 1.The formula is: E(r) = r f + (E(r M) –r f).。

金融工程学课后答案1-12

答：结算所管理保证金帐户要求清算所每日盯市，同时要求帐户资金额达到每日规定的初始保证金水平。而经纪人管理保证金帐户也要求每日盯市，但是只要求在资金帐户额低于维持保证金时补充资金，一般维持保证金为初始保证金的75％。
2.4请说明设计一个新的期货合约最重要的是哪几方面。
答：设计一个期货合约主要包括一下三个方面：选择期货和约的标的资产，和约规模，和交割月份等。
< － 0 －－
由于范围远期合约看跌期权与看涨期权头寸在建立初相等，因此构建范围远期合约不需要成本。
1.23某公司在1996年7月1日签订了一份远期合约，在1997年1月1日，购买1000万日元。1996年9月1日，又签订了在1997年1月1日出售1000万日元的远期合约。请描述这项策略的损益。
答：第一份远期合约的收益为 - ,第二份远期合约的收益为 - ,因此总收益为 - 。
第一章
1.1请解释远期多头与远期空头的区别。
答：远期多头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格购入某种资产；远期空头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格售出某种资产。
1.2请详细解释套期保值、投机与套利的区别。
答：套期保值指交易者采取一定的措施补偿资产的风险暴露；投机不对风险暴露进行补偿，是一种“赌博行为”；套利是采取两种或更多方式锁定利润。
1.3请解释签订购买远期价格为$50的远期合同与持有执行价格为$50的看涨期权的区别。
答：第一种情况下交易者有义务以50$购买某项资产（交易者没有选择），第二种情况下有权利以50$购买某项资产（交易者可以不执行该权利）。
1.4一位投资者出售了一个棉花期货合约，期货价格为每磅50美分，每个合约交易量为50，000磅。请问期货合约结束时，当合约到期时棉花价格分别为（a）每磅48.20美分；（b）每磅51.30美分时，这位投资者的收益或损失为多少？

