中国高铁国际化(全英文)Chinese HSR

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中国高铁英语作文

中国高铁英语作文

中国高铁英语作文China, a country rich in history and culture, has always been at the forefront of innovation and development. One of the most significant achievements in recent years is the rapid expansion and advancement of its high-speed rail (HSR) system. This essay aims to explore the impact and significance of China's high-speed railways on the country's economic growth, regional connectivity, and global technological leadership.Firstly, the economic implications of China's HSR are profound. The development of high-speed rail has not only created jobs and stimulated local economies along the rail lines but also facilitated the rapid movement of goods and people, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of thecountry's economic system. The HSR has become a catalyst for economic growth, particularly in the regions where the infrastructure has been established.Secondly, the high-speed rail has transformed regional connectivity within China. Cities that were once days apartare now connected by a few hours' journey, fostering closerties between different provinces and regions. This has led to a more integrated national market, where the exchange of ideas, culture, and commerce can flourish. The HSR has effectively shrunk the vast distances within China, making it easier for people to travel and for businesses to operate across different regions.Moreover, the technological prowess demonstrated by China's HSR system has positioned the country as a global leader in rail technology. Chinese companies have developed advanced train sets that can reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, using state-of-the-art magnetic levitation technology. This has not only improved the country's domestic transportation system but also opened up opportunities for Chinese companies to export their high-speed rail technology to other countries.In addition, the environmental benefits of high-speed rail cannot be overlooked. As a mode of transportation, high-speed trains are more energy-efficient and produce fewer emissions compared to cars and airplanes. This makes them an attractive alternative for reducing carbon footprints and combating climate change. China's commitment to expanding its HSR network is, therefore, not just about economic and technological progress but also about sustainability and environmental responsibility.However, the development of high-speed rail in China is not without challenges. The high costs of construction and the need for extensive land acquisition have led to financial and social concerns. Additionally, ensuring the safety and reliability of the HSR system is a continuous challenge that requires constant vigilance and technological innovation.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail system is a testament to the country's ambition and capacity for large-scale infrastructure projects. It has reshaped the economic landscape, improved regional connectivity, and showcasedChina's technological capabilities on the global stage. As China continues to expand its HSR network, it is set to play an increasingly important role in the country's development and its contribution to the global transportation sector.。

高铁的快速发展作文英文

高铁的快速发展作文英文

高铁的快速发展作文英文In the past decade, China has witnessed a remarkable revolution in its transportation sector, with the high-speed rail (HSR) system serving as a prime example of this transformation. The rapid development of HSR not only revolutionized the way people travel but also significantly contributed to the country's economic growth and regional integration.The journey of China's HSR began in 2008 with the opening of the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway, marking the beginning of a new era in railway transportation. Since then, the country has witnessed a steady increase in HSR networks, with new lines connecting major cities andregions across the country. As of 2023, China's HSR network has exceeded 40,000 kilometers, covering a vast area and connecting key economic hubs.The rapid expansion of HSR has brought about several benefits. Firstly, it has significantly reduced travel time, making it possible to traverse vast distances in a matterof hours. This has not only enhanced the connectivity between cities but also facilitated business travel andtourism, promoting economic growth. Secondly, HSR has provided a sustainable transportation alternative, reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Theelectric-powered trains offer a cleaner and more environmentally friendly mode of transportation,contributing to China's efforts in combating climate change. Moreover, the development of HSR has also led to job creation and skill development. The construction and operation of HSR projects have generated employment opportunities for thousands of people, including engineers, technicians, and railway operators. This has not onlyhelped in reducing unemployment but has also fostered skill development and technological innovation.The impact of HSR on regional development has also been profound. By connecting regions that were previouslyisolated or underserved by transportation infrastructure, HSR has fostered economic integration and development.Cities and regions along the HSR lines have seen a surge in investment, tourism, and real estate development, leadingto improved living standards and economic prosperity.In addition, the introduction of HSR has also led to the modernization of railway stations and surrounding infrastructure. Many cities have invested in developing new stations that are not only functional but alsoaesthetically pleasing, serving as landmarks in their respective regions. This has not only enhanced the passenger experience but has also contributed to the urban rejuvenation of many cities.The future of China's HSR looks even more promising. With plans to further expand the network and introduce new technologies such as autonomous trains and smart transportation systems, the country is poised to maintain its leadership in the global HSR industry. This will not only further enhance the connectivity and mobility of its citizens but will also position China as a key player in the global transportation revolution.In conclusion, the rapid development of China's HSR has been a transformative journey that has revolutionized the way people travel, contributed to economic growth, and fostered regional integration. The benefits it has brought about are numerous, including reduced travel time,environmental sustainability, job creation, and regional development. As China continues to expand its HSR network and embrace new technologies, the future of railway transportation in the country looks bright and promising.**中国高铁的快速发展:一场变革之旅**在过去的十年里,中国交通运输业经历了一场革命性的变革,其中高铁的发展尤为引人注目。

中国高铁英语作文60词

中国高铁英语作文60词

中国高铁英语作文60词In the heart of Asia, a silent revolution is taking place. China's High-Speed Rail (HSR) network, a testament to technological prowess and engineering wizardry, has transformed the face of travel in the country. With speeds reaching up to 350 kilometers per hour, this mode of transportation has not only缩短but revolutionized distances, connecting cities and regions that were oncefar-flung and inaccessible.The story of China's HSR is one of perseverance and vision. Starting from scratch, the country has leapfrogged into the global league of HSR giants, building over 35,000 kilometers of tracks in just over a decade. This feat is unprecedented, and it speaks volumes about China's commitment to innovation and infrastructure development.The impact of this revolution is felt across the country. Cities that were once separated by vast distances are now connected by a web of high-speed tracks, enabling people to travel quickly and easily. The economic benefits are immense, as businesses can expand their reach and markets can be accessed with greater ease. Furthermore, theenvironmental footprint of HSR is significantly lower than that of air travel, making it a greener option for sustainable development.Looking ahead, China's HSR promises even more. With plans to expand the network further and introduce evenfaster trains, the future of travel in China is set to be faster, more convenient, and more sustainable. This modern miracle is not just about speed; it's about connecting people, places, and possibilities, opening up a new chapter in the story of China's remarkable rise.**中国高铁:现代奇迹与未来的承诺**在亚洲的心脏地带,一场静悄悄的革命正在发生。

