2009年攻读硕士学位研究生微生物学入学考试试题.

合集下载

2000-2009微生物所考研真题

2000-2009微生物所考研真题

2002002微生物一、名词解释(用中文解释下列名词并说明他们的区别20分)1、羧化体与包涵体2、芽孢与芽孢子3、次生代谢与共代谢4、卫星病毒与阮病毒5、接合孢子与担孢子二、填空题1.L型细菌是指通过自发突变形成的遗传性稳定的()缺陷菌株2、厌氧菌因缺乏()所以容易被生物体内的超氧阴离子自由基毒害致死3、两种常用的测定微生物细胞数量的方法是()和()4、化能自养菌为还原CO2而需要的A TP和还原力来自()5、烟草花叶病毒的缩写为()6、低等真菌包括()和()两个亚门7、对一般培养基常采用的灭菌条件是()8、细菌进行氧化磷酸化的部位是()9、()是自然界碳素循环中厌氧生物链的最后一个成员10、青霉素的营养体是()隔菌丝,无性繁殖产生()11、植物甘油醚是()细胞膜的类脂成分12、单细胞微生物生长曲线中稳定期到来的主要原因是()三.判断题10分1、噬冷菌细胞膜中含有高比例的饱和脂肪酸,从而保证了膜在低温下的半流质态2、大多数放线菌是G+菌,少数是G-菌3、处于整合态的噬菌体核酸成为前噬菌体4、类病毒是一种小片段的RNA分子,没有外壳包裹5、根瘤菌在异形胞中进行固氮作用6、Saccharomycodes ludwigii 的营养体只能以二倍体形式存在7、多糖的抗原性最强,其次是蛋白质8、炭疽病的病原微生物是一种病毒9、支原体是最小的能独立繁殖的微生物10、曲霉的分生孢子梗呈帚状分支四、试写出以下微生物的学名或中文名称1、枯草芽孢杆菌2、啤酒酵母3、Staphalococcus aureu4、Aspergillus flavus5、Neurospora crassa五、问答题50分1、举例说明抗菌素的作用机制2、噬盐菌光合作用的机理是什么3、试述原核生物基因重组的方式4、试述核酸分析在细菌分类中应用的基本原理,应用范围和意义中国科学院微生物研究所2004年硕士研究生入学考试微生物学试题一、名词解释(共40分)1、质粒和类核体2、朊病毒和噬菌体3、内毒素和外毒素4、互生作用和拮抗作用5、古生菌和极端环境微生物6、初级代谢和次级代谢7、操纵子和基因组8、芽孢和分生孢子9、准性生殖和溶原转变10、 O抗原和H抗原二、是非题,请在()中打“+”表示是,或“-”表示非。

中科院水生所09年研究生入学试题(微生物

中科院水生所09年研究生入学试题(微生物

(7)考试科目:微生物学名词解释:(每题2分,共20分,外文的要先翻译再解释)1,ELISA2,菌落3,Freeze drying4,富集培养5,化能异养菌6,包涵体7,共生固氮作用8,巴斯德效应9,限制性内切酶10,Cyanobacteria填空题(每题1分,共40分)1,对细菌简单染色法的一般步骤是﹍﹍﹍﹍。

常用的染料有﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍等。

2,在微生物培养过程中,引起培养基pH值改变的原因主要有﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍等。

3,蓝细菌同其它微生物的区别的一个重要特征在于它细胞内含有﹍﹍﹍﹍,能进行﹍﹍﹍﹍作用,但它仍是属于﹍﹍﹍﹍核微生物。

4,分离到一种噬菌体DNA,分析后发现其分子中的碱基A与T、G与C含量不相等,证明这是一种﹍﹍﹍﹍噬菌体。

5,紫外线能引起DNA分子中出现﹍﹍﹍﹍,而紫外线的诱变作用主要是由﹍﹍﹍﹍引起的。

6,光合色素可分为﹍﹍﹍﹍,﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍三类型。

7,消化细菌和硫细菌是通过﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍来生成还原力。

9,从一步生长曲线中,可以获得病毒繁殖的两个特征数据:﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍10.有的类病毒RNA均无﹍﹍﹍﹍,不能﹍﹍﹍﹍。

11.根据对盐的不同需要,嗜盐微生物可分为﹍﹍﹍﹍,﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍三类型。

12.分类学内容包括﹍﹍﹍﹍,﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍三部分,目前细菌最重要的分类参考书是﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍。

13.磷的生物地球化学循环包括﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍,﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍以及﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍三种基本过程14.光合细菌根据它们所含光合色素和电子供体不同而分为﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍两类型。

15.蓝细菌的异形胞通常是﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍色,是进行﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍作用的场所。

16.阻挡微生物入侵的有效生理屏障包括﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍,﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍。

17.细菌的遗传转化可分为﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍和﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍两类。