《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第七章

《金融学〔第二版〕》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第七章CHAPTER 7PRINCIPLES OF ASSET VALUATIONObjectives? Understand why asset valuation is important in finance.? Explain the Law of One Price as the principle underlying all asset-valuation procedures. ? Explain the meaning and role of valuation models.? Explain how information gets reflected in security prices.Outline7.1 The Relation Between an Asset’s Value and Its Price 7.2 Value Maximization and Financial Decisions 7.3 The Law of One Price and Arbitrage7.4 Arbitrage and the Prices of Financial Assets 7.5 Exchange Rates and Triangular Arbitrage 7.6 Interest Rates and the Law of One Price 7.7 Valuation Using Comparables 7.8 Valuation Models7.9 Accounting Measures of Value7.10 How Information Gets Reflected in Security Prices 7.11 The Efficient Markets HypothesisSummary? In finance the measure of an asset’s value is the price it would fetch if it were sold in a competitive market. Theability to accurately value assets is at the heart of the discipline of finance because many personal and corporate financial decisions can be made by selecting the alternative that maximizes value.? The Law of One Price states that in a competitive market, if two assets are equivalent they will tend to have thesame price. The law is enforced by a process called arbitrage, the purchase and immediate sale of equivalent assets in order to earn a sure profit from a difference in their prices.? Even if arbitrage cannot be carried out in practice to enforce the Law of One Price, unknown asset values canstill be inferred from the prices of comparable assets whose prices are known.? The quantitative method used to infer an asset’s value from information about the prices of comparable assets iscalled a valuation model. The best valuation model to employ varies with the information available and the intended use of the estimated value. ? The book value of an asset or a liability as reported in a firm’s financial statements often differs from its currentmarket value.? In making most financial decisions, it is a good idea to start by assuming that for assets that are bought and soldin competitive markets, price is a pretty accurate reflection of fundamental value. This assumption is generally warranted precisely because there are many well-informed professionals looking for mispriced assets who profit by eliminating discrepancies between the market prices and the fundamental values of assets. The proposition that an asset’s current price fully reflects all publicly-available information about future economic fundamentals affecting the asset’s value is known as the Efficient Markets Hypothesis.? The prices of traded assets reflect information about the fundamental economic determinants of their value.Analysts are constantly searching for assets whose prices are different from their fundamental value in order to buy/sell these “bargains.〞 In deciding the best strategy for the purchase/sale of a “bargain,〞 theanalyst has to evaluate the accuracy of her information. The market price of an asset reflects the weighted average of all analysts opinions with heavier weights for analysts who control large amounts of money and for those analysts who have better than average information.Instructor’s ManualChapter 7 Page 106Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterLaw of One Price and Arbitrage1. IBX stock is trading for $35 on the NYSE and $33 on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Assume that the costs of buying and selling the stock are negligible. a. How could you make an arbitrage profit?b. Over time what would you expect to happen to the stock prices in New York and Tokyo?c. Now assume that the cost of buying or selling shares of IBX is 1% per transaction. How does this affectyour answer?SOLUTION:a. Buy IBX stock in Tokyo and simultaneously sell them in NY. Your arbitrage profit is $2 per share.b. The prices would converge.c. Instead of the prices becoming exactly equal, there can remain a 2% discrepancy between them, roughly $.70 inthis case.2. Suppose you live in the state of Taxachusetts which has a 16% sales tax on liquor. A neighboring state called Taxfree has no tax on liquor. The price of a case of beer is $25 in Taxfree and it is $29 in Taxachusetts.a. Is this a violation of the Law of One Price?b. Are liquor stores in Taxachusetts near the border with Taxfree going to prosper?SOLUTION:a. This is not a violation of the Law of One Price because it is due to a tax imposed in one state but not in the other.Illegal arbitrage will probably occur, with lawbreakers buying large quantities of liquor in Taxfree and selling it in Taxachusetts without paying the tax.b. It is likely that liquor stores will locate in Taxfree near the border with Taxachusetts. Residents of both stateswill buy their liquor in the stores located in Taxfree, and liquor stores in Taxachusetts will go out of business.Triangular Arbitrage3. Suppose the price of gold is 155 marks per ounce.a. If the dollar price of gold is $100 per ounce, what should you expect the dollar price of a mark to be?b. If it actually only costs $0.60 to purchase one mark, how could one make arbitrage profits?SOLUTION:a. $100 buys the same amount of gold (1 ounce) as 155 DM, so 1 DM should cost 100/155 or $.645.b. The marks are “cheaper〞 than they should be, so the arbitrage transaction requires you to buy marks at thecheap price, use them to purchase gold, and sell the gold for dollars. Example:1. Start with $1 million, which you borrow for only enough time to carry out the arbitrage transaction.2. Use the million dollars to buy 1,666,667 marks (1,000,000 / 0.60)3. Buy 10,752.69 ounces of gold (1,666,667 / 155)4. Sell the gold for $1,075,269 (10752.69 x 100)Your risk-free arbitrage profit is $75,269.4. You observe that the dollar price of the Italian lira is $0.0006 and the dollar price of the yen is $0.01. What must be the exchange rate between lira and yen for there to be no arbitrage opportunity?SOLUTION:.0006$/lira?.06Yen/lira.01$/YenInstructor’s ManualChapter 7 Page 1075. Fill in the missing exchange rates in the following table: US dollar British pound German mark Yen US dollar $1 $1.50 $.5 $.01 British pound ￡0.67 German mark DM2.0 Japanese ￥100 Yen SOLUTION: US dollar British pound German mark Japanese Yen US dollar $1 $1.50 $.5 $.01 British pound ￡0.67 1 = .67 / 2 = .67 / 100 German mark DM2.0 = 2 / .67 1 = 2 / 100 Japanese ￥100 = 100 / .67 = 100 / 2 1 Yen US dollar British pound German mark Japanese Yen US dollar $1 $1.50 $.5 $.01 British pound ￡0.67 ￡1 ￡.33 ￡.0067 German mark DM2.0 DM3.0 DM1.0 DM.02 Japanese ￥100 ￥150 ￥50 ￥1 Yen Valuation Using Comparables6. Suppose you own a home that you purchased four years ago for $475,000. The tax assessor’s office has just informed you that they are increasing the taxable value of your home to $525,000. a. How might you gather information to help you appeal the new assessment?b. Suppose the house next door is comparable to yours except that it has one fewer bedroom. It just sold for$490,000. How might you use that