中国高铁英语作文素材

中国高铁英语作文素材

中国高铁英语作文素材China's high-speed rail (HSR) system, known for its rapid expansion and technological prowess, has revolutionized transportation within the country and beyond. This essay will explore the evolution of China's HSR, its impact on the economy and society, and its role in the country's development strategy.IntroductionThe concept of high-speed rail is not new, but China's approach to it has been transformative. Over the past two decades, China has built the world's largest HSR network, connecting major cities and facilitating travel for millions of people daily.Evolution of China's High-Speed Rail1. Inception and Growth: China's HSR journey began in the early 2000s with the construction of the first high-speedline between Beijing and Shanghai. Since then, the network has grown exponentially, with thousands of kilometers of tracks laid each year.2. Technological Advancements: China has made significant strides in HSR technology, developing its own train models such as the Fuxing Hao, which can reach speeds of up to 350 km/h. The country has also innovated in track construction,signaling systems, and maintenance.3. International Collaboration: While much of the technology was initially imported, China has since engaged in technology transfer agreements and has become a major exporter of HSR technology, offering its services to countries like Turkey, Indonesia, and beyond.Impact on Economy and Society1. Economic Integration: The HSR has played a crucial role in integrating China's regional economies. It has reduced travel times dramatically, allowing for a more efficient flow of goods, services, and people.2. Urbanization: The development of HSR has also accelerated urbanization, as it enables people to live in smaller cities while working in larger metropolitan areas, thus reducing overcrowding and housing pressures in major cities.3. Tourism Boost: High-speed rail has opened up new tourist destinations by making them more accessible. This has led to a surge in domestic tourism, contributing to the growth of the service sector.Role in China's Development Strategy1. National Pride: The HSR system is a source of national pride for China, showcasing its ability to execute large-scale infrastructure projects and compete with developed nations.2. Global Ambitions: China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) includes the expansion of HSR networks globally, which is seen as a means to increase its international influence and promote economic cooperation.3. Sustainability and Future Growth: As China looks to reduce its carbon footprint, the HSR system is positioned as a sustainable alternative to air and road travel. The government continues to invest in green technologies and smart city development to ensure the system's future growth aligns with environmental goals.ConclusionChina's high-speed rail system is a testament to thecountry's rapid development and its commitment to modernizing its infrastructure. It has not only transformed the way people travel within China but also has global implications for how large-scale transportation projects can drive economic growth and international collaboration. As China continues to expand and refine its HSR network, it stands as a model for other countries considering similarinfrastructure investments.Word Bank- High-speed rail (HSR)- Infrastructure- Technological prowess- Urbanization- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)- Sustainable development- Economic integration- Domestic tourism- International influenceThis essay provides a comprehensive overview of China's HSR system, suitable for students looking to understand the subject in both a historical and contemporary context.。

中国高铁发展成就英语作文

中国高铁发展成就英语作文

中国高铁发展成就英语作文China's High-Speed Rail: A Pinnacle of Modern Transportation AchievementIn the past two decades, China has witnessed an unprecedented transformation in its transportation infrastructure, with the high-speed rail (HSR) system standing as a paramount example of this progress. This vast network, spanning thousands of kilometers, has not only reshaped domestic travel but also serves as a global benchmark for speed, efficiency, and technological prowess.The birth of China's HSR can be traced back to the early 2000s, when the government embarked on an ambitious plan to revolutionize its railway system. Since the launch of its first high-speed line in 2008, connecting Beijing and Tianjin, the network has expanded at an astonishing pace. Today, it is the world's longest, covering over 35,000 kilometers by the end of 2020, far surpassing that of any other country.One of the core strengths of China's HSR lies in its advanced technology. The trains, such as the Fuxing series,operate at speeds up to 350 km/h, significantly reducing travel time between cities. These state-of-the-art trains embody cutting-edge innovations in aerodynamics, energy efficiency, and safety systems. Furthermore, theintegration of digital technologies, including automated ticketing, real-time tracking, and comprehensive surveillance, ensures seamless operations and passenger convenience.The economic impact of this mammoth project is equally remarkable. High-speed rail connections have stimulated regional development, fostering economic integration and urbanization. Cities once distant are now connected within hours, spurring tourism, business activities, and job creation. Moreover, the HSR system reduces the reliance on air and road transport, thereby contributing to a reduction in carbon emissions, aligning with China's commitment to sustainable development.Socially, the HSR has brought people closer,facilitating family reunions and cultural exchanges. It has also made travel more accessible and affordable for themasses, enhancing the quality of life for millions of Chinese citizens.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail represents a monumental achievement that showcases the country's engineering capabilities, forward-thinking planning, and commitment to modernization. Its success underscores the potential of infrastructure development in driving economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social cohesion, setting a shining example for the rest of the world to emulate.---中国高速铁路:现代交通成就的巅峰近二十年来,中国交通运输基础设施经历了前所未有的变革,其中高速铁路(HSR)体系尤为突出,成为这一进步的典范。