18.微生物的基因组一般比较小,最小的只含﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍个基因。

2009年江南发酵考研微生物试题及答案

2009年江南发酵考研微生物试题及答案

2009江南大学微生物(发酵)一判断题1、一般情况下,在土壤中细菌的总数和生物量往往都是高的。

×2、青霉素抑制肽聚糖分子中肽桥的形成,因此对于生长旺盛的细胞明显的抑制作用,而对于休止细胞无抑制作用。

√3、芽孢在适宜条件下可以萌发成为营养细胞,但芽孢不是细菌的繁殖方式。

√4、发酵是一种没有外源电子受体的生物氧化方式。

√5、有鞭毛细菌去除CW后鞭毛失去了着生位点,从而将失去运动能力。

×6、好氧处理能更快的分解废水中的有机物,因此废水中的有机物浓度越高,越适于采用好氧方式处理。

×7、啤酒酿造的发酵温度与酿酒酵母的最适生长温度基本上是一致的。

×8、通常在耐氧厌氧微生物与兼性厌氧微生物细胞中都有SOD酶和H2O2酶。

×9、已经发现的嗜高温微生物都是古生菌,他们的最适生长温度一般要高于80度。

√10、EMB培养基中,伊红美兰有促进E,coli生长的作用。

×11、两株具有不同营养缺陷型标记的霉菌进行准性生殖时,所形成的异核体和杂合二倍体的分生孢子在基本培养基上都能够形成。

×12、无义突变是指不造成任何遗传效应的无意义突变。

×13、SOS修复系统是诱导产生的一种修复体系,他是一种倾向差错的修复。

√14、Ames试验是利用细菌突变来检查环境中存在的致癌物质是一种简便、快捷、灵敏的方法。

可以通过某待测物质对微生物的诱变能力间接判断其致癌能力。

√15、亚硝酸、羟胺和5-溴尿嘧啶都能诱发碱基置换,因此在大多数情况下。

他们诱发的突变都可以被他们自己诱发而得以回复。

×二.名词解释(10个一个三分)1.转导噬菌体:指能够将供体基因组入受体细胞内的噬菌体,一般为溶源性噬菌体。

2.巴斯德效应:在有氧情况下,由于呼吸作用,酒精产量大大下降,糖的消耗速率大幅减慢,氧的吸收抑制发酵的想象。

对酵母菌而言,乙醇发酵属于厌氧发酵,如果将厌氧条件改为好氧条件,葡萄糖分解效率降低,发酵停止的现象。

浙江大学-食品微生物-2009年真题

浙江大学-食品微生物-2009年真题

浙江大学二00九年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 考试科目 食品微生物 编号 851 注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效一、 名词解释(20分,每题4分)1、 菌落和菌苔菌落和菌苔2、 荚膜和沾液层荚膜和沾液层3、 D 值和Z 值4、 天然培养基和合成培养基天然培养基和合成培养基5、 互生和拮抗互生和拮抗二、 填空题(20分 每空1分)1、细菌要1A 、1B 和1C 三种形态。

三种形态。

2、细菌名一般采用双命名法,此命名法中,前面的词一般是指2A ,后面的词一般是指2B 。

3、证明核酸是主要的物质的三个经典实验室3A 、3B 和3C 。

4、根据微生物生长对温度的要求,微生物可以分成4A 、4B 和4C 三种类型。

三种类型。

5、食品的微生物污染主要有5A 、5B 、5C 、5D 。

6、微生物连续培养的方法主要有6A 和6C 两种。

两种。

7、根据培养基的用途可将培养基分为7A 、7B 和7C 三种类型。

三种类型。

三、选择题(20分 每题2分)1、G +杆菌脱壁后,原生质体呈何种形状?若进行革兰氏染色后镜检,又呈现何种颜色种颜色 ?A 杆状、紫色杆状、紫色 B 球形、红色球形、红色 C 杆状、红色杆状、红色 D 球形、紫色球形、紫色 2、孢子着色方式为辐射状的菌属为、孢子着色方式为辐射状的菌属为A 毛霉毛霉 B 根霉根霉 C 曲霉曲霉 D 青霉青霉3、检查细菌运动性的方法有、检查细菌运动性的方法有A 悬滴法悬滴法 B 染色染色 C 生化生化 D 划线划线4、霉菌生长优先利用的糖类是、霉菌生长优先利用的糖类是A 淀粉淀粉 B 单糖单糖 C 纤维素纤维素 D 低聚糖低聚糖5、C/N 比是指比是指 。

A 提供C源、N源两种物质的重量之比源两种物质的重量之比 B提供C源、N源两种物质的摩尔比源两种物质的摩尔比 C C、N重量比摩尔比重量比 D C、N摩尔比6、鲜奶室温贮存期间,由于微生物的活动将使得奶中pH值变化值变化A 先下降后下降 再上升再上升 D不变先上升 后下降不变 后上升 B 先上升先下降 后上升先上升 后下降后下降 C 先上升7、细菌的下列哪项特性一般不用作对细菌进行分类的依据A 球菌的直径杆菌的分裂及排列 球菌的直径 B 杆菌的宽度球菌的分裂及排列 D杆菌的分裂及排列杆菌的宽度 C 球菌的分裂及排列8、工业生产中,微生物生长的最适培养基与其代谢产物合成的最适培养基,通常是 。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。

09-11华南理工854微生物生化试题

09-11华南理工854微生物生化试题

09-11华南理工854微生物生化试题854 华南理工大学2009 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷(请在答题纸上做答,试卷上做答无效,试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回)科目名称:微生物生化(含工业微生物学、生物化学) 适用专业:生物化工,发酵工程,生物制药共3 页第1 页一、填空题(每个空1分,共35分)1.侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称为()。

2. 芽孢是芽孢细菌的()器官。

3.某些酵母在繁殖过程中,芽体不脱落,并相连接成藕节状,形似菌丝称()。

4.根瘤菌可与()植物共生固氮。

5. 荚膜的主要化学成分有()和()等,常采用()方法进行荚膜染色。

6.微生物的培养基按用途通常分为基础培养基、完全培养基、()、()、()五大类。

7.Lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) contain both lipid and carbohydrate, and consist of three parts: (), (), and (). (此题要求英语做答)8.Genetic recombination occurs in eucaryotes through sexual reproduction. In bacteria, recombination occurs through the processes of (),(), and (). (此题要求英语做答) 9.The multiplication cycle of bacteriophages, like that of all viruses, can be divided into five distinct stages: (), (), biosynthesis of viral components, (), and (). (此题要求英语做答)10.TCA循环中,α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶催化的反应需要的辅因子有:NAD +、TPP 、()、()、()和()。

