全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。
Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。
A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。
现代语言学自考题-23
现代语言学自考题-23(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：21，分数：21.00)1.Just as life continues in a process of change, all living languages change with time.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 正如生命要在变化中延续一样，所有活的语言也在随着时光的流转变化着。
除了那些在社会中不为大多数人所使用的语言之外，如拉丁语，语言的变化都是不可避免的。
2.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 大家都能接受英语被划分为古英语、中世纪英语和现代英语3个历史阶段的划分方法。
这种划分是随意的、约定俗成的。
历史语言学家们之所以把语言划分为不同的历史时期，是因为他们想有一个更方便的、更切合实际的研究语言变化的方法。
这绝不意味着古英语是在某一特定的时间阶段转化成中世纪英语的。
改正：The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.3.The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 古英语可以追溯到公元5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁-撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。
现代语言学自考题-25_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-25(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ______ system of language.A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative2. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.3. Children follow a similar ______ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures.A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring4. In general, children's holophrastic sentences begin ______.A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year B. in the second half of the second year C. between two and three years old D. between four and five years old5. In general, the ______ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword6. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with **plex grammatical structures.A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word7. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes.A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word8. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be" B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words9. It is suggested that children begin to develop the articulatory movements needed to produce the phonemic distinctions of their language ______.A. after they master the phonemic contrasts B. before they master the phonemic contrasts C. long before they master the phonemic contrasts D. while they were mastering the phonemic contrasts10. Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that ______.A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learned to produce babbling sounds C. children's babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. children's babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring11. Children learning the Chinese language usually start to produce some of the tonal patterns typical of the language ______.A. before they utter any genuine words B. after they utter any genuine words C. while they are uttering any genuine wordsD. none of the above12. At the ______ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative meaning.A. prelinguistic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word13. Negative words occur at the beginning of expressions in child language acquisition ______.A. at some point during the late multiword stage B. at some point after the multiword stage C. when children's language develops towards the early multiword stage D. when children's language develops after the early multiword stage14. In children's utterances, "two feets", "goed", "corned", etc. occur although some children are aware of the irregular forms of them. These inflectional errors are the result of ______.A. children's carelessness B. improper instruction C. the wrong input D. children's overgeneralizing a constructed rule15. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. Acquisition B. Learning C. Studying D. Acquirement16. ______ transfer is a process that is **monly known as interference.A. Intentional B. Positive C. Negative D. Interrogative17. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners' ______.A. second language B. first language C. foreign languageD. interlanguage18. The Chinese sound /d/ in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to ______ error.A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization19. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on SLA show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writing C. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation20. ______ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. SocialPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The development of a first or native language is called first language a______.2. All normal human beings acquire their n______ language at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.3. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for **munication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.4. C______ speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.5. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i______ on the part of adults.6. R______ has been found to occur usually in children's pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness of utterances, rather than in the grammaticality of sentences.7. Imitation plays at best a very m______ role in the child's mastery of language.8. It is normally assumed that, by the age of f______, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children **pleted the greater part of the language acquistion process.9. The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce b______ sounds.10. The pre-school years are a c______ period for first language acquisition.11. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age s______ is around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.12. Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and t______ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.13. In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t______.14. According to the Contrastive Analysis approach, L2 errors were predominantly the result of n______ transfer.15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i______ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning **municative strategies of the learner.16. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.17. When learners take a second language in order to integrate themselves with the second**munity, their motivation in the second language learning is called i______ motivation.Ⅲ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false1. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.A. 正确B. 错误2. There is no biological basis for humans to prefer one particular language over any other. Our language faculty permits us to acquire any human language to which we are exposed.A. 正确B. 错误3. Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.A. 正确B. 错误4. The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.A. 正确B. 错误5. The acquisition of case and gender forms of nouns in French seems more difficult than those in English, so French is more challenging to be acquired as a native language.A. 正确B. 错误6. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.A. 正确B. 错误7. Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, and this is sufficient for language development.A. 正确B. 错误8. Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.A. 正确B. 错误9. In natural settings, parents always correct young children's utterances that violate the rules of the grammar.A. 正确B. 错误10. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.A. 正确B. 错误11. According to the coursebook, conscious instruction on the part of adults is altogether futile in child language development from the stage of a babbler to that of a fluent speaker.A. 正确B. 错误12. According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of **munity when their "bad" speech gets corrected and when their "good" speech gets positively reinforced.A. 正确B. 错误13. Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them.A. 正确B. 错误14. The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language.A. 正确B. 错误15. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or underextension of reference.A. 正确B. 错误16. During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.A. 正确B. 错误17. Children make virtually no word order errors at the multiword stage.A. 正确B. 错误18. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.A. 正确B. 错误19. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar.A. 正确B. 错误20. Positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.A. 正确B. 错误21. The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.A. 正确B. 错误22. Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.A. 正确B. 错误23. Now the exact causes of fossilization and the ways to unfossilize the fossilized language are well-known.A. 正确B. 错误24. By researches of language acquisition, significant relationship has been found between talkativeness on the one hand and overall proficiency in a L2 on the other.A. 正确B. 错误Ⅳ.Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary.1. language acquisition2. input3. caretaker speech4. over-extension5. telegraphic speech6. interference7. language transfer8. error analysis9. interlanguage10. fossilization11. formal instruction12. acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.1. Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.2. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.。
自考《现代语言学》试题题型培训课件
自考《现代语言学》试题题型现代语言学试题题型举例Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ):1.duality-----2.free morpheme----3.phonology ------4.context-------5.polysemy ------Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language.( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken.( )5. English is a typical tone language.Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks):1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the a_________ of that phoneme.2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; itis p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, whilep____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________.5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study.6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a languageuse sentences to effect successful communication.7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.8. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s__________________ andp_________________.9. Morphology is the study of the internal s____________________ of words and the way inwhich w______________ are formed.10. G______________ antonyms may be seen in terms of degrees of the qualityinvolved.Ⅳ. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 %; 20 statements):1._______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then releasedslowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricates2.The words “autumn” and “fall” are ____________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. collocationally-restrictedsynonymsC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in styles3.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4.The word “girls” has ______________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5.In English, “un-” and “dis-” are called ______________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. grammatical words6. A word with several meaning is called _____________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordc. a synonymous word D. none of the abovenguage is _________________, which means that there is no logicalconnection between meanings and sound.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. dualD. universal8.Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]9.The pair of words “buy” and “sell” are ___________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms10.F. de Saussure is a(n) _________________.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary (20%; 5 from 7 questions):1.What are the differences between a root and a stem?2.What does pragmatics study? How are pragmatics and traditional semanticsrelated, and how do they differ?3.What are the major differences between modern linguistics and traditionalgrammar?4.What is the semantic triangle?5.Exemplify the CP and maxims proposed by P. Grice?6.Why is speech considered prior to writing in modern linguistics?7.Draw a tree diagram for each of the following statements:(1)He lives a tranquil life in the country.(2)I know he will come tomorrow.。