以中国高铁为话题写的英语作文

以中国高铁为话题写的英语作文

中国高铁:连接未来的速度与梦想In the heart of the Asian continent, a phenomenon has transformed the face of transportation, sparking arevolution in speed and efficiency. This is the High-Speed Rail (HSR) of China, a testament to the country's engineering prowess and vision for the future.The Chinese HSR, often referred to as the "Four-Hour Economy," has reshaped the way people travel, commute, and connect. With speeds reaching up to 350 kilometers per hour, it has reduced travel times between cities, shrunk distances, and brought regions closer together. This remarkable feat of engineering has not only revolutionized the transport sector but has also become a symbol ofChina's economic growth and technological advancement.The journey on a Chinese HSR train is not just about speed; it's an experience that combines comfort, convenience, and technology. The sleek and modern trains offer amenities such as Wi-Fi connectivity, on-board entertainment systems, and ergonomic seating, providing passengers with a comfortable and enjoyable ride. The stations, too, are designed with the utmost attention todetail, offering seamless connections, modern facilities, and convenient transportation options.The Chinese HSR's impact on the environment is also noteworthy. Compared to traditional modes of transportation, HSR is much more energy-efficient and emits significantly lower carbon emissions. This makes it a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for long-distance travel.The story of China's HSR is not just about technology and engineering; it's about vision, ambition, and hard work. It represents the spirit of China's people, who have come together to build a network that connects the country and propels it forward into the future.As China continues to expand its HSR network, the possibilities are endless. The HSR has the potential to further integrate the country's vast regions, promote economic growth, and enhance connectivity with neighboring countries. It is a symbol of China's rise as a global power and a testament to the country's commitment to innovation and progress.In conclusion, the Chinese HSR is not just a mode of transportation; it's a revolution that has transformed theway people live, work, and travel. It is a symbol ofChina's engineering prowess, technological advancement, and vision for the future. As we look towards a connected and sustainable future, the Chinese HSR stands as a beacon of hope and inspiration, showing us that with vision, hard work, and innovation, we can achieve remarkable feats and connect the world in ways we never imagined possible.**中国高铁:连接未来的速度与梦想**在亚洲大陆的中心,一个现象改变了交通的面貌,引发了一场速度与效率的革命。

中国高铁的发展历程英文作文

中国高铁的发展历程英文作文

中国高铁的发展历程英文作文The Journey of China's High-Speed Rail DevelopmentChina's foray into high-speed rail (HSR) began in the early 1990s, marking a significant step towards modernizing its transportation system and boosting economic growth. The journey, however, was not without its challenges and triumphs.1. Early Initiatives and CollaborationsIn the 1980s, China's railway transportation system faced immense pressure due to its limited capacity and speed. To address this, the country began exploring options forhigh-speed rail, initially through collaborations with foreign companies such as Siemens and Alstom. These collaborations led to the development of the first high-speed trains in China, with a design speed of 160 km/h, which were deployed on the Beijing-Tianjin route in 1992.2. Accelerated DevelopmentEntering the 21st century, China accelerated its HSR development plan. In 2003, the government released the "Medium- and Long-Term Railway Network Plan," outlining ambitious goals for the expansion of the HSR network. Thisplan led to the construction of numerous new HSR lines, connecting major cities across the country.3. Network Expansion and Technological AdvancesBy 2021, China had achieved remarkable progress, boasting a HSR network that exceeded 37,900 kilometers, the largest in the world. This expansion was driven by significant government investment and a focus on technological innovation. One significant milestone was the introduction of the "Fuxing" bullet train in 2024, which boasts a design speed of 350 km/h and represents China's cutting-edge railway technology.4. International Recognition and Future ProspectsChina's HSR development has garnered international recognition, not only for its scale but also for its technological achievements. The "Fuxing" train, for instance, has attracted interest from numerous countries, leading to the export of Chinese HSR technology and expertise. Looking ahead, China continues to invest in HSR research and development, aiming to push the boundaries of speed, safety, and efficiency.In conclusion, China's journey in high-speed rail development has been nothing short of remarkable. From early collaborations to technological innovations and network expansion, China has transformed its railway system, connecting cities and driving economic growth. As it continues to push the boundaries of HSR technology, the future looks bright for China's high-speed rail network.。

中国高铁走向全球英语作文

中国高铁走向全球英语作文

中国高铁走向全球英语作文China's High-Speed Rail Going GlobalChina's high-speed rail network has been rapidly expanding in recent years, making it the largest and most advanced high-speed rail system in the world. With its impressive technological advancements, extensive coverage, and efficient operations, China's high-speed rail has not only transformed domestic transportation but is also making its way onto the global stage.One of the key factors contributing to the success of China's high-speed rail is the country's commitment to innovation and technological development. Over the past decade, Chinese engineers and researchers have been at the forefront of high-speed rail technology, continuously improving the design, safety, and efficiency of the system. From the development of cutting-edge train models to the implementation of advanced signaling and control systems, China has consistently pushed the boundaries of what is possible in high-speed rail.The scale and scope of China's high-speed rail network are truly remarkable. As of 2022, the country's high-speed rail network spansover 40,000 kilometers, connecting major cities and economic hubs across the nation. This extensive coverage has revolutionized the way people travel within China, reducing journey times, increasing accessibility, and fostering greater economic integration between different regions.Beyond its domestic impact, China's high-speed rail expertise is now being sought after by countries around the world. In recent years, China has successfully exported its high-speed rail technology and expertise to various international markets, including countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. This global expansion has not only generated significant economic opportunities for Chinese companies but also showcases the country's growing technological prowess and its ability to contribute to the development of transportation infrastructure globally.One of the most notable examples of China's global high-speed rail ambitions is the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail project in Indonesia. This landmark project, which is being built with Chinese technology and expertise, will connect Indonesia's capital, Jakarta, with the city of Bandung, reducing travel time between the two cities from over three hours to just 40 minutes. This project is not only a testament to China's high-speed rail capabilities but also a testament to the country's growing influence and strategic partnerships in the region.Another example of China's global high-speed rail initiatives is the China-Laos Railway, which was completed in 2021. This 414-kilometer railway line, built with Chinese technology and funding, connects the Yunnan province of China to the Lao capital of Vientiane, providing a vital transportation link between the two countries and enhancing regional connectivity.In addition to these large-scale infrastructure projects, China has also been actively involved in the development of high-speed rail systems in other countries, such as the UK, Russia, and Thailand. These partnerships not only showcase China's technological prowess but also demonstrate the country's commitment to global infrastructure development and its desire to play a more prominent role in shaping the future of transportation worldwide.One of the key advantages that China's high-speed rail technology offers to its international partners is the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the system. Compared to the high-cost and often lengthy development timelines associated with high-speed rail projects in other parts of the world, China's approach emphasizes streamlined construction, standardized components, and economies of scale, which can significantly reduce project costs and delivery times.Moreover, China's high-speed rail technology is known for its reliability and safety. The country's commitment to rigorous testing, quality control, and continuous improvement has resulted in a high-speed rail system that boasts an impressive safety record, further enhancing its appeal to international partners.However, the global expansion of China's high-speed rail technology is not without its challenges. Some countries have expressed concerns about the potential geopolitical implications of relying on Chinese infrastructure, while others have raised questions about the compatibility of Chinese technology with their existing transportation systems.Despite these challenges, the global demand for high-speed rail solutions continues to grow, and China's position as a leading provider of this technology is only expected to strengthen in the years to come. As more countries seek to modernize their transportation infrastructure and enhance connectivity, the appeal of China's high-speed rail expertise is likely to continue to rise, solidifying the country's position as a global leader in this crucial sector.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail network has not only transformed domestic transportation within the country but is also making significant strides in the global arena. With its technologicaladvancements, cost-effective solutions, and growing international partnerships, China's high-speed rail is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of transportation worldwide. As the world continues to grapple with the challenges of sustainable and efficient mobility, the success of China's high-speed rail could serve as a model for other nations to emulate, ultimately contributing to a more interconnected and prosperous global community.。