中国计量09年生物真题

中国计量09年生物真题

中国计量学院2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题考试科目名称:分子生物学(含35%微生物学)考试科目代码: 805考生姓名:考生编号:本试卷共五大题,共四页。

一、单项选择题(共30小题,每小题1分,共30 分)1.下列细胞器中属于半自主性的细胞器是BA .溶酶体B. 线粒体C.高尔基复合体D.内质网2.下列转录因子以同源异型域模式结合DNA的是A. JunB. TFIIIAC. AntpD. 雌激素受体3.下列不属于原核染色体DNA结合蛋白的是A. Hu蛋白B. IHF蛋白C. H1蛋白D. H2A蛋白4.下列有关端粒和端粒酶描述错误的是A.端粒是染色体末端短的富含AC串联重复序列;B.端粒酶是核糖核蛋白复合体,利用这一结构来维持端粒的长度;C. 端粒酶在正常体细胞中活性很低;D.端粒每复制一次,缩短一次,所以端粒和衰老有一定的关系。

5.在下列蛋白质中,参与mtDNA复制的聚合酶是A. DNA聚合酶γB. DNA聚合酶αC. DNA聚合酶εD. DNA聚合酶δ6. 下列转录因子结合TATA盒的是BA. TFIIIAB. TBPC. TFIIDD. TFIIIB7. 下列有关基因转录描述错误的是A. 转录模板又称无意义链,非转录模板称编码链;B. 转录过程中,需要ATP和GTP;C. 基本转录因子结合增强子,而特异转录因子结合启动子;D. 转录过程中,RNA聚合酶沿着模板链的3’到5’方向移动。

8. 真核内含子剪切信号是A. GT-ACB. GT-AGC. CT-ACD. GG-AC9. 真核U6snRNA是由转录完成的。

A. RNA聚合酶IB. RNA聚合酶IIC. RNA聚合酶IIID.RNA聚合酶β10.下列易于被磷酸化的氨基酸是A. ArgB. GluC. SerD. Lys11.在蛋白质生物合成中,能够与核糖体小亚基结合的是A. 氨酰tRNA合成酶B.mRNAC. rRNAD. tRNA12.下列不属于操纵子结构的是A. 操纵基因;B. 调节基因;C.结构基因;D. 管家基因13.下列有关DNA二级结构描述正确的是A. 维持DNA二级结构的最主要作用力是氢键;B. Z型DNA是右手螺旋DNA,而A型DNA是左手螺旋;C. DNA双螺旋的大沟和小沟是蛋白与其相互作用的结构基础;D. Z型DNA常出现在嘌呤丰富的区域。

厦门大学2009年微生物考研真题

厦门大学2009年微生物考研真题

厦门大学2009年微生物考研真题一名词解释1、孢子丝2、孢子囊3、效价4、一步生长5、类菌体6、菌视紫红质7、反馈阻遏8、转染9、V A菌根10、无氧呼吸二选择题1、Clostridium的中文名1、芽孢杆菌属链霉菌属木霉属梭菌属2、构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)的有性生殖产生子囊孢子卵孢子接合孢子无有性生殖3、在下列原核生物中,那个属于古细菌类细菌大肠杆菌支原体放线菌产甲烷细菌4、万古霉素的抑菌机制在于引起细菌细胞壁降解阻止肽聚糖二糖单位的合成抑制转肽酶的转肽作用破坏Park核苷酸的生成5、恒化器不同于恒浊器,培养过程控制对象菌体密度营养物浓度培养基流速生长速率6、革兰氏阴性细菌的LPS具有毒性,其毒性的成分类脂A 核心多糖O-特异侧链脂蛋白7、运到细胞外的肽聚糖单体要进一步合成肽聚糖网套,合成其引物为Park核苷酸肽聚糖细菌萜醇磷壁酸8、营硝酸盐呼吸的细菌,多数为专性好氧专性厌氧菌兼性厌氧菌耐氧菌9、在伯杰氏系统细菌学手册2版中,芽孢杆菌属于低G+C的革兰氏阳性菌@-变性杆菌高G+C的革兰氏阳性菌变性杆菌10、嗜盐菌营养类型多数为化能自养化能异养光能自养光能异养三问答题1、简述溶源噬菌体的溶源化的机制,为什么UV等物理因子能够诱导温和噬菌体进入裂解循环(6分)2、解释革兰氏阳性细菌和阴性细菌在抗机械压力、对青霉素和链霉素的敏感性不同的主要原因(6分)3、嗜盐菌、光合细菌和大肠杆菌的产能机制(方式)各是什么(7分)4、以大肠杆菌的磷酸转移酶系统为例,说明基团移位的营养运输机制和特点(7分)5、测定微生物的固氮活性有哪些方法,简述乙炔还原法的理论依据和基本方法(7分)6、何谓二次生长现象,简述二次生长现象的原理(8分)7、简述Mu噬菌体的特点。