information to argue your case? What inference must you make about the value of an additional bedroom?SOLUTION:a. You should retrieve as much information as you can about recent sales of comparable homes. If you canconvince the assessor’s office that your home is comparable (and the market value of the recent sales is less than $525,000) you should have a good case. You can gather the information about home sales from a real estate broker.b. The difference between your house’s assessed value and the actual market value of the home next door is$35,000 ($525,000 - $490,000). If you can convince the tax assessor’s office that the value of a bedroom is less than $35,000, then the assessor must agree that your home is worth less than $525,000. For example, if comparable sales figures show that one additional bedroom (all else reasonably equivalent) is worth only $10,000, then you should be able to argue that your home is worth $500,000 rather than $525,000.7. The P/E ratio of ITT Corporation is currently 6 while the P/E ratio of the S&P 500 is 10. What might account for the difference? SOLUTION: There are several possible reasons:? ITT may be riskier than the S&P500 either because it is in a relatively risky industry or has a relatively higherdebt ratio.? ITT’s reported earnings may be higher than they are expected to be in the future, or they may be inflated due tospecial accounting methods used by ITT.Instructor’s ManualChapter 7 Page 1088. Suppose you are chief financial officer of a private toy company. The chief executive officer has asked you to come up with an estimate for the company’s price per share. Your company’s earnings per share were $2.00 in the year just ended. You know that you should look at public company comparables, however, they seem to fall into two camps. Those with P/E ratios of 8x earnings and those with P/E ratios of 14x earnings. You are perplexed at the difference until you notice that on average, the lower P/E companies have higher leverage than the higher P/E group. The 8x P/E group has a debt/equity ratio of 2:1. The 14x P/E group has a debt/equityratio of 1:1. If your toy company has a debt/equity ratio of 1.5:1, what might you tell the CEO about your company’s equity value per share? SOLUTION:It would be reasonable to apply a P/E of 11x earnings (= (8 + 14) / 2) because your leverage is midway between the two groups. Hence, your company’s price per share would be: 11x $2.00 = $22.00 per share.9. Assume that you have operated your business for 15 years. Sales for the most recent fiscal year were $12,000,000. Net income for the most recent fiscal year was $1,000,000. Your book value is $10,500,000. A similar company recently sold for the following statistics: Multiple of Sales: 0.8x Multiple of Net Income 12x Multiple of Book Value 0.9xa. What is an appropriate range of value for your company?b. If you know that your company has future investment opportunities that are far more profitable than thecompany above, what does that say about your company’s likely valuation? SOLUTION:a. Multiple of Sales: .8x = $12 million x .8 Multiple of Net Income 12x = $1 million x 12 Multiple of Book Value .9x = $10.5 million x .9 An appropriate range might be 9 to 12 millionb. Higher end of the range = $9.6 million = $12 million = $9.45 millionEfficient Markets Hypothesis10. The price of Fuddy Co. stock recently jumped when the sudden unexpected death of its CEO was announced. What might account for such a market reaction?SOLUTION:Investors may believe that the company’s future prospects look better(i.e., either higher earnings or less risky) without the deceased CEO.11. Your analysis leads you to believe that the price of Outel’s stock should be $25 per share. Its current market price is $30.a. If you do not believe that you have access to special information about the company, what do you do?b. If you are an analyst with much better than average information, what do you do?SOLUTION:a. If you believe that the market for Outel stock is an informationally efficient one then the $30 market price(which is a weighted average of the valuations of all analysts) is the best estimate of the stock’s true value. You should question whether your own analysis is correct.b. You sell the stock because you think you have superior information. Real Interest Rate Parity12. Assume that the world-wide risk-free real rate of interest is 3% per year. Inflation in Switzerland is 2% per year and in the United States it is 5% per year. Assuming there is no uncertainty about inflation, what are the implied nominal interest rates denominated in Swiss francs and in US dollars?SOLUTION: Switzerland: (1.03 x 1.02) =1.0506 hence nominal interest rate = 5.06% US: (1.03 x 1.05) = 1 .0815 hence nominal interest rate = 8.15%Instructor’s ManualChapter 7 Page 109Integrative Problem13. Suppose an aunt has passed away and bequeathed to you and your siblings (one brother, one sister) a variety of assets. The original cost of these assets follows:ITEM COST WHEN PURCHASEDJewelry $500 by Grandmother 75 years ago House 1,200,000 10 years ago Stocks and Bonds 1,000,000 3 years ago Vintage (used) Car 200,000 2 months ago Furniture 15,000 various dates during last 40 yearsBecause you are taking a course in finance, your siblings put you in charge of dividing the assets fairly among the three of you. Before you start, your brother approaches you and says: “I’d really like the car for myself, so when you divide up the assets, just give me the car and deduct the $200,000 from my share.〞Hearing that, your sister says: “That sounds fair, because I really like the jewelry and you can assign that to me and deduct the $500 from my share.〞You have always loved your aunt’s house and its furnishings, so you would like to keep the house and the furniture.a. How do you respond to your brother and sister’s requests? Justify your responses.b. How would you go about determining appropriate values for each asset?SOLUTION:a. Because the market price of the car is close to the what your brother is willing to give up for it, your brother’srequest is reasonable. It is, however, quite possible (even likely), that the antique jewelry is worth much more today than what your relative’s grandmother paid for it in the past. Assigning only its acquisition cost to your sister’s share is quite likely a gross miscalculation. If she wants the jewelry, she should be “charged〞 an amount equal to today’s market value. It does not matter that your sister does not want to sell the jewelry for a profit, because the jewelry has VALUE even if you do not sell it. Fairness is all about equal VALUE.b. You would probably have to hire a professional appraiser for the furniture and the jewelry. You can look up thevalue of the stocks and bonds in a financial newspaper. You can estimate the value of the house by inquiring for how much similar houses in the same neighborhood have recently been sold. The car was purchased only twomonths ago, so it is probably reasonable to assume that the current market price is very close to what your distant relative paid for the car. Instructor’s ManualChapter 7 Page 110。