现代语言学自考题-27
现代语言学自考题-27(总分：58.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety ofa language.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候，就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。
改正：When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He don't know nothing. He don't like nobody. He don't got none.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。
现代语言学自考题-26_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-26(总分42,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations.A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational2. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ______, and kin term.A. title+first name B. title+title C. title alone D. first name+last name+title3. Different functional speech varieties known as ______ are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registers B. styles C. dialects D. accents4. In a **munity people have something in common ______—a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically5. In normal situations, ______ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ______ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old6. When referred to as ______, slang does not carry any negative connotations.A. vernacular B. colloquialism C. both A and B D. neither A nor B7. A ______ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language8. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tends to speak withlanguage features which derive from one's constant use of the ______ language.A. written B. spoken C. literal D. colloquial9. In a narrower sense, an individual speaker's idiolect is made up of such factors as ______.A. voice and rhythm B. voice, pitch and rhythm C. pitch and rhythm D. voice quality and pitch10. ______ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication.A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation D. Speech change11. It is the ______ differences that have often been used to illustrate the "illogic" of Black English.A. phonological B. morphological C. syntactic D. all of the above12. Notable examples of creoles that have become first languages from previously pidginized languages are ______.A. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana B. French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone C. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti, Louisiana, and French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone D. English-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone and French-based ones spoken in Haiti and Louisiana13. No two speakers of the same language or ______ use their language or ______ in exactly the same way.A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect14. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across ______ boundaries.A. social B. regional C. cultural D. political15. The original Lingua Franca is believed to be ______.A. Proto Germanic B. an Italian-based pidgin C. a Dutch-based pidgin D. Chinese pidgin English16. There is a gradation of ______ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.A. dialect B. register C. variation D. slang17. In English-language **munities, the most obvious taboo words are related to ______.A. religion, sex, sex organs B. religion, sex, excrement C. sex, sex organs, excrement D. religion, sex organs, excrement18. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes ______.A. creole, pidgin B. pidgin, creole C. regional dialect, lingua franca D. lingua franca, regional dialect19. The variety of ______ diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.A. formal B. informal C. high D. low20. Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar ______ variety of theEnglish language.A. regional B. ethnic C. social D. lower class21. The differences between standard and non-standard, are different language varieties in a ______ situation, and are parallel but not identical.A. diglossic B. bilingual C. linguistic D. sociolinguistic22. The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of **munities and in different social situations.A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics23. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ______ relationship with the L-variety.A. genetic B. social C. direct D. close24. A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by all the following except ______.A. having a number of distinctive words B. using words or phrases in a particular way C. showing special social identities D. using such special grammatical constructions as scientific or legal language, etc.PART TWOⅠ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.25. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and "straightforward" grammatical rules. Such a m______ language is called pidgin.26. A s______ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at leasta single language variety.27. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g______ and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.28. A e______ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.29. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d______ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.30. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of group s______.31. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of f______.32. Speakers of an ethnic dialect usually regard the language they speak as the major s______ of their socio-cultural identity.33. A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. As a c______ language, a pidgin may contain significant grammatical features oftwo or more languages.34. R______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.35. In Black English, the double negation structure provides a very effective means of emphasizing the n______ part of a message.36. S______ are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.37. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (h e+is→he's), Black English can d______ the form of "be".38. B______ refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.39. A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties **bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s______ variation, in one form or another.40. The avoidance of using t______ language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.41. One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of s______ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.42. The use of s______ language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitudes connoted in the language that is sexist.。