如何证明某一转座现象是由于Mu噬菌体产生的(7分)8、如何用高感染复数的HFT裂解物感应的受体菌(E.coil gal- ),受体菌会产生那些新的遗传性状?为什么(7分)9、为什么说异核现象是准性生殖的先导?如何判断异核现象的存在?(8分)10、简要说明交叉反应在制备单价抗血清中应用及原理(7分)四实验问答题1、设计一个实验,证明某化学物质对大肠杆菌的作用是抑制作用或杀菌作用(7分)2、在自然环境中经常容易分离到抗紫外菌株。

天津商业大学809微生物学2008--2009 2012--2017(学硕)历年考研真题

天津商业大学809微生物学2008--2009 2012--2017(学硕)历年考研真题

天津商业大学2008年研究生入学考试试题(A)
专业:发酵工程食品科学
课程名称:微生物学812共3页第 1页
说明:答案标明题号写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上的无效。

一、翻译并解释下列名词(每小题6分,共30分)
1. Bacteria, Archaea
2. Mycelium, Pseudomycelium
3. Solid medium, semisolid medium
4. Homolactic fermentation, Heterolactic fermentation
5. F+ strain, F—strain
二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)
1.不同微生物之间的竞争关系既可以是竞争营养,也可以是竞争。

2.把经紫外线照射后的微生物立即暴露于可见光下,会明显降低。

3.有荚膜的Streptococcus pneumoniae,其菌落表面
,故称为S型菌株,属致病菌株。

4.双糖单位是细菌细胞壁中肽聚糖的组成成分之一,它由N-乙酰葡糖胺和通过键连接形成。

5.培养基的起始pH,须视所培养微生物的类型来定,通常情况下,细菌和放线菌生长的pH为,酵母菌和霉菌的pH为。

6.是酵母菌最常见的无性繁殖方式。

7.病毒粒子的基本化学成分是和。

8.微生物产生ATP的方式有、和三种。

9.在真核生物中,TCA循环在中进行,而原核生物在进行。

10.乙醇消毒的使用浓度一般为。

2009年江南大学803微生物学综合科目考研真题

2009年江南大学803微生物学综合科目考研真题

江南大学803微生物学综合科目2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题及解析2009年硕士学位研究生入学考试题考试科目:823微生物学(发酵)A请将题号和答案写在答题纸上,直接写在试卷上无效!一、判断题:正确的回答T,不正确的回答F(2分*15)1. 一般情况下,在土壤中细菌的总数和生物量往往都是高的。

F2. 青霉素抑制肽聚糖分子中肽桥的生物合成,因此对于生长旺盛的细胞明显的抑制作用,而对于休止细胞无抑制作用。

T3. 芽孢在适宜条件下可以萌发成为营养细胞,但芽孢不是细菌的繁殖方式。

T4. 发酵是一种没有外源电子受体的生物氧化方式。

T5. 有鞭毛细菌去除细胞壁后鞭毛失去了着生位点,从而将失去运动能力。

F6. 好氧处理能更快的分解废水中的有机物,因此废水中的有机物浓度越高,越适于采用好氧方式处理。

F7. 啤酒酿造的发酵温度与酿酒酵母的最适生长温度基本上是一致的。

T8. 通常在耐氧厌氧微生物与兼性厌氧微生物细胞中都含有SOD酶和过氧化氢酶。

T9. 已经发现的嗜高温微生物都是古生菌,它们的最适生长温度一般要高于80℃.T10. EMB培养基中,伊红美蓝有促进大肠杆菌生长的作用。

F11. 两株具有不同营养缺陷型标记的霉菌进行准性生殖时,所形成的异核体和杂合二倍体的分生孢子在基本培养基上都能够生长。

T12. 无义突变是指不造成任何遗传效应的无意义突变。

F13. SOS修复系统是诱导产生的一种修复体系,它属于一种倾向差错的修复。

T14. Ames试验是利用细菌突变来检测环境中存在的致癌物质是一种简便、快速、灵敏的方法。

可以通过某待测物质对微生物的诱变能力间接判断其致癌能力。

T15. 亚硝酸、羟胺和5-溴尿嘧啶都能诱发碱基置换,因此在大多数情况下,它们诱发的突变都可以被它们自己诱发而得以回复。

F二、名称解释:(3分*10)1. 生长因子微生物生长所必需且需要量很小,而微生物自身不能合成或合成量不足以满足机体生长需要的有机化合物。

考试点专业课:江西农业大学604微生物学考研真题2009-2010

考试点专业课:江西农业大学604微生物学考研真题2009-2010

江 西 农 业 大 学 2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题适用学科、专业 微生物学考试科目代码、名称 604微生物学注意事项:答案一律在答卷纸上填写,答在草稿纸或试卷上一律无效。

题目部分,(卷面共有104题,150.0分,各大题标有题量和总分)一、选择题(30小题,每小题1.0分,共30.0分) 分别在每小题A、B、C和D四种选项中仅选择一项,将选择项的A或B或C或D填写在答卷中,多选无效。

1.革兰氏染色法的步骤是:A.碘液初染 结晶紫媒染 沙黄复染 乙醇脱色,B.结晶紫初染 沙黄复染 碘液媒染 乙醇脱色;C.碘液初染 结晶紫媒染 乙醇脱色 沙黄复染;D.结晶紫初染 碘液媒染 乙醇脱色 沙黄复染。

答:()2.下列哪类细菌形成的菌落十分光滑、并呈透明蛋清状、形态较大。

A.产芽孢;B.球状;C.具鞭毛;D.具荚膜。

答:()3.能产生大量分枝和气生菌丝的放线菌菌落,与培养基的结合,往往具有如下特征:A.较松、极易挑取;B.较松、不易挑取;C.较紧、容易挑取;D.较紧、易不挑取。