令人惊讶的中国高铁英语作文

令人惊讶的中国高铁英语作文

The Amazing Chinese High-Speed TrainIn the realm of transportation, China has achieved a remarkable feat with its high-speed rail network. Dubbed as the "Four Great Ancient Marvels of China" in modern times, the high-speed train has transformed the face of travel in the country, offering speed, convenience, and efficiency unparalleled anywhere else in the world.The Chinese high-speed rail system, often referred to as HSR or China Railway High-Speed (CRH), has a networkthat spans over 35,000 kilometers, connecting major cities and regions across the vast country. These sleek, modern trains operate at speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, reducing travel times significantly and making distant destinations accessible within hours.What makes the Chinese high-speed rail system truly amazing is its technological sophistication, engineering feats, and innovative approach. The trains are equipped with state-of-the-art technology, including advanced signaling systems, automatic driving capabilities, and passenger-friendly features such as Wi-Fi connectivity and on-board entertainment systems. The rail network itself isa testament to China's engineering prowess, with bridges, tunnels, and viaducts that traverse challenging terrain and landscapes.The impact of the high-speed rail system on China's economy and society cannot be overstated. It has revolutionized the way people travel, leading to increased connectivity, tourism, and economic growth. Cities and regions that were once isolated or underserved bytraditional rail systems have been brought into the fold, opening up new opportunities and improving the quality of life for millions of people.The Chinese government's commitment to developing the high-speed rail system is also noteworthy. It has invested heavily in research and development, infrastructure construction, and technology innovation to ensure that China remains at the forefront of global high-speed rail development. This commitment is reflected in the continuous expansion of the network, with new lines and connections being added regularly.In conclusion, the Chinese high-speed rail system is a remarkable testament to the country's engineering prowess,technological sophistication, and innovative spirit. It has revolutionized travel in China, transforming the way people connect with each other and opening up new opportunitiesfor economic growth and development. As China continues to expand its high-speed rail network, the potential forfurther transformation and progress is limitless.**令人惊叹的中国高铁**在交通领域,中国通过其高铁网络实现了一项令人瞩目的壮举。

介绍中国高铁以及你为什么喜欢它英语作文

介绍中国高铁以及你为什么喜欢它英语作文

The Splendor of China's High-Speed Railand My Affinity for ItIn the rapidly evolving landscape of modern China, the high-speed rail (HSR) system stands as a proud testament to the nation's engineering prowess and vision for the future. Since its inception in 2008, the Chinese HSR network has expanded exponentially, connecting cities and regions, fostering economic growth, and revolutionizing travelwithin the country.The allure of China's HSR lies in its efficiency, convenience, and sheer speed. Trains operate at speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, reducing travel time significantly. For instance, the journey from Beijing to Shanghai, a distance of approximately 1,300 kilometers, can be completed in just over four hours, a fraction of the time it would take by car or plane. This speed not only saves time but also enhances the overall travel experience, as passengers can complete long journeys in a fraction of the usual time.The HSR network in China is not just about speed, however. It is also a showcase for advanced technology andengineering innovation. The trains are equipped with state-of-the-art features such as automatic door systems, comfortable seating, and on-board entertainment systems. Additionally, the network's infrastructure, including bridges, tunnels, and stations, is a testament to China's engineering prowess.The environmental friendliness of HSR is another reason for its popularity. Compared to airplanes and cars, HSR emits significantly less carbon dioxide, making it a more sustainable mode of transportation. As China strives to achieve its carbon neutrality goals, the HSR network plays a crucial role in reducing the country's carbon footprint. My affinity for China's HSR stems from several reasons. Firstly, it offers a convenient and comfortable mode of transportation that allows me to travel quickly and efficiently. Whether I'm visiting family in another city or attending a business meeting, the HSR provides a seamless travel experience that saves me time and effort.Secondly, the HSR network's extensive reach means I can explore more of China's vast and diverse landscape. From the bustling cities of the east to the snow-cappedmountains of the west, the HSR takes me to places I never thought I could visit in such a short time.Lastly, the HSR represents China's progress and modernization efforts. As a proud Chinese citizen, it gives me immense satisfaction to see my country at the forefront of this technological revolution. The HSR not only connects cities and regions but also symbolizes the spirit of unity and progress that drives China forward.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail system is a remarkable feat of engineering and technology that offers efficiency, convenience, and sustainability. My affinityfor it stems from its many benefits, including the seamless travel experience, the ability to explore more of China, and the pride it brings as a symbol of the country's progress and modernization. As China continues to expandits HSR network, I look forward to future journeys and the opportunities they will bring.**中国高铁的魅力及我为何钟情于它**在中国飞速发展的现代景观中,高铁系统作为国家工程实力和未来愿景的骄傲证明而屹立不倒。