2024年10月 语言学概论(00541)自考真题
2024年10月语言学概论自考真题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1．下面各项中属于孤立语的是A．汉语B．维吾尔语C．英语D．日语2．语言符号中由特定声音表示的意义就是语言符号的A．能指B．所指C．无指D．泛指3．下面各词中属于汉语外来词的是A．给力B．鼠标C．商号D．吉普4．持思维决定语言观点的代表人物是A．柴门霍夫B．柴可夫斯基C．赫尔德D．维果茨基5．汉字“本”是一个A．指事字B．象形字C．假借字D．形声字6．一般情况下，婴儿出生6个月到1岁左右，是儿童语言获得过程中的A．无意识阶段B．非自控阶段C．双词阶段D．咿呀学语阶段7．“那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘”采用的修辞手法是A．比拟B．夸张C．比喻D．叠用8．日常交往中称自己为“鄙人”，这属于A．尊称B．谦称C．蔑称D．婉称9．人脑中掌管与语言有关的活动的是A．大脑左半球B．大脑右半球C．小脑D．脑干10．在儿童语言发展过程中，双词句的出现表明儿童产生最早的A．语音能力B．模仿能力C．语法能力D．推理能力11．布洛卡失语症的表现是A．能说话但听不懂别人说的话B．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说的话C．能说话但发音很含混D．不能说话，也不能听懂别人说的话12．汉语中的“葡萄、石榴、菠萝”等词借自A．日本B．朝鲜C．西域D．西夏13．政府机关公文中的通知，属于书面语体中的A．宣传体B．应用体C．科学体D．文学体14．一般认为大脑语言功能临界期的最后期限是A．5-6岁B．7-8岁C．9-10岁D．12-13岁15．幼儿掌握自己的母语的过程被称为A．语言迁移B．语言获得C．语言转化D．语言学习16．下面各项中属于古印度文字的是A．甲骨文B．圣书字C．梵文D．石鼓文17．“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的A．正对B．反对C．串对D．流水对18．让计算机模拟人的听觉器官的反应来接受语言信号并做出回应动作，这种技术属于A．语音识别B．语音合成C．自动翻译D．人工智能19．鲁迅是最早采用口语语体写小说的，当时称作A．现代小说B．文言小说C．白话文小说D．古白话小说20．秦始皇名“正”，所以秦代的正月叫“端月”，这是为了A．吉祥B．避讳C．讨口彩D．庄重二、名词解释题：本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。
2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。
Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。
A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的'高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。
下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。
Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
全国 高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.+first name +titlealone name+last name+titleand thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When anguage and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )thought thoughtthought thoughtof the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______.( )acquisition is a process of habit formationacquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsare born with an innate ability to acquire languageare equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use第二部分非选择题二、填空题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10 分。
008301904全国高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题
2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction between acquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC. S. KrashenD.B.F. Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types of sentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative / imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound / complex7. In sociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, or church.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the two wordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete, and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.12. English consonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and a15. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on the left.16. The theory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject and object positions.17. A particular r may be used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors, teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors, football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19. According to John Austin, p were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were not verifiable.20. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of O English, Middle English and Modem English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. There are two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studies of the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instruction decides SLA.24. Since a compound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. The arrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly -structured.27. A euphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh, unpleasantly offensive.28. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If one says what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. applied linguistics32. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. language transfer34. inflectional affixes35. linguistic lateralization36. branching nodes37. semantics38. illocutionary act39. historical linguistics40. lingua francaV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of the two media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modem linguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.。
现代语言学自考题-7
现代语言学自考题-7(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a ______ point of view.∙ A. sociological∙ B. synchronic∙ C. diachronic∙ D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。
其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。
人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。
2.If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.∙ A. glottis∙ B. windpipe∙ C. larynx∙ D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。
声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。
横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。
声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。
英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如[b]，[z]，[m]等都是浊音。
自考语言学试题及答案
自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征？A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案：C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案：D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学研究方法中，不包括以下哪一项？B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案：D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。
答案：描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。
答案：规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。
答案：创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。
答案：社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。