答:()4.迄今能由严格厌氧菌大规模生产的发酵产物只有一种,这就是:A.乙醇发酵;B.丙酸发酵;C.乳酵发酵;D.丙酮丁醇发酵。

答:()5.移码突变的诱变剂是:A.亚硝酸;B.烷化剂;C.5-溴尿嘧啶;D.吖啶类化合物。

答:()6.下列有一种诱变剂是间接引起碱基对置换的诱变剂,它就是:A.亚硝酸;B.亚硝基胍;C.吖啶橙;D.5-溴尿嘧啶。

答:()7.自然界中的细菌细胞,细菌外毒素等物质均属于:A.类属抗原;B.半抗原;C.完全抗原;D.交叉反应抗原。

答:()8.Mu噬菌体在寄主细胞染色体上A.只有一个特定整合位点;B.有多个特定整合位点;C.没有一定的整合位点;D.没有整合位点。

答:()9.在鉴别性EMB培养基上,在反射光下大肠杆菌菌落呈现的颜色是:A.棕色;B.粉红色;C.绿色并带有金属光泽;D.无色。

答:()10.烟草花叶病毒粒子所含有的核酸是:A.±RNA;B.+RNA;C.-RNA;D.+DNA。

2009年中国科学院研究生院微生物学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)【圣才出品】

2009年中国科学院研究生院微生物学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)【圣才出品】

2009年中国科学院研究生院微生物学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)
一、名词解释
1.富集培养基和选择性培养基
2.底物水平磷酸化和光合磷酸化
3.自生固氮和共生固氮
4.普通转导和局部转导
5.基因组和基因组文库
6.接合子和转化子
7.微生物三命名法和双命名法
8.支原体和衣原体
9.MHC-I和MHC-II
10.病毒结构蛋白和非结构蛋白
二、匹配题
1.给出微生物的名称选出它属于哪一类
2.M13载体、粘粒载体、细菌质粒、细菌人工合成核酸,Ti质粒的作用
三、填空题

四、简答题
1.关于培养基配置的原则。

2.关于基因突变的特点。

3.关于三域学说的内容和它的不足。

4.酶的变构调节和化学修饰调节区别?各自有什么用?
5.检测蛋白与染色质DNA作用的方法?举出一种说明原理和步骤。

青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码: 708 科目名称:生物学综合(共5页)请考生写明题号,将答案全部答在答题纸上,答在试卷上无效一、细胞生物学部分㈠名词解释:(10分,每个2分)1. 生物膜2. 核仁组织区3. 高尔基体4. 易化扩散5. 细胞周期㈡选择题:(5分,每题1分)1. 地球上的生命是在元素的基础上建立起来的。

A. 碳B. 氢C.氧D. 氮E. 磷2. 构成染色体的基本单位是。

A. DNAB. 核小体C. 螺线管D. 超螺线管E.核苷酸3. 有双层膜结构的细胞器是。

A. 过氧化物酶体B. 高尔基体C. 溶酶体D. 线粒体E.内质网4. 能抑制细胞形成纺锤丝的是。

A.鬼笔环肽B. 放线菌素DC. 秋水仙素D. 细胞松弛素BE.环磷胞苷5. 细胞周期过程中,从G1进入S及从S进入G2,这两个转变都是由触发的。

A. MPFB. ATPC. ADPD. GTPE.CTP㈢填空:(15分,每空1分)1. DNA和RNA的结构单体是。

2. 细胞核包括、、和等部分。

3. 内质网分为和两种。

4. 构成质膜脂双层的脂类有、和。

5. 主动运输需要和。

6. 脊椎动物的细胞连接主要有、和三种类型。

㈣问答题:(20分)1.简述溶酶体的结构和功能。

(6分)2.简述细胞代谢的特点。

(7分)3.说明有丝分裂各期特点。

(7分)二、遗传学部分㈠名词解释(10分,每个2分)1. 连锁:2. 伴性遗传:3. 多效性:4. 转化:5. 转译:㈡选择题(5分,每个1分)1. 人的ABO血型是:A. 完全显性B.不完全显性C.共显性D.不规则显性E. 延迟显性2. 三联体密码子共有:A. 4个B. 20个C. 23个D. 46个E. 64个3.染色体发生断裂,断裂片段接到非同源染色体上的现象称为:A. 易位B. 缺失C. 重复D. 倒位E.环状染色体4. DNA双螺旋结构中的碱基以氢键相连配对,总是:A.A与A,G与G B. G与T, A与CC.A与T,G与C D. A与G, T与CE. T与T,C与C5. 基因的交换率反映了两基因之间的相对距离,2个基因靠的越近,染色体交叉的机会就越__,基因的交换率越__。

武汉科技大学_环境工程微生物学2009考研真题

武汉科技大学_环境工程微生物学2009考研真题

密 封 线 内 不 要 写 题
第1页共2页
一、名词解释(10×3’=30’) 原核微生物 定向培育 质粒 基因突变 芽孢 发酵 选择培养基 主动运输 基质水平磷酸化 菌胶团
二、简答题(80’) 1、结合细菌结构特点和物理化学性质叙述革兰氏染色的机制。(15’) 2、通过原生动物如何判断好氧曝气池的运行效果?(15’) 3、何谓硝化作用?何谓反硝化作用?请举例说明它们在环境工程中的应用。(15’) 4、什么是PCR技术?包括哪些操作步骤?它在环境保护中有什么应用?(15’) 5、细菌生长分哪几个时期?各时期有什么特点?常规活性污泥法用哪个生长时期 的细菌,为什么?(20’)
二O O九年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目及代码: 812 环境工程微生物学 适用专业: 环境工程 说明:1.答题内容写在答题纸上,写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效考完后试题随答题 纸交回。 2.考试时间3小时,总分值 150 分。
姓名: 报考学科、专业: 准考证号码:
三、问答题(40’) 1、污水生物处理的效率与微生物的生存因子和营养配给息息相关,请从营养和生 存因子两方面说明污水好氧生物处理时对污水水质有哪些要求?(20’) 2、结合甲烷发酵理论分析蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪经历哪些过程才能转化为甲烷?在 此过程中,有哪些微生物参与?请列举一种甲烷发酵工艺,结合工艺说明应如何控 制环境因子,以达到较理想的产甲烷效率。(20’)
第2页共2页
Байду номын сангаас