介绍中国高铁及为什么喜爱它英语作文

介绍中国高铁及为什么喜爱它英语作文

In the realm of global transportation, the Chinese High-Speed Railway (HSR) stands as an exemplar of technological prowess, efficiency, and mass appeal. This essay delves into the multifaceted aspects of this innovative system, exploring its technical specifications, societal impact, and the myriad reasons why it has become a preferred mode of travel for millions of passengers across China and beyond.**The Technological Marvel**The Chinese HSR network, a testament to the nation's commitment to infrastructure development, is the world's largest and most extensive, spanning over 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) as of 2024. It all began with the inauguration of the maiden high-speed line, the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway, in August 2008. Since then, the network has expanded at an unprecedented pace, connecting major cities, provincial capitals, and even remote regions with remarkable speed and reliability.At the heart of this revolution lies cutting-edge engineering and design. High-speed trains, such as the domestically developed Fuxing series, boast top speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour (217 mph), reducing travel times dramatically. The tracks, meticulously constructed using advanced materials and precision alignment techniques, ensure minimal vibration and smooth rides even at these breakneck velocities. Moreover, the implementation of sophisticated signaling systems, such as the CTCS (Chinese Train Control System), guarantees safe and efficient train operations.**Efficiency and Accessibility**One of the primary reasons for the widespread adoration of the Chinese HSR is its unparalleled efficiency. With high frequencies, short intervals between trains, and an impressive on-time rate exceeding 95%, passengers can plan their journeys with remarkable precision. This predictability, coupled with user-friendly online booking platforms and streamlined check-in processes at modern, well-integrated stations, transforms travel into a seamless experience. The ability to traverse vast distances within hours, rather than days, haseffectively shrunk the country, fostering closer economic, cultural, and social ties among once distant regions.**Economic and Regional Development**The HSR system has been instrumental in driving China's economic growth and regional development. By connecting urban centers, industrial hubs, and tourist destinations, it has facilitated the flow of goods, services, and talent, boosting domestic trade and tourism. High-speed rail stations often serve as catalysts for urban regeneration, attracting commercial investments and fostering the emergence of new business districts. Furthermore, the network has enabled peripheral regions to partake more fully in the national economy, reducing regional disparities and promoting balanced development.**Environmental Sustainability**In an era of increasing environmental consciousness, the Chinese HSR presents a compelling green alternative to air and road travel. High-speed trains consume significantly less energy per passenger-kilometer than airplanes or cars, emitting fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants. As a result, the HSR contributes to China's ambitious decarbonization goals, aligning with global efforts to combat climate change. Its role as a sustainable transport mode is particularly crucial given the country's vast size and rapidly growing mobility needs.**Affordability and Comfort**Despite its state-of-the-art technology, the Chinese HSR remains highly affordable compared to other modes of rapid long-distance transportation. Ticket prices, while higher than conventional rail travel, are often much lower than equivalent airfares, especially when considering the ancillary costs associated with air travel, such as airport transfers and potential delays. Moreover, high-speed trains offer a level of comfort that rivals, if not surpasses, that of many airlines. Spacious seating, ample legroom, Wi-Fi connectivity, and a range of dining options cater to diverse passenger needs, turning travel time into productive or leisurely moments rather than a mere means to an end.**Social Impact and National Pride**Beyond its tangible benefits, the Chinese HSR has become a symbol of national pride and progress. Its success embodies the nation's ability to harness technological innovation for the betterment of society, while also demonstrating China's commitment to improving the quality of life for its citizens. The HSR has not only transformed the way people commute and conduct business but has also fostered a sense of interconnectedness and shared identity among the diverse populations it serves.In conclusion, the Chinese High-Speed Railway is not merely a transportation network; it is a socioeconomic phenomenon that encapsulates the nation's aspirations for modernity, sustainability, and inclusive growth. Its meteoric rise in popularity can be attributed to a combination of factors: technological excellence, unmatched efficiency, significant contributions to economic development, environmental sustainability, affordability, comfort, and the profound sense of national pride it instills. As China continues to expand and refine its HSR system, it is poised to remain a cherished and indispensable feature of the nation's landscape, further solidifying its status as a paragon of modern transportation infrastructure.。

中国高铁介绍英文版

中国高铁介绍英文版

中国高铁介绍英文版Introduction to High-Speed Rail in ChinaChina has developed one of the most extensive high-speed rail networks in the world. The country's high-speed rail system, commonly known as the Chinese High-Speed Rail (HSR), plays a vital role in connecting major cities, improving transportation efficiency, and boosting economic development.The construction of the Chinese HSR began in the early 2000s and has since experienced rapid expansion. As of 2021, the network covers over 37,900 kilometers of track, making it the world's largest high-speed rail network. This expansive network connects most major cities in China, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu, allowing for convenient and efficient intercity travel.The Chinese HSR is renowned for its remarkable speed and punctuality. Trains on the network can reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour (217 miles per hour), making it one of the fastest high-speed rail systems globally. Due to its efficiency, passengers can travel long distances in a relatively short amount of time, facilitating business and leisure travel.The construction of the Chinese HSR has brought numerous benefits to the country. Aside from enhancing connectivity and reducing travel time, high-speed rail has also stimulated regional economic development. The ability to travel quickly between cities has led to increased tourism, business investments, and job opportunities. Additionally, the HSR has helped alleviate trafficcongestion and reduce carbon emissions by providing a greener alternative to air travel.The trains on the Chinese HSR are known for their modern amenities and comfort. The cabins are spacious and equipped with comfortable seats, ample legroom, and advanced multimedia entertainment systems. Passengers can also enjoy onboard services, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and catering options, making their journey more pleasant and enjoyable.Safety is a top priority for the Chinese HSR system. Stringent safety measures, including advanced technology and regular inspections, ensure the reliability and security of the infrastructure. China's high-speed rail has maintained an excellent safety record, providing passengers with peace of mind during their travels.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail system is a remarkable feat of engineering and an integral part of the country's transportation infrastructure. With its extensive network, incredible speed, and comfort, the Chinese HSR has revolutionized travel within the country, facilitating economic growth and improving the overall quality of life for its citizens.。