《金融工程学》习题及参考答案

《金融工程学》习题及参考答案无套利定价和风险中性定价练习1、假定外汇市场美元兑换马克的即期汇率是1美元换1.8马克，美元利率是8%，马克利率是4%，试问一年后远期无套利的均衡利率是多少？2、银行希望在6个月后对客户提供一笔6个月的远期贷款。

银行发现金融市场上即期利率水平是：6个月利率为9.5%，12个月利率为9.875%，按照无套利定价思想，银行为这笔远期贷款索要的利率是多少？3、假如英镑与美元的即期汇率是1英镑=1.6650美元，远期汇率是1英镑=1.6600美元，6个月期美远与英镑的无风险年利率分别是6%和8%，问是否存在无风险套利机会？如存在，如何套利？4、一只股票现在价格是40元，该股票一个月后价格将是42元或者38元。

假如无风险利率是8%，用无风险套利原则说明，执行价格为39元的一个月期欧式看涨期权的价值是多少？5、条件同题4，试用风险中性定价法计算题4中看涨期权的价值，并比较两种计算结果。

6、一只股票现在的价格是50元，预计6个月后涨到55元或是下降到45元。

运用无套利定价原理，求执行价格为50元的欧式看跌期权的价值。

7、一只股票现在价格是100元。

有连续两个时间步，每个步长6个月，每个单步二叉树预期上涨10%，或下跌10%，无风险利率8%（连续复利），运用无套利原则求执行价格为100元的看涨期权的价值。

8、假设市场上股票价格S=20元，执行价格X=18元，r=10%,T=1年。

如果市场报价欧式看涨期权的价格是3元，试问存在无风险的套利机会吗？如果有，如何套利？9、股票当前的价格是100元，以该价格作为执行价格的看涨期权和看跌期权的价格分别是3元和7元。

如果买入看涨期权、卖出看跌期权，再购入到期日价值为100 的无风险债券，则我们就复制了该股票的价值特征（可以叫做合成股票）。

试问无风险债券的投资成本是多少？如果偏离了这个价格，市场会发生怎样的套利行为？参考答案1、按照式子：（1+8%）美元=1.8×（1+4%）马克，得到1美元=1.7333马克。