江南大学微生物2009年考研真题

江南大学微生物2009年考研真题

2009年江南大学微生物学考研试题江南大学微生物学微生物问答1实验室内五种常用的消毒,灭菌,除菌方法2.紫外线对氨基酸缺陷型的诱变过程,氨基酸缺陷型的定义及在工业微生物上的应用3.霉菌,细菌,病毒,酵母菌的繁殖方式4微生物相互之间的作用类型,并举例说明三.问答题(90分)1.简述大肠杆菌,酿酒酵母,红曲霉,噬菌体的繁殖过程,并丛微生物的繁殖方式角度阐述你对微生物多样性的了解(20分)2.简述营养物质进出细胞的方式,并丛运输方向,运输动力,载体,是否耗能,有无竞争性,运输前后是否变化,输送物质类别(举例)等方面比较各种运输方式(20分)3.什么叫基因工程?为什么说基因工程的操作离不开微生物(15分)4.简述斜面培养基的配制步骤?并说明每步的注意事项(15分)5.以赖氨酸高产菌株为出发菌株,筛选菌种的题,记不清了(20分)名词解释19971原生质体2芽孢3菌落4诱导酶5生长因素6回复突变7诱导8拮抗9血清学反应10巴斯德效应19981芽孢2菌落3质粒4回复突变5生长因子6诱导酶7拮抗8巴斯德效应9光复活作用10活性污泥19991原生质体2菌落3质粒4芽孢5诱导酶6生长因子7巴斯德效应8营养缺陷型9 BOD 10血清学反应20001温和性噬菌体2巴斯德效应3 艾姆斯试验(Ames test)4 ELISA 5 PCR20011类毒素2暗修复作用3巴斯德效应4 诱导酶20021转化2 半抗原3活性污泥4回复突变5 PCR填空19971微生物生长的特点是:_____2微生物的学名是由_和_所组成3细菌革兰氏染色的主要原理是_。

影响染色的主要因素是_和_,革兰氏染色后为红色的是_4酵母菌是_,其无性繁殖方式是_和_,有性繁殖是_5霉菌产生的无性孢子有___6噬菌体的特点是___,其生长繁殖过程包括_____五个步骤。

7培养基按用途可分为_____8根据生长和O2的关系,大多数酵母属于_,大多数霉菌属于_9影响微生物生长的延滞期长短的因素有___等10光复活作用是指____四种情况11染色体畸变是指____四种情况12大肠杆菌是指_食品中大肠菌群测定的食品卫生含义是_13影响微生物的抗热性的因素是_____14 BOD是指_15在空气中能较长时间的微生物类群是__特点是_16培养时,培养皿倒置是为了_和_17平板菌落计数法结果表达中常用的“clu”的意思是_19981微生物的特点是_____2微生物的学名有_和_所组成3细菌革兰氏染色的主要原理是_影响染色的主要因素是_ 和_,革兰氏染色后为红色的是_菌4霉菌产生的无性孢子是___5微生物的培养基按用途可分为_____6根据生长和氧气的关系,大多数酵母属于_,大多数霉菌属于_7影响微生物生长的延滞期长短的因素有___等8染色体畸变有____四种情况9影响微生物的抗热性的因素是_____10在空气中能较长时间的微生物类群是__特点是_11培养时,培养皿倒置是为了_和_12平板菌落计数法结果表达中常用的“clu”的意思是_13 BOD是指_20001影响革兰氏染色结果的因素是___,E.coli属于_性菌,染色结果为_色2生长因子是_,主要包括___3影响微生物生长的延滞期的主要因素是___4根据微生物生长和氧气的关系,可分为___三大类型。