中国高铁的英语作文

中国高铁的英语作文

中国高铁的英语作文China's high-speed rail (HSR) system, known for its impressive speed and extensive network, has revolutionized the way people travel within the country. This essay will explore the development of China's HSR, its current status, and the profound impact it has had on the nation's economy, environment, and society.Development and Current Status:China's HSR journey began in the early 2000s, withsignificant investments in technology and infrastructure. The first high-speed line, the Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Passenger Railway, was launched in 2003, marking a new era in Chinese transportation. Since then, the network has expanded rapidly, with thousands of kilometers of tracks laid down each year. As of 2021, China boasts the longest high-speed rail network in the world, with over 37,000 kilometers of routes connecting major cities across the country.The Chinese HSR, often referred to as "Harmony," is renowned for its punctuality, safety, and comfort. Trains can reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, making long-distance travel more efficient and convenient. The system includes various classes of service, from economy to business, catering to different traveler needs.Economic Impact:The economic benefits of China's HSR are multifaceted. It hasstimulated regional economic growth by improving access to markets and resources. The connectivity provided by the HSR has led to the rise of new economic zones and has helped to reduce disparities between urban and rural areas. Additionally, the construction and operation of the HSR have created numerous jobs, contributing to the country's economic stability and growth.Environmental Impact:Contrary to traditional modes of transportation, such as cars and airplanes, high-speed rail is more energy-efficient and produces fewer emissions. China's HSR has played asignificant role in reducing the country's carbon footprint by offering a greener alternative for travel. It has also reduced congestion on roads and in airports, further contributing to lower emissions and a cleaner environment.Social Impact:The social implications of the HSR are equally significant. It has made it easier for families to visit each other across long distances, strengthening social ties. Moreover, the HSR has facilitated cultural exchanges and tourism, as it allows for quick and easy access to various regions, each with their unique heritage and attractions.Challenges and Future Prospects:Despite its many advantages, China's HSR system faces challenges such as high construction costs, debt management, and the need for continued technological advancements to maintain its competitive edge. Looking ahead, China aims to further expand its HSR network both domestically andinternationally through initiatives like the Belt and Road.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail system is a testament to the country's rapid development and its commitment to modernizing its infrastructure. It has transformed the way people travel, contributing to economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social cohesion. As the network continues to expand, it is set to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of transportation and connectivity in China and beyond.。

中国高铁 英语作文

中国高铁 英语作文

Chinas HighSpeed Rail HSR system is a marvel of modern engineering and a testament to the countrys rapid development.It is a network of highspeed trains that connect major cities across the vast landscape of China,making travel faster,more efficient,and more comfortable for millions of passengers.The Evolution of Chinas HSRThe journey of Chinas HSR began in the early2000s when the government initiated a massive infrastructure project to modernize the countrys transportation system.The first highspeed rail line,the QinhuangdaoShenyang Passenger Dedicated Line,was opened in 2003,but it was the BeijingTianjin Intercity Railway,which began operations in2008, that truly marked the beginning of Chinas HSR era.Since then,the HSR network has expanded exponentially,with thousands of kilometers of new tracks laid down each year.The system now covers over35,000kilometers, making it the longest highspeed rail network in the world.Technological AdvancementsChinas HSR system is not just extensive it is also technologically advanced.The trains are equipped with the latest technology to ensure safety,comfort,and efficiency.They can reach speeds of up to350kilometers per hour,making longdistance travel feasible within a few hours.The Chinese HSR trains are also known for their punctuality.They are designed to run on a strict schedule,with departures and arrivals timed to the minute.This level of precision is made possible by advanced signaling and communication systems that ensure smooth operation and coordination between trains.Economic and Social ImpactThe HSR system has had a profound impact on Chinas economy and society.It has stimulated economic growth by connecting major cities and regions,facilitating trade and investment.The improved connectivity has also led to the development of new industries and job opportunities in areas that were previously isolated.Moreover,the HSR system has made travel more accessible to the general public.It has reduced the cost and time of travel,making it easier for people to visit family and friends, attend business meetings,or simply enjoy leisure travel.This has had a positive effect on social cohesion and cultural exchange.Environmental ConsiderationsChinas HSR system is also environmentally friendly compared to other modes of transportation.It produces less pollution and has a lower carbon footprint,contributing to the countrys efforts to combat climate change and protect the environment. However,the construction of the HSR network has also faced criticism due to the potential environmental impact of largescale infrastructure projects.The Chinese government has taken steps to mitigate these concerns by implementing strict environmental regulations and adopting sustainable practices in the construction and operation of the HSR system.Future ProspectsLooking ahead,Chinas HSR system is set to continue expanding,with plans to extend the network to cover even more cities and regions.There are also ambitious plans to connect Chinas HSR system with neighboring countries,creating a regional highspeed rail network that could transform travel and trade in Asia.In conclusion,Chinas HSR system is a remarkable achievement that showcases the countrys commitment to progress and innovation.It has transformed the way people travel and has the potential to shape the future of transportation in China and beyond.。

关于中国高铁的小作文英语

关于中国高铁的小作文英语

关于中国高铁的小作文英语China's high-speed rail (HSR) system is a testament to the country's rapid technological advancement and infrastructure development. Over the past few decades, China has transformed its transportation network with a focus on efficiency, speed, and connectivity. The HSR, often referred to as the "Harmony Bullet Train," has become a symbol of China's modernization and a source of national pride.The Chinese HSR network is the largest in the world, covering over 35,000 kilometers as of 2021. It connects major cities across the country, reducing travel times significantly. For instance, the journey from Beijing to Shanghai, which spans over 1,300 kilometers, can be completed in just 4.5 hours, a feat that was unimaginable a few decades ago.The technology behind China's HSR is impressive. The trainsare designed to reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, although they often operate at slightly lower speeds forsafety and maintenance purposes. The use of advanced aerodynamics, high-strength materials, and sophisticated signaling systems ensures a smooth and safe journey for passengers.One of the most remarkable aspects of China's HSR is its impact on economic development. The improved connectivity has boosted trade, facilitated tourism, and spurred economic growth in regions that were previously isolated. It has alsohelped to reduce carbon emissions by providing a greener alternative to air travel for medium to long-distance trips.Traveling on a Chinese HSR train is a comfortable experience. The interiors are spacious, with ample legroom and adjustable seats. The trains are equipped with modern amenities such as Wi-Fi, power outlets, and dining services. Moreover, the punctuality of the HSR is legendary; the trains are known to run on time with an accuracy measured in seconds.The environmental benefits of China's HSR system are also noteworthy. By providing a fast and efficient mode of transportation, it has helped to reduce reliance on road and air travel, which are more carbon-intensive. The HSR systemis part of China's broader strategy to combat climate change and promote sustainable development.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail system is an engineering marvel that has reshaped the country's transportation landscape. It offers a glimpse into the future of travel, where speed, comfort, and sustainability are not just ideals but everyday realities. As China continues to expand its HSR network, it stands as a model for other nations looking to enhance their transportationinfrastructure in a way that is both efficient and environmentally conscious.。