《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第九章

CHAPTER 9VALUATION OF COMMON STOCKSObjectives∙To explain the theory and application of the discounted cash flow valuation method as applied to the equity of a firm.Outline9.1 Reading Stock Listings9.2 The Discounted Dividend Model9.3 Earnings and Investment Opportunities9.4 A Reconsideration of the Price/Earnings Multiple Approach9.5 Does Dividend Policy Affect the Value of a Share?Summary∙The discounted cash flow (DCF) method of valuing assets consists of discounting expected future cash flows ata risk-adjusted discount rate.∙The discounted dividend model (DDM) for valuing shares of stock starts from the observation that an investor in common stock expects a rate of return (consisting of cash dividends and price appreciation) that is equal to the market capitalization rate. The resulting formula shows that the current price of a share is the present value of all expected future dividends.∙In the constant growth rate DDM, the growth rate of dividends is also the expected rate of price appreciation.∙Growth per se does not add value to a share’s current price. What adds value is the opportunity to invest in projects that yield a rate of return in excess of the market capitalization rate.∙In a “frictionless” financial envir onment, where there are no taxes and no transaction costs, the wealth of shareholders is the same no matter what dividend policy the firm adopts.∙In the real world there are a number of frictions that can cause dividend policy to have an effect on the wealth of shareholders. These include taxes, regulations, the costs of external finance, and the information content of dividends.Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1.The DDM Corporation has just paid a cash dividend (D0) of $2 per share. It has consistently increased its cash dividends in the past by 5% per year, and you expect it to continue to do so. You estimate that the market capitalization rate for this stock should be 13% per year.a.What is your estimate of the intrinsic value of a share (derived using the DDM model)?b.Suppose that the actual price of a share is $20. By how much would you have to adjust each of thefollowing model parameters to “justify” this observed price:i.The growth rate of dividendsii.The market capitalization rateSOLUTION:a.P0 = D0(1+g)/(k-g) = 2(1+0.05)/(0.13-0.05) = $26.25b.If the actual price of the share is $20, then some of our input parameters might need some adjustments:i.Assuming all other parameters are left as given, then solving for g =(.13 x 20 – 2)/(2+20) = 0.0273= 2.73%ii.Similarly, solving for k = 2(1.05)/20 + 0.05 = 0.155 = 15.5%2.The Rusty Clipper Fishing Corporation is expected to pay a cash dividend of $5 per share this year. You estimate that the market capitalization rate for this stock should be 10% per year. If its current price is $25 per share, what can you infer about its expected growth rate of dividends?SOLUTION:D1 = $5; k = 10%; P0= $25Hence g = 0.1 - 5/25 = -0.1 = -10%3. The Constant Growth Corporation (CGC) has expected earnings per share (E1) of $5. It has a history of paying cash dividends equal to 20% of earnings. The market capitalization rate for CGC’s stock is 15% per year, and the expected ROE on the firm’s future investments is 17% per year? U sing the constant growth rate discounted dividend model,a. What is the expected growth rate of dividends?b. What is the model’s estimate of the present value of the stock?c. If the model is right, what is the expected price of a share a year from now?d.Suppose that the current price of a share is $50.By how much would you have to adjust each of the following model parameters to “justify” this observed price:i.The expected ROE on the firm’s future investments.ii.The market capitalization rateiii.The dividend payout ratio.SOLUTION:a. g = earnings retention ratio x ROE = .8 x .17 = .136 = 13.6%b. P0 = D1/(k-g)D1 = .2 x $5 = $1 per shareP0 = $1/(.15 -.136) = $1/.014 = $71.43c. The stock price grows at the same rate as dividends, i.e., 13.6% per year:P1 = P0 x (1 + g) = $71.43 x 1.136 = $81.14d.If the market is efficient then the $50 price represents the best estimate of the stock’s true value. To “justify” thisprice, one of the input parameters in the model needs to be adjusted:i.Assuming all other parameters are correct, if we were to adjust for the ROE:50 = D1/(k-g), where g = 0.8 x ROESolving for g, then for ROE: g = .15 – 1/50 = 0.13 = 13%,hence ROE is equal to 13/0.8 = 16.25%ii. If we were to adjust the market capitalization k then:k = 1/50 + .136 = .156 = 15.6%iii.Dividend payout ratio x E1 = 50 x (.15-.136) = 0.7,hence Dividend payout ratio = 0.7/5=0.14 = 14%4. The stock of Slogro Corporation is currently selling for $10 per share. Earnings per share in the coming year are expected to be $2 per share. The company has a policy of paying out 60% of its earnings each year in dividends. The rest is retained and invested in projects that earn a 20% rate of return per year. This situation is expected to continue forever.a. Assuming the current market price of the stock reflects its intrinsic value as computed using the constantgrowth rate DDM, what rate of return do Slogro’s investors require?b. By how much does its value exceed what it would be if all earnings were paid as dividends and nothingwere reinvested?c. If Slogro were to cut its dividend payout ratio