2009年江南大学微生物学考研试题1

2009年江南大学微生物学考研试题1

2009年江南大学微生物学考研试题江南大学微生物学生化问答1.天冬氨酸转变成葡萄糖所需的A TP数2.乳糖操纵子是谁提出的,年份是多少,用操纵子机制解释基因对如何对酶作用的3.考了个凝胶层析方面的问题4.RNA聚合酶和DNA聚合酶相比为什么不需要SSB,和另一种东西,记不清了5考了个氨基酸对蛋白质活性的影响,题目给出的具体的氨基酸微生物问答1实验室内五种常用的消毒,灭菌,除菌方法2.紫外线对氨基酸缺陷型的诱变过程,氨基酸缺陷型的定义及在工业微生物上的应用3.霉菌,细菌,病毒,酵母菌的繁殖方式4微生物相互之间的作用类型,并举例说明江南大学微生物(发酵)第一题是判断,记不清了,说第2题二.名词解释(10个一个三分)1.转道噬菌体2.巴斯德效应3.移码突变4.生物膜(英文的)5.生长因子6.记不清了,想想我再来补充三.问答题(90分)1.简述大肠杆菌,酿酒酵母,红曲霉,噬菌体的繁殖过程,并丛微生物的繁殖方式角度阐述你对微生物多样性的了解(20分)2.简述营养物质进出细胞的方式,并丛运输方向,运输动力,载体,是否耗能,有无竞争性,运输前后是否变化,输送物质类别(举例)等方面比较各种运输方式(20分)3.什么叫基因工程?为什么说基因工程的操作离不开微生物(15分)4.简述斜面培养基的配制步骤?并说明每步的注意事项(15分)5.以赖氨酸高产菌株为出发菌株,筛选菌种的题,记不清了(20分)2009生物化学试题名词解释1. molecular chaperones2. domain3. hyper chromic effct4. multienzyme system5. respiratory chain6. krebs cycle7. restriction endonuclease8. gentic code名词解释19971原生质体2芽孢3菌落4诱导酶5生长因素6回复突变7诱导8拮抗9血清学反应10巴斯德效应19981芽孢2菌落3质粒4回复突变5生长因子6诱导酶7拮抗8巴斯德效应9光复活作用10活性污泥19991原生质体2菌落3质粒4芽孢5诱导酶6生长因子7巴斯德效应8营养缺陷型9 BOD 10血清学反应20001温和性噬菌体2巴斯德效应3 艾姆斯试验(Ames test)4 ELISA 5 PCR20011类毒素2暗修复作用3巴斯德效应4 诱导酶20021转化2 半抗原3活性污泥4回复突变5 PCR填空19971微生物生长的特点是:_____2微生物的学名是由_和_所组成3细菌革兰氏染色的主要原理是_。

复旦大学2009年招收攻读硕士研究生学位研究生入学考试试题(生物化学)

复旦大学2009年招收攻读硕士研究生学位研究生入学考试试题(生物化学)

2009年复旦大学生命科学学院研究生招生试题一、是非题(对○,错╳;每题1分,共30分)1.一级氨基酸就是必须氨基酸。

(错)2.热激蛋白(Heat shock protein)只存在于真核生物中。

(错)3.某些微生物能用D型氨基酸合成肽类抗生素。

(对)4.SDS能与氨基酸结合但不能与核苷酸结合。

(对)5.Sanger的最大贡献是发明了独特的蛋白质N末端标记法。

(错,还有测序)6.有机溶剂的电介常数比水小使得静电作用增强而导致蛋白质变性。

(对)7. RNaseP中的RNA组分比蛋白质在分子量和空间上都要大得多。

(对)8.有些生物的结构基因的起始密码子是GTG。

(对)少数细菌(属于原核生物)以GUG(缬氨酸)或UUG为起始密码。

最近研究发现线粒体和叶绿体使用的遗传密码稍有差异,比如线粒体和叶绿体以AUG、AUU、AUA 为起始密码子。

9. Pauling提出了肽键理论。

(错,H.E.fischer)10.有证据表明大肠杆菌拥有第21个一级氨基酸的tRNA。

(对)11.4-羟基脯氨酸是在胶原蛋白被合成后脯氨酸上发生的修饰。

(对)12.米氏方程最早是根据实验数据推导的经验公式。

(对)13.酶反应动力学的特征常数Km是指室温下的测定值。

(错)14.人体皮肤上的黑色素是通过氨基酸合成而来。

(对,生物蝶呤和酪氨酸)15.疏水氨基酸残基也会分布在球蛋白的表面。

(对)16. 红血球上存在大量糖蛋白,是为了防止相互碰撞发生融合。

(对,负电性)17. Edman降解是一种内切蛋白质的化学反应。

(错,N端外切)18.P450是肝脏中负责解毒的一群酶,其活性的抑制会导致药物反应。

(对)19.α-amanitin只能抑制真核生物蛋白质的合成。

(对)20.SDS是蛋白酶K的激活剂。

(错)21.离子通道蛋白通常以数个α螺旋成束状镶嵌在细胞膜中。

(对)22.DTT让Taq DNA聚合酶保持活性是通过将所有二硫键打开来达到的。

(错)23. 脂肪酸生物合成的限速步骤是脂肪酸合成酶复合物催化的反应。

2009年武汉科技大学812环境工程微生物学考研试题答案

2009年武汉科技大学812环境工程微生物学考研试题答案

参考答案一、名词解释1、原核微生物:核很原始,发育不全,只是DNA链高度折叠形成的一个核区没有核膜,核质裸露,与细胞质没有明显界线,原核微生物没有细胞器,只有由细胞质膜内陷形成的不规则的泡沫结构体系,如间体和光合作用层片及其他内折,也不进行有丝分裂。

2、质粒:在原核微生物中除有染色体外,还含有另外一种较小的、携带少量遗传基因的环状DNA分子。

3.芽孢:某些细菌在其生活史的某个阶段或某些细菌在它遇到不良环境时,在细胞内形成的一个内孢子,是抵御外界不良环境的休眠体。

4.选择培养基:利用微生物对各钟化学物质的敏感程度的差异、在培养基中加入某种物质用以抑制非目的微生物的生长并使所要分离的微生物生长繁殖的培养基。

5.基质水平磷酸化:厌氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物在基质氧化过程中形成一个含高自由能中间代谢物,促使ADP变成ATP的过程。

6.定向培育:是人为用某一定环境条件长期处理某一微生物群体,同时不断将它们进行移种传代,以达到累积和选择合适的自发突变体的一种古老育种方法。

7.基因突变:微生物的DNA被某种因素引起碱基的缺失、置换或插入,改变了基因内部原有的碱基排列顺序,从而引起其后代表现型的改变。

8.发酵:在没有外源电子受体的条件下,微生物氧化一些有机物,有机物仅发生部分氧化,以其中间产物为最终电子受体,释放少量能量,其余能量保留在最终产物中的一种氧化方式。