关于中国和外国高铁的英语作文

关于中国和外国高铁的英语作文

关于中国和外国高铁的英语作文High-Speed Rail: Connecting the World through Rapid TransitThe world has witnessed a remarkable transformation in transportation technology over the past few decades. Among the most significant advancements is the development of high-speed rail (HSR) systems, which have revolutionized the way people travel both within and between countries. China, in particular, has emerged as a global leader in this field, boasting the world's largest high-speed rail network that continues to expand at an unprecedented pace.The rise of high-speed rail in China can be traced back to the early 2000s when the country embarked on an ambitious plan to modernize its transportation infrastructure. Recognizing the need for efficient and sustainable mobility solutions to support its rapidly growing economy and population, the Chinese government made significant investments in the development of a nationwide high-speed rail network. This strategic decision has paid off handsomely, as China's HSR system has grown to become the most extensive in the world, spanning over 37,000 kilometers (23,000 miles) of track asof 2022.One of the key factors behind China's high-speed rail success is the country's ability to rapidly construct and integrate these advanced transportation systems. The Chinese government has streamlined the planning and construction processes, leveraging its centralized decision-making and vast resources to deliver high-speed rail projects at a remarkable pace. This efficiency has allowed China to connect its major cities with a network of high-speed trains that can reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour (217 miles per hour), significantly reducing travel times and improving connectivity across the country.The benefits of China's high-speed rail network extend far beyond just transportation. The development of these systems has also had a profound impact on the country's economic and social landscapes. High-speed rail has facilitated the movement of people and goods, enabling greater economic integration and the sharing of resources between different regions. This, in turn, has contributed to the growth of industries, the creation of jobs, and the enhancement of overall living standards for many Chinese citizens.Moreover, the environmental advantages of high-speed rail cannot be overstated. Compared to traditional modes of transportation, such as air travel and personal vehicles, high-speed trains have asignificantly lower carbon footprint, making them a more sustainable option for long-distance travel. This alignment with the global push for environmentally friendly transportation solutions has further solidified China's position as a leader in the high-speed rail industry.While China's high-speed rail network is undoubtedly impressive, it is not the only country that has embraced this transformative technology. Around the world, other nations have also recognized the potential of high-speed rail and have made strides in developing their own systems.Japan, for instance, is widely regarded as the pioneer of high-speed rail, having introduced the world-famous Shinkansen bullet train in 1964. The Japanese Shinkansen network has since expanded and serves as a benchmark for high-speed rail systems globally, renowned for its punctuality, safety, and passenger comfort.Similarly, several European countries, such as France, Spain, and Germany, have invested heavily in high-speed rail infrastructure, connecting their major cities and enhancing regional connectivity. The French TGV (Train à Gr ande Vitesse) and the German ICE (Intercity-Express) are prime examples of successful high-speed rail systems that have transformed transportation within their respective regions.In the United States, the development of high-speed rail has been more gradual, but efforts are underway to catch up with the global trend. The California High-Speed Rail project, which aims to connect the state's major urban centers, is one of the most ambitious high-speed rail initiatives in the country, though it has faced various challenges and delays.As the world continues to grapple with the pressing issues of climate change and the need for sustainable transportation solutions, the role of high-speed rail is becoming increasingly crucial. Many countries are now looking to emulate the success of China and other high-speed rail pioneers, recognizing the potential of this technology to not only enhance connectivity but also contribute to a more environmentally friendly future.In conclusion, the rise of high-speed rail, particularly in China, has been a remarkable achievement that has transformed the way people travel and interact with one another. By connecting cities, facilitating economic growth, and promoting environmental sustainability, high-speed rail has become a vital component of the global transportation landscape. As the world continues to evolve, the continued development and expansion of high-speed rail systems will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of mobility and connectivity on a global scale.。

中国高铁英语发言稿

中国高铁英语发言稿

中国高铁英语发言稿Ladies and Gentlemen,Today, I am honored to speak about a remarkable feat of engineering that has not only transformed the landscape of China but also revolutionized the way we travel: the Chinese High-Speed Rail.The Chinese High-Speed Rail, commonly known as China's HSR, is a testament to the country's remarkable engineering prowess and unwavering commitment to innovation. Since its inception in 2008, it has rapidly expanded, connecting cities and regions across the vast landscape of China, offering a convenient, efficient, and cost-effective mode of transportation.The speed and efficiency of China's HSR are nothing short of breathtaking. With trains traveling at speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour, the High-Speed Rail has significantly reduced travel times, allowing people to reach destinations much faster than before. This has not only enhanced connectivity but has also fostered economic growth and integration across the country.The impact of China's HSR is not limited to domestic travel. It has also become a symbol of the country's growing global influence. With High-Speed Rail projects in other countries, China is sharing its expertise and technology, further solidifying its position as a leader in the global rail industry.The success of China's HSR can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, it is the result of years of research and development, driven by a visionary leadership that recognized the potential of high-speed rail as a transformative mode of transportation. Secondly, it is the culmination of the hard work and dedication of thousands of engineers, technicians, and construction workers who have labored tirelessly to make this dream a reality.Moreover, China's HSR is not just about speed and efficiency. It is also about comfort and convenience. The trains are equipped with modern amenities and facilities, offering passengers a luxurious and enjoyable travel experience. The stations are also designed to provide无缝衔接 (seamless connectivity) to other modes oftransportation, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free journey for passengers.The environmental impact of China's HSR is also noteworthy. Compared to traditional modes of transportation like planes and cars, high-speed rail offers a more sustainable and eco-friendly option. The reduction in carbon emissions and fuel consumption has had a positive impact on the environment, making it a sustainable mode of transportation for the future.In conclusion, the Chinese High-Speed Rail is not just a mode of transportation; it is a symbol of China's remarkable progress and achievements. It has transformed the way we travel, connected cities and regions, fostered economic growth, and solidified China's position as a leader in the global rail industry. As we look towards the future, the High-Speed Rail will continue to play a pivotal role in driving China's economic growth and global influence.Thank you.**中国高铁:连接未来,驶向世界的速度与激情**女士们、先生们:今天,我非常荣幸能够向大家介绍一项不仅改变了中国面貌,而且革新了我们旅行方式的工程奇迹——中国高铁。