to 25%, what would happen to its stock price? What ifSlogro eliminated the dividend altogether?d. Suppose that Slogro wishes to maintain its current 60% dividend payout policy but that it also wishes toinvest an amount each year equal to that year’s total earnings. All the money would be invested inprojects earning 20% per year. One way that Slogro could do so would be to issue an amount of new stock each year equal to one-half that year’s earnings. What do you think would be the effect of this policy on the current stock price?SOLUTION:a. P0 = $10, E1 = $2, b = .4, ROE = .2k = D1/P0 + gD1 = .6 x $2 = $1.20g = b x ROE = .4 x .2 = .08Therefore, k = $1.20/$10 + .08 = .12 + .08 = .2 or 20%b. If all earnings were paid as dividends its price would be:P0 = $2/.2 = $10Thus, its price is the same whether it reinvests or not. This is because k = ROE.c. Since k = ROE, the stock price would be unaffected by cutting the dividend and investing the additionalearnings.d.Again, this should have no impact on the stock’s price since the NPV of the investments would be zero (the IRRof those projects (20%) is equal to the investors’ required rate of return, hence the firm’s c ost of capital).5. The Corporation currently pays no cash dividends, and it is not expected to for the next 5 years. Its sales have been growing at 25% per year.a.Can you apply the constant growth rate DDM to estimate its intrinsic value? Explain.b.It is expected to pay its first cash dividend $1 per share 5 years from now. It its market capitalization rateis 20% and its dividends are expected to grow by 10% per year, what would you estimate its intrinsic value to be?c.If its current market price is $100 per share, what would you infer the expected growth rate of its futuredividends to be?SOLUTION:a.Yes, we can apply the DDM model even if the company doesn’t pay dividends for the first 5 years. Thecompany will eventually have to pay dividends in the future.b.P4 = D5/(k-g) = 1/(.2-.1) = $10P0 = 10/1.24 = $4.82c.If P0 = $100 then P4 = 100 x 1.24 = 207.36 and g = 0.2 – 1/207.36 = 19.518%6. The Digital Growth Corp. pays no cash dividends currently and is not expected to for the next 5 years. Its latest EPS was $10, all of which was reinvested in the company. The firm’s expected ROE for the next 5 years is 20% per year, and during this time it is expected to continue to reinvest all of its earnings. Starting 6 years from now, the firm’s ROE on new investments is expected to fall to 15%, and the company is expected to start paying out 40% of its earnings in cash dividends, which it will continue to do forever after. DG’s market capitalization rate is 15% per year.a. What is your estimate of DG’s int rinsic value per share?b. Assuming its current market price is equal to its intrinsic value, what do you expect to happen to its priceover the next year? The year after?c. What effect would it have on your estimate of DG’s intrinsic value if you expecte d DG to pay out only20% of earnings starting in year 6?56P0 = P5/(1+k)5 = $180.82/1.155 = $89.90b.The price should rise by 15% per year until year 5 after which it will grow at the dividends’ growth rate g (=9%).c. Since ROE =k, the dividend payout ratio will have no effect on current price.7. The 2Stage Co. just paid a dividend of $1 per share. The dividend is expected to grow at a rate of 25% per year for the next 3 years and then to level off to 5% per year forever. You think the appropriate market capitalization rate is 20% per year.a. What is your estimate of the intrinsic value of a share of the stock?b. If the market price of a share is equal to this intrinsic value, what is the expected dividend yield?c. What do you expect its price to be one year from now? Is the implied capital gain consistent with yourestimate of the dividend yield and the market capitalization rate?P 3 = D 4/(k – g) = 2.05078/(.20 -.05) = $13.67P 0 = D 1/(1+k) + D 2/(1+k)2 + (D 3 + P 3)/(1+k)3 = $1.25/1.2 + $1.5625/1.22 + ($1.953 + $13.67)/1.23 = $11.17 b. If the market price of a share is equal to this intrinsic value, the expected dividend yield is D 1/P 0, which is1.25/11.17 = .1119 or 11.2%c. Its price one year from now = P 1 = D 2/(1+k) + (D 3 + P 3)/(1+k)2 = $1.5625/1.2 + ($1.953 + $13.67)/1.22 =$12.15.The implied capital gain is $12.15 - $11.17 = $.98, which is 8.8% of the price P 0. Thus the dividend yield plusthe capital gain rate add up to 20%, which is k.8. The Bearded ladies’ Stock guide offers the following method for selecting stocks:Compute the stock’s PEG ratio by dividing its P/E mu ltiple by its growth rate of earnings. Select only those stocks whose PEG ratio is in the lowest quartile.a. If the stock is fairly priced according to the constant-growth-rate DDM, what should be its PEG ratio asa function of the following three variables: the stock’s market capitalization rate (k), the expectedprofitability of its future investments (ROE), and its plowback ratio (b)? (Assume the P/E ratio used in computing PEG is the ratio of the stock’s current price to its expected earnings per share, P 0/E 1)b. Assume the CAPM and the DDM are valid. The risk free rate is .04 and the risk premium on the marketportfolio is .06. What should be the relationship between the PEG for a stock whose ROE is .10 and a stock whose ROE is .15, assuming the two stocks have the same beta (equal to 1) and plowback ratio (equal to .6)?c. What do you