9.主动运输:在微生物细胞内所积累的营养物质的浓度高于细胞外的浓度时,营养物质在渗透酶的帮助下逆浓度梯度积累,并消耗能量的过程。

10.菌胶团:有些细菌由于其遗传特性决定,细胞之间按一定的排列方式互相粘集在一起,被一个公共的荚膜包围形成一定形状的细胞集团。

二、简答题1、革兰氏染色结果的差异主要基于细菌细胞壁的构造和化学组分不同。

通过初染和媒染,在细菌细胞膜或原生质体上染上了不溶于水的结晶紫与碘的大分子复合物。

G+细菌由于细胞壁较厚、肽聚糖含量较高和交联紧密故用乙醇洗脱时肽聚糖层网孔会因脱水而明显收缩再加上的G+细菌细胞壁基本上不含类脂故乙醇处理不能在壁上溶出缝隙,因此,结晶紫与碘复合物仍牢牢阻留在其细胞壁内,使其呈现蓝紫色。

华东理工大学2009年微生物学考研真题(回忆版)

华东理工大学2009年微生物学考研真题(回忆版)

华东理工大学二〇〇九年硕士研究生入学考试试题微生物学一、判断题1、吖啶类物质作为一种诱变剂主要引起碱基对的置换。

2、瘤胃微生物是一群生活在反刍动物瘤胃内的寄生微生物。

3、只有通过基因突变微生物才能产生抗药性。

4、温度影响生长单位的复制速率,而不影响其长度。

5、高或低生长速率下细菌平均大小无变化。

6、细菌倍增(世代)时间不少于染色体复制一轮所需时间。

7、菌丝生长单位小,分枝越多。

8、启动和复制是截然不同的两种过程。

9、分配培养中生长的细胞群体的平均细胞质量不受温度的影响。

10、在Aw〈0.990下,随着水活度的降低,细胞得率升高。

11、巴斯德效应是对发酵活性的抑制,而克列伯特里效应是对呼吸酶合成的抑制。

12、在细胞的得率相同的情况下,生长在甲烷比在甲醇的热得率要高。

13、胞内脂质成分随生长温度的增加,不饱和脂肪酸的含量下降。

二、填空题1、常见的缺壁细菌有___________________________、_______________________________、_______________________________、_______________________________四种类型。

2、低等真菌的细胞壁成分以_______________________为主,酵母菌以_____________________为主,高等陆生真菌以_________________为主。

3、完整病毒粒子是由_________________和_________________组成的,某些病毒在外层还包裹着一层结构复杂的_________________。

4、病毒粒的对称体制有_________________、_________________、_________________三种。

5、微生物生长“3基点”为_____________________________、_________________________________、__________________________________。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

天津科技大学
二OO九年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试
考试科目804微生物学(A)
一、名词解释(每小题2分,10个小题,共20分)
1、芽孢
2、趋化性
3、基内菌丝
4、基团转位
5、消毒
6、抗生素
7、巴斯德效应
8、松弛型质粒 9、移码突变 10、单克隆抗体
二、填空(每小题1分,50个空,共50分)
1、荷兰商人()作为第一个制作显微镜的人,利用其自制的显微镜首先观察到了微生物。

2、大肠杆菌的学名为(),大肠杆菌经革兰氏染色后,菌体呈()色。

3、革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁分内外两层,内层成分是();外层称外膜,成分是()、()和()。

4、细菌细胞内的异染粒是()的聚合物,其功能是贮藏()和()。

5、自然界产生抗生素最多的微生物类群是(),尤其是其中的()属。

6、酵母菌最普遍的无性繁殖方式是(),有性繁殖方式是()。

7、较为典型的产生匍匐菌丝和假根的代表菌是()和(),假根的作用是()。

8、病毒衣壳的对称体制有:()对称、()对称、()对称。

9、噬菌体的核酸种类是(),其中由12个氨基酸组成的末端称为()。

10、微生物的生长因子一般指以下三大类物质:()、()、()。

11、在生物氧化和能量代谢中,发酵仅是指在()条件下,底物脱氢后所产生的还原力[H]不经过()传递而直接交给某一内源性中间代谢产物的一类低效产能反应。

12、控制连续培养的方法主要有两类,即恒化连续培养和恒浊连续培养,前者可以得到()生长速率的细胞,后者可以得到()生长速率的细胞。

13、巴斯德消毒法是基于()菌的致死条件为62℃、15min而定的。

14、根据微生物与氧的关系,可将微生物分为好氧菌和厌氧菌两大类,其中好氧菌可细分为3类,即()、()和();厌氧菌可细分为2类。

即()和()。

15、不涉及遗传物质结构改变而只发生在转录、转译水平上的表型变化,称为()。

()和()。

16、基因突变的自发性和不对应性曾有三个著名实验予于证明,它们是:
()、
17、在诱变育种中,出发菌株经诱变处理后常需要进行中间培养,目的在于()。

18、与营养缺陷型有关的菌株有三种:从自然界分离到的任何菌种的原始菌株称为();它经过诱变剂处理后所发生的丧失某酶合成能力的菌株称为();再经回复突变或重组后的菌株称为()。

19、常见的“三致”是指()、()和()作用,目前检出某试样有否“三致”的简便、快速而高效的试验是()。

20、细菌性病原体产生的毒素可分为()和()。

相关文档
最新文档