介绍中国高铁并喜欢它的英文作文

介绍中国高铁并喜欢它的英文作文

China's High-Speed Rail: A Phenomenon toBeholdIn the realm of transportation, China has achieved a remarkable feat with its high-speed rail (HSR) network.This modern marvel not only showcases the technological prowess of the country but also embodies its commitment to efficient and sustainable travel. My admiration for China's HSR system stems from its sheer scale, reliability, comfort, and the profound impact it has made on the lives of its citizens.The scale of China's HSR network is unparalleled. Spanning over tens of thousands of kilometers, it connects major cities and regions, facilitating travel at speedsthat were unimaginable a decade ago. This extensive network has transformed the way people travel, reducing journey times significantly and opening up new possibilities for economic development and cultural exchange.The reliability of China's HSR is another aspect that deserves mention. With precision timing and rare delays, it has earned a reputation for being one of the most reliable modes of transportation in the country. This level ofreliability ensures that travelers can plan their journeys with confidence, knowing that they will arrive at their destination on time, regardless of the weather or other external factors.The comfort of HSR travel is also a major draw. The sleek, modern trains are equipped with amenities that rival even the most luxurious airlines. With reclining seats, ample legroom, and on-board entertainment systems, passengers can enjoy a comfortable and enjoyable journey. The smooth ride and minimal turbulence further enhance the overall travel experience.The impact of China's HSR on society is profound. It has not only revolutionized travel but has also spurred economic growth and development. By connecting far-flung regions, it has facilitated the movement of people and goods, leading to increased trade and business opportunities. It has also played a crucial role in urbanization, enabling people to easily commute between cities and towns, thus promoting economic activity and social integration.Moreover, the environmental friendliness of HSR is another reason to admire it. As a sustainable mode of transportation, it reduces carbon emissions and air pollution compared to traditional modes of travel such as cars and airplanes. By encouraging people to travel by HSR, China is contributing to the global effort to combat climate change and promote sustainable development.In conclusion, China's high-speed rail system is a remarkable achievement that deserves worldwide recognition. Its scale, reliability, comfort, and impact on society have made it a preferred mode of transportation for millions of people. My admiration for this phenomenal feat of engineering and technology knows no bounds, and I am excited to see how it continues to transform China and the world at large.**中国高铁:令人瞩目的现象**在交通领域,中国通过其高铁网络实现了非凡的壮举。

A Glance of China High Speed Train

A Glance of China High Speed Train

- 255 -校园英语 / 大视野A Glance of China High Speed TrainCRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd./Yaya Han Shuai Han【Abstract 】China high speed rail has experienced rapid development in the recent decade with the longest operation mileage and largest number of high speed trains (HST) in the world. As the “Golden business card ” of China ’s diplomacy, China high speed train becomes the most popular transportation tool. This essay will start with an introduction of high speed rail. Before the conclusion, priority will be given to the social and environmental advantages that HST could bring.【Key words 】High speed rail; High speed trainI. High speed rail at home and abroadHigh-speed rail (HSR) is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, new lines in excess of 250 km/h (160 miles per hour) and existing lines in excess of 200 km/h (120 miles per hour) are widely considered to be high-speed. The high speed rail system combines various elements using highly sophisticated technology. The world ’s first HSR in operation was in Japan in 1964.China ’s first HSR came to service in April, 2007 with a speed of 250 km/h. Ten years since the first HSR line, by May, 2017, 58 HSR lines have been put into service in China with a total mileage of 22, 200 kilometers and 2, 645 sets of HST, both accounting over 50% of the world total. According to China ’s Medium and Long Term Railway Network Plan (as shown in Figure 1), a HSR network of 4 longitudinal and 4 horizontal arteries is now expanding to 8 longitudinal and 8 horizontal lines, aiming to cover all provinces except for Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. It is expected that China will boast 30, 000 km HSR lines and over 3500 sets of HST by 2020.II. Advantages of HSTHST brings a lot of benefits to both the passengers and the society as followsa. Excellent riding comfortSince additional noise and vibration mitigation measures have been taken on HST, passengers are provided with a quieter and more stable riding environment. In addition, ergonomic consideration is reflected in the design of air conditioning system, lighting, seats, luggage racks, handrails and other parts.b. PunctualityDifferent from airplane and automobile, HST is capable towithstand almost all weather conditions, tropical hot, freezing cold, strong wind, heavy sand and dense smog. The average punctuality of China HST is over 90%.c. Fast speedMost of China HSTs are operating at 250 km/h to 300 km/h. Of particular note, since Sept. 21, 2017, the latest Fuxing High Speed EMU has started to serve the Beijing-Shanghai Railway Line at a speed of 350 km/h. It has effective save passengers ’ journey time.d. FreedomDuring your trip, you are free to use onboard amenities any time you want. Seatbelts are not necessary. Electronic devices aren ’t limited. What ’s more, some China HSTs even make WiFi available on board, Fuxing High Speed EMU for example.e. Energy efficiencyHST uses electric power and adopts regenerative brake technology, which feeds back the braking energy back for power supply, thus effectively reducing energy consumption. According to the world railway organization (UIC), with only 1kwh, HST is able to transport 170 people for one kilometer, which is 9 times of airplane and 4 times of automobile.III. ConclusionChina now enjoys global advances in HST and HSR technology. And HST is an embodiment to the Chinese dream of rejuvenation. As Chinse people, we need to have a better understanding of what our country is proud of. This is where we gain our confidence when dealing with foreigner, aspiration when we lost our directions, and courage in front of difficulties. Let ’s work together to embark on a “rejuvenation ” journey.References :[1]/.[2]https:///wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China.[3]https:///wiki/High-speed_rail.[4]“China ’s high speed railway exceeds 20,000 km ”.China Daily.10 Sep 2016.Retrieved 2017-01-06.[5]“General definitions of high speed ”.International Union of Railways.Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.Retrieved 13 May 2009.[6]“中国标准动车组命名”复兴号””.X i n h u a N e w s Agency.25 Jun 2017.Copyright©博看网 . All Rights Reserved.。

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