think of the Bearded Ladies’ method?SOLUTION:a. If the DDM holds we know that P 0 = D 1 / (k-g), furthermore, we know that g = b x ROE and D 1=(1-b) E 1b(ROE)(k -b(ROE))b (ROE)b E k -b(ROE)E )b (g E P PEG -=⨯-==1111110b. The values of k for each of the stocks will be: k = .04 + .06 beta = .04 + .06 =.1PEG 1= (1-.6) / (.6 x .10 x (.1 - .6 x .10)) = 166.67PEG 2= (1-.6) / (.6 x .15 x (.1 - .6 x .15)) = 444.44PEG 1 < PEG 2c. As we can see in part b, the PEG rule would lead us to choose the stock with the lowest ROE.In general, if the stock market is informally efficient, then any stock will offer an expected rate of return that is commensurate with the stock’s perceived market risk, regardless of the stock’s PEG.Using the Internet for Stock Pricing9. Pick a company whose stock is traded on the NYSE. Use one of the stock valuation models discussed in this chapter together with information that you can find by searching the Internet to compute an intrinsic value for the s tock. Compare your estimate of intrinsic value with the stock’s actual price. Would you be willing to make an investment decision on the basis of your research? Why or why not?SOLUTION:One simple model that we can use to value a company is to find the average P/E multiple of the industry in which the company operates and multiply it by the expected earnings per share of that company. The difference between this intrinsic value and the actual market value of the stock can be explained by the difference between our assumptions regarding the company’s future investment opportunities and the market’s expectations. For example, if the market value of the stock is higher than the intrinsic value found, then this difference reflects the investors’ belief that the company will have a greater-than-average future investments opportunities with a rate of return greater than the market capitalization rate for this particular industry. If markets are efficient, then this market value is supposed to be the “real” value o f the company, and represents the view of the majority of investors, hence I would be reluctant to follow my own findings of the intrinsic value as a basis for an investment decision.Dividend Policy10. Divido Corporation is an all-equity financed firm with a total market value of $100 million. The company holds $10 million in cash-equivalents and has $90 million in other assets. There are 1,000,000 shares of Divido common stock outstanding, each with a market price of $100. What would be the impact on Di vido’s stock price and on the wealth of its shareholders of each of the following decisions? Consider each decision separately.a. The company pays a cash dividend of $10 per share.b. The company repurchases 100,000 shares.c. The company pays a 10% stock dividend.d. The company has a 2-for-1 stock split.e. The company invests $10 million in an expansion that has an expected IRR equal to the firm’s cost ofcapital.SOLUTION:a.The stock price falls by $10, but shareholder wealth remains the same in a frictionless world becauseshareholders receive $10 in cash on each share they own. In the real world, shareholder’s wealth may decline because personal taxes may have to be paid on the cash dividend.b.The stock price is unchanged and so is shareholder wealth. Some of the shareholders who sold their shares mayhave to pay taxes on their capital gains in the real world.c.The number of shares outstanding rises to 1,100,000, and the stock price falls to $90.909 (=$100MM/$1.1MM)per share. Shareholder wealth is unchanged: instead of having one share at $100, now the shareholder will have1.1 shares at $90.909/share (1.1 x 90.909 = 100)d.The number of shares outstanding rises to 2,000,000, and the stock price falls to $50 per share. Theoretically,shareholder wealth is unchanged.e.The composition of the firm’s assets changes. Cash falls by $10 million and other assets go up by the sameamount. There is no change in either the stock price or in shareholder wealth.11. It has been found empirically, that on average the total market value of their stock rises when firms announce a stock split. What hypotheses might you offer to explain this phenomenon?SOLUTION:Theoretically, when a firm announces a stock-split, the number of shares doubles (if 2-to-1 stock split) and the market value per share drops by half. Empirically, we have observed a small increase in market value of the stock after the announcement of a stock-split. This can be explained by the informational content of the split. Outside investors may interpret this stock dividend as a positive sign that the company is doing well, hence increasing the price of the stock. Another possible interpretation is that since the price per share is now lower after the split, it can become more affordable for some investors.12. Suppose that a company has had an extraordinarily profitable year, and it announces that it will use most of its net cash inflow to buy back shares of its stock in the market. Would you expect the price of its stock to rise or fall when the announcement is made? Explain.SOLUTION:Theoretically, the price of the stock should not change after a stock repurchase. But the announcement could send a positive signal to investors that the company has been doing very well and has enough cash to buy back shares as a form of dividends. This might increase the price of the stock after the announcement.。