答案：抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。
答案：具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。
答案：情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。
现代语言学自考题-4
现代语言学自考题-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called ______ linguistics.∙ A. particular∙ B. general∙ C. ordinary∙ D. generative（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.∙ A. oral∙ B. mental∙ C. physical∙ D. recorded（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语音学研究中，有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段——音波，来研究声音传导的方式，它叫做声学语音学。
3.In the word suitable, "______ able" is a morpheme.∙ A. derivational∙ B. inflectional∙ C. root∙ D. stem（分数：2.00）A. √B.D.解析：[解析] 英语中黏着词素分为词根和词缀。
词根有较清晰、确切的意思。
词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)。
屈折词缀表示诸如数、时态等的语法关系。
很显然题干中-able并没有语法范畴含义，它只是加到suit后使其改变为形容词，所以它是派生词素。
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is posed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasA. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refersto in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intent ion; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech munity is thus defined as a group of people who form a munity (which may have few membersas a family or as many members as a country), andshare the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful munication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups ofpeople from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between petence and performance?petence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in t he late 1950’s. Chomsky defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?四、阐述题(每题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with exles.。
2023年10月自学考试00535现代汉语真题试题
2023年10月高等教育自学考试现代汉语试题课程代码:005351.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1.湘方言的代表话是A.江西话B.南昌话C.长沙话D.广东话2.一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小的语音单位是A.音素B.音位C.韵母D.音节3.下列各词，两个音节的声母都属于舌面前音的是A.七个B.细看C.气流D.机器4.下列各词，两个音节的韵母都属于舌面后元音的是A.歌舞B.基础C.纱布D.和气5、一个普通话音节最多可以包含的音素数目是A.1个B.2个C.3个D.4个6.说出下列各词时，第一个音节的调值会变为211的是A.表演B.手脚C.总结D.友好7.读出下列各句时，“啊”读作na的是A.这小伙子真帅啊!B.这本书真新啊!C.这小伙子真酷啊!D.多么感人的诗啊!8.通行于秦代、结束了甲骨文以来汉字形体纷繁、写法多样的混乱局面的字体是A.金文B.大篆C.小篆D.隶书9.下列各字，运用了会意造字法的是A.刃B.欺C.羊D.从10.下列各词，包含前缀语素的是A.阿姨B.老人C.人才D.小孩11.汉语里用“姐姐”、“妹妹”表示的意思，在英语里只用sister表示，这反映了词义具有A.客观性B.概括性C.模糊性D.民族性12.属于敬词的是A.敝人B.犬子C.令尊D.寒舍13.加点部分属于同音词的一组是A.路很宽-从宽处理B.打篮球一打毛衣C.这口井很深一由浅入深地讲解D.这药太苦了一苦日子总算过去了14.属于历史词的是A.黎民B.诞辰C.仓颉D.矍烁15.属于谓词的是A.跑B.一C.山D.不16.属于述宾短语的是A.说明白B.大家唱C.很漂亮D.懂礼貌17.有双宾语的句子是A.我送他一束花。
2024年4月高等教育自学考试《00541语言学概论》试题附参考答案
2024年4月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码:005411.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后,用2B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不能在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题:本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1.方言之间的差异主要体现在A.语法方面B.语音方面C.语汇方面D.语义方面2认为不同的语言就有不同的思维方式的观点被称作A.语言相关论B.语言能力论C.语言反应论D.语言认知论3.下面各项属于传统“小学”的是A.音韵学B.音响学C.音位学D.音律学4.下面各词中借自佛经的是A.苜蓿B.罗汉C.蛮夷D.大戎5.语言本质上是一种A.个人现象B.社会现象C.物理现象D.天然现象6.掌管人的语言和抽象思维活动的是大脑的A.脑桥B.右半球C.左半球D.右半球的某些部位7.“三好”“环保”属于A.惯用语B.专有名词C.成语D.简缩词语8.下面各项中具有排他性特征的是A.隐语B.隐含C.隐喻D.影射9.“书包”这个词的能指是A.“书包”这两个字B.“书包”的意思C.“书包”的声音D.“书包”的用法10.把“You are a lucky dog”译为“你是一条幸运狗”属于A.语汇平面翻译B.句法平面翻译C.语义平面翻译D.语境平面翻译11.“犬子”是一种A.自称B.面称C.厌称D.谦称12.下面各项中属于礼貌原则的是A.质量和数量B.相关和负责C.得体和慷慨D.理解和赞同13.下面语言属于孤立语的是A.日语B.汉语C.英语D.维吾尔语14.不同行业的“行话”属于A.地域方言B.社会方言C.亲属语言D.混合语言15.汉族过年时“福”字倒贴，称“福倒(到)了”，这是一种A.反说话B.避讳话C.吉祥话D.惯用话16.下面方言属于北方方言的是A.长沙话B.武汉话C.南昌话D.上海话17.用概念、判断和推理等复杂逻辑形式进行的思维活动是A.发散思维B.表象思维C.抽象思维D.感性思维18.下面辅音中属于擦音的是A.[f]B.[t]C.[b]D.[m]19.一个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫A.语言混合B.语言转用C.克里奥尔D.双语现象20.能听懂别人说话但基本不能看懂文字表达的意思，这样的语言障碍是A.失忆症B.失写症C.失话症D.失读症非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。
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全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20%) 1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any_______________system of communication.A. artificialB. non-linguisticC. animalD. abstract2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the_______________.A. glottisB. windpipeC. larynxD. vocal cords3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. rootD. stem4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, . how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called_______________.A. selectional restrictionsB. grammatical rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. phonological rules6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ .A. clauseB. speechC. utteranceD. predicationdiscovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.A. the British scholar Sir William JonesB. the German linguist Franz BoppC. the Danish scholar Rasmus RaskD. the German scholar Jacob Grimmimportant characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community.A. geographicallyB. linguisticallyC. sociallyD. psycholinguistically9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back_______.A. less than 1000 yearsB. over 2000 yearsC. less than 2000 yearsD. over 3000 years10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language.A. phonologicalB. semanticC. grammaticalD. communicativeII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called f morphemes.14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, ., there are fivegeneral types of things we do with language.17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes of change in language elements and language systems.18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain.20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i on the part of adults.llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, youmust explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi:] and little [l I t], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [l υf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.24. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)naming theoryantonymsimplicatureplanningthe following questions.(10%×2=20%)41．Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two examples ofboth Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.。