金融工程学课后答案

金融工程学课后答案-07121.5 答：当股票价格低于$120时，该期权将不被执行。

当股票价格高于$120 美元时，该期权买主执行该期权，我将损失 100(st-x)。

1.9 答：如果投资者预期价格将会上涨，可以通过远期多头来降低风险暴露，反之，预期价格下跌，通过远期空头化解风险。

如果投资者资产无潜在的风险暴露，远期合约交易就成为投机行为。

1.19答：这句话是说期权和期货的一方损失程度等于另一方的盈利程度，总的收入为零。

1.21答：假设ICON 中外汇汇率为S T ,则ICON 勺收益为1000，若S T V X1000-a(S r -Xk vIC0N 的收益來自:普通债券执厅价格为X 的欧式个头看涨期权 1.25答：由欧式看涨期权和看跌期权的损益公式得，一个欧式看涨期权的多头和一个欧式看跌期权的空头组合的损益为：max(S r - A\0) + 一 $八 0)当S T > X 时，总收入为S T -X+X -S T =0;当S T < X 时，总收入亦为0。

与远期合约多头相一致2.19答：平仓是从事一个与初始交易头寸相反的头寸，如果双方购入新的合约，未平仓数就会增加一个，如果交易双方结平头寸，未平仓数就会减少一个，如果一方购入新的合约，一方结平已有的头寸，未平仓数就保持不变。

当C S =2 cF, p= 0.5时，套期保值率为1.0,但是由于p <1.0，因此该套期保值不是完全的。

2.25 答：该陈述是正确的，如果套期保值率为1.0，则套期保值者将价格锁定在F1 + b2,由于F1和b2都是确定的，因此风险为零。

2.33答：套期保值既可能导致公司利润的增加也可能导致公司利润的降低。

而公司衡如FI 引所示：普通侑券空头看涨期权峯头看涨期权总收益 S T <X 1000 0 01000 v 1000 c . A + ---- >S T >}「 1000 S T - X)1000-3( ) c . 「1000 S T >X +- 1000 5L-A ) } 0(c) 执行价必为V +竺时欧式多头石•洙期权 a1^1 lit, (a)2.24答：该陈述错误，最小风险的套期保值比率为量财务经理的标准是他们为公司作出的贡献，因此，如果其它管理者不理解财务经理所作的行为，财务经理还会收到责备。

金融工程学习题及参考答案

金融工程学习题及参考答案金融工程学习题及参考答案金融工程是一门涉及金融市场、金融产品和金融工具的学科，它通过运用数学、统计学和计算机科学等工具，分析和解决金融市场中的问题。

学习金融工程需要掌握一定的理论知识，并且能够运用这些知识解决实际问题。

下面是一些金融工程学习题及其参考答案，希望对学习金融工程的同学有所帮助。

题目一：什么是金融衍生品？请举例说明。

参考答案：金融衍生品是一种金融工具，其价值来源于其他金融资产的变动。

常见的金融衍生品包括期货合约、期权合约和掉期合约等。

例如，股指期货是一种金融衍生品，它的价值与股票市场指数的变动相关。

投资者可以通过买入或卖出股指期货合约来参与股票市场的波动。

题目二：什么是期权合约？请简要解释欧式期权和美式期权的区别。

参考答案：期权合约是一种金融衍生品，它赋予持有人在未来某个时间点以特定价格买入或卖出标的资产的权利。

欧式期权是指只能在到期日当天行使的期权，而美式期权可以在到期日之前的任何时间行使。

换句话说，欧式期权只能在到期日当天行使，而美式期权可以在任何时间行使。

题目三：什么是风险中性估值？为什么在金融工程中使用风险中性估值？参考答案：风险中性估值是一种假设，假设市场参与者在进行交易时是中立的，即不考虑风险偏好。

在金融工程中使用风险中性估值的原因是，它可以简化金融模型的计算，并且使得模型的结果更易于解释。

通过使用风险中性估值，可以将金融衍生品的价格转化为风险中性概率下的期望值，从而更好地进行风险管理和决策分析。

题目四：请解释VaR（Value at Risk）的概念，并简要说明计算VaR的方法。

参考答案：VaR（Value at Risk）是一种衡量金融资产或投资组合风险的指标，它表示在一定置信水平下，投资损失的最大可能金额。

计算VaR的方法有多种，常见的包括历史模拟法、参数法和蒙特卡洛模拟法。

历史模拟法通过使用历史数据来估计未来的风险，参数法基于对风险因素的概率分布进行建模，蒙特卡洛模拟法则通过生成随机路径来模拟